VULNERABLE POPULATIONS AND THE TTAThis lecture will focus on two groups considered very vulnerable

• Involved in social service (physical/mental health)• Involved in justice system

VULNERABLE POPULATIONSConsiders the transition for 7 populations, distinguished by involvement in gov’t services

• Mental health system• Foster care system• Juvenile justice system• Criminal justice system• Special education• Health care (disabilities, chronic health)• Runaway and homeless youth

TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS “If the transition to adulthood is slow and arduous for a large share of the general populations, how much harder must it be for young people who have spent years in the mental health or juvenile justice system, or in foster care?”

• Osgood, Foster, & Courtney

VULNERABLE GROUPSCan be described in terms of

• public systems that provide services to them• Their specific challenges (disabilities, traumas)

Often face multiple challenges and served by multiple system so difficult to estimate size

DIVERSE MISSIONS OF THESE SYSTEMSFoster care and Juv. Justice—custodial in natureOthers—provide support but don’t take over legal parenting responsibility

VULNERABLE POPULATIONSExceptional challenges

• Finding work• Attending college• Starting a families

CHALLENGES FACING VULNERABLE POPULATIONSMany struggle with

• Emotional or behavioral problemsMany have histories of problems in school and the communityOften families are unable or unwilling to provide

• financial support• College assistance• Childcare

Many have limited capacities and struggle to acquire new skills.

SUMMARY OF CHALLENGESEligibility changes just as youth begin transitionEach program is designed to respond to distinct need (e.g., disability, mental illness) but problems rarely isolatedBecause systems designed around these categories of eligibility, no one system is responsible for meeting the entire rangeSome are in conflict

CHALLENGESMany struggle to achieve financial and residential independent because of

• Physical disabilities• Chronic illness• Mental illness

Many carry stigma of justice and foster care system

CHALLENGE: ELIGIBILITYAlthough many dependent on public aid, when they reach 18 or 21 eligibility abruptly endsIf eligible for further care often enter systems with much older people

• Systems not designed to serve young adults

END OF ELIGIBILITYFoster care—stops between 18-21

• Young people benefit from gradual not abrupt Special ed

• Services extend and are tailored to needs• IDEA requires high schools to begin developing transitions

plans when students are 14• Each Sp. Ed student must have a plan with long-term goals

for ed, job training, life skills and services to meet goals• http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/490/tre

nds-with-benefits

OTHER SYSTEMSJuvenile justice

• Move to adult criminal justice system (usually at 18)• Shift from rehab to criminal punishment

COMMONALITIES OF VULNERABLE GROUPS DURING THE TRANSITIONMales, the poor, and youth of color are over-represented in EVERY groupYouth within each group vary widely in seriousness and type of needPopulation overlapPoor outcomesFactors contributing to success

OVERREPRESENTED GROUPSMales

• Males—specific biological factors are relevant• Autism much more common• Illegal behavior more common• Different reactions to externalizing

OVERREPRESENTED GROUPSYouth of color

• AA men incarcerated at 6 times the rate of whites• Youth with disabilities are 2 times more likely to be in jail

Partially Attributed to poverty • Sometimes eligibility factor/sometimes risk• Affects decision re entry into system • The rate of poverty is 50% higher among disabled youth, but

not all vulnerable youth are poor• Wealthy kids get more service, push system to pay for special

education.

OVERREPRESENTED GROUPSPoverty is implicated

• Rates of crime highest in poor neighborhoods• Draw more kids into juvenile and criminal justice system• Resulting victimization and family disruption raise risks for

• Mental health problems• Family stability• Disability

• In richer neighborhoods, youth with even minor transgressions can end up in special education

DIVERSITY OF THE POPULATIONSin terms of seriousness and type of problem

• E.g., Special ed• Mental retardation, emotional, behavioral problems

Age at which vulnerability arises• E.g., Foster care, entry as infant vs. teen• E.g., Mental health—schizophrenia onset

OVERLAP IN POPULATIONSMultiple systems involved

• 35% of emotionally disturbed youth in special education are arrested as juveniles.

• Youth with reading difficulties much more likely to be incarcerated 70% of inmates!

Administrative links—referrals to each otherOne systems exacerbates other problems

• Youth in juv. Justice system removed from supports• Youth who are moving in and out of hospitals, foster homes,

treatment facilities miss school

OVERLAP IN PROBLEMS Members of vulnerable groups fare poorly at completing high school and obtaining college education

• Only 54% of foster care youth complete high school within 4 years, less than 10 percent attend college

• Fewer than 20% of youth incarcerated have diplomas or GEDs

• Fewer than 15 percent of homeless youth over 18 have high school diplomas

• Youth with multiple physical disabilities have only a 1 in 12 chance of completing college

• Cost and consequences are terrible!

EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESVaries by problem

• Only 1/3 of homeless youth are employed full time• Less than 40% with serious physical disabilities are in the

labor forceConsequences

• Live below poverty• Struggle to pay bills and expenses• Depend on public assistance

FAMILY OUTCOMESRates of marriage not much different-lowMUCH higher rates of unplanned pregnancy

• 1/3 former foster• ½ learning disabled• ¼ in mental health system

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SUCCESSResilience factors

• Individual skills and personality• Supportive relationships• Involvement in groups • Success at school

CHALLENGESMany struggle to achieve financial and residential independent because of

• Physical disabilities• Chronic illness• Mental illness

Many carry stigma of justice and foster care system