Volumes already published

Volume 1: Trees I (1986)

Volume 2: Crops I (1986)

Volume 3: Potato (1987)

Volume 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (1988)

Volume 5: Trees II (1989)

Volume 6: Crops II (1988) Volume 7: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (1989)

Volumes in preparation

Volume 8: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I

Volume 9: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II

Volume 10: Legumes and Oilseed Crops I

Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 7

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II

Edited by Y. P. S. Bajaj

With 251 Figures

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo

Professor Dr. Y. P. S. BAJAJ A-137 New Friends Colony New Delhi 110065, India

lSBN-13: 978-3-642-73619-3 DOT: 10.1007/978-3-642-73617-9

e-1SBN-13: 978-3-642-73617-9

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. (Revised for vol. 2). Medicinal and aro-matic plants. (Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry; 7-). Includes bibliographies and index. \. Medicinal plants-Biotechnology. 2. Aromatic plants-Biotechnology. 3. Plant cell culture. 4. Materia medica, Vegetable. I. Bajaj, Y. P. S., 1936- . II. Series. 1P248.27.P55M43 1988 660'.62 88-3059.

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, re-citation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1989

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protectiv

Dedicated to Chiranjiv and Tej Karan Bajaj

Preface

Plants are a major source of medicines, flavors, fragrances, and various pharmaceutical and industrial products. Biotechnology is being put to the service for mass clonal propagation of plants, and to produce impor-tant secondary products in cell cultures. In some cases cell cultures ac-cumulate higher amounts of products than the intact plant cells in situ, and such cultures can be stored through immobilization and cryopreser-vation. An in vitro-produced anti-inflammatory drug, shikonin, has been commercialized, and the recent observations on the increased pro-duction of atropine and hyoscyamine by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformed "hairy roots" have encouraged the acceptance of such biotechnologies by the pharmaceutical industry.

In an earlier volume, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I, various aspects of in-vitro culture of cells, bioreactors, micropropagation, im-mobilization, and cryopreservation were discussed. The present volume concerns the application of these biotechnologies to 29 genera of medicinal and aromatic plants. It deals with the distribution, economic importance, conventional propagation, micro propagation, review of tissue culture studies, and the in-vitro production of important medicinal and pharmaceutical compounds in various species of Angelica, Anisodus, Basel/a, Bupleurum, Camellia, Co ix, Coptis, Cryp-tomeria, Datura, Dioscorea, Foeniculum, Gardenia, Geigeria, Heimia, Humulus, Hyoscyamus, Jasminum, Macleaya, Mucuna, Nicotiana, Pimpinel/a, Rauwolfia, Ruta, Salvia, So/anum, Saponaria, Stevia, Tabernaemontana, and Zingiber. The potential role of biotechnology for industrial production is discussed. Biotechnology enables the production and isolation of products of higher purity and also opens the possibility of making desired molecular alterations in products.

This book is tailored to meet the needs of advanced students, teachers, and scientists in the area of plant biotechnology, pharmacy, botany, and phytochemistry.

New Delhi, November 1988 Y. P. S. BAJAJ Series Editor

Contents

I Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels.: In Vitro Culture, Regeneration, and the Production of Medicinal Compounds ZHANG SHI-YU and CHENG KUO-CHANG (With 8 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 1 2 In Vitro Culture Approaches ............................ 6 3 Conclusions and Prospects .............................. 20 References .............................................. 21

II Anisodus acutangulus: Production of Scopolamine and Hyoscyamine in Cell Cultures ZHENG GUANG-ZHI (With 20 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 23 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 25 3 Variants with Both Growth and Scopolamine Contents ..... 38 4 Reduction of Cost of Cultures .......................... 40 5 Storage of Valuable Stock Cultures Through

Cryopreservation ...................................... 43 6 Conclusions ........................................... 45 References .............................................. 45

III Basella alba L.: In Vitro Culture and the Production of Betalains E. CYUNEL (With 14 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 47 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 50 3 Protocols ............................................. 54 4 Results and Discussion ................................. 56 5 Conclusions and Prospects .............................. 62 References .............................................. 66

IV Bupleurum falcatum L.: Embryogenesis and the Production of Saikosaponins N. HIRAOKA (With 5 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 69 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 72

x Contents

3 Conclusions and Prospects .............................. 78 References .............................................. 79

V Camellia sinensis L. (Tea): In Vitro Regeneration M. KAm (With 9 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 82 2 In Vitro Culture Studies ................................ 86 3 Summary and Conclusion .............................. 96 References .............................................. 97

VI Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Jobstears): In Vitro Regeneration SUN C. S. and WANG D. Y. (With 22 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 99 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 101 3 Conclusion and Prospects ............................... 109 References .............................................. 109

VII Coptis: In Vitro Regeneration of Plants and the Production of Berberine A. IKUTA and H. ImKAWA (With 17 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 110 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 111 3 Fundamental Conditions for Growth and Alkaloid Formation 113 4 Differentiation of Coptis Plants In Vitro from Callus

Cultures and Comparison of Alkaloid Content of Regenerated Plants ..................................... 119

5 Effects of Cloning and Mutagen ......................... 122 6 Immobilized Cell ...................................... 126 7 Berberine Production by Suspension Culture .............. 126 8 Conclusion ........................................... 127 References .............................................. 127

VIII Cryptomeria japonica Don (Japanese Cedar): In Vitro Production of Volatile Oils N. ISHIKURA (With 3 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 129 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 130 3 Conclusion ........................................... 134 References .............................................. 134

IX Datura spp.: In Vitro Regeneration and the Production of Tropanes G. PETRI and Y.P.S. BAJAJ (With 10 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 135 2 In Vitro Culture and Regeneration ....................... 135

Contents XI

3 Cryopreservation of Cell Cultures ........................ 142 4 Alkaloid Production in Datura .......................... 144 5 Summary and Conclusions .............................. 156 References .............................................. 157

X Dioscorea: In Vitro Culture and the Micropropagation of Diosgenin-Containing Species M. FURMANOWA and J. GUZEWSKA (With 5 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 162 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 165 3 Conclusions and Perspectives ............................ 179 References .............................................. 180

XI Foeniculum vulgare Miller: Cell Culture, Regeneration, and the Production of Anethole G. HUNAULT, P. DESMAREST, and J. Du MANOIR (With 6 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 185 2 In Vitro Culture of Fennel .............................. 190 3 Somatic Embryogenesis and Fennel Breeding .............. 202 4 Secondary Metabolites from Tissue Cultures .............. 207 5 Protocols for In Vitro Culture of Fennel .................. 208 6 Conclusion: In Vitro Culture Impact on Fennel Improvement 208 References .............................................. 209

XII Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: In Vitro Propagation and the Formation of Iridoid Glucosides H. MIZUKAMI (With 7 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 213 2 In Vitro Culture Studies ................................ 214 3 Summary ............................................. 224 4 Protocol .............................................. 224 References .............................................. 225

XIII Geigeria aspera Harv.: In Vitro Culture and Medicinal Value of Sesquiterpene Lactones H. J. MEYER and J. VAN STADEN (With 7 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 227 2 Morphology and Distribution of Geigeria aspera Harv. ..... 227 3 Sesquiterpene Lactones ................................. 229 4 In Vitro Culture of Geigeria aspera ...................... 236 References .............................................. 241

XII

XIV Heimia salicijolia: In Vitro Culture and the Production of Phenyl- and Biphenylquinolizidines A. RarHER (With 7 Figures)

Contents

1 Introduction .......................................... 246 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 250 3 Conclusions ........................................... 261 4 Suggested Protocol ..................................... 261 References .............................................. 261

XV Humulus lupulus L. (Hop): In Vitro Culture; Attempted Production of Bittering Components and Novel Disease Resistance J. B. HEALE, T. LEGG, and S. CONNELL (With 8 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 264 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 268 3 Conclusions and Prospects .............................. 282 4 Protocol .............................................. 283 References .............................................. 283

XVI Hyoscyamus spp.: In Vitro Culture and the Production of Tropane Alkaloids A. STRAUSS (With 7 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 286 2 The Plant ............................................. 286 3 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 296 4 Conclusions and Prospects .............................. 307 5 Protocol for Tropane Alkaloid Production by H muticus

Cell Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 References .............................................. 309

XVII Jasminum spp. (Jasmine): Micropropagation and the Production of Essential Oils R. JONARD (With 11 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 315 2 In Vitro Cultivation .................................... 317 3 Essential Oils of Jasmine ............................... 326 4 Conclusions ........................................... 327 References .............................................. 330

XVIII Macleaya spp.: Morphogenesis and the Production of Secondary Metabolites H. KOBLITZ (With 8 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 332 2 Developmental Investigations on Cell Cultures ............. 333

Contents XIII

3 Investigations on Alkaloid Formation, Enzymology, and Catabolic Processes in Cell Cultures .................. 340

4 Summary and Concluding Remarks ...................... 343 5 Protocol .............................................. 344 References .............................................. 346

XIX Mucuna pruriens: In Vitro Production of L-DOPA H. J. WICHERS, N. PRAS, and H. J. HUIZING (With 9 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 349 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 353 3 Conclusions and Prospects .............................. 363 References .............................................. 365

xx Nicotiana tabacum L. (Tobacco): In Vitro Production of Nicotine S. OHTA and M. YATAZAWA (With 3 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 367 2 In Vivo Production of Nicotine ......................... 369 3 In Vitro Production of Nicotine ......................... 370 4 Summary ............................................. 377 References .............................................. 378

XXI Pimpinella anisum L. (Anise): Cell Culture, Somatic Embryogenesis, and the Production of Anise Oil D. ERNST (With 7 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 381 2 In Vitro Studies ....................................... 383 3 Extraction and Structure of Compounds .................. 391 4 Protocol .............................................. 394 5 Conclusions ........................................... 394 References .............................................. 395

XXII Rauwolfia serpentina: In Vitro Culture and the Production of Ajmaline V.A. KUNAKH and E.G. ALKHIMovA (With 14 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 398 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 398 3 Conclusions ........................................... 415 References .............................................. 415

XXIII Salvia miltiorrhiza: In Vitro Production of Cryptotanshinone and Ferruginol H. MIYASAKA, M. NASU, and K. YONEDA (With 11 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 417

XIV Contents

2 Materials and Methods 3 Results .............................................. . 4 Conclusions and Prospects ............................. . 5 Protocol ............................................. . References ............................................. .

XXIV Saponaria ojjicinalis L.: In Vitro Culture and the Production of 1titerpenoidal Saponins M. HENRY (With 7 Figures)

418 418 429 429 430

1 Introduction .......................................... 431 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 436 3 Conclusion and Prospects ............................... 440 4 Protocol .............................................. 441 References .............................................. 441

XXV Solanum aviculare Forst., Solanum laciniatum Ait. (Poroporo): In Vitro Culture and the Production of Solasodine T. E. MACEK (With 11 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 443 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 450 3 Conclusions and Prospects .............................. 462 4 Protocol .............................................. 463 References .............................................. 463

XXVI Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni: Production of Natural Sweeteners W. HANDRO and C. M. FERREIRA (With 3 Figures)

1 General Account ....................................... 468 2 Tissue Culture of Stevia rebaudiana ...................... 474 3 Concluding Remarks ................................... 481 References .............................................. 482

XXVII Ruta graveolens: In Vitro Production of Alkaloids and Medicinal Compounds G. PETIT-PALY, K.G. RAMAWAT, J.C. CHENIEUX, and M. RIDEAU (With 2 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 488 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 494 3 Conclusions ........................................... 501 References .............................................. 502

Contents

XXVIII Tabernaemontana spp.: In Vitro Production of Indole and Biogenetically Related Alkaloids R. VAN DER HEIJDEN, R. VERPOORTE, and P.A.A. HARKES (With 5 Figures)

xv

1 Introduction .......................................... 506 2 Cell and Tissue Cultures of Tabernaemontaneae Species .... 509 3 Conclusions and Prospects .............................. 520 References .............................................. 522

XXIX Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger): In Vitro Propagation and the Production of Volatile Constituents F. SAKAMURA and T. SUGA (With 5 Figures)

1 Introduction .......................................... 524 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................... 528 3 Conclusions and Prospects .............................. 536 References .............................................. 536

Subject Index ........................................... 539

List of Contributors

ALKHIMOVA, E. G., Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Ukr SSR, Kiev 252627, USSR

BAJAJ Y. P. S., A-137 New Friends Colony, New Delhi 11 0065, India

CHENG KUO-CHANG, Cell Biology Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

CHENIEUX, J. C., Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tours, 2 bis, Bd. Tonnelle, 37042 Tours Cedex, France

CONNELL, S., Biology Department, King's College, University of London, Campden Hill, London W 8 7 AH, United Kingdom

CYUNEL, E., Nicolaus Copernicus Medical Academy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, 16 Krupniczastr., 31-123 Krakow, Poland

DESMAREST, P., Centre de Recherches "Pernod-Ricard", 120, Av. du Marechal Foch, 94003 Creteil, France

Du MANOIR, 1., Centre de Recherche "Pernod-Ricard", 120, Av. du Marechal Foch, 94003 Creteil, France

ERNST, D., Max-Planck-Institut ffir Biochemie, 8033 Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany

FERREIRA, C. M., Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, CP 11461, 05499 Sao Paulo, Brazil

FURMANOWA, M., Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical Academy, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland

GUZEWSKA, J., Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical Academy, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland

HANDRO, W., Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, CP 11461, 05499 Sao Paulo, Brazil

HARKES, P. A. A., Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Sub faculty of Biology, Leiden University, Nonnensteeg 3, 2311 VJ Leiden, The Netherlands

HEALE, 1. B., Biology Department, King's College, University of London, Campden Hill, London W 8 7 AH, United Kingdom

XVIII List of Contributors

HENRY, M., Universite Paul Sabatier, Faculte des Sciences Pharma-ceutiques Botanique, 31, allee Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France

HlRAOKA, N., Niigata College of Pharmacy, 5-13-2 Kamishinei-cho, Niigata 950-21, Japan

HUIZING, H. J., Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding (SVP), P.o. Box 117, 6700 AC Wageningen, The Netherlands

HUNAULT, G., Station de Biologie Vegetale "A de Richelieu", Cherre, 72400 La Ferte-Bernard, France

IKUTA, A, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03, Japan

ISHIKURA, N., Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kumamoto University, 2-Chome, Kurokami, Kumamoto-shi 860, Japan

ITOKAWA, H., Tokyo College of Pharmacy, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03, Japan

JONARD, R., Laboratoire de Physiologie vegetale Appliquee, Universite des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France

KATO, M., Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753, Japan

KOBLITZ, H., Selkeweg 8, 4325 Gatersleben, German Democratic Republic

KUNAKH, V. A, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Ukr SSR, Kiev 252627, USSR

LEGG, T., Biology Department, King's College, University of London, Campden Hill, London W 8 7 AH, United Kingdom

MACEK, T.E., UOCHB CSAV, Flemingovo N. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czechoslovakia

MEYER, H. J., UN/CSIR Research Unit for Plant Growth and Development, Department of Botany, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3200, Republic of South Africa

MIYASAKA, H., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan

MIZUKAMI, H., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852, Japan

NASU, M., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan

OHTA, S., Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463, Japan

List of Contributors

PETIT-PALY, G., Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tours, 2 bis, Bd. Tonnelle, 37042 Tours Cedex, France

PETRI, G., Semmelweis Medical University, Institute of Pharmacognosy, U1l6i str. 26, H-1085 Budapest VIII, Hungary

PRAS, N., Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding (SVP), P.O. Box 117, 6700 AC Wageningen, The Netherlands

RAMAWAT, K.G., Department of Botany, University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342001, India

XIX

RIDEAU, M., Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tours, 2 bis, Bd. Tonnelle, 37042 Tours Cedex, France

RorHER, A., University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Storrs, CT 06268, USA

SAKAMURA, E, Department of Food, Oshimo Women's College, Gion, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-01, Japan

STRAUSS, A., Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Department of Biotechnology, K-681.1.08, 4002 Basle, Switzerland

SUGA, T., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashisenda-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima 730, Japan

SUN C. S., Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China

VAN DER HEIJDEN, R., Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Labora-tories, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

VAN STADEN, J., UN/CSIR Research Unit for Plant Growth and Development, Department of Botany, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3200, Republic of South Africa

VERPOOKfE, R., Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.o. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

WANG D. Y., China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China

WICHERS, H. J., TNO Division of Technology for Society, P.O. Box 108, 3700 AC Zeist, The Netherlands

YATAZAWA, M., Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi 470-01, Japan

YONEDA, K., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan

ZHANG SHI-YU, Cell Biology Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

ZHENG GUANG-ZHI, Kunming Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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