CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION INTO LAND USE PLANNING –

DISASTER VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE

NURTURING LOCAL LEADERSHIP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

7-14 AUGUST 2016

byDR. DZUL KHAIMI BIN KHAILANI

Senior Assistant Principal Director Research & Development Division

Federal Department Town & Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia

MINISTRY OF URBAN WELL BEING, HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERMENT

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

LAND USE PLANNING UNDER POST-HFA AND SENDAI FRAMEWORK ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (SFDRR)

LAND USE PLANNING SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

DISASTER ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE

INCORPORATION OF DRR & CCA INTO LAND USE PLANNING SYSTEM

(GHG)

Industrial

Drought

Famine

Flood

Human Activities

Climate Features

Major Threats

Deforestation

CH4N2O Sea

Level Rise

Adaptation from UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Climate Change: Processes and Threats, 2005.

DISASTER

Melting of Ice

Cloud

Global Warming

UpheavelOf Ocean

Circulation

Precipitation

Interference Carbon Cycle

LanduseChange

Urbanisation

Burning ofFossil Fuel

Transport

AgricultureHeat

Destruction of Biodiversity

Change in Life

Style

Threat to Economy

Typhoon

Outbreak of Desease

Loss of Lives

CO2

CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE vsvs LAND USE PLANNING LAND USE PLANNING vsvs DISASTER MANAGEMENTDISASTER MANAGEMENT

CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE vsvs LAND USE PLANNING LAND USE PLANNING vsvs DISASTER MANAGEMENT DISASTER MANAGEMENT

managing flood risk while promoting regeneration.

increased flooding and landslip have implications for what particular land can be used for in the future.

areas which are vulnerable to floods, may become unsuitable for residential but may suitable for other uses.

coastal floods and erosion - impact on the locations for future business, industrial developments, increase demand for flood defences location of new key infrastructure.

the impacts on land and soils - implications for biodiversity, cultural heritage sites.

Post Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) - 2015

Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction 2030 (SFDRR)

Development Agenda - Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

COP 21 - 45% reduction

MALAYSIA COMMITMENTS AT MALAYSIA COMMITMENTS AT GLOBAL LEVELGLOBAL LEVEL

• 2005 to 2015 [700,000 people lost their lives, 1.4 million injured, 23 million homeless, 1.5 billion affected. Economic loss: 1.3 trillion USD]

• Acknowledgement to HFA and its achievements

• More small scale disasters and slow onset disasters

• People centred preventive approach

• Focus on urban planning and urban development in achieving resilience

• Need to link to SDGs, climate change framework

• SFDRR - Role of Science and Technology in EWS, preparedness, response, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

CONTEXT : POST HFACONTEXT : POST HFA

1.Reduce global disaster mortality

2.Reduce number of affected people

3.Reduce direct disaster economic loss

4.Reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructures

5.Increase number of countries with DRR strategies

6.Enhance international cooperation

7.Increase access to multi hazard EWS, risk information and assessment

SFDRR: SEVEN GLOBAL SFDRR: SEVEN GLOBAL TARGETSTARGETS

1. Understanding disaster risk

2. Strengthening disaster risk governance

3. Investing in risk reduction

4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for collective response, and to “build back better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

SFDRR: FOUR PRIORITY FOR SFDRR: FOUR PRIORITY FOR ACTIONSACTIONS

LAND USE PLANNING SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

LAND USE PLANNING SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA LAND USE PLANNING SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLANNING COUNCIL (NPPC)

REGIONAL PLANNING COMMITTEE(RPC)

STATE PLANNING COMMITTEE(SPC)

ONE-STOP CENTER (OSC) MEETING

National Level

State Level

Local Level

Chaired by Prime Minister

Chaired by Chief Minister

Chaired by Chief Council

Regional Level

Chairman pointed by Prime Minister

DEVELOPMENT PLAN SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN (NPP)NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN (NPP)

STATE STRUCTURE PLAN STATE STRUCTURE PLAN

LOCAL PLANLOCAL PLAN

SPECIAL AREA PLANSPECIAL AREA PLAN

National National LevelLevel

State State LevelLevel

Local Local LevelLevel

12

VISION 2020

LEVEL 1 : NATIONAL PLANNING

NATIONALPHYSICAL

PLAN

LEVEL 2 : REGIONAL / STATE PLANNING

LEVEL 3 : LOCAL PLANNING

5 - YEARMALAYSIA PLAN

SPECIAL AREAPLAN

SECTORALPOLICIES/

PLANS

LOCALPLAN

REGIONAL / STRUCTURE PLAN

STATE/ REGIONALDEVELOPMENT

PLAN

SECTORAL POLICIES/

PLANS

Town & Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172)•Sec. 6B – Preparation of NPP•Sec. 6B(4) – Review of NPP every 5 yearsPlan Area•NPP confined to Peninsular MalaysiaPlan Period•10 year timescale up to 2020

Functions of NPP

13

NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLANNATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN

The Establishment Of An Efficient, Equitable And Sustainable National Spatial Framework To Guide The Overall Development Of The Country Towards Achieving Developed And High-income Nation Status By 2020. Safeguard and managed sustainably all surface and

ground water resources. Apply sustainable forest management. Water resources management based on IWRM, IRBM

and ICZM. CFS as the backbone of the ESA network; ESA will be integrated in the planning and management

of land use and natural resources. Future settlements and infrastructure in coastal zones

will be located away vulnerable to rising sea levels/storm surges

Natural barriers, esp. mangroves, forests and peat lands shall be protected and expanded and further conversion of will no longer be allowed.

NATIONAL URBANISATION POLICY ( NUP )

A written policy which outlined the thrusts, strategies and steps to guide, manage and monitor more efficient and systematic town planning and developments,

The aim of NUP is to create visionable cities with liveable environment through sustainable urban development.

Approved by:

•Cabinet Meeting on 2 August 2006•NPPC on 8 August 2006

STATE STRUCTURE PLANSTATE STRUCTURE PLAN

• Functions

• Translate policies of the National Physical Plan; • Provide framework for Local Plan;• Identify main land uses at the state level; and• Identify main state projects

LOCAL PLANLOCAL PLAN• Functions

Translate the policies of State Structure Plan

As a physical development guide for the respective district through the proposed land use plan

Identify main projects of the district

Preparation of Implementation Guidelines to guide implementation

Aided with Subject Plans for sectoral development implementation

SPECIAL AREA PLANSPECIAL AREA PLAN A detailed development plan

prepared within a short period of time for implementation and management

The main output : Development Action Plan in the form of layout plan and complemented by management plan, development phasing, cost, implementing agency and implementation approach

5 main categories :

Redevelopment of areas within urban centres

Heritage Conservation Areas Environmental Sensitive Areas Resettlement of Communities Special Area For Specific Needs

DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL REPORTDEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL REPORT DPR to be submitted for any proposed development -

for planning permission to LPA (under Sec. 21A (1) Act 172)

Content : Development concept & justifications Site plan, land ownership, Land use analysis Physical condition – topography, geology, drainage Traffic & transportation, Economy & infrastructure Public & Social amenities Preservation & conservation of trees & buildings Impact Assessment – SIA, TIA, EIA

This enables the planning authority to make development control decisions to protect the environment.

INCORPORATING DRR & CCA INTO

LANDUSE PLANNING SYSTEM

DISASTER ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE

Adaptation – “as a process of adjustment that take place in natural and human systems in response to the actual or expected impacts of climate change, aimed at moderating harm or exploiting beneficial opportunities”

Vulnerability – “as a characteristics of individual or a group of people who in a given natural, social, and economic space are exposed to danger or harm originating from a hazard”.

Resilience – “is the capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazard to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning or structure”.

DRR & CCA in Malaysia 1997 – Directive No. 20 on "Policy & Mechanism on National Disaster

& Relief Management“ guidance for management according to the level and complexity of a disaster.

2005 – Hyogo Framework for Action, UNISDR 2005 National Security Council – National Focal Point

2008 – Third Asian Ministerial Conference on DRR in Kuala Lumpur, 2-4 Dec 2008, MKN/UNISDR called for the promotion of CCA wherever appropriate.

2009 – National Policy on Climate Change approved by the Cabinet of Malaysia

2010 – Inaugural Meeting of the Green Technology and Climate Change Council, chaired by Prime Minister of Malaysia

2011 – Hari Kesedaran Bencana 2011, 18-19 Feb 2011 Melaka Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction in Malaysia 2011

2012-14 – Malaysia Platform and Action Plan on DRR (MyDRR) consultation

2015 – Sendai Framework for DRR National Disaster Management Agency (NaDMA) – National Focal Point

CCA & DRR IN THE MELAKA DECLARATION

Recognising the changing nature of disaster risk in the country due to climate variability and climate change

To promote the use of technology in support of early warning, multi-hazards risk assessment, and climate modelling and downscaling.

To strengthen local capacity to integrate climate and disaster risk into local development planning

RECOMMENDED APPROACH FOR MALAYSIA: LOCAL LEVEL SPATIALLY

CONTEXTUALISED AND COLLABORATIVE

Monitoring and Review

Defined area (Coastal, river basin, cities, towns, etc.)

Climatevariability and change

Identification of susceptible, exposed and vulnerable zones

Federal Agencies

State Agencies

Local Authorities

Stakeholders

Monitoring and Review

Location Specific Disaster Resilience

Plans

• Urban Environmental Plan (hazard map, vulnerability map, environmental sensitive areas map): a tool to address environmental issues in a systematic manner within an urban domain to achieve desirable environmental condition.

• Land Use Plan (National Physical Plan, State Structure Plan, Local Plan, Special Area Plan): a tool to address appropriate allocation and designation of the use of land to achieve efficient use of limited land.

• Both UEP and LUP are tools for proactive actions

COMMON PLANNING TOOLS CAN BE USED COMMON PLANNING TOOLS CAN BE USED FOR DISASTER ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY FOR DISASTER ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY

AND RESILIENCEAND RESILIENCE

Natural Hazards

Primary Phenomena/Effects

Secondary Phenomena/Effects

Flood Flooding Water Pollution, landslide, erosion

Tsunami Huge wave and flooding Water Pollution, landslide, erosion

Earthquake Violent ground motion, fault, rupture

Soil liquefaction, fire, flood, landslide, tsunami, water pollution

Volcano Lava flow, pyroclastic flow, ash fall, gases

Fire, air pollution, tsunami, lava flows, water pollution, ground subsidence

Cyclone Strong winds, heavy rains

Flood and sea surge, land slide, water pollution

Landslide Ground failure Flooding via river damming, water pollution, debris flow

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EFFECTS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL DISASTERS

Guide the development of an urban area in order to minimize impacts of disasters due to primary and secondary effects of hazards, with respect to environmental viewpoints, by integrating available sources such as regulation, ordinance, information, and guidelines into City zoning ordinances, Building codes, Environmental Assessment Documents and development standard and specifications.

UEP does not prevent disasters rather it helps to reduce impacts and minimizes losses through adjustment to disaster risks.

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FOR DISASTER URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FOR DISASTER ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY AND

RESILIENCERESILIENCE

Guide the use of limited land in compliance with disaster risks through planning control

Similar with UEP, LUP does not prevent disasters rather than human efforts to adjust with disaster hazards and risks.

LAND USE PLAN FOR DISASTER ADAPTATION, LAND USE PLAN FOR DISASTER ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCEVULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE

Identify potential hazards; by employing hydrological maps, seismic maps, local rainfall and flood level records

Identify elements at risk; combining the magnitude, frequency, significance and acceptability of hazards

Identify vulnerabilities; exploring to what extent the area is vulnerable to disasters

Identify potential mitigation measures; select the most appropriate measures.

IDENTIFICATION OF ADAPTATION IDENTIFICATION OF ADAPTATION MEASURESMEASURES

Type of Hazards

Principal Vulnerable Elements

Role of UEP(over the land)

Role of LUP(mostly land)

Floods Everything located in flood plains or tsunami areas. Crops, livestock, machinery, equipment, infrastructure, weak building

Develop flood risk maps

Guide development toward flood-proof communities

Prevent the use of flood vulnerable area for permanent activities

Enforce appropriate flood plain management

Earth-quake

Weak buildings and infrastructures

Develop hazard maps

Enforce building codes

Reinforce weak buildings

Limit the use of land for earthquake-resistant building only

Strong Winds

Lightweight buildings and roofs

Reinforce weak buildings and roofs

NA

EXAMPLES OF ROLES OF UEP AND LUP IN EXAMPLES OF ROLES OF UEP AND LUP IN DISASTER ADAPTATION STRATEGIESDISASTER ADAPTATION STRATEGIES

Advocacy planning; all stakeholders are encouraged to comply with the plan

Guidance and control of urban development; urban development is devised by hazards map and vulnerability map and zoning

Relocation of settlements; relocation is strongly demanded for highly disaster vulnerable area

New types of town; introduces ‘disaster-resilience’ city.

DEVELOPMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL DEVELOPMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR ADAPTATIONSTRATEGIES FOR ADAPTATION

PROPOSED HAZARD RISK PROPOSED HAZARD RISK STUDY IN DEVELOPMENT PLANSSTUDY IN DEVELOPMENT PLANS

National Physical

Plan

State Structure Plan

Local Plan

Special Area Plan

Planning Permission(Devt Proposal Report)

General Hazard Risk Plan

List the locations & Incidences of Hazard

Areas

Strategic Hazard Risk Plan

Hazard Risk Assessment

Identify Main River Basins that need Flood Mitigation

Study

Hazard Risk Areas Zoning Map

Hazard Risk Areas Zoning Map by Rank

Present Planning Proses/PracticeProposal to incorporate related hazard risk aspects

Flood-proof buildings are allowed to be built here

No buildings are allowed in this areaFlood-proof buildings for non-permanent activities are allowed here

THE LAND USE PLANNING ASSESSMENT THE LAND USE PLANNING ASSESSMENT FOR RISK AREAS (LUPAr) PROGRAMFOR RISK AREAS (LUPAr) PROGRAMAimed to translate the thrust of Hyogo

Declaration 2005 & SDG into land use planning mechanism through R&D activities & formulation of policies & general land use planning guidelines.

provide research inputs in the formulation of land use planning policies & guidelines for hazard risk areas.

main components include:• capacity building• Research and pilot studies• Awareness Program and Community Involvement • Expert Committee (LUPAr)

• The public’s input is important in ensuring plans prepared truly address local issues and meet the needs of the local people

• Allows for public involvement at an early stage

• Focus Group Discussion (FGD)• Community Based Disaster Risk

Management

COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS

Public ParticipationFGD

PUBLICITY

WHAT IS A RESILIENT CITY

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESILIENT CITY

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESILIENT CITY

MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR DISASTER RESIKLIENCE

MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

MALAYSIA INITIATIVES IN MAKING CITIES RESILIENT

FDTCP, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA INITIATIVES IN MAKING CITIES RESILIENT

PLANNING GUIDELINES, MANUALS & STUDIESPLANNING GUIDELINES, MANUALS & STUDIES

.

Study on Sustainable Development Indicators (SDI)

Planning Guidelines on Development of Roof Top Gardens

Planning Guidelines on Public Facilities

Manual on Sustainability Assessment

A Guide for Conducting Focus Group Discussions, Charettes and Village Appraisals

Manual on Social Impact Assessment

The FDTCP will continue to play a vital role in incorporating and mainstreaming DRR and CCA.

Cooperation and inter-agencies free flow of data and information is needed.

Continuous effort is necessary to assess changes and ensure that adaptations will be done commensurate with new issues and risks that may arise over time.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

TERIMA KASIH!

www.townplan.gov.my