volume i: irrigation planning and field investigation...

Final Report

WAPCOS Ltd. Content (i)

FINAL REPORTON

IRRIGATION STUDIES OF COMMAND AREA ININDIAN TERRITORY THROUGH SAPTA KOSHI HIGH DAM

MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT ANDSUN KOSI STORAGE-CUM-DIVISION SCHEME

VOLUME I: IRRIGATION PLANNING AND FIELDINVESTIGATION REPORT (Part-1)

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER – I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.2 Earlier Studies1.2.1 Advisory Committee (1951)1.2.2 The Kosi Project (1953)1.2.3 Morphological Study of river Kosi (1974)1.2.4 Feasibility Report, CWC (1981)1.2.5 Master Plan Study on the Kosi River Water Resources Development, JICA

(1985)1.2.6 Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)1.2.7 Expert Committee on Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar (2003)

1.3 Formation of Joint Project Office

1.4 Award of Works

1.5 Project Objectives

1.6 The Project

1.7 Layout of the Report

CHAPTER – II : SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT REGION

2.1 Project Region2.1.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin2.1.1 The Bagmati Basin (Including Adhwara Group Of Rivers)2.1.3 The Kamla-Balan Basin2.1.4 The Kosi Basin2.1.5 The Mahananda Basin

C O N T E N T

Final Report

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2.1 Physiography And Drainage Of The Command Area2.2.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin2.2.2 The Bagmati Basin2.2.3 The Kamla Balan Basin2.2.4 The Kosi Basin2.2.5 The Mahananda Basin

2.3 Soils2.3.1 Types of Soils2.3.2 Basin-Wise Characteristics of Soil

2.4 Geology2.4.1 Geological Formations

2.4.2 Basinwise Geological Features

2.5 Climate2.5.1 Rainfall2.5.2 Temperature2.5.3 Relative Humidity2.5.4 Wind Speed2.5.5 Cloud Cover

2.6 Status of Existing / On-Going Irrigation Projects2.6.1 General2.6.2 Basinwise Command Area Details of Existing /On-Going Projects

2.7 Status of Agriculture Extension and Allied Services2.7.1 Agricultural Extension2.7.2 Seeds2.7.3 Training Institutes

2.8 Command Area Development2.8.1 Constraints in Command Area Development

2.9 Socio-Economic Aspects2.9.1 General2.9.2 Socio-Economic Factor2.9.3 Demographic Profile2.9.4 Population2.9.5 Land Holding2.9.6 Employment2.9.7 Income

2.10 Status of Infrastructural Facilities in Command Area

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2.10.1 Burhi Gandak Basin2.10.2 Bagmati Basin2.10.3 Kamla-Balan Basin2.10.4 Kosi Basin2.10.5 Mahananda Basin

CHAPTER – III : IRRIGATION PLANNING

3.1 General

3.2 Irrigation Planning3.2.1 Project Region3.2.2 Delineation of Study Area for Irrigation from Sapta Kosi High Dam Project3.2.3 Locations of Barrage and Offtake Points for Irrigation in Bihar3.2.4 Macro Irrigation Planning for Entire CCA3.2.5 Micro Irrigation Planning for 10% CCA3.2.6 OFD Works Planning3.2.7 Summing Up

CHAPTER – IV : STABILISATION OF IRRIGATION IN EXISTING PROJECTS

4.1 General

4.2 Area under the Command of Existing /On-Going Projects

4.3 Eastern Kosi Canal System4.3.1 Project Details

4.4 Kamla Irrigation Project4.4.1 Project Details4.4.2 Present Status And Measures For System Improvement4.4.3 Improvement in Water Use Efficient

4.5 Stabilization Of Irrigation In Existing Projects4.5.1 Stabilization through Performance Improvement and Better Water

Management4.5.2 Stabilization Adopting Other Options

4.6 Ground Water Assessment

4.7 Conclusions4.7.1 Eastern Kosi Canal Project4.7.2 Kamla Irrigation Project (Revised CCA – 0.28 Lakh Ha)

CHAPTER – V : TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CANAL ALIGNMENT SURVEYS

5.1 General

5.2 Topographical Survey of Command Area

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5.2.1 Topographical Survey of Patches for Micro Planning

5.3 Canal Alignment Survey

5.4 Grid Plan Survey

5.5 Survey Output of Canal Alignment And Grid Plan Survey5.5.1 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for WSKMC5.5.2 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for Branch Canal (BC-II)5.5.3 Canal Alignment Survey for Distributaries and Minors in Patch 1 (Sitamarhi

District)5.5.4 Canal Alignment Survey for Distributaries and Minors in Patch 2 (Darbhanga

District)5.5.5 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for Branch Canal (BC-III)5.5.6 Canal Alignment of Distributaries and Minors in Patch-3

5.6 Topographical Survey of Sub-Patches for OFD Works Planning

CHAPTER – VI : AGRONOMICAL STUDIES

6.1 General

6.2 Agro-Climatic Zones6.2.1 Northwest Alluvial Plains6.2.2 Northeast Alluvial Plains

6.3 Existing Cropping Pattern6.3.1 Existing Crop Coverage and Irrigation Intensities

6.4 Strategy for Enhancing Irrigation

6.5 Proposed Cropping Pattern6.5.1 Review of Past Reports6.5.2 Emerging Insights6.5.3 Proposition6.5.4 Selection of Crops6.5.5 Crop Calendar6.5.6 Summing Up

CHAPTER – VII : WATER AVAILABILITY STUDIES

7.1 General

7.2 Methodology and Approach

7.3 Water Availability of River Burhi Gandak7.3.1 Water Availability at Chanpatia7.3.2 Water Availability At Lalbagiaghat

7.4 Water Availability of River Bagmati

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7.5 Water Availability of River Sun-Kosi, Cwc (2006)

7.6 Water Availability of River Sapta Kosi7.6.1 Cwc Studies (1981)7.6.2 Jica Master Plan Study (1985)7.6.3 Nwda Studies (1997)7.6.4 Cwc Studies (2007)

7.7 Summary

CHAPTER –VIII : WATER DEMAND

8.1 General

8.2 Meteorological Parameters

8.3 Irrigation Efficiency8.3.1 Conveyance Efficiency8.3.2 Field Application Efficiency8.3.3 Project Efficiency

8.4 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT8.4.1 Computation of Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)8.4.2 Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR)8.4.3 Crop Water Demand

VOLUME I: IRRIGATION PLANNING AND FIELDINVESTIGATION REPORT (Part-2)

CHAPTER – IX : BROAD SOIL RESOURCE MAPPING

9.1 General

9.2 Soil Resource Mapping9.2.1 Methodology for Soil Resource Mapping9.2.2 Description Of Soil Resource9.2.3 Soil Survey Interpretation for Optimising Land Use9.2.4 Dominant Soil Characteristics in Project Command

9.3 Broad Soil And Land Characterization Of Project Command9.3.1 Introduction9.3.2 Methodology9.3.3 Interaction with State Level Soil Scientists9.3.4 Sample Ground Truth Verification And Findings9.3.5 Summing Up

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CHAPTER – X : DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES

10.1 General

10.2 Hydrogeological Setting10.2.1 Geology, Stratigraphy and Lithology10.2.2 Quaternary Alluvial Deposit

10.3 Occurrence and Behaviour of Ground Water and Aquifer Characteristics10.3.1 Burhi Gandak Sub-Basin10.3.2 Bagmati and Kamla-Balan Sub-Basin10.3.3 Kosi Sub-Basin10.3.4 Mahananda Sub-Basin

10.4 Ground Water Availability

10.5 Ground Water Table Observations

10.6 Quality of Ground Water

10.7 Potential for Ground Water Development in Study Area

10.8 Assessment Of Possible Impact On Ground Water Recharge Due To Canal LiningAnd Ground Water Utilisation

10.9 Conclusion and Recommendations

CHAPTER – XI: WATER LOGGING, DRAINAGE AND RECLAMATION

11.1 Introduction11.1.1 Water Logging11.1.2 Salinity/Alkalinity of Soil

11.2 Drainage Problem of Command11.2.1 Kosi River Basin Command11.2.2 Bagmati River Basin Command11.2.3 Kamla River Basin Command

11.3 Existing Surface Drainage11.3.1 Kosi River Basin

11.4 Identification of Water Logged Area (Ground Water) In Kosi Basin as a Whole

11.5 Identification of Area Affected By Salinity / Alkalinity

11.6 Identification of Area Needing Drainage

11.7 Land Reclamation

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CHAPTER – XII : STATUS OF EXISTING WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICESAND PROSPECTS FOR INTENSIFIED AGRICULTURE

12.1 General

12.2 Crop Water Requirement & Its Growth Stages

12.3 Review Of The Existing System Of Operation And Distribution Of Irrigation Water12.3.1 Operation Of Irrigation System12.3.2 Distribution of Irrigation Water 12.3.2.1System of Indenting - Satta System12.3.3 Prevailing Irrigation Practices in the Kosi System

12.4 Review of Existing on Farm Development and On Farm management of IrrigationWater12.4.1 Farm Development and Management12.4.2 Prospects for Intensified Agriculture12.4.3 Implementation Feasibility12.4.4 Concluding Remarks

Salient Features of “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in Indian Territorythrough Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-

Diversion Scheme”

1. SOURCE Sapta Kosi River

a) Barrage Sisauli, in Nepal, 12.7 km d/s of Sapta KosiHigh Dam at Barahkshetra

Length 2 to 3 km

Pond Level EL + 120 m

b) Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal Ex-Sisauli Barrage, 112.55 km length fromriver Sapta Kosi to river Mechi, lyingentirely in Nepal

c) Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal Ex-Sisauli Barrage, 205.28 km lengthincluding Indian portion of about 50 kmlength

2. COMMAND AREA IN INDIA

GCA (Lakh ha) CCA (Lakh ha)

Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Basin 6.99 5.24

Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin

(upto river mechi)

3.54 2.48

Total 10.53 7.72

3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK FOR ENTIRE CCA OF 7.72 LAKH HA

Name of

Canal

Burhi Gandak -Bagmati Mahananda Total

Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length(km)

Main canal 11 5500..4411 -- -- 11 5500..4411

BranchCanals

33 440000..4466 55 331144..4488 88 771144..9944

DirectDistributaries

44 5500..9966 -- -- 44 5500..9966

Distributaries 5500 883366..5599 4411 668811..4433 9911 11551188..0022

Direct Minors 4444 116644..7744 5566 225566..1155 110000 442200..8899

Minors 335588 11663366..0044 338811 11119922..8899 773399 22882288..9933

Total 446600 33113399..2200 448833 22444444..9955 994433 55558844..1155

4. PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN

Burhi Gandak – Bagamati

Command

Mahananda Command

Kharif 90% 90%

Rabi 80% 80%

Hot Weather 33% 28%

Perennial 5% -

Total 208% 198%

5. ANNUAL IRRIGATION

Burhia Gandak –

Bagmati Command

Mahananda

Command

Total

CCA(Lakh ha) 5.24 2.48 7.72

Irrigation Intensity (%) 208% 198%

Annual Irrigation (Lakh ha) 10.90 4.91 15.81

6. DISTRICTS BENEFITTED

Burhi Gandak-BagmatiCommand

Mahananda Command Total

9 Nos. 4 Nos. 13 Nos.

East Champaran Purnea East ChamparanWest Champaran Katihar West ChamparanSamastipur Araria SamastipurBegusarai Kishanganj BegusaraiMuzaffarpur MuzaffarpurKhagaria KhagariaDarbhanga DarbhangaMMaaddhhuubbaannii MMaaddhhuubbaannii

SSiittaammaarrhhii SSiittaammaarrhhii

Purnea

Katihar

Araria

Kishanganj

7. LOCATION OF OFFTAKE POINTS FOR BRANCH CANALS/DIRECTDISTRIBUTARIES FOR IRRIGATION IN INDIA

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati CommandS.No. Offtaking

FromName ofOfftakingCanal

BorderPillarNo.

GroundElevation(m)

Chainage(km)

Village Lat/Long

1. SisauliBarrage

EntryPoint ofWSKMC

Bet BP18 &19(660 mbelowBP-19)

84 156.79 Kanhwa(India)

2266oo 4488’’5555’’’’NN85o 43’ 27” E

2. WSKMC BC(I) 5000mbelowBP-25

81.62 166.04 Bagchaura/Pakaria(India)

26o 49’43” N85o 38’ 06” E

3. WSKMC DD1 270 mbelowBP 33

82.69 174.66 Larkawa(India)

26o 50’ 08” N85o 33’ 19” E

4. WSKMC DD2 BelowBP 38

76.99 182.04 Khopraha(India)

26o 47’ 58” N85o 29’ 57” E

5. WSKMC DD3 Bet BP38 & 39

74.89 184.16 Dularpur(India)

26o 47’ 18” N85o 28’ 57” E

6. WSKMC DD4 2500 mbelowBP-42

74.5 192.05 GarhwaBisanpur(India)

26o 46’ 46” N85o 24’ 52” E

7. WSKMC BC (II) 3300mbelowBP-48

73.02 197.31 Bariarpur(India)

26o 44’ 21” N85o 22’ 56” E

8. WSKMC BC (III) 750 mbelowBP 54

72.32 207.20 Bairagnia(India)

26o 44’ 24” N85o 17’ 06” E

BC = Branch Canal DD = Direct Distributary

S.No. OfftakingFrom

Name ofOfftakingCanal

BorderPillarNo.

GroundElevation(m)

Village Lat/Long

1. ESKMC(At Indo-

NepalBorder)

BC (I) BP 55 61.7 Lalokhar/Madhubani

(India)

26o 25’ 06” N87o 23’ 29” E

2. ESKMC BC (II) BP 49 65.4 Muraripur/Pahara(India)

26o 25’ 48” N87o 31’ 09” E

3. ESKMC BC (III) BP 35 71 Fatehpur(India)

26o 26’ 07” N85o 41’ 40” E

4. ESKMC BC (IV) BP 19 78 Dighalbank(India)

26o 28’ 13” N87o 52’ 38” E

5. ESKMC BC (V) BetweenBP 13 &

BP 14

70 Jaipokhar(India)

26o 22’ 05” N87o 52’ 58” E

BC = Branch Canal

8. LOCATION OF & SIZE OF PATCHES IDENTIFIED FOR MICROIRRIGATION PLANNING FOR 10% CCA

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command

Patch1 = 26700 ha (3.5 % of CCA)

Patch 2 = 25700 ha (3.3 % of CCA)

Total 52400 ha

Mahananda Command

Patch 3 = 25000 ha (3.2 % of CCA)

Grand Total = 26700+25700+25000 = 77400 ha (10% of CCA)

9. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK IN 3 PATCHES BASED ON MICROPLANNING (ALREADY INCLUDED IN S.No. 3)

SS..NNoo.. TTyyppee ooff CCaannaall

BBuurrhhii--GGaannddaakk BBaaggmmaattiiCCoommmmaanndd

MMaahhaannaannddaa CCoommmmaanndd

PPaattcchh 11 PPaattcchh 22 PPaattcchh 33 TToottaall

NNoo.. KKmm NNoo.. KKmm.. NNoo.. KKmm.. NNoo.. KKmm..

11.. BBrraanncchh CCaannaallss -- -- 11 1111..4466 11 1166..9933 22 2288..3399

33 22.. DDiirreecctt DDiissttrriibbuuttaarriieess 44 5500..9966 -- -- -- -- 44 5500..9966

33 DDiissttrriibbuuttaarriieess -- -- 44 6600..6677 55 6644..8844 99 112255..5511

44.. MMiinnoorrss//DDiirreecctt MMiinnoorrss 2233 114433..3388 4499 111100..5588 8800 112266..9944 115522 338800..99

TToottaall 2277 119944..3344 5544 118822..7711 8866 220088..7711 116677 558855..7766

10. ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT (OFD) WORKS:

Sub-Patch 1

Area = 2027 ha

Location = In Patch 1

Village = Sitalpatti, Manariya, Akhadiya

District = Sitamarhi

Minor(s) Servingthe Sub-Patch

= M-2 (DD-3), SM-1 (M-2, DD-3), M-1 (DD-2)

Sub-Patch 2

Area = 942 ha


Village = Ramnagar, Bhujunagar, Bhujutola, Budhwara, Najarpur,Binwatola, Mohani, Dubha-tola, Mohoni Khurd,Bisnupur



= SM-3 (M-3, DD-3), M-2 (DD-4)

Sub-Patch 3

Area = 1032 ha


Village = Banauli, Rajaul, Fulbaria, Bharoul

District = Darbhanga


= M-6 (D-1), M-8 (D-1)

(B) Mahananda Command

Sub-Patch 4

Area = 727 ha


Village = Jhunki Musahara, Hatgav

District = Kishanganj

Minor(s) Serving the Sub-Patch

= M-4 (D-1), M-6 (D-1), M-8 (D-1), M-1 (D-2)

Sub-Patch 5

Area = 872 haLocation = In Patch 3Village = Dogacchi, Jhingakata, Pahatgav, Jhingakata

Istamrar, Maheshbathna, Taufir JhingakataDistrict = KishanganjMinor(s) Serving the Sub-Patch

= M-11 (D-4), M-12 (D-4), M-13 (D-4), M-14 (D-4), M-15 (D-4), M-16 (D-4), M-7 (D-5), M-16(D-5)

11. ABSTRACT OF COST

Unit: Rs. LakhS.No. Command Canal System OFD Works Total

1. Burhi Gandak BagmatiCommand

719382 117817 837199

2. Mahananda Command 269672 37424 307096

Total 989054 (A) 155241 (B) 1144295

Cost of Land Acquisition (Rs. Lakh) (C) 39430

Cost of Establishment / Construction Supervision @5% of (A) above (D) 49453

Grand Total (A)+(B)+(C)+(D) (Rs. Lakh) 1233178

11. BENEFIT COST RATIO

Benefit cost ratio of the project has been worked out as per guidelines Central WaterCommission/Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, for preparation of DPRswhich works out to 3.69.

12. INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN

IRR of the project works out to 17%.

Final Report

WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-1 1

CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The river Kosi known as ‘Kaushika’ in ancient Sanskrit scriptures is one of the major

left bank tributaries of the river Ganga. It is the third biggest of the Himalayan rivers,

being next to only the Indus and the Brahmaputra. It originates at EL 7000 m in the

Himalayas in Tibet. The total length of the river from its origin to outfall in the Ganga

is about 720 km. After flowing in Tibet, the river enters Nepal where it is known as

the Sapt Kosi (comprising of the Sun Kosi, the Bhotia Kosi, the Tamba Kosi, the

Dudh Kosi, the Barun Kosi, the Arun Kosi & the Tamur Kosi). The river is

considered to be formed after confluence of three major tributaries viz. the Arun from

North, the Tamur from east and the Sun Kosi from west. Below Triveni confluence,

the river flows through a narrow gorge for a length of 10 km upto the plains near

Chatra in Nepal. From Chatra to Hanumannagar where the existing Kosi barrage is

located, the river length is 50 km. The main tributaries of Kosi on its right bank are

Bagmati, Kamla-Balan, Trijuga & Bhutani-Balan. There is no tributary of the river on

the left bank.

The river Sapta Kosi, on which a Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project has

been proposed is 1.6 km upstream of Barahkshetra in Nepal. The total catchment area

of the river upto its confluence with the Ganga is 93355 sq km, out of which 59,539

sq km i.e as much as 64 % will be intercepted by the proposed high dam near

Barahkshetra.

The major problem of the river Kosi River has been that it carries huge quantities of

silt and detritus, with the result that large islands are formed due to their deposit on

fertile agricultural lands, thus making them barren for long time. Besides, due to

shifting of course, it forms numerous Dhars, with the result that property and

vegetaions are destroyed causing immense suffering and instability of life. The

changes in the river course are not only due to meandering of the river but due to

heavy silt load in suspension and detritus load moving along its bed.

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Therefore, the most challenging issue is to check the coarse and medium silt, to

confine the river along a definite channel and prevent its lateral movements. However,

while the lateral movement has been checked to a great extent by the existing

Bhimnagar Barrage at Hanumanagar and through construction of embankments on

both the banks of the river, the problem of siltation remains yet to be tackled. The

solution to this problem lies in the construction of a high dam across the river in its

upper reaches in Nepalese territory. Advantage of the water stored behind the dam

could be taken for generation of power, extending irrigation facilities both in Nepal

and India (in the areas of North Bihar) and other uses, as deemed necessary.

With the above objective in view, Central Water Commission (CWC) prepared a

Feasibility Report of Sapta Kosi High Dam in 1981, identifying the location of the

dam and other parameters of the project, based on which the Detailed Project report

(DPR) is being presently prepared by the Indo- Nepal Joint Project office (JPO),

headquartered at Biratnagar in Nepal. The Salient Features of Sapta Kosi High Dam

Multipurpose Project as conceived at the feasibility stage are given in Annex-1.1.

Besides, Govt. of Nepal had got the Master Plan of Kosi Basin prepared by Japan

International Corporation Agency (JICA) in 1985, which included the study of Sun

Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme at Kurule. The Salient Features of this scheme

are given in Annex-1.2.

A Joint Team of Experts (JTE), constituted in 1991, decided to conduct joint

investigations for the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) of Sapta Kosi

High Dam Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP) and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion

Scheme (SSDS).

As per the schedule of deliverables contained in Section F.6.1 of the Terms of

Reference and Scope of Works in Request for Proposal (RFP), the following reports

have been submitted by WAPCOS to JPO (SKSKI):

i) Inception Report vide WAPCOS letter No. WAP/WR/SKP/A1/2009/1110

dated 27.05.2009

Final Report


ii) Basic Macro Irrigation Report vide WAPCOS letter No.

WAP/WR/SKP/C/2009/1392 dated 13.01.2010

iii) Interim Field Report vide WAPCOS letter no. WAP/WR/SKP/C/2011/2315

dt. 30.08.11 (Re-revised Interim Report)

iv) Final Field Report vide WAPCOS letter no. WAP/IWRM/SKP/C/2012/2290

dt. 07.12.2012

The Basic Macro Irrigation Planning Report contained the alignment of Western

Sapta Kosi Canal (Indian Portion), branch canals, distributaries and minors to serve

the entire command area in Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda Basins and their

delineation on available SOI topographic maps on 1:2,50,000 and 1:50,000 scales,

finalisation of GCA/CCA to be brought under irrigation from Sapta Kosi High Dam

Multipurpose Project with total GCA/CCA as 10.53/7.72 Lakh ha, identification of 3

patches comprising 10% of CCA depicting representative area for micro planning and

OFD works based on broad soil types, topography and other relevant features of the

command area and information regarding offtake points on main canals, required

discharge and FSL for serving the command area in Indian Territory etc.

The Re-revised Interim Field Report provided a detailed description of the project

region and project area, irrigation planning conceived from inception to macro level,

identification of patches for micro level planning, survey output of topographical

survey for 10% CCA to generate maps on 1:10,000 scale to be used for micro-

irrigation planning, status of various desk studies and field activities etc.

Now, the Final Field Report provided final output of all the field activities and further

status of various desk studies completed till that point for preparation of the Detailed

Project Report (DPR) of “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in Indian Territory

through Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-

Diversion Scheme”.

Final Report being submitted to JPO-SKSKI consists of complete output of studies

carried out for the project, which includes irrigation planning studies, typical design

of canals and canal structures, detailed planning and design of On-Farm Development

Final Report


(OFD) Works and cost estimate of the project upto minor level as well as the cost

estimate for OFD works.

1.2 EARLIER STUDIES

Man's struggle for existence in the Kosi region against the onslaught of Kosi - Bihar’s

‘river of sorrow’, had been going on since long and is continuing even now. Recent

floods and breaching of embankments and consequent change in the course of the

river in 2008, has caused widespread misery and damages. This has again focused

attention on implementing the long envisaged Kosi High Dam Project for sustainable

solution of the recurring flood problem. Even though, the Kosi Project - 1953

completed in the sixties has eased the distress to a considerable extent, further

measures are still called for to provide a sustainable long-term solution.

In this connection, it may also be mentioned that it had taken several decades to plan

and provide a concrete shape to this major multipurpose project. The first attempt to

tackle the Kosi problem dates back to 1883 when an apprehension was raised that the

Kosi which had continued moving westward might make a sudden change in its

erstwhile behaviour and start moving eastward returning to its earlier courses and

ultimately come back to the eastern-most course near Purnea devastating all the

intervening area for a second time. Mr. W A Inglis, who was deputed to make a

reconnaissance survey of the area and suggest suitable measures to control the river

had concluded that it was not possible to interfere with the natural flow of the river.

He suggested for a proper maintenance of records of changes in the river course and

of its flood levels. Recent change of course of river in 2008 has proven this

affirmation as correct.

Over a period of time, the local authorities had prepared several embankment

schemes for managing the course of the river. One of these scheme was discussed at a

conference held in 1896-97 at Calcutta. It was concluded at this conference that no

steps were feasible for controlling the course of this big river with numerous channels

having wide and shallow beds. It was felt that provision of short lengths of

embankments along isolated tracts might mitigate the flood hazards to some extent.

As a result of this consensus, several short lengths of embankments were constructed

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to protect individual properties and areas. However, this was done without adopting

any standard section and without ascertaining the effect of such bunds on the course

of the river lower down. Moreover, appropriate steps were not taken for their

maintenance and protection in the post-construction period. As a result of these

shortcomings, these bunds breached quite frequently damaging large areas. Thus, the

construction of the aforesaid short bunds could not serve the desired purpose.

In 1941 Mr. Claude Inglis, Director, CIHR, after visiting the area submitted a report

on the factors affecting the westerly movement of Kosi River. He further suggested

that before formulating any comprehensive scheme, investigations should be carried

out in respect of river discharge, silt charge, ground levels and sub-soil water levels.

In the Bihar, Post-second World War Development Plan, a proposal for the

construction of marginal embankments, right from the Nepal foot-hills to the Ganga,

to control the river by confining it to a definite channel was formulated with an

estimated cost of about Rs. 10 crore.

Later in December 1945 Lord Wavell, the then Viceroy of India, visited the flood

stricken areas of Bihar. In his address at the annual session of the Institution of

Engineers (India) held at Calcutta, he mentioned about the problems of the river Kosi

and suggested for referring this case to the then newly constituted Central Waterways

Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC) for advice.

Rai Bahadur A. N. Khosla, the Chairman, CWINC opined that a more effective

control would be secured by the construction of a storage reservoir in the hills which

would give effective control of floods in the river and in addition provide water for

use in irrigation, navigation, power-generation etc. It was also recorded in

1945, that

“No satisfactory scheme for the control of the Kosi and its flood damage can beprepared except after a comprehensive survey of the entire field of possibilities viz.the construction of high dam across the Chatra gorge, training the river Kosi inlower reaches and exclusion of floods from the low lying area which are susceptibleto water-logging”

After joint inspection by officers of CWINC, Geological Survey of India, Govt. of

Bihar and Nepal in 1946 and with the help of information then available, CWINC

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prepared a Preliminary Report in March 1946. After discussions with Govt. of Nepal

in June, 1946, recommendation made in Preliminary Report concerning Nepal were

accepted by Govt. of Nepal and CWINC and other organizations were authorized to

carry out full programme of surveys and investigation required for Kosi Dam project

in Nepal territory. This was followed by discussions between Government of India

and the Govt. of Bihar and investigations were taken up thereafter.

The Central Waterways Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC) formulated

a multipurpose dam project in 1950 after field surveys along with geological and

hydrological investigations. This project envisaged flood moderation by suitable

reservoir regulation at the dam for mitigating the hardships of the distress zones in

Bihar as also irrigation facilities to Nepal and Bihar, besides generation of a large

block of hydro-electric power, and navigation on an extensive scale. The project

estimated to cost Rs 177 crore envisaged (a) construction of a 783 feet high dam at

Barahkshetra in Nepal having a gross storage capacity of 6.9 MAF of which 3.8 MAF

was dead storage/silt reserve and the remaining 3.1 MAF as live storage which was

earmarked with one of the objectives being that of a flood cushion capable of

moderating the peak flood (b) generation of hydro-electric power to the extent of

1800 MW at the toe of the dam; (c) provision of navigation facilities in the reservoir

and in the river below; (d) construction of a barrage at Chatra in Nepal along with

canal systems on both banks for an annual irrigation of 38.4 lakh acre in Nepal and

India; and (e) generation of 90 MW of hydro-electric power in the eastern canal. This

project was known as "Kosi Project - 1950".

1.2.1 Advisory Committee (1951)

The Government of India then appointed an Advisory Committee in 1951 to examine

“The Kosi Project -1950". The Committee considered the proposal as sound in

principle but did not agree to the proposed seven stages of construction. The

Committee further felt that the estimate would require upward revision besides

having some other reservations. The Committee recommended a scheme costing Rs.

55.5 crore and envisaging (a) construction of a comparatively smaller dam at Belka

hill nose, 9 mile below Chatra with storage capacity of 1.8 MAF with offtaking canals

on both banks, (b) generation of 51 MW of hydro-electric power at the toe of the

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dam; (c) generation of 40 MW of hydro-electric power in canal falls; (d) annual

irrigation of 38.4 lakh acre in Nepal and India; and (e) construction of an

embankment in a length of 35 mile on the right bank of the river to arrest its

westward movement. The Committee felt that the high dam at Barahkshetra could be

built in course of time when need for hydroelectric power develops. Based on these

views and recommendations, the Central Water and Power Commission (erstwhile

CWINC), prepared a detailed estimate for the Belka Dam Project after carrying out

necessary site investigations. These estimates came to be far in excess of the figures

assumed by the Advisory Committee. The CWPC ultimately came to the conclusion

that the Belka dam proposal would not serve much useful purpose in controlling the

river Kosi. The proposal was dropped after detailed consideration.

1.2.2 The Kosi Project (1953)

Subsequently, the CWPC made alternative studies for a low detention dam at Belka.

A new scheme known as "The Kosi Project 1953" was formulated by CWPC

envisaging (a) construction of a barrage at Hanumannagar (subsequently called

Bhimnagar Barrage) at a distance of 48 km below Chatra to serve as a control

structure and to divert waters to off taking canals; (b) construction of embankments

on both banks of the river so as to prevent flooding and also arrest further westward

translation of its course, mostly manifested in the middle- third reach and (c) annual

irrigation of 14.36 lakh acre in the districts of Purnea and Saharsa through the Eastern

Kosi Canal System. Later, the Rajpur Canal System off taking from Eastern Kosi

Main Canal in its upper most reach (RD 14.5) was also included to cover additional

area.

The Kosi Project is one of the largest major irrigation projects in the country. The

work on Hanumannagar barrage was completed in 1963. The Eastern and Western

Kosi canals take off from the left and right side of the barrage respectively. The

Eastern Kosi canal provides irrigation facility to CCA of 4.40 lakh ha and Western

Kosi canal commands a CCA of 2.03 lakh ha.

The Western Kosi Canal System (WKCS), estimated to cost Rs. 138 crore, aims at

providing irrigation in a gross command area (GCA) of 375,557 ha (928,020 ac) in

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India and 25,495 ha (63,000 ac) in Nepal. The scheme though sanctioned in 1961,

was taken up in 1972, only after an Agreement between India and Nepal was signed.

The scheme is now nearing completion. The Chatra Canal System, which benefits

Nepal is also a part of the Kosi Project. It was taken up in 1962 and was operative

from 1972, after which it was handed over to HMG, Nepal. This canal system

envisaged an annual irrigation of 0.85 lakh ha (2.12 lakh acre) in Saptari and Morang

district of Nepal on the east of the river Kosi.

The project region on the western bank of the river has one major irrigation scheme

viz. Kamla Irrigation Project and two minor irrigation schemes viz. Balan Irrigation

Scheme and Trisula Irrigation Scheme, all located in the district of Madhubani. While

Kamla Irrigation Project envisages provision of 35,927 ha of annual irrigation, Balan

and Trisula Irrigation Schemes have been designed to provide 2430 ha and 1624 ha

of annual irrigation respectively.

1.2.3 Morphological Study of river Kosi (1974)

The behaviour of Kosi River was studied by Dr. CV Gole and Shri Chitale of

CWPRS Pune, who concluded that the Kosi River had been building an inland delta.

They calculated that during the period 1938-57, the river deposited about 102 Mm3 of

sift annually between Chatra and its confluence with the river Ganges. They

concluded that if Kosi was left to itself, it would go on building up the delta and shift

from east to west and back to east over a cone defined by them. In this process, it had

already moved over 112 km in last 200 years and had brought misery to people living

in 15000 sq. km of area in Bihar & 1300 sq. km of area in Nepal.

After the completion of the barrage at Hanumannagar in the year 1963 and

completion of embankments both upstream and down-stream of barrage in 1957 &

1962, a study was undertaken by Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi at the request

of Board of Consultants of Kosi Project in 1974, to determine the rise or fall of river

bed elevations prior to and after the construction of Kosi project in six reaches of

river between Chhatra & Kaporia. The study also included to determine if any co-

relation existed between the discharge & transport of silt in the river. The data of the

river Kosi for the period 1955 to 1974 was utilized for the study. Results of the study

for the six different reaches are as under:

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Reach-I : Chatra to Jalpapur

During the pre-barrage period, this reach had a tendency to scour at a rate of 1.76

cm/year. In the post barrage period, this reach shows silting at the rate of 12.34

cm/year, i.e. from scouring it has changed to silting after the construction of the

barrage.

Reach-II : Jalpapur to Bhimnagar

In the pre-barrage period, this reach was scouring at a high rate of 16.56 cm/year but

after the barrage, it has been rising at a rate of 10.7 cm/year. Thus, from a ‘degrading’

reach it has become an ‘aggrading’ reach after the construction of the barrage.

Reach-III : Bhimnagar to Dagmara

This reach is just downstream of the barrage at Bhimnagar and the scouring in this

reach has been reduced from 3.56 cm to 0.83 cm/year after the construction of the

barrage.

Reach-IV : Dagmara to Supaul

The scouring rate was negligible during the pre-barrage period (0.37 cm/year) but in

the post-barrage period, this is showing a slight rise of 1.86 cm/year.

Reach-V : Supaul to Mahesi

This reach was silting at a rate of 9.56 cm/year but after the construction of the

barrage, the silting rate has been reduced to 6.36 cm/year.

Reach-VI : Mahesi to Kaporia

The data for the pre-barrage period is not available but in the post-barrage period this

reach is silting at a high rate of 12.03 cm/year.

An effort was made to correlate the annual silt charge and runoff. It was found that

the correlation was very poor and could not be explained by yearly peak discharge.

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1.2.4 Feasibility Report, CWC (1981)

A Feasibility Report was prepared by Central Water Commission (CWC), Govt. of

India in 1981 based on the geological investigation carried out way back in 1946-47

to harness the Kosi waters and tackle the flood problems in North Bihar in addition to

providing other benefits such as irrigation, hydropower etc. It envisaged construction

of a 269 m high gravity concrete Dam across the river, about 1.6 km upstream of

Barahkshetra in Nepal with a power house to generate about 16000 million units of

electricity with an installed capacity of 3000 MW at 50% load factor, at the toe of the

dam carrying the ski-jump bucket over its root to impound 13.45 billion m3 of water

at EL 335.25 m, of which 9.37 billion m3 will be the live storage for power generation

and irrigation and 4.08 billion m3 will be dead storage to provide for silt deposition

@1430 m3/ sq. km of catchment per year. The project also envisaged construction of a

969.9 m long barrage at Chatra, 8 km d/s of dam site and canal system to serve gross

command area of 15.22 lakh ha - 9.76 lakh ha in India and 5.46 lakh ha in Nepal

including firming up the irrigation of 0.90 lakh ha in existing inundation canal system

in Nepal.

A Power Canal off-taking from Eastern Chatra Canal for conveying the water

required for irrigation at existing Kosi barrage at Hanuman Nagar and also the water

which may be required downstream of Hanuman Nagar barrage for the purpose of

navigation. To utilize the head available between Chatra and Hanuman Nagar

barrages for power generation, three canal Power Houses, each of 100 MW installed

capacity are also proposed on power canal. Necessary cushion in storage capacity of

Sapta Kosi High Dam would be provided to moderate the flood downstream of dam.

Chatra Canal System would provide irrigation to large area in Nepal and India

(especially in Bihar). The project also envisaged aforestation and soil conservation

works on the tributaries to reduce the silt inflow in the reservoir.

Salient Features of Sapt Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project are given at Annex 1.1.

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1.2.5 Master Plan Study on the Kosi River Water Resources Development, JICA

(1985)

As decided by His Majesty’s Govt. of Nepal, Japan International Cooperation Agency

(JICA) did the above study taking into consideration the potential for hydro-electric

generation, irrigation, flood control, navigation and others including inter-basin

development schemes for economic growth and social improvement. The study was

carried out to identify the resources of the Kosi River, ascertain the needs and the

possibility of development and formulate plans for the orderly development of the

river. Among all the schemes identified under the Master Plan, two schemes viz. Sun

Kosi Multipurpose and Arun Hydropower Schemes were accorded top priority.

The Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme envisaged diversion of waters of the

river Sun Kosi which is a tributary of Sapt Kosi to the extent of about 72 cumec to the

river Kamla to augment lean season flow of river Kamla, through a 16.6 km long

diversion tunnel. The project envisages a 48.9 m high concrete gravity diversion dam

near Kurule across the river Sun Kosi and construction of another storage dam on the

river Kamla near Timnai village. The gross command area under this project has been

estimated about 5.74 lakh ha which is located between Khando River on the east and

Parsa district on west in Nepal territory.

Salient Features of Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme are given at Annex-1.2.

Master Plan also made the following main recommendations:-

i) Sapta Kosi High Dam scheme should be reviewed in due consideration ofcomprehensive development including flood control and water utilization fordownstream country.

ii) The above two top priority schemes should be implemented in close relationwith projects in other sectors.

iii) In addition to proposed Sun Kosi Multipurpose scheme, river training isindispensable for agricultural development in the Terai area as small rivers inthe same are eroding valuable farm lands.

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iv) Watershed management works should also be conducted in parallel withimplementation of the two top priority schemes in the Kosi and Kamla riverbasins for effective water resources development.

1.2.6 Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)

Govt. of Bihar set up the First Bihar State Irrigation Commission in October, 1967 to

study various aspects of water resources development in the state. The Commission

made a number of recommendations. Govt. of Bihar, accordingly took various

actions for better utilization of water resources and improving the managerial

efficiency of the Water Resources Development.

By the end of the eighties, urgent necessity was felt for planning the water resource

development, its management and working out solution to flood and drainage

problems on basinwise concept after reviewing and updating the assessment of land

and water potential. It was also necessary to review the policy and programme of

water resources development and management in the light of the National Water

Policy. The new trends in the field of water management and other developments

called for strengthening and streamlining the organizational setup to face the future

challenges. Rationalisation of water rates, amalgamation of various Acts concerning

irrigation / flood control/ drainage improvement and review of the Interstate

Agreements were also the pressing needs of the Department. In this context, with a

view to have an in-depth study of the aforesaid problems encountered by the State

Govt. and to effect an improvement in the prevailing situation, the Second Bihar State

Irrigation Commission was setup by the State Govt. vide WRD Letter no.

1/PMC/N/60/86-268 dated 15-02-91 and resolution no. 829 dated 06-03-91.

The Commission was constituted under the chairmanship of Hon’ble Minister of

Water Resources, Govt. of Bihar with five (5) full time members and fourteen (14)

part time members.

The Commission had a total of 15 meetings from 06-05-91 to 17-08-94 in order to

prepare its reports and finalise its recommendations. The Commission submitted its

Report in seven Volumes dealing with (i) objective of the Commission & summary of

important findings and recommendations (ii) basinwise assessment of land and water

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resources of the state & present status of utilization (iii) outline of development and

management of water resources of different river basins (iv) measures for increasing

efficiency and effectiveness of present projects (v) flood & drainage problems and

their remedial measures (vi) policies of water resources development, organization

structure, final irrigation act & (vii) maps of various river basins.

1.2.7 Expert Committee on Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar (2003)

The Govt. of Bihar vide Notification No. 5/PMC(Hydrology)9-8/93 Part-7-754 dt. 14-

07-2003 constituted a Technical Committee of Engineers to study the effect of

following six ‘Interlinking of River Scheme’ included under the studies of Himalayan

component of ‘Inter-basin Transfer of Water in the country’ undertaken by National

Water Development Agency (NWDA).

(i) Chunar –Sone Link Project

(ii) Sone-Dam-Southern Tributaries of Ganga (STG)

(iii) Kosi-Mechi Link Canal

(iv) Kosi-Ghaghara Link Canal

(v) Gandak-Ganga Link Canal

(vi) Brahmaputra –Ganga (Manas-Sankosh-Tista-Ganga Link)

(vii) Brahmapurta –Ganga (alternate –Jogighopa-Tista-Farraka)

The Committee under the Chairmanship of Shri K N Lal, Rtd. E-in-C, WRD, Govt. of

Bihar has several meeting. The Committee studied the problems of flood moderation

and drainage congestion and elucidated the prospects of further irrigation

development in various basins of the state. It also examined the Pre-Feasibility

Reports (PFRs) of above link canal projects prepared by NWDA and suggested

specific recommendations.

1.3 FORMATION OF JOINT PROJECT OFFICE

Based on the understanding reached during the visit of the Hon’ble Prime Minister of

Nepal to India in December, 1991, a Joint Team of Expert (JTE) was constituted to

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finalise the modalities of investigations and the methods of assessment of benefits

from the proposed Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP).

At the first meeting of the JTE convened in Kathmandu in February 1992, it was

agreed that the project should be investigated and studied to meet the following

objectives in terms of fulfilling the requirements of both the countries.

- Hydropower Generation- Irrigation Development- Flood Management

In the meeting, the following was also agreed:

SKHDMP would be studied in such a way that other water resources projectsin the upstream reach of the Kosi Basin are not adversely affected.

An Inception Report was to be prepared by Nepal and to be finalized by theJTE.

Consequently, the Inception Report prepared by Govt. of Nepal was sent to the Govt.

of India (GOI) in November, 1992. The GOI’s comments on the Inception Report

prepared by the Nepalese side were sent to Govt. of Nepal in September, 1993.

Subsequently, during the visit of Hon’ble Minister of Parliamentary Affairs & Water

Resources, Govt. of India to Nepal in Dec, 1993, it was agreed that while preparing

the DPR, following points shall also be considered:

Water requirements of Nepal shall be given prime consideration.

Project benefits such as irrigation, flood control, power and navigation, wherepossible shall be assessed.

A Revised Inception Report incorporating the above aspects was received in August,

1994. Earlier, Govt. of Nepal had got the Master Plan of Kosi Basin prepared by

Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA) in 1985, which included the study of

Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme at Kurule.

The Second Meeting of JTE was held in Kathmandu on 7-9 January, 1997 where the

Revised Inception Report was discussed. In this meeting, it was agreed that the

scheme to divert Sun Kosi water for irrigation in Central and Eastern Terai, Nepal and

part of North Bihar should also be investigated and studied together with navigation

studies for the Kosi River. The Inception Report was again discussed by the JTE at

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its 3rd Meeting at New Delhi on March 21-23, 2001. The Inception Report was further

discussed and finalized at the Fourth Meeting of the JTE held at Kathmandu from 12-

13 October, 2001.

As a sequel to above developments, it has been agreed to conduct joint investigations

and other studies for the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) of Sapta Kosi

High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme.

As indicated above, Joint Team of Experts (JTE) consisting of experts from the both

the countries were constituted in 1991 to finalize the modalities of investigation and

method of assessment of benefits through joint studies / investigations. An Inception

Report indicating the scope of work and studies required to be carried out for the

finalisation of DPR of both the projects was prepared by the JTE which was approved

by the Governments of both countries. Joint Team of Experts so far had six meetings.

Its 1st meeting was held in February, 1992 and its 6th meeting was held on 12 – 13

June 2005.

The Joint Project Office (JPO) of Govt. of India and Govt. of Nepal has been

established at Biratnagar, Nepal on 17th August, 2004 for carrying out the necessary

survey, investigations and other studies for the purpose of preparation of Detailed

Project Report of Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-

cum-Diversion Scheme in Nepal. JPO’s main office is located at Biratnagar, Nepal.

It has two Divisions located at Dharan and Janakpur. Dharan and Janakpur are

located about 40 Km and 250 Km away from Biratnagar. Each Division has two Sub-

divisions. Both the Sub-divisions of Dharan Division are located at Chatra which is

about 20 km from Dharan. The Sub-Division offices of Janakpur Division are located

at Lahan and Katari. Lahan and Katari are at a distance of 50 km and 60 km

respectively from Janakpur Division office.

1.4 AWARD OF WORKS

Project Manager, JPO-SKSKI vide their letter dt. 10-02-06 invited Technical and

Financial proposal for conducting Irrigation Studies of command area in Indian

Territory proposed to be brought under irrigation through Sapta Kosi High Dam

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Multipurpose project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme. WAPCOS vide

letter dt. 03-03-06 submitted the Technical and Financial Proposal. Subsequently,

WAPCOS officials made a presentation on 02-07-06 at Biratnagar before JPO

officials regarding the detailed methodology to be undertaken in carrying out the

above studies. Accordingly, the work of “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in

Indian Territory through Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun

Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme” was awarded to M/s WAPCOS Ltd. vide

Letter of Intent no. 04/7(B)/2004 –JPO-SKSKI/361-65 dt. 03-03-2009 by Joint

Project Office, Sapta Kosi Sun Kosi Investigations (JPO-SKSKI), Biratnagar (Nepal).

The Agreement was signed on 21-04-2009 at Biratnagar between representatives of

M/s WAPCOS, Gurgaon and JPO (SKSKI), Biratnagar.

1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The project area for the present irrigation studies of the command area in Indian

Territory lies between river Mahananda on the East & river Burhi Gandak on the

West in Bihar State of India. The tentative Gross Command Area (GCA) in Indian

Territory, excluding command already being served by existing projects, was

estimated as 10 lakh ha in RFP based on available command area maps which has

been firmed up during the present study as 10.53 lakh ha.

The command area in the Indian Territory to be brought under irrigation would

receive irrigation supplies through regulated releases made from Sapta Kosi High

Dam Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP) and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion

Scheme (SSDS) located in Nepal Territory. SKHDMP and SSDS are being

formulated to meet the following objectives in both countries:

- Hydropower Generation

- Irrigation Development

- Flood control / Management

- Navigation

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However, the present scope of study is confined to irrigation development only.

Since, irrigation is one of the major benefits to accrue to both the countries from these

projects, the proposed irrigation studies of the command area is being carried out in

close coordination with the Nepalese Consultant keeping in view the water

requirement for Nepal, location of their command area, location of off-take points etc.

The Irrigation Studies in Indian Territory (Bihar) are aimed at evaluating the technical

and economic feasibility of developing irrigation facilities to 10.53 lakh ha of GCA in

Bihar through the canal system of above projects. The proposed studies shall

primarily be carried out considering irrigation water requirement of new command

area in Indian Territory as well as additional requirement, if any, of the existing

command area for stabilization or extension based on irrigation water availability

from SKHDMP and SSDS. The study shall also include the evaluation of design

capacities of existing canal system to assess whether it can absorb additional irrigation

supplies if so planned, with or without remodeling of existing systems.

As per RFP, the scope of work for irrigation studies of command area in Indian

Territory which is proposed to be brought under irrigation through Sapta Kosi High

Dam Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme is as follows:

i) Review of the existing, planning and potential for irrigation development inIndia (Bihar).

ii) Identification of new command area to be brought under irrigation throughSapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project, Sun Kosi Storage-cum-DiversionScheme including Kamala Multipurpose Project and Bagmati MultipurposeProject.

iii) Assessment of command area for irrigation stabilization through theseprojects.

iv) Assessment of surface water availability for irrigation from the existingdiversion points for new as well as the existing command area.

v) Fixation of canal alignment.

vi) Preparation of topographical maps of command area on 1:10,000 scale with0.5m contour interval showing the existing irrigation system and the alignmentof proposed branch canals and major distributaries, location of off-takingchannels, area commanded (CCA) by each off-taking channel, bed level, full

Final Report


supply level, discharge of the off-taking channel and the outlets for eachcommand area.

vii) Contour map of the On Farm Development (OFD) Works (1% of CCA)limited to 5000 ha with each patch of 1,000 ha for each broad soil type) on1:3960 scale and 0.15m contour interval for slopes upto 1% and 0.25m forslopes above 1% showing alignment of canal and drainage system with in thatarea.

viii) Preparation of drainage development plan, as an important component ofirrigation development, on the topographical maps of command area on1:10,000 scale with 0.5m contour interval showing the existing irrigationdrainage system and proposed drainage system down to tertiary level.

ix) Longitudinal and Cross section of the canals on 1:2,500 (Horizontal scale) and1:100 (Vertical scale) with maximum spacing of cross section at 50m c/c.

x) Strip contour plan along the alignment of Branch Canals and MajorDistributaries on 1:1,500 scale with 0.50m contour interval. Width of stripshall be 300m in case of Branch Canals, 200m in case of Major Distributariesand 100m in case of tertiary canal.

xi) Contour plan on 1:2,500 scale and 0.5m contour interval for the locations ofmajor canal structures. This plan shall cover an area upto 300m on either sideof centre line of canal, 100m downstream of point of exit of water and 100mupstream of point of inlet.

xii) Cross section and Longitudinal section of drains at major canal structures andcanal crossings on 1:2,500 (Horizontal) and 1:100 (Vertical) scale, Crosssection at 50m c/c 250m upstream and downstream.

xiii) Land Use and Land Capacity Survey and mapping on topographical maps on1:10,000 scale

xiv) Agricultural soil survey for the preparation of soil map on 1:10,000 scale tocharacterize the physical and chemical properties of the soil units. The surveyshall comprise identification, examination, classification and mapping of allrepresentative soil units.

xv) Engineering geological survey of the command area like transit soil survey,test pits, boreholes and geomorphological features. Infiltration tests on every5.0 km or earlier in case change in soil type depending on site requirementsalong the canal alignment and 250 m at cross drainage works.

xvi) Construction Material Surveys for canals and canal structures.

xvii) General information to be collected;

- Physiography of the command area

- Climate, hydrology and meteorology

- Water quality

- Socio-economic condition (existing)

- Agricultural practices, markets, extension and input services

- Status of the infrastructural facilities in the command area

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- Survey of ground water conditions

- Details of existing command area like GCA, CCA, Net Irrigable Area(NIA), Irrigation Intensity and cropping intensity & pattern.

1.6 THE PROJECT

Irrigation studies of command area in Indian Territory through Sapta Kosi High Dam

Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP) entrusted to WAPCOS aims at utilizing the spill

waters of Sapta Kosi High Dam proposed in Nepal for irrigation on downstream in

North Bihar (India) by diverting the same from Sisauli Barrage, d/s of SKHDMP, into

Eastern Sapta Kosi Main canal (ESKMC) and Western Sapta Kosi Main canal

(WSKMC). While the ESKMC lies entirely in Nepal territory, the WSKMC’s initial

portion lies in Nepal and the remaining portion upto its tail in India. Accordingly, the

irrigation from spill waters of SKHDMP is envisaged both in Nepal as well as in

India. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) of Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose

Project envisaging hydropower generation to the extent of 3000 MW is being

prepared by the Joint Project Office (JPO – SKSKI), Biratnagar.

The project of “Irrigation studies of Command Area in Indian Territory through

SKHDMP” entrusted to WAPCOS envisages carrying out survey and investigations,

soil mapping and semi-detailed soil survey, assessment of Gross Command Area

(GCA) and Culturable Command Area (CCA) to be brought under irrigation in North

Bihar from available water from SKHDMP, design of cropping pattern and irrigation

intensities based on land use, soils, topography and agro-climatic conditions

prevailing in the command area, macro irrigation planning in the entire command

area, micro irrigation planning (on survey maps of 1:10000 scale) in 10% CCA spread

over in three different patches representing the broad soil types in command area, On

Farm Development (OFD) Works planning (on village maps of 1:2500 scale) in 5

sub-patches each of 1000 ha size located within the three patches identified for micro

irrigation planning, stabilization of irrigation in the command area of existing,

ongoing projects etc.

Based on the various desk and field studies carried out by WAPCOS, the profile ofthe project envisaged is as under:

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1) Construction of barrage on river Sapta Kosi located at Sisauli in Nepal, about12.7 km d/s of Sapta Kosi High Dam at Barahkshetra, with tentative length bet.2 to 3 km and pond level at EL + 120 m to provide irrigation on both the banks.

2) Construction of Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal (ESKMC) ex-Sisauli Barrage ofabout 112.55 km length from river Sapta Kosi to river Mechi lying entirely inNepal to irrigate areas both in Nepal and India.

The required discharge for 5 no. of offtake points for branch canals fromESKMC at Indo-Nepal border envisaged is about 185 cumec.

3) Construction of Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal (WSKMC) ex-Sisauli Barrageof about 207.20 km length including Indian portion of about 50.41 km length(bet Ch 156.79 km to Ch 207.20 km) to irrigate areas both in Nepal and India.

The required discharge of WSKMC at entry point in India envisaged is about489.51 cumec to cater to 7 offtake points for branch canals/direct distributariesalong WSKMC.

4) Gross Command Area ( GCA) and Culturable Command Area (CCA) to becovered in Indian territory as under:-

GCA CCALakh ha

Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Basin 6.99 5.24Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin(upto river mechi)

3.54 2.48

Total 10.53 7.72

5) Macro irrigation planning showing alignment of branch canals, distributariesand minors in entire project CCA of 7.72 lakh ha (on 1:50000 scale).

6) Micro irrigation planning in three different patches in command arearepresenting about 10% of project CCA (on 1:10,000 scale).

7) Distribution system network to be constructed in a CCA of 7.72 Lakh ha inIndian territory based on macro and micro irrigation planning shall be as under:

Name of

Canal



Main canal 1 50.41 - - 1 50.41

BranchCanals

3 400.46 5 314.48 8 714.94


4 50.96 - - 4 50.96

000001

Final Report


8) The proposed cropping pattern and irrigation intensities envisaged are as under:

Burhi Gandak – BagamatiCommand

MahanandaCommand

Kharif 90% 90%Rabi 80% 80%Hot Weather 33% 28%Perennial 5% -

Total 208% 198%

9) The project will provide annual irrigation to the extent of 15.81 lakh ha

according to the above cropping pattern and irrigation intensities as per the

details given below:-

Burhia Gandak –BagmatiCommand

MahanandaCommand

Total

CCA(Lakh ha) 5.24 2.48 7.72Irrigation Intensity(%)

208% 198%

Annual Irrigation(Lakh ha)

10.90 4.91 15.81

Districts Benefitted 9 Nos.East Champaran, West Champaran,Muzaffarpur, Samastipur Begusarai,Khagaria Dharbanga, Madhubani &Sitamarhi

4 Nos.Purnea,Katihar,Araria &

Kishanganj

13 Nos.

10) On-farm Development Works Planning in 5000 ha area comprising of 5 sub-

patches of 1000 ha each located within the three patches identified in command

area for micro irrigation planning.

Salient Features of the “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in Indian Territory

through SKHDMP” are given in Annex – 1.3.

Distributaries 50 836.59 41 681.43 91 1518.02

Direct Minors 44 164.74 56 256.15 100 420.89

Minors 358 1636.04 381 1192.89 739 2828.93

Total 460 3139.20 483 2444.95 943 5584.15

000001000001000001

Final Report


A Schematic Diagram showing location of Off-take Points for Branch Canals/ Direct

Distributaries in Indian Territory through SKHDMP is given in Fig. 1.1.

1.7 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT

Final Report being submitted to JPO-SKSKI consists of complete output of studies

carried out for the project, which includes irrigation planning studies, typical design

of canals and canal structures, detailed planning and design of On-Farm Development

(OFD) Works and cost estimate of the project upto minor level as well as the cost

estimate for OFD works.

The Final Report contains the following chapters:-

Chapter – I - IntroductionChapter – II - Salient Characteristics of the Project RegionChapter – III - Irrigation PlanningChapter – IV - Stabilization of Irrigation in Existing ProjectsChapter – V - Topographical and Canal Alignment SurveysChapter – VI - Agronomical StudiesChapter – VII - Water Availability StudiesChapter – VIII - Water DemandChapter – IX - Broad Soil Resource MappingChapter – X - Development of Ground Water Resources

Chapter – XI - Water Logging, Drainage and Reclamation

Chapter – XII - Status of Existing Water Management Practices andProspects for Intensified Agriculture

Chapter – XIII - Water Distribution and Control

Chapter – XIV - Research, Extension and Training

Chapter – XV - Supplies of Input and Services including Credit

Chapter – XVI - Organisation and Management

Chapter – XVII - Operation and Maintenance

Chapter – XVIII - Ayacut Roads

Chapter – XIX - Semi-Detailed Soil Survey

Chapter – XX - Geotechnical Investigation

Chapter- XXI - Construction Material Survey

Chapter-XXII - Design of Canals and Canal Structures

Chapter-XXIII - Planning and Design of On-Farm Development Works

Chapter-XXIV - Cost Estimate

Final Report


Chapter-XXV - Implementation Schedule

Chapter-XXVI - Economic Assessment

Annex-1.2

Salient Features Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme

The salient features of Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme as per JICA report are asfollows. Kamala Dam Multipurpose Project is a part of Sun Kosi Storage-cum-DiversionScheme.

(a) Diversion Dam at River Sun Kosi near KuruleDam type Concrete gravityDam height 48.9 m

(b) Diversion TunnelLength 16.6 kmDesign Discharge 72 m3/s

(c) Diversion Power StationMaximum Discharge 72 m3/sHead 102.5 mMaximum Power 61.4 MWGenerated energy 511 GWh

(d) Kamala Dam and ReservoirC.A 1,450 km2

HWL EL 178 mLWL EL 163 mGross Storage 713 million cumLive Storage 493 million cumDam type Gravity fillDam height 51.0 m

(e) Kamala Dam Power StationMaximum Discharge 120 m3/sHead 32 mMaximum Power 32 MW

(f) Irrigation Development in Terai Area

(i) Chisapani Barrage Height 3 mLength 300 m

(ii) Main Canal Length Design DischargeRight bank 78.4 km 135 m3/sLeft bank 74.1 km 84 m3/s

Annex-1.3

Salient Features of “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in Indian Territorythrough Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-

Diversion Scheme”

1. SOURCE Sapta Kosi River

a) Barrage Sisauli, in Nepal, 12.7 km d/s of Sapta KosiHigh Dam at Barahkshetra

Length 2 to 3 km

Pond Level EL + 120 m

b) Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal Ex-Sisauli Barrage, 112.55 km length fromriver Sapta Kosi to river Mechi, lyingentirely in Nepal

c) Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal Ex-Sisauli Barrage, 205.28 km lengthincluding Indian portion of about 50 kmlength

2. COMMAND AREA IN INDIA

GCA (Lakh ha) CCA (Lakh ha)

Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Basin 6.99 5.24

Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin

(upto river mechi)

3.54 2.48

Total 10.53 7.72

3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK FOR ENTIRE CCA OF 7.72 LAKH HA

Name of

Canal



Main canal 11 5500..4411 -- -- 11 5500..4411

BranchCanals

33 440000..4466 55 331144..4488 88 771144..9944


44 5500..9966 -- -- 44 5500..9966

Distributaries 5500 883366..5599 4411 668811..4433 9911 11551188..0022

Direct Minors 4444 116644..7744 5566 225566..1155 110000 442200..8899

Minors 335588 11663366..0044 338811 11119922..8899 773399 22882288..9933

Total 446600 33113399..2200 448833 22444444..9955 994433 55558844..1155

4. PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN

Burhi Gandak – Bagamati

Command

Mahananda Command

Kharif 90% 90%

Rabi 80% 80%

Hot Weather 33% 28%

Perennial 5% -

Total 208% 198%

5. ANNUAL IRRIGATION

Burhia Gandak –

Bagmati Command

Mahananda

Command

Total

CCA(Lakh ha) 5.24 2.48 7.72

Irrigation Intensity (%) 208% 198%

Annual Irrigation (Lakh ha) 10.90 4.91 15.81

6. DISTRICTS BENEFITTED

Burhi Gandak-BagmatiCommand

Mahananda Command Total

9 Nos. 4 Nos. 13 Nos.

East Champaran Purnea East ChamparanWest Champaran Katihar West ChamparanSamastipur Araria SamastipurBegusarai Kishanganj BegusaraiMuzaffarpur MuzaffarpurKhagaria KhagariaDarbhanga DarbhangaMMaaddhhuubbaannii MMaaddhhuubbaannii

SSiittaammaarrhhii SSiittaammaarrhhii

Purnea

Katihar

Araria

Kishanganj

7. LOCATION OF OFFTAKE POINTS FOR BRANCH CANALS/DIRECTDISTRIBUTARIES FOR IRRIGATION IN INDIA

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati CommandS.No. Offtaking

FromName ofOfftakingCanal

BorderPillarNo.

GroundElevation(m)

Chainage(km)

Village Lat/Long

1. SisauliBarrage

EntryPoint ofWSKMC

Bet BP18 &19(660 mbelowBP-19)

84 156.79 Kanhwa(India)

2266oo 4488’’5555’’’’NN85o 43’ 27” E

2. WSKMC BC(I) 5000mbelowBP-25

81.62 166.04 Bagchaura/Pakaria(India)

26o 49’43” N85o 38’ 06” E

3. WSKMC DD1 270 mbelowBP 33

82.69 174.66 Larkawa(India)

26o 50’ 08” N85o 33’ 19” E

4. WSKMC DD2 BelowBP 38

76.99 182.04 Khopraha(India)

26o 47’ 58” N85o 29’ 57” E

5. WSKMC DD3 Bet BP38 & 39

74.89 184.16 Dularpur(India)

26o 47’ 18” N85o 28’ 57” E

6. WSKMC DD4 2500 mbelowBP-42

74.5 192.05 GarhwaBisanpur(India)

26o 46’ 46” N85o 24’ 52” E

7. WSKMC BC (II) 3300mbelowBP-48

73.02 197.31 Bariarpur(India)

26o 44’ 21” N85o 22’ 56” E

8. WSKMC BC (III) 750 mbelowBP 54

72.32 207.20 Bairagnia(India)

26o 44’ 24” N85o 17’ 06” E

BC = Branch Canal DD = Direct Distributary

S.No. OfftakingFrom

Name ofOfftakingCanal

BorderPillarNo.

GroundElevation(m)

Village Lat/Long

1. ESKMC(At Indo-

NepalBorder)

BC (I) BP 55 61.7 Lalokhar/Madhubani

(India)

26o 25’ 06” N87o 23’ 29” E

2. ESKMC BC (II) BP 49 65.4 Muraripur/Pahara(India)

26o 25’ 48” N87o 31’ 09” E

3. ESKMC BC (III) BP 35 71 Fatehpur(India)

26o 26’ 07” N85o 41’ 40” E

4. ESKMC BC (IV) BP 19 78 Dighalbank(India)

26o 28’ 13” N87o 52’ 38” E

5. ESKMC BC (V) BetweenBP 13 &

BP 14

70 Jaipokhar(India)

26o 22’ 05” N87o 52’ 58” E

BC = Branch Canal

8. LOCATION OF & SIZE OF PATCHES IDENTIFIED FOR MICROIRRIGATION PLANNING FOR 10% CCA

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command

Patch1 = 26700 ha (3.5 % of CCA)

Patch 2 = 25700 ha (3.3 % of CCA)

Total 52400 ha

Mahananda Command

Patch 3 = 25000 ha (3.2 % of CCA)

Grand Total = 26700+25700+25000 = 77400 ha (10% of CCA)

9. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK IN 3 PATCHES BASED ON MICROPLANNING (ALREADY INCLUDED IN S.No. 3)

SS..NNoo.. TTyyppee ooff CCaannaall

BBuurrhhii--GGaannddaakk BBaaggmmaattiiCCoommmmaanndd

MMaahhaannaannddaa CCoommmmaanndd

PPaattcchh 11 PPaattcchh 22 PPaattcchh 33 TToottaall

NNoo.. KKmm NNoo.. KKmm.. NNoo.. KKmm.. NNoo.. KKmm..

11.. BBrraanncchh CCaannaallss -- -- 11 1111..4466 11 1166..9933 22 2288..3399

33 22.. DDiirreecctt DDiissttrriibbuuttaarriieess 44 5500..9966 -- -- -- -- 44 5500..9966

33 DDiissttrriibbuuttaarriieess -- -- 44 6600..6677 55 6644..8844 99 112255..5511

44.. MMiinnoorrss//DDiirreecctt MMiinnoorrss 2233 114433..3388 4499 111100..5588 8800 112266..9944 115522 338800..99

TToottaall 2277 119944..3344 5544 118822..7711 8866 220088..7711 116677 558855..7766

10. ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT (OFD) WORKS:

Sub-Patch 1

Area = 2027 ha




Sub-Patch 2

Area = 942 ha




Sub-Patch 3

Area = 1032 ha





Sub-Patch 4

Area = 727 ha




Sub-Patch 5

Area = 872 ha

Location = In Patch 3Village = Dogacchi, Jhingakata, Pahatgav, Jhingakata

Istamrar, Maheshbathna, Taufir JhingakataDistrict = Kishanganj

11. ABSTRACT OF COST

Unit: Rs. LakhS.No. Command Canal System OFD Works Total

1. Burhi Gandak BagmatiCommand

719382 117817 837199

2. Mahananda Command 269672 37424 307096

Total 989054 (A) 155241 (B) 1144295

Cost of Land Acquisition (Rs. Lakh) (C) 39430

Cost of Establishment / Construction Supervision @5% of (A) above (D) 49453

Grand Total (A)+(B)+(C)+(D) (Rs. Lakh) 1233178

11. BENEFIT COST RATIO

Benefit cost ratio of the project has been worked out as per guidelines Central WaterCommission/Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, for preparation of DPRswhich works out to 3.69.

12. INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN

IRR of the project works out to 17%.

Draft Detailed Project Report

1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-II

CHAPTER – II

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT REGION

2.1PROJECT REGION

The command of Sapt Kosi High dam project in Indian Territory extends from the

river Burhi Gandak on the west to the Mechi River, a tributary of the river

Mahananda on the east upto their confluence with the river Ganga. It covers

following basins.

- The Burhi Gandak river basin- The Bagmati river basin- The Kamla Balan river basin- The Kosi river basin- The Western Fringe of Mahananda river basin (upto MechiRiver)

The Burhi Gandak - Bagmati – Kamla – Kosi - Mahananda river system originates

from the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas and has a considerable portion of

its catchment in the glacial region. The flow is therefore, snow and rain-fed and

perennial. On account of the mountainous orography, the flows show extreme

fluctuations in the upper reaches. As the river system has large catchment in the

Himalayan region in Tibet and Nepal, it receives very copious rainfall during

monsoon. This causes flooding of a very large portion of north Bihar. During high

flood stages, the flow at the downstream sites is found to be less compared to the

flow observed at the upstream stations. This decreasing trend may be attributed to

the large scale breaching and over spilling of the embankments.

Index map showing the integrated river system in which the project region is

located i.e. Burhi Gandak-Bagmati-KamlaBalan-Kosi & Mahananda Basins is

given at Plate –2.1.

2.1.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin

Burhi-Gandak is one of the important tributaries of the river Ganga. It originates

from Chautarwa chaur near Bisambhapur in the district of West Champaran in

Bihar at 84o12’ E longitude and 27o05’ N latitude and is known as the Sikrahana in



its upper reaches. The river basin lies between 84o 0’ to 86o30’ E longitude and

25o25’ to 27o30’ N latitude.

The Burhi-Gandak basin is bound by the Someshwar hills in the north, the river

Ganga in the south and the ridge lines separating it from the Gandak and the

Bagmati catchments on the west and east respectively.

2.1.1.1 Main Tributaries

A number of rivers originating from Someshwar hills join the river Sikarhana. A

major tributary, Masan, joins the river on left bank. After flowing a distance of

about 56 km, the river Sikarhana is joined by the river Tilawe and Tiur on its left

bank. After the confluence of Tiur near Gularia, the river is known as Burhi

Gandak. From this point, after flowing through east Champaran, Muzaffarpur,

Samastipur and Begusarai districts, it meets the river Ganga in its left bank near

Khagaria district. Details of different tributaries of the river Burhi Gandak are

given in Table -2.1.

Table -2.1

Salient Features of the Tributaries of River Burhi Gandak

No Tributary Bank CA(sq.km)

Origin Outfall

1 Masan L 480 Someshwar hills Basantpur

2 Balor L 608 -do- Baglochana

3 Pandai L 875 -do- Tularam Ghat

4 Sikta L 847 -do- Near Murgitola

5 Tilawe L 1330 Churia hills inNepal

Agarwa

6 Tiur L 530 Foothills ofHimalayas in Nepal

Gularia

7 Kohra R 282 Near Bettiah town Bairatpur

8 Dhaunti R 870 Spill channel ofGandak river

Bardaha

9 Danda R 2083 Near Kamatul Dilapur

10 Main stem 4116 - -



No Tributary Bank CA(sq.km)

Origin Outfall

Total 12021 In Ganga atKhagaria

2.1.1.2 Catchment Area

The river Burhi Gandak drains a total catchment area of 12,021 sq. km, out of

which 9601 sq. km. lies in India and rest in Nepal. The river has a fan-shaped

catchment in the upper reach and an elongated narrow shaped catchment lower

down. The northern part of the catchment is hilly and covers about 2130 sq. km.

The rest of the catchment lies in plains.

The catchment area of Burhi Gandak river at various G&D sites maintained by

Central Water Commission (CWC) is given in Table -2.2.

Table-2.2

Catchment area of river Burhi Gandak at G&D Sites

SlNo.

Site District CatchmentArea (sq. km.)

1 Chanpatia West Champaran 1464

2 Lalbgiaghat West Champaran 6900

3 Sikandarpur Muzzaffarpur 8510

4 Rosara Samastipur 9580

Source: Hydrological Observation Stations in India under Central WaterCommission (CWC Publication, 2004)

The study area covers the districts lying on right side of the river to the extent of

3085 sq. km which is about 32% of total catchment area lying in India. The details

of these districts in the basin under consideration are given in Table-2.3.



Table – 2.3

Districtwise details of project area in Burhi-Gandak Basin

Sl

No

District Total area

in sq. km

In Basin

% Area in sq. km

1 East &West Champaran 9196 16.4 1512

2 Samastipur 2904 21.1 613

3 Bagmati 1918 22.2 425

4 Muzaffarpur 3172 11.6 367

5 Khagaria 11186 0.9 98

Total 3085

2.1.2 The Bagmati Basin (including Adhwara Group of rivers)

The river Bagmati, one of the perennial rivers of north Bihar, originates in the

Shivpuri range of hills in Nepal at latitude 27o 47’ N and longitude 85o17’ E, 16

km north east of Kathmandu, at an elevation of 1500 m. It flows in a westward

direction draining the Kathmandu valley. The river enters India in Bihar at village

Sorwatia in Sitamarhi district, nearly 2.5 km north of Dheng Railway station. The

river traverses nearly 195 km in Nepal territory. It flows from Indo-Nepal border

nearly 15 km where the river Lalbakeya joins on its right bank. The principal

course of the river in its first reach inside Indian Territory is between Indo-Nepal

border to Khoripakar. The river crosses Samastipur-Narkatiaganj railway station

through Railway Bridge No 89. Due to the siltation of river under the bridge, three

channels have formed upstream of the bridge. These channels, after passing

through Railway Bridge No 90, 91A and 91 B between Dheng and Bairgania

stations of NE railway, again join the parent channel near village Joriahi at about

2.5 km south of railway line. It is a major tributary of the river Kosi merging into

it at Baltara in Bihar, after travelling a distance of 394 km in Bihar.

The Bagmati river system carries lot of sediment load contributed by its own

catchment as well as its tributaries, which continues to put the river regime in

disarray and create problems like meandering of the river course, rising of the river



bed resulting in rising of the flood level and reduction in channel capacity and

drainage congestion etc.

Above the confluence of Lalbekeya, the Bagmati has a tendency to shift towards

west the confluence point while the course of Lalbekeya remains more or less

stable. In this reach, the river spills on its banks during high floods, inundating

areas in the Sheohar block. Therefore, it has been embanked on the both the banks

together with the banks of the Lalbakeya upto Indo-Nepal border.

The course of the river Bagmati between Khoripakar to Kalanjarghat is the most

important reach as far as shifting of its course is concerned. The river Lalbakeya

meets the river Bagmati on its right bank near Dewapur just downstream of

Khoripakar. From this point to confluence point of the Bagmati old dhar with the

Bagmati river near Kalanjarghat, prior to the construction of embankments on both

sides of the river, it had tendency to change its course several times in the past and

the present course was adopted by the river in the floods of 1969. It avulsed into

the Kola Nadi on its left bank. The avulsion from the old course actually took

place at one km downstream of the village Adhwara joining the Kola Nadi near

village Ratanpur Pakri. The river thereafter flows through the course of the Kola

Nadi upto its outfall point into the Manusmara, a little upstream of Dumra.

Immediately downstream of Dumra, an existing prominent channel connects the

Bagmati with one of its old courses on its right bank. Beyond this place it flows

along the old course of the Manusmara and crosses Sitamarhi-Muzaffarpur road at

Runnisaidpur which is nearly 2 km south of Bhanspatti. Thereafter, the river runs

further nearly 23 km south east upto Katra, where it is joined by the river

Lakhandei on its left bank and further 10 km down near village Bhagwatpur the

Siari dhar, one of the old course of the Bagmati active during 1915-1937, joins it

on its right bank. Then some distance downstream, one more dead course of the

river Bagmati joins it on the right bank and then it approaches Kalanjarghat,

beyond which the course of the river Bagmati is same as that existed before 1969.

Here it is worth mentioning that during 1983 floods, the river Bagmati tried to

avulse into the ‘Purani Dhar’ below Khoripakar which is the old course of the

Bagmati prior to 1969. The Purani Dhar off takes near village Belwa, therefore, it



is also called Belwa Dhar. The offtake point of this Belwa dhar is very unstable

and it is getting wider and wider so much so that even in lean season nearly 40% of

the Bagmati river water passes through Belwa dhar which out falls into the Burhi

Gandak near Minapur in the district of Muzaffarpur.

The river Bagmati in its third reach of Kalanjarghat to Hayaghat crosses the

Samastipur-Darbhanga road at Jathmalpur and then joins the Darbhanga-Bagmati

drainage channel one of its major tributaries in the left bank just above Hayaghat.

The Darbhanga Bagmati drains the Adhwara group of rivers which may be

categorised in the following groups:

i) The Adhwara, the Jamura, the Sikao, the Burhand, the Mohini and the

Kniroi group of rivers

ii) The Sangahi, the Marha, the Hardi, the Mardar, and the Rato group of

rivers

iii) The Dhaus, the Thomane, the Jamuni, the Bighi and the Darbhanga-

Bagmati group of rivers.

These rivers originate from the foot hills of Himalayas in Nepal and after

traversing the area join together to form two distinct drainage channels, mainly the

Khiroi and the Darbhanga-Bagmati which also join together at Ekmighat at

longitude 85052’44”E and latitude 2602’25” N. The total catchment area of the

Adhwara group of rivers from its origin to outfall is 4960 sq.km., out of which

2360 sq.km. lies in Nepal and 2600 sq.km. lies in India. These rivers pass through

north eastern part of Sitamarhi district, western part of Madhubani district and

north western part of Darbhanga district.

After the confluence with Darbhanga-Bagmati, 1.5 km above Hayaghat, the river

Bagmati is commonly known as the Kareh. It crosses the Darbhanga-Samastipur

section of N-E Railway at Hayaghat. This reach of the river from Kalanjarghat to

Hayaghat is practically a stable reach and is embanked on both sides from

Sumarhat to Hayaghat in a length of about 15 km. During high floods, the river in

this reach spills on its left bank and an area of about 100 sq.km. in between the



Darbhanga-Bagmati and the Bagmati remains waterlogged during the rainy season

for a considerable period of time.

The Adhwara group of rivers also joins the river Bagmati in the name of

Darbhanga-Bagmati near Hayaghat. As already mentioned above, the first group

of rivers namely the Adhwara, Jamura-Sikao-Burhand and the Khiroi group

of rivers originate from foot hills of Nepal at an elevation of about 610 m (2000

ft.) and join together at about 16 km below Indo-Nepal border and form the new

Adhwara. Inside Nepal among the hilly streams, Jhim is the most important stream

which is formed by two major streams namely Kalinjor Khola and Kulijar Khola.

These group of rivers enter Bihar near Sonbarsa and is known as the Adhwara in

the lower reach. The river Jamura takes off from the low chaur area on the left

bank of Lakhandei and joins the Adhwara near Bhataulia on its right bank. The

river Sikao also rises in the low lying chaur area on the left bank of the Lakhandei

and joins the Adhwara near Bajpatti on its right bank. The Burhand river rises from

a series of chaurs known as Bhadai chaur lying north of Pupri and joins the river

Khiroi near Ranipur village after passing through Agropatti. Nearly 70 per cent of

discharge of the Adhwara groups of rivers passes through the river Khiroi and the

rest 30 percent goes to meet the river Dhaus near Karharaghat. Then the river

crosses Pupri-Benipatti road through a bridge and then crosses Ghograha-Kamtaul

road and Darbhanga-Sitamarhi N-E Railway nearly 1.6 km, north of Kamtaul

Railway station. Further downstream it is joined by the river Mohini at village

Katuka which carries local drainage as well as discharge of the river Lakhandei.

The river then crosses Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga PWD road at Sobhan and finally

falls into the Darbhanga-Bagmati at Ekmighat.

In the second group of rivers of the Adhwara system, the river Marha and the

river Rato both rise in the foot hills in Nepal at an elevation of about 610 m (2000

ft) and 762 m (2500 ft) respectively. The Marha in its run inside Nepal is joined by

a number of small tributaries on its left bank. It enters Bihar nearly 7 km east of

Sursand and flows almost in south direction. It receives the river Sangahi near

Rasalpur and the river Rato near Nihsa. The Marha and the Rato after joining

together at Nihsa flow in a common course and outfall into the river Dhaus near

Trimuhani. In the upstream, on the right bank of the river Marha, the river Hardi



joins near Raghpura, which rises in terai of Nepal. The Rato rises in the foot hills

of Nepal and it is almost a perennial river carrying considerable discharge. It joins

the river Marha as stated earlier, on its left bank near Nihsa.

The third group of the Adhwara river system comprises the Dhaus, the

Thomane, the Jamuni, the Bighi and the Darbhanga-Bagmati rivers. The river

Dhaus originates from the foot hills of Nepal and it is joined by a number of hilly

streams namely the Bighi, the Ghoghra, the Hardinath and the Jamuni etc. The

Bighi and the Ghoghra join together a little above Indo-Nepal border while the

Hardinath and the Jamuni join on the border. The combined flow of these streams

forms the river Dhaus, which is joined by the Marha-Rato at Trimohani and

Burhnand (Adhwara-Jamura-Sikao group) at Karharaghat. Further after flowing

about 3.5 km down it is joined by the river Thomane on its left bank a little above

Saulighat. The river Thomane rises from low lying area near Harlakhi. From

Saulighat and downward, the river is called Darbhanga-Bagmati. It receives two

old courses of the river namely Sarsaun Kamla known as Bachhraja and chhagri

Kamla on its left bank near village Resault and Kamalbari respectively. The river

Bachhraja takes off from the river Kamla inside Nepal at about 20 km above

Jainagar and carries discharge of local drainage along with the spill discharge of

the river Kamala during high flood. It crosses the Madhubani-Benipatti road at

Sarsaun and finally joins Darbhanga-Bagmati at Rasauth. The Darbhanga-Bagmati

passes through Raghauli and comes to Ekmighat where it receives the river Khiroi

on the right bank at little upstream of Hayaghat railway bridge no. 17 of

Samastipur-Darbhanga section of N-E Railway. The joint river is thereafter called

the Kareh River.


The major tributaries of the river Bagmati in Nepal are the Chandi and the Jhaj. In

India, the major tributaries are the Lalbakeya on the right bank and the

Manusmara, the Lakhandai and the Adhwara group of rivers on the left bank. The

Khiroi and the Darbhanga-Bagmati rivers are the two principal rivers of the

Adhwara group. The Darbhanga-Bagmati River joins the Bagmati on left bank just



above Hayaghat and the combined river is known as the Kareh below the point of

confluence.

(a) The Lalbakeya

It rises in the Mahabharat range of the Himalayan hills at an elevation of 1525 m. It

is a perennial river but carries little discharge during lean period. The total length

of this river is 109 km of which 80 km lies in Nepal and the rest 29 km runs

through India entering at Goabari to meet the Bagmati on its right bank at

Khoripakar ghat, nearly 22 km south of Indo-Nepal border. The total catchment

area of this river is nearly 896 sq.km. The right bank of the river Lalbakeya is

fairly upland and a marginal flood protection embankment has been constructed

along its entire length in the Indian Territory. The left bank used to spill frequently

during the floods upto Bairgania. The doab area between the Lalbakeya and the

Bagmati has now been embanked all along in Indian Territory. Dhaka Irrigation

Scheme was constructed in pre plan period on this tributary having its head works

at Goabari just at Indo-Nepal border in Bihar. It commands about 4452 ha land of

East Champaran district.

(b)The Lakhandei

It originates from Marinkhola in the foot hills of the Himalayas in Nepal at an

elevation of 610 m. It enters the Indian Territory near village Dularpur in

Sitamarhi district after traversing about 112 km in Nepal. Out of its total length of

282 km nearly 170 km lies in India. It joins the river Bagmati on its left bank at

Katra upstream of Kalanjarghat after crossing the Darbhanga-Narkatiyaganj

section of N-E Railway and the district town of Sitamarhi. The total catchment

area at its outfall into the Bagmati is 1061 sq.km. During high floods, although, it

spills on its both banks, the spilling is moderate and extends to only about one and

half kilometer width; hence consequences are not very serious. The maximum

flood discharge of this river is estimated to be about 100 cusecs only. The Sonum,

the Galbipur, the Nasi, the Jadua and the Baha are its tributaries.



The Bagmati in India lies in the Gangetic plains which have been built up in the

process of land formation. The rivers originating from the Himalayas and falling

into the Ganga have played a major role in such land formation process. The

sediment brought by them formed inland deltas where the steep slope of the terai

converged into the flat slope of the plains. This resulted in the development of

meandering tendencies in the rivers leading to shifting of their courses. Such

changes in the river course and avulsions / cut offs of the meander loops formed

local depressions known as chaurs. The Bagmati river basin has vast stretch of

upland broken by numerous streams and shallow depressions called ‘chaurs’ where

water accumulates for most part of the year. A number of spill channels take off

from the Bagmati to rejoin it later or to join the adjoining streams. During floods,

the discharge in the downstream reaches of the river have been found to be only

about 10 percent of the upstream discharges as a result of the peculiar topography

of the area mentioned above.


The catchment of BagmatiBasin is located on the south of the Himalayan range in

Nepal and north of the river Ganga in India and lies between the Burhi-Gandak

basin on the west and the KamlaBasin on the east.

The total catchment area of Bagmati basin including the Adhwara group of rivers

is 14,384 sq. km. Out of this, 6500 sq. km lies in Bihar and the rest 7884 sq. km

lies in Nepal. Most of the catchment in Nepal of the order of 55%, lies in Shivalik

foothills while area lying in Bihar is mostly in alluvial plains.

The flow pattern of the river in the upper portion inside India upto Hayaghat is

very complex on account of natural diversion of substantial Bagmati flows into the

Burhi Gandak through Belwadhar and heavy spilling in other small rivers including

rivers of the Adhwara group in the entire middle reach of the basin.

The river regime above Hayaghat is extremely unstable on account of high

sediment load in the river flow. Below Hayaghat, the flow is mostly confined

between embankments on both sides upto Phunia and later on joining the Kosi near



Badalaghat, without generating significant runoff from the intermediate

catchments.

The catchment area of the river at G&D sites maintained by CWC is given in

Table- 2.4.

Table 2.4Catchment area of the river Bagmati at the G&D sites


The district-wise details of project area in the basin are given in Table-2.5.

Table 2.5District-wise details of the project area in Bagmati basin

Sl.No

Basin/District Area in sq. km % ofArea inBasin

District Basin

1 East Champaran 3968 285 7.2

2 Muzaffarpur 3172 989 31.2

3 Samastipur 2904 570 19.6

4 Begusarai 1918 305 15.9

5 Khagaria 1486 438 29.4

6 Darbhanga 2279 695 30.5

7 Madhubani 3501 924 26.4

8 Sitamari 2294 2294 100

Total 6500

Sl.No

G&D Site District Catchmentarea (sq.km)

1 Benibad Muzaffarpur 6160

2 DhengBridge Sitamarhi 3790

3 Ekmighat (Adhwara) Darbhanga 4197

4 Hayaghat Darbhanga 12973

5 Kamtaul (Adhwara) Darbhanga 1441

6 Runisaidpur Sitamarhi 6116

7 Sonebarsha Sitamarhi 8510



2.1.3 The Kamla-Balan Basin

The Kamla originates in the inner valleys of the Himalayas in Mahabharat range of

hills in Nepal near Sindhuliagarrhi at an elevation of 1200 m. It is joined by a

number of hill streams on its both banks during its flow in the Mahabharat range. In

fact, two important streams namely, the Kalikhola and the Tawakhola flowing in

opposite directions, from west to east and east to west respectively, join together

and flow in the name of the river Kamla.

The river Kamla after traversing a few kilometers west emerges out through a

gorge near Tetaria and debouches into the terai area of Nepalat Chisapani about 48

km north of Indo-Nepal border. In the terai portion in Nepal, the river is joined by

the tributaries like the Jiwa, the Gurmi, the Lohjara, the Mainawati etc all on left

bank. On the right bank, the Bachhraja takes off from the Kamla, the mouth of

which is now silted up. It is an old abandoned course of the river Kamla. Then

onward, the river flows in southern direction and debouches into plains near Indo-

Nepal boarder and enters Indian Territory in the district of Madhubani in Bihar, 3.5

km upstream of Jainagar town. It flows in southern direction till it joins the river

Kareh (Bagmati) near Badlaghat. The rivers Dhauri, Soni, Balan and Sugarave join

the river Kamla on its left bank in the Indian Territory. During the flood season of

1954 the river Kamla abandoned its course near Bhakna village and avulsed into

the river Balan near pipreshab. Since then, the river is known as the Kamla- Balan.

The total length of the river Kamla- Balan is 328 km of which 208 km lies in Nepal

and the remaining 120 km in India. The river length from Chisapani in Nepal to

Jainagar in India is about 484m.


The river Kamla- Balan drains a total catchment of 7232 sq km. Out of this, 4488

sq km. lies in Bihar in India and the rest 2744 sq km in Nepal. The catchment area

of the river at G&D sites maintained by CWC is given in Table-2.6.



Table 2.6Catchment area of the river Kamla at the G&D Sites

Sl.No

G&D Site District Catchmentarea (sq.km)

1 Jainnagar Madhubani 2131

2 Jhanjharpur Madhubani 2945


The district-wise details of project area in Kamla basin are given in Table-2.7.

Table 2.7District-wise details of the project area in Kamla basin

S.No

Basin/District Area in ha % ofArea inBasin

District Basin

1 Madhubani 3501 1989 56.8

2 Darbhanga 2279 1577 69.2

3 Saharsa includingSupaul

4128 162 3.9

4 Khagaria 1486 125 8.4

5 Samastipur 2904 635 21.9

Total 4488

2.1.4 The Kosi Basin

The Kosi river system is bounded by the ridge of the Himalayas in the north,

separating it from the Brahmaputra river system, the Mahananda in the east, the

Burhi Gandak in the west and the main Ganga stem in the south.

The river Kosi originates at an altitude of over 7,000 m above MSL in the

Himalayas. The river system lies between 85o and 89o E Longitude and 25o 20' &

29o N Latitude. The upper catchment of the river system, in Tibet and Nepal, in the

hilly reaches. The highest peak in the world, the Mount Everest and the

Kanchenjunga are located in the trans-Himalayan reach.



The Kosi river system can be divided into two parts as explained below:

i) River basin in Tibet and Nepal

ii) River basin in India.

2.1.4.1 River Basin in Tibet & Nepal

The Kosi basin is bounded on the north by the ridge separating it from the river

Tsangpo (Brahmaputra in India), on the south by Shiwaliks, on the east the basin

extends into the Qumo, Xaya and Joding mountains boarding on Nyangpur river, a

tributary of the Yarlumgzangbo (Brahmaputra ) river in Tibet and another ridge

separating it from Mahananda in India and on the west the basin extends into the

Biakuco continental lake in the west in Tibet, the Narayani basin in Nepal and

Burhi Gandak basin in India.

The catchment area upto the proposed Kosi High Dam sites includes the northern

slopes of the Shiwalik, the Mahabharat Range and the Great Himalayan ranges

including south Tibet Plateau region. It includes half of the world’s 8,000 m peaks.

About 67% of the total drainage area lies above an altitude of 3,000 m including

14,416 sq. km i.e; about 27% which lies above 5000 m. In Nepal, the river is

called the Sapta Kosi, deriving its name from the seven tributaries which form the

main river. The three major tributaries are Sun Kosi from the west, the Arun from

the north and Tamur from the east. Below their confluence at Tribeni, the river

flows in a narrow gorge for a length of about 9.6 km past the historical and sacred

temple at Barakshetra in Nepal and enters the plains at Chatra.

The three rivers viz., the Tamur (from east), the Arun (from north) and the

Sunkosi (from West) meet above Tribeni (about 10 km upstream of Chatra) to

form the river Kosi. The Sunkosi is formed by the union of Indravati, Sunkosi,

Tamba -Kosi, Likhu Khola and Dudh-Kosi. Below the confluence of these three

rivers at Tribeni, the river Kosi flows in a narrow gorge for a length of about 10

km, till it debouches into the plains near Chatra in Nepal. From here, the river runs

in relatively flat plains of the terai region of Nepal consisting of sandy soil. After



flowing through the Nepal territory for 50 km below Chatra, the Kosi River enters

the Indian Territory near Hanuman Nagar in Nepal. Below Chatra, the river

divides itself into several channels spread over a width of 6 to 16 km east to west

and flows in south-west direction upto Galpaharia in Nepal. Below this point, the

river flows almost straight in south-west direction upto Mahesi near Supaul to a

distance of 100 km after entering into India near Bhimnagar.

The length, catchment area and the bed slope of the above three important

tributaries of the river Sapta Kosi are given in the Table – 2.8.

Table 2.8

Physiographic Parameters of the tributaries of river Sapt Kosi

Tributaries Catchment area(sq. km)

Length(km)

Bed slopes (m/km)Upperreach

Middlereach

Lowerreach

Sun Kosi 18785 456 17.1 to 8.5 1.9 to 2.3 1.2

Arun Kosi 34252 240 Very steep 13.3 1.9

Tamur 5832 157 30.5 13.3 3.8 to 5.7

(Source: Feasibility Report of Kosi High Dam Project, CWC, 1981)

The right or western tributary, the Sun Kosi rises near Kathmundu at 28o N latitude

and 85o 35’ E longitude and runs generally in the southeast direction. There are a

number of small streams and big rivers like Indravathi, Bhata Kosi, Thamba Kosi,

Likukola, Dudh Kosi which drain the southern slopes of the great Himalayan range

and join the Sun Kosi on its left side.

The middle and the longest tributary, the Arun Kosi, rises on the northern slopes of

the great Himalayan range in Tibet at 28o 30’ N longitude and 85o 40’ E longitude

at elevation of 5400 m. It runs generally on an easterly course with a name

Chambo for about 240 km receiving many tributaries from the northern and

southern slopes of the deep gorges of Tibet. This is known as Bhongchu River and

runs thereafter in a more southerly direction. The Bhongchu in Tibet also receives

a tributary called Yarichu. The Bhongchu after receiving the Yarichu and Chambo,

runs further in a southernly course for about 83 km, crossing the Tibet-Nepal



border and running further is known as Arun Kosi for about 128 km. It drains

25,307 sq. km in Tibet where its mean elevation is 4,500 m.

The Arun, the largest trans-Himalayan river passing through Nepal has the greatest

snow and ice covered area of any Nepalese river basin; about 88% of the area is

above 5000 m elevation. Area permanently covered under snow and ice is reported

to be about 4475 sq. km. It drains more than half of the area contributing to the

Sapta Kosi river system in Nepal but provides only about a quarter of total

discharge because more than 80% of Arun’s drainage area lies in the rain shadow

of the Himalayas where precipitation is low and evaporation rates are very high

owing to strong winds, high solar radiation and low humidity. South of the

Himalayan crest, the flow increase rapidly downstream in the seasonally humid

environment of east Nepal. The Arun Kosi is joined by Sun Kosi upstream of

Tribeni and by Tamur river at Tribeni. Thereafter, it is known as Sapta Kosi river.

The left or eastern side tributary of the Sapta Kosi i.e. the Tamur river takes its

origin near Nepal-Sikkim border at 27 45’ N latitude and 88 E longitude. It

generally flows in a southwesterly direction and takes contributions from a number

of small hilly rivers on either side of the river. From Tribeni, the Sapta Kosi runs

for about 61 km before crossing the Nepal-India International border at about 8 km

below Hanuman Nagar and enters Saharsa district of Bihar with the name of Kosi

river.

No gauge and discharge observations were recorded on the Kosi river prior to

investigations for Kosi High Dam at Barahakshetra. From January 1947 onwards.

discharge sites were established, one at the Chatra gorge and one each on the three

tributaries and continuous observations were made. Daily discharges are available

from 1947 onwards.

The gauge and discharge (G&D sites) were located as indicated below:

i) On Sun Kosi, 96 km upstream of the confluence with Arun;

ii) On Arun, just above the confluence with Sun Kosi;



iii) On Tamur, about 72 km upstream of confluence with Sapta Kosi;

iv) On Sapta Kosi, just below the confluence of Tamur, i.e. after theconfluence of the three rivers. This site was discontinued after a fewobservations and established at Sonakhambi Khola about 400 mdownstream of the proposed dam site. This site was considered better fromhydraulic flow conditions.

The G&D site on Arun was found to be affected by the backwater of the Sun Kosi

during high discharges. Hence, an additional site was set up at Machria Ghat about

6.4 km upstream of Tribeni. This gauge site was not affected by the backwater of

the Sun Kosi when the latter was in spate.

Fig. 2.1 shows a line diagram of Sapta Kosi River System along with location of

the gauge and discharge sites. Table 2.9 gives the details of the availability of

G&D data at various sites.

LINE DIAGRAM OF SAPTA KOSI RIVER SHOWING G & D SITES

SAPT KOSI RIVER

TAMUR RIVER

FIG- 2.1

SUN KOSI RIVER

695

690

684

606

604.5

600.1

680

652

630

Table 2.9Details of G&D sites in Sapta Kosi Basin in Nepal

Sl.no.

Site No. G&D Site River CA(sq. km.)

1 600.1 Uwa Gaon Arun 267002 604.5 Turkeghat Arun 282003 606 Simle Tamur 303804 690 Mulghat Tamur 56405 684 Majhitar Tamur 4076



Sl.no.

Site No. G&D Site River CA(sq. km.)

6 695 Chatara Kothu Sapta Kosi 595397 680 Kampughat Sun Kosi 176008 652 Khurkot Sun Kosi 100009 630 Pachuwar Ghat Sun Kosi 4920

Final discharge in Sapta Kosi river is from the confluence of its seven

tributaries, out of which finally three major tributaries namely Sun Kosi.

Arun and Tamur emerge at Tribeni and then a single stream named as Sapta

Kosi flows. Sapta Kosi high dam has been planned downstream of this

confluence of river Sapta Kosi.

The Sapta Kosi River System in Nepal is given at Fig-2.2.

Fig- 2.2SaptaKosiRiver System in Nepal

2.1.4.2 River Basin in Bihar

In the India territory (the Bihar state), the river exhibits a pronounced graided

characteristic and flows through several interlaced channels. These channels keep



bifurcating from the main course enjoining it lower down. These channels have

spread over a width varying from 6 km to as much as 16 km. However, this

graided characteristic of the river disappears in its lowermost reach. The river joins

the Ganga near Kursela. Before joining the Ganga, it takes a sharp easterly turn

and flows through a single defined channel.

The main tributaries of the Kosi in its right bank are the Bagmati and the Kamla-

Balan. Besides these two tributaries, several minor tributaries also join the Kosi

from its left and right banks. Details of these tributaries are given below:

(a) Bhutahi –Balan

Bhuthi-Balan is a right bank tributary of Kosi. It originates from Mahabarat range

of Hills and outfalls into river Bagmati near Saharsa district.

(b) Trijuga

Trijuga is a right bank tributary. Originating from the foot hills of the Himalayas, it

joins with the Kosi below village Galpaharia in Nepal.

Besides these minor tributaries, several old and abandoned courses of the river

Kosi viz., Fariani Dhar, Pakipar, Hareli Dhar , Basanwara Dhar, Kashnagar Dhar,

Sapni Dhar, Beladur Dhar, Chausa Dhar, Gai Dhar, also exist. These now serve as

drainage channels. The Fariani Dhar has reportedly been silted up.

The catchment area of the river at G&D sites maintained by CWC is given in

Table- 2.10.



Table -2.10Catchment Area at the G&D Sites on the river Kosi in Bihar

Sl.No

G&D Site District Catchment area(sq.km)

1 Banmankhi Purnia 657

2 Kamataul Dharbhanga 1441

3 Saulighat Madhubani 1932

4 Baltara Khagaria 88480

Source: Hydrological Observation Stations in India under CentralWater Commission (CWC Publication, 2004)

The Kosi river catchment falling within the Indian territory is distributed in the

several districts of Bihar, namely Madhubani, Darbhanga, Saharsa, Supaul,

Madhepura, Araria, Purnea, Katihar, Bhagalpur and Khagria.

The district-wise details of project area in the basin are given in Table-2.11.

Table- 2.11District-wise details of the Project Area in Kosi basin

S.No

Basin/ DisttArea in sq. km % of Area

in BasinDistrict Basin1 Supaul 2425 2405 99.2

2 Saharsa 1687 1544 91.5

3 Madhepura 1788 1788 100

4 Madhubani 3501 587 16.8

5 Purnea 3229 2072 64.2

6 Araria 2830 1389 49.1

7 Katihar 3057 1060 34.7

8 Bhagalpur 2569 266 10.3

9 Khagaria 1486 291 19.6

10 Darbhanga 2279 8 0.3

Total11410



2.1.5 The Mahananda Basin

The river Mahananda is a major northern tributary of the river Ganga passing

through Nepal, India (Bihar and West Bengal) and Bangladesh.The Mahananda

originates from Mohalidram hills of the Himalayas at Chimali at an altitude of

2060 m about 6.4 km north-east of Kurseong town in Darjeeling district of West

Bengal. It is also known as MahanadiRiver in its hilly catchment. After flowing 20

km in the hills of Darjeeling, the river enters the plains near Siliguri. River Balson

joins this river below Siliguri on its right bank. It then flows in a south westerly

direction forming more or less the boundary between Phanisdewa and Titlya. The

old Balson River joins the Mahananda on its right bank about 3.2 km upstream at

TaibpurRailwayBridge. Flowing further in south westerly direction, the river

Mechi joins on its right bank near Rupadhar. Another stream Donk meets on its

left bank near Belwa village.

The eastern Kankai, a major tributary joins the Mahananda on the right bank near

Kuttighat at about 0.60 km downstream of its crossing with Kishanganj-

Bahadurganj PWD road. The Western Kankai, another major tributary carrying

discharge higher than the Mahananda joins on its right bank about 3.2 km upstream

of Dhengraghat road bridge on NH-31.

The river Mahananda bifurcates into two branches near Bagdob in Bihar. The

western course known as Phulhar ( Jhaua) carries about 75 % of total discharge and

is joined downstream of Bagdob on the right side by Parman, a major tributary.

The eastern course known as Barsoi branch carries the remaining 25% discharge of

the Mahananda.

The total length of Mahananda from its origin to outfall point in the river Padma

near Godagrighat is 376 km.




The Mahananda has several important tributaries viz., the Balson river, the Mechi

river, the eastern Kankai river, the western Kankai river, the Parman river, the

Kalindri river, the Pagla river Bhagirathi river, the Nagar river, the Tangon river

and the Punarbhaba river.

The MechiRiver

The Mechi River is one of the major tributaries of the Mahananda River. It rises at

Lat. 26o 54’ N and Long 88o 7’ E under the Rangbhanaspur in the Singalela ridge

at an elevation of 3066 m. The river runs almost south before it is joined by its

major tributary Siddihkhola on its right bank. The river forms the border of West

Bengal and Nepal for a total length of 52.8 km after which it enters state of Bihar

and is joined by another tributary known as Burhi Kankai downstream of Dubba.

After flowing about 56 km, it joins the river Mahananda on the right bank. The

total length of the river is about 108.8 km.

Catchment area

Catchment area of the river at two G& D sites maintained by CWC is given in

Table-2.12.

Table-2.12

Catchment area at G&D sites on river Mahananda

SlNo.

Sites District Catchment area

1 Dhengraghat Purnea 10160

2 Taibpur Kishanganj 1386


Total catchment area of the river Mahananda in Bihar territory is 6150 sq. km.

However, the project area extends into the upto the western fringe of Mahananda

river basin (upto Mechi River). The district-wise details of the project area in the

Mahananda basin are given in Table- 2.13.



Table - 2.13District-wise details of the Project Area in various fringe of

Mahananda River (upto Mechi River)

S.No Basin/ Distt.

Area in ha % of Areain BasinDistrict Basin

1 Purnea 3229 965 29.92 Katihar 3057 1071 353 Araria 2830 1374 48.64 Kishanganj 1884 805 42.7

Total 11000 4215

2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE OF THE COMMAND AREA

The state of Bihar extends from Nepal border i.e. from foot hills of Himalaya in the

North to Jharkhand border in south covering total geographical area of 94163 sq.

km. It is a part of Gangetic plains which is divided by the mighty Ganga into two

broad physiographic regions:

i. Gangetic Plain, which is further sub-divided into

a. North Bihar Plain, covering the northern part of the state in north of

GangaRiver.

b. South Bihar Plain, covering the central part of the state, between Ganga River

and Chhotanagpur plateau.

The state is divided into 38 Districts and 533 Community Development Blocks.

The estimated population of the state as per 2001 census is 82.88 million which

shows a very high density of population In the instant case the study area is

covered by North Bihar plains only, hence description of this area is predominantly

included underneath.

Gangetic Plain:

North Bihar Plain: The vast stretch of alluvial plain between Indo-Nepal border

in the north and Ganga River in south is known as north Bihar plain. It covers



about one third of total geographical area of the state and is divided in 20 districts.

Towards east it merges with north Bengal plain and in west it continues into U.P.

A small patch in the extreme north western part, i.e. in the northern part of west-

Champaran district is covered by structural hills of Siwalik group rocks. This

Siwalik unit belongs to Himalayan foot hill zone, the maximum altitude of which is

observed as 880 m above msl. The overall slope of north Bihar plain is from north-

west to south-east. However in the eastern part of north Bihar plain the slope is

from north to south. The slope is very gentle, with the altitude ranging from 110 m

above msl in the extreme north western part to 30 m above msl just on the flank of

Ganga river near Bengal Bihar border.

The entire region is in its formative stage as the land building activity is still going

on by the rivers originating from the Himalaya and depositing part of the heavy

sand/silt load in the area.

The area is drained by the rivers, Ghaghara, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Kosi –Kamla-

Bagmati and Mahananda, which are left bank tributaries of Ganga. All the major

rivers in this part originate from the Himalaya and are snow fed in their upper

reaches. Hence most of these rivers are perennial in nature. The basin area of

29697.50 sq. km. spreads to 17 districts of North Bihar covering these fully or

partly.

Overall drainage pattern in the area is sub-dendritic to sub-parallel. Meandering

and braiding of the rivers are commonly observed. Dichotomic drainage pattern is

seen in Kosi piedmont plain.

South Bihar Plains:In South Bihar the Palamu district falling in North Koel sub

basin, parts of Hazaribagh, Dhanbad and Giridih districts falling in Damodar-

Barakar basin, part of Godda district falling in Gumani & Koa-Bhena basin, parts

of Lohardagga and Gumla districts falling in south Koel basin and part of

Singhbum district in Subernarekha-Kharkai basin also come under rain shadow

areas of different ranges of plateau hills. Amongst these districts the rainfall is

minimum in the districts of Hazaribagh and Giridih followed by the districts of

Palamu, Dhanbad and Godda. The soils of the plateau region in South Bihar are



generally shallow, acidic and prone to sheet and gully erosion. Due to adverse soil

conditions, temperature and undulating topography drought like situation develops

after the monsoon rains even though the average rainfall in the region is quite

copious. Availability of ground water is poor.

The description of different river basins lying in the command area under Sapta

Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project, in Indian Territory is given below:

2.2.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin

The BurhiGandakRiver basin is bounded by the Someshwar range of hills in north,

the Bagmati basin in the east, the Gandak river basin in the west and the main

Ganga stem in the south. The river bed slope in the terai region is very steep and is

of the order of 2 to 5 m/km. The bed is flat in the plains of Bihar. The bed slope in

different reaches is given in Table- 2.14.

Table - 2.14

Average Bed Slope of river Burhi Gandak

Sl.

No

Reach Average Bed slope

( m/km)

1 Bisambharpur to Chanpatia 4.72

2 Chanpatia to Motihari 0.17

3 Motihari to confluence with the Ganga 0.06

Source: Report of the SecondBiharState Irrigation Commission, 1994 (Vol-V,Part-I, PP 272)

It can be seen from the above Table that the average bed slope decreases

continuously from Motihari to its confluence with the Ganga.



2.2.2 The Bagmati Basin

The river Bagmati passes through two distinctly different terrains. From the origin

to a little upstream of the Indo-Nepal border, the catchment is hilly and full of

forest, whereas in the downstream upto its confluence with the Kosi, the catchment

is almost plain.

The part of the river in India lies in the Indo-Gangetic plains. It has a vast stretch

of upland, broken by numerous streams and shallow depressions called “Chaurs”,

where water accumulates for most part of the year. A number of spill channels take

off from the Bagmati to rejoin it later or to join the adjoining streams.

The bed slope of the river in various reaches from its origin in Nepal to its outfall

in the Kosi near Badlaghat is given in Table -2.15.

Table -2.15

Average Bed Slope of the River Bagmati

S.No. Name of reach Length ofreach(km)

Cumulative length

(km)

Bedslope

(m/km)

Areafalling inNepal /India

1 Source to Nayagaon 8.50 8.50 89.86 Nepal

2 Nayagaon toChampagaon

30.50 39.00 61.86 Nepal

3 Champagaon toBegna

23.00 62.00 36.29 Nepal

4 Begna to Dung-Dungia

29.00 91.00 12.71 Nepal

5 Dung-Dungia toKarungi

10.00 101.00 3.07 Nepal

6 Karungi to Karmaiya 30.50 131.50 2.39 Nepal

7 Karmaiya to Bariya 22.50 154.00 1.44 Nepal

8 Bariya to Dheng 45.00 199.00 0.53 Nepal andPartlyIndia

9 Dheng to Hayaghat 196.50 395.50 0.14 India



S.No. Name of reach Length ofreach(km)

Cumulative length

(km)

Bedslope

(m/km)

Areafalling inNepal /India

10 Hayaghat to Phuhia 10.70 406.00 0.04 India

11 Phuhia to Badlaghat 191.00 597.00 0.11 India

It can be seen from the above Table that the bed slope decreases from 89.86 m /

km at the source to 0.53 m / km at Dheng Railway Bridge and thereafter decreases

to as low as 0.14 m/km to 0.11 m /km between Dheng to its outfall in the Kosi.

2.2.3 The Kamla Balan Basin

The Kamla Balan river basin is bounded by the Adhwara group of rivers on the

west, Kosi river system on the east, Kareh River on the south and the Mahabharat

range of hills on the north.

The average bed slope of the river in different reaches is given in Table- 2.16.

Table - 2.16Average Bed Slope of Kamla River

Sl.No

Reach Average Bedslope m/km

1 Upto Chisapani (160 km) 2.44

2 From Chisapani to Indo-Nepal boredr ( 48 km) 1.07

3 From Indo-Nepla border to Chikna (18 km) 0.64

4 From Chikna to Jhanjarpur 0.30

5 From Jhanjanpur to outfall 0.16

It can be inferred from the Table that the slope continuously decreases as the river

advances.

2.2.4 The Kosi Basin

Physically, the area lies in lower region of Kosi valley and can be regarded as

large inland delta, formed by sandy deposits of Kosi River which in the process of



its delta building activity has violently shifted 112 km westwards. The Kosi delta

is of conical shape with contours running almost circumferentially with the centre

located in the vicinity of Belka hill.

The Kosi river system is bounded by the ridge of the Himalayas in the north

separating it from the Brahmaputra river system, the Mahananda in the east, the

Gandak/Burhi Gandak in the west and the main Ganga stem in the south. The area

lying in Nepal lies more or less in mountainous region. The area within India is

almost flat and lies in the Gangetic plains. The vast plain, on which the Kosi delta

has been formed, has general slope from north to south and west to east. It is

steeper in the north and flatter in the south. The entire lower catchment (inBihar) is

nearly a level country which splits into numerous Dhars in the old bed of the Kosi

River. There are undulations and innumerable depressions called “Chaurs”, where

water remains accumulated for most part of the year. The average bed slope of the

river in different reaches in Indian Territory is given in Table -2.17.

Table 2.17Average Bed Slope of river Kosi in Indian Territory

SlNo.

Reach Average Bed Slope

1 0 km to 42 km 1.4 m/km

2 42 km to 68 km 0.716 m/km

3 68 km to 134 km 0.45 m/km

4 134 km to 310 km 0.11 m/km

It can be inferred from the above table that the bed slope decreases from 1.4 m/km

in the upper reaches to 0.11 m/km in the lower reaches.

2.2.5 The Mahananda Basin

The bed slope of the river Mahananda is given in Table-2.18.



Table 2.18Average Bed Slope of the river Mahananda

SlNo.

Reach Average Bed Slope

1 Origin to Siliguri (16 km) 79.95 m/km

2 Siliguri to Sonapurihat (37 km) 1.57 m/km

3 Sonapurihat to Taibpur(13.7 km) 0.72 m/km

Upto Siliguri, average bed slope is very high while it decreases gradually and is of

the order of 0.14 m/km at Maharajpur.

2.3 SOILS

The land areas can be broadly categorized into uplands, medium lands and

lowlands. While the uplands and the medium lands contain mostly sandy loam to

loam soils, the low lands contain loam to clay loam soils. In course of translatory

swing of the river, two types of lands- Bharana and Chap have developed. The

Bharana land, being course textured, is suitable for paddy, rabi and maize. Between

these two types, there is some midland area, which is suitable for both upland and

early lowland crops. The command area of Eastern Kosi canal system falling in the

erstwhile Purnea district has been under the influence of two rivers, namely, the

Kosi and the Mahananda. The area inundated by the river Kosi has relatively

coarser textured soils, while that inundated by the river Mahananda is loam to clay

loam.

The soils have developed from the sediments carried by Burhi-Gandak, Bagmati,

Kamla, Kosi and Mahananda rivers. These rivers have their origin and catchment

areas within the rock system of the Himalayan region that is poorer in calcimorphic

minerals, but richer in sodic minerals. The soils are therefore, noncalcerous in

nature, but have appreciable content of sodium salts, In areas where drainage is

poor and water table is high, the problem of salinity and alkalinity is apparent.

Saline and alkaline patches are found near Madhepura, Saharsa, western part of

Purnea and southern portion of Katihar districts, mostly along the course of old

channels of the integrated river system.



2.3.1 Types of soils

2.3.1.1Sub-Himalayan and forest soils

Moderately acidic to neutral, dark brown to yellow covered light textured, shallow

to medium deep, mostly covered with forests with rice fields in valleys. Soils have

thick argillic horizon the clay minerals present are gadolinite chlorite hydrous mica

and organic carbon. These soils cover a small upper extremity of Burhi Gandak

and Mahanada basins.

2.3.1.2Recent alluvium terai soils

Recent alluvium soils are acidic to neutral in reaction and white textured, whereas

terai soils are medium to heavy textured, poorly drained concretionary, yellowish

brown to gray colour, with well developed genetic horizons. The clay minerals

present are mainly Kaolinite chlorite hyderous mica. These soils lie in the small

uppermost parts of Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Kamla basins.

2.3.1.3Recent alluvium non-calcareous non-saline soils

Acidic to neutral, mostly light to medium textured, yellowish white to light gray

and no horizon differentiation. The clay minerals mainly distributed are hydrous

mica, smectite, Kaolinite, chlorite. The entire Kosi basin and lower parts of

Mahananda basin are covered by soil of this association.

2.3.1.4Young alluvium non-calcareous non-saline soils

Light to medium textured, neutral to medium acidic, medium to good highly fertile

lands have poorly developed genetic horizons. The clay minerals are mainly

hydrous mica, smectite, Kaolinite, chlorite. The upper and middle part of Burhi

Gandak , Bagmati, Adhwara and Kamla basins are covered by these soils.



2.3.1.5Young alluvium calcareous soils

Light to heavy textured, more than 10% CaCO3 insilt and clay fractions. The clay

minerals distributed are mainly hydrous mica, chlorite and Kaolinite. The lower

part of Burhi Gandak basin has soil coverage of this category.

2.3.2Basin-wise characteristics of Soil

2.3.2.1Burhi Gandak Basin

Traversing a long distance on dolomite and conglomeratic in the Himalayas,

before touching the plains., rivers have a heavy load of calcareous materials which

they deposit in their flood plain. Burhi Gandak due to low gradient, flow in a

zigzag pattern forming many oxbow lakes and low hands. The soils are thus very

calcareous containing at places free CaCo3 upto 50%. The soils are thus light to

medium textured, porous, light gray to white in colour and mostly well drained.

The pH is around 8.3. The soils where water table is high, have the tendency to

develop salinity, due to which, the pH rises upto 9.5.

2.3.2.2 Bagmati and Kamla Basin

The soils are generally medium textured, neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction,

somewhat poorly drained, olive to light olive gray in colour, with a tendency to

develop salinity and alkalinity, where water table is high and is subject to tropical

aridity.

2.3.2.3Kosi and Mahananda Basins

The soils are generally light textured, porous and neutral in reaction, light olive

gray to white in colour and are generally well drained, except in case where water-

table is very high. At places in low lands, medium to heavy soils with slightly

alkine pH have developed, while on up-lands soils have acquired acidity due to

leaching of bases.



2.4GEOLOGY

The geological material consists of alluvium deposited by the river system. The

sediment deposited in the entire area is of recent geological origin and comprises

fine to coarse grained sand with silt. The river system, while emerging from the

hills, contains somewhat sorted pervious material. However, in plains, during

shifting of course, the abandoned channel gets covered with heterogeneous

materials. During drilling of tubewells, the lithological logs usually show

continuous granular materials with very minor clay cappings. By and large, the

area is a rich repository of ground water resources, particularly in the region

having deep deposits of fine to coarse grained sands with very minor clay

intrusions.

2.4.1 Geological formations

2.4.1.1 In Tibet and Nepal

The catchment of the Kosi-Mahananda integrated river system is a part of the

Indo-Gangetic plains, the large part of which falls in the Tibet, Nepal and Sub-

Himalayan hill range. The geology of the Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga

regions in Tibet and Nepal represents the geology of the upper catchment whereas

thick alluvial deposits of the Gangetic alluvial plains in India represents the

geology of the lower catchment. The geological material consists of alluvium

deposited by the Kosi and the other rivers.

In Mount Everest region, a broad zone of folded Jurassic strata composed of black

shales and argillaceous sand stones lie which enclose a well- preserved ammonite

shell or some other fossil as nucleus. The whole group of rocks is soft and fragile

and has received a great amount of crushing and compression. Immediately

underlying these rocks, is a layer of dark grey limestone, dipping northwards,

about 300 m thick, followed by an yellow slabby schistose limestone 300 m thick,

which together form the actual summit of the Mount Everest. The thick zone of

rocks below the Mount Everest limestone consist of slaty rocks with limestone

bunds carboniferous, 1220 m thick, underlain by metamorphosed foliated slates



and schists. The composition of the Siwalik deposits show that they are nothing

else than the alluvial detritus, derived from the subacrial waste of the mountains,

swept down by their numerous rivers and streams and deposited at their foot. The

weathering of the Siwalik rocks has been proceeding at an extra-ordinary rapid

rate since their deposition, and abrupt forms of topography have been evolved in

the course of time. The terraces below Chatra comprise clay, sand and gravels.

The hills at the flank comprise conglomerates and thick beds of sand, rock and

shales.

2.4.1.2In Plain Areas of Bihar state

Geological character and distribution of minerals and rocks of

economicimportance in the plains of Bihar state is given in Table - 2.19.

Table -2.19Details of Geological Formation

SlNo.

Name of River Basin/SubBasin

Geologicalformation

Minerals of economicimportance

1 Burhi Gandak Quartenary,Alluvium

Kankar, red, brick clay etc.

2 Bagmati -do- Kankar, red, brick clay etc.

3 Kamla -do- Kankar, red, brick clay,saltpetre etc.

4 Kosi -do- Brick clay/oil and gas.

5 Mahananda Alluvium Alluvial, clays

Lower down in the Kosi flood plain, there is thick alluvial deposit, being a part of

the Gangetic alluvial plain.

The geology of the Kosi catchment, by and large, is unstable in nature and

susceptible to heavy wear and tear which ultimately increases sediment load in the

flow of the river.



2.4.2 Basinwise geological features

2.4.2.1Burhi Gandak Basin

As most of the rivers of this basin originate from the Someshwar range of hills

falling in the outer Himalayas, the Siwalik Himalayas, therefore, the geology of the

Shiwalik range represents the geology of upper catchment of the Burhi Gandak.

The composition of the Siwalik deposits shows that they are nothing else than the

alluvial detritus, derived from the sub areal waste of the mountains swept down by

numerous rivers and streams and deposited at their foothills. Gangetic escarpments

and deep slopes, separated by broad longitudinal strike valleys and intersected by

deep meandering ravines of the traverse streams surface features, which are the

most common elements of the Siwalik topography, indicate a quantitative measure

of the sub areal waste.

The lower flood plain of the Burhi Gandak lies in the Indo Gangetic plain. There is

a thick alluvial deposit which is a result of long continued vigorous sedimentation

leading to a slowly sinking belt of the peninsular shield. Being in the alluvial plain,

the river has the unstable bank and bed and heavy weathering action brings in the

high percentage of sediment load in comparison to non Himalayan rivers.

2.4.2.2The Bagmati and Adhwara Group of Rivers

The Bagmati and Adhwara river system is a part of the Gangetic plain, which

occupies a structural trough of the earth’s crust. Most of the rivers of this basin

originate from Shiwalik range of hills which is the southern most range of the

Himalayas.

The rocks of this regions consist of deposits of Pliocene and Pleistone age group of

rocks which are extremely fragile and therefore, the rivers deeply incise and

disintegrate young fragile rocks quickly and carry considerable amount of sediment

in the valley. The terraces in the terai comprise of clay, sand and gravels. The

lower down in the Bagmati flood plain, there is thick alluvial deposit, being a part

of the Gangetic alluvial plain.



2.4.2.3The Kamla-Balan Basin

The upper catchment of this river lies in the broad zone of much folded Jurassic

strata composed of black shales and argillaceous sand stones, probably the eastern

continuation of spite shales. The thick zone in the lower catchment consists of

salty rocks with limestone carboniferous bands 1220 m thick, underlain by

metamorphosed foliated slates & schists. The zone is extensively pleated and

injected by granite of tertiary age.

The terraces comprise clays, sands and gravels. The hills at the flanks comprise

conglomerates and thick beds of sands, rock and shales. Lower down in the Kamla

basin, there is thick alluvial deposit, being a part of the Gangetic alluvial plain. The

Gangatic alluvial trough is a region, origin and structure of which are closely

connected with the formation of the Himalayas. It is a tectonic trough formed in

front of the rising Himalayas chains. Changes appear to be still taking place at the

bottom of this trough giving rise to occasional earthquakes.

2.4.2.4The Kosi Basin

A large part of this river catchment falls in the Nepal and Tibet sub Himalayan hill

range. The geology of the Mount Everest and Kanchanjunga regions in Tibet and

Nepal represents the geology of the upper catchment of the Kosi, whereas thick

alluvial deposits of the Gangetic alluvial plains in India represents the geology of

the lower catchment. In this region, a broad zone of folded strata composed of

black shales and argillaceous sand stones lie which enclose a well preserved

ammonite shell or some other fossil as nucleus. The thick zones of rocks below

Mount Everest limestone consist of salty rocks with limestone bunds

carboniferous.

The terrace below Chatra comprise clay, sand and gravels. The hills at the flank

comprise thick bands of sand, rock and shales. Lower down in the Kosi flood plain,

there is thick alluvial deposit , being a part of the Gangetic alluvial plain.



2.4.2.5The Mahananda Basin

The geological formations of the Mahananda River in the hilly area of Darjeeling

district consist of unaltered sedimentary rocks confined to the hills on the north

consisting of different grades of metamorphic rocks over the rest of the area. The

outcrops of the various rocks form a series of bonds more or less to the general line

of the Himalayas, dipping one below the other into the hills.

The characteristic feature of the southern area is that the older formations rest on

the younger formations showing complete reversal of the original order of

superposition.

The great range was elevated during the tertiary period above the site of an ancient

sea that had accumulated sediments of different geological ages. The mountains are

made of folded rocks piled one over another by a series of north-south horizontal

compression movements and tangential thrusts which also folded the strata on the

sea floor and caused their up-heaval by stages. At many places, the formations

have been intruded by granites. Frequently, the strains within the range are

invested due to the overturning of the folds and their dislocation. Such upheavals

bringing the older beds above the younger constitute a feature which characterizes

the whole length of the outer Himalayas.

The present relief of high peaks and deep valleys has been carved by three

principal agents of denudation namely, wind, water and snow. The resulting

products of disintegration of mountains are swept over the sub-mountainous tract

as the rivers enter into the plains. The terai and the plains at the foot of the

Himalayas have assumed their present form after the final upheavals of the range

and consist of almost the horizontal layers of unconsolidated sand, silt, pebbles and

gravel, Igneous, Metamorphic rocks are the varieties available all along the range,

which are commonly known as Darjeeling gneiss and are composed of mica,

schists and gneiss. The sedimentary variety of Darjeeling gneiss contains minerals,

such as garnet, sillimanite kyanite etc, the presence of which indicates that the

rocks were subjected to higher temperature and pressure.The geological map of

Bihar is given at Plate – 2.2.



2.5 CLIMATE

Weather and climate parameters such as rainfall, temperature, humidity etc. play an

important role in optimizing crop benefits. Weather is, however, highly variable

and constitutes as one of the most important inputs in the agriculture management

and operation.

The project area has humid to sub-humid climate, and is classified as moist sub-

humid. It receives plentiful rainfall. Humidity remains generally above 70%. April

is the hottest month with maximum temperature reaching 42 to 43°C. December is

the coolest month with minimum temperature reaching 3 to 4°C. Purnea is

relatively warmer in summer and cooler in winter than Madhepura and Saharsa.

The mean annual rainfall is 1280 mm. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during mid

- June to mid October, while July and August are the rainiest month, yielding over

half of the annual precipitation. There is a gradual increase in annual rainfall from

south - west to north - east areas. Mean maximum rainfall of 200 to 250 mm during

24 - hour, and 250 to 350 mm during 48 - hour and 72 -hour periods are quite

common. The problem of water inundation during monsoon months is obviously

acute. Monsoon breaks relatively earlier (end of May to beginning of June)

particularly in Purnea and Katihar districts. Substantial amounts of summer rains

also occur which range from 78 mm in Khagaria to 182 mm in Purnea district.

In the context of crop production and management, following parameters define

weather system.

2.5.1 Rainfall

The most important source of water in India is rainfall. The bulk of rainfall

intensity is observed during South-west monsoon season (June to October), when

nearly 80 % of the annual rainfall occurs. Meteorologically, Bihar has following

four meteorological seasons



i) South West monsoonii) Withdrawal of monsoon

iii) North-east monsooniv) Hot weather season

(i) South-west monsoon

By the end of May, the pressure over the Indian peninsula is lower, resulting in

creation of a line of trough of low pressure. This causes circulation of huge mass

of air including that from the southern hemisphere. The south-east trade wind of

the south equatorial Indian Ocean, after crossing the equator, becomes south-

westerly and invades the whole of South Asia. This constitutes the summer

monsoon or south-west monsoon over India. In Bihar, monsoon breaks over

Chotanagpur, North Bihar and parts of South Bihar in the second week of June

and over south-west Bihar in the last week of June. The line of trough of low

pressure is, however, not stationary but moves north or south of the normal

position and effects the rainfall distribution. Consequently, the monsoon period is

not one of continuous rain. The pulsatory character of the rainfall precipitation is

one of most important features of the monsoon. The distribution of monsoon rains

is not uniform. There are several spells of heavy rains and several spells of lull.

Timely rains with requisite intensity, rightly spread over the monsoon, will be

ideal for optimum agricultural production and for adequate water storage for

power generation etc. But rarely the State gets such ideal condition. The monsoon

is proverbially known for its vagaries.

(ii) Withdrawal of the Monsoon

With the advent of winter, very large areas of Central Asia become so cold that

the air subsides over them creating an intense high pressure cell. The associated

wind circulation opposes the monsoon flows. As a result, the withdrawal of

monsoon takes place. This transition begins in the early part of October and is

usually not completed until mid-December. The retreat is associated with dry

weather in Bihar, when the sky is generally very clear.



(iii) North-east Monsoon

In the beginning of January, when the Asiatic temperatures are at their lowest, a

belt of high pressure with anti-cyclonic condition is created in the Mediterranean

Central Asia. Clear sky, low humidity, large diurnal range of temperature and

light northerly winds is the usual features broken only at intervals by weather

disturbances which pass from northern India towards the Bay of Bengal.

Precipitation accompanying them, though in small amount in Bihar, is very

important for the winter crop.

(iv) Hot Weather season

The hot weather period in Bihar, from March to May, is one of the continuous

increase of temperature and decrease of barometric pressure in North India. There

occurs a steady transference northward of the area of greater heat in India and

simultaneously of the equatorial belt of low pressure of the winter season. By

May, the seat of greatest heat is in northern India. The area of lowest pressure

also lies over North-East India with a trough stretching up to Chotanagpur. A

local air circulation, with this trough as centre, exists over India. The land and sea

winds give rise to larger variation of temperature and humidity and consequently

to violent storms in Bihar. They are, sometimes, of high intensity and very

destructive.Plate- 2.3showsthe isohyets of mean annual rainfall in Bihar.

Regional Distribution of Rainfall:

The state of Bihar comprises of three distinct regions in context of rainfall pattern.

Table- 2.20 gives the normal rainfall in these regions.

Table -2.20Regional Distribution of Rainfall

(Unit: mm)

SlNo.

Month NorthBihar

CentralBihar

SouthBihar

1 January 6.2 -22.4 14.5 -22.4 13.8 -25.2



SlNo.

Month NorthBihar

CentralBihar

SouthBihar

2 February 6.3 – 17.0 13.6 -20.7 14.8 -28.7

3 March 7.3 -16.0 7.5 -12.8 10.4 -26.3

4 April 7.8 -43.7 0.9 -17.4 9.7 -26.9

5 May 27.9-116.7 13.6 -55.2 18.0 -88.9

6 June 135.9 - 316.5 115.4 - 227.7 158.5 - 245.0

7 July 234.8 - 442.1 251.3 - 323.3 264.2 - 386.8

8 August 284.1 - 371.9 263.8 - 364.8 294.8 - 378.7

9 September 198.8 - 296.8 194.8 - 221.3 192.5 - 272.2

10 October 49.3 -98.1 47.4 -86.6 63.3 - 114.9

11 November 4.8 -40.8 7.4 -11.3 5.9 -14.7

12 December 1.3 -4.5 1.7 -4.9 2.0 -7.0

13 Annual 1045.0 -1775.0 973.1-1176.7 1102.7-1472.0

It can be seen from the above Table that, North Bihar gets highest amount of the

rainfall, compared to the other regions of the state.

The main monsoon season in North Bihar extends from June to October. During

this period, about 80 % of the annual precipitation occurs.

The basin-wise rainfall pattern is described below.

2.5.1.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin

The Burhi Gandak basin in India forms part of the Gangetic plains and is situated

in the direct path of the tropical depressions which form in the Bay of Bengal

during the monsoon seasons and travel in a north-westerly direction. As such, most

of the precipitation occurs in the monsoon period of June to October (about 90 %

of the annual rainfall). The average annual rainfall in the river basin is 1283 mm.

The annual rainfall varies from 1041 mm to 1569 mm. The upper catchment

receives more rainfall than the lower catchment. The mountain barrier of the

Himalayan range in the north of the river system obstructs the moisture-laden



winds from the south, causing to precipitate moisture copious rain along the sub-

mountainous region in the north of the Gangetic plain.

The normal annual rainfall of various stations located in the Burhi-Gandak basin is

given in Table -2.21.

Table -2.21

Normal annual rainfall in Burhi-Gandak Basin(Unit: mm)

Sl.No

R.G. Station Normal Annual Rainfall

1 Motihari 1357.6

2 Bettiah 1326.9

3 Beshanda 1214.4

4 Ramnagar 1609.6

5 Narkatiaganj 1489.7

6 Chauradano 1390.9

7 Lauria 1377.4

8 Muzafarpur 1230.4

9 Minapur 1141.4

10 Samstipur 1375.7

11 Dalsinghsarai 1185.4

12 Rosera 1288.3

13 Begusarai 1281.1

14 Gogri 1281.1

2.5.1.2 The Bagmati Basin

The Bagmati drainage basin (including the Adhwara group of rivers) in India

forms part of the Gangetic plains and is situated in the direct path of the tropical

depressions which get formed in the Bay of Bengal during the monsoon season and

travel in a north-westerly direction. As such, nearly 85% of the annual rainfall

occurs in the monsoon period of June to October.



The average monsoon rainfall (June to September) for the period from 2001 to

2004 at rainfall stations located in Nepal is given in Table- 2.22.

Table -2.22Monsoon Rainfall in Nepal Catchment in BagmatiBasin

(Unit: mm)

On the basis of available data, the average monsoon rainfall at rainfall stations

located in the catchment of the river system in Indian Territory is given in Table -

2.23.

Table - 2.23Normal Monsoon and Annual Rainfall in Indian Catchment in BagmatiBasin

(Unit: mm)

Sl.No

Station Latitude Longitude MonsoonRainfall

AnnualRainfall

1 Sitamarhi 26o 35’ 85o 29’ 1223.4 1385.42 Sheodhar 26o32’ 85o17’ 1164.8 1293.53 Pupri 26o28’ 75o43’ 1143.0 1285.44 Minapur 26o15’ 85o20’ 993.7 1084.55 Katra 26o13’ 85o39’ 1167.8 1287.56 Bauraha 25o48’ 85o32’ 1011.8 1169.77 Sursand 26o39’ 85o43’ 963.9 1093.48 Sonbarsa 26o50’ 85o36’ 1072.1 1224.49 Bairgana 26o45’ 85o17’ 1218.7 1375.410 Belsand 26o26’ 85o24’ 1079.5 1210.411 Dhaka 26o42’ 85o10’ 1208.8 1329.712 Madhubani 26o21’ 86o05’ 1180.6 1319.9

Total 13428.1 15058.6Average 1119.0 1254.9

From above Tables, it is seen that the intensity of rainfall decreases from east to

west and from north to south. Due to this rainfall pattern, the catchment in Nepal

contributes a major portion of the run-off in the Bagmati river system.

Sl.No

R.G. Station Average MonsoonRainfall

1 Simra 1660

2 Kathmandu 1468

3 Nagarkot 1357



2.5.1.3 The Kamla Basin

The maximum value of average rainfall in India is about 1459 mm at Khutauna and

minimum is 1000 mm at Khushwersthan rain gauge stations.

The monsoon and normal annual rainfall is given in Table- 2.24.

Table - 2.24Monsoon & Normal Annual Rainfall in KamlaBasin

(Unit: mm)

Sl.No

R G Station Normalmonsoon rainfall

Normal annualrainfall

1 Behra 1101.1 1236.7

2 Laukaha 1096.3 1245.0

3 Khatuna 1270.9 1459.2

4 Ladania 1046.5 1197.9

5 Benipati 1091.2 1223.2

6 Madhepur 1237.3 1381.0

7 Asthan 877.3 999.0

8 Jainagar 1106.6 1261.4

9 Khajuli 1157.2 1307.1

2.5.1.4 The Kosi River Basin

The Kosi basin has monsoon type of climate with the only one rainy season in

summer normally from mid June to middle of October. Corresponding weather

systems causing precipitation in this season are the southwest monsoons. These

originate from the Indian Ocean and after sweeping the Indian mainland approach

the basin after obstruction and diversion by the North Eastern Himalayas and its

spurs, as easterly/north easterly winds and in specific cases from southerly or

southwesterly directions. The synoptic systems causing widespread heavy to very

heavy precipitation are the low-pressure systems, depressions or storms, which

intensify the winds over the basin & sometimes directly affect the basin. The other

ones are thebreak monsoon conditions' over the Indian mainland when the



monsoon trough shiftsclose to the Shiwalik foothills and the winds blow in

northerly direction over the basin causing copious rainfall leading to severe flood

conditions. Invariably, the severe widespread precipitation owing to above

conditions is associated with the presence of trough or waves in the upper air

westerly above the monsoon winds blowing over the region. Increasing

thunderstorm activity from March to May precedes the monsoon rains.

Post monsoon period from November to February is period of least rainfall activity

when about 1% of the annual precipitation is recorded in each month due to

western disturbances (WD's). The WD's are cold weather systems which cause

wide spread rainfall at lower elevations and snowfall at higher elevations,

generally, above 3000 m elevations. These are low-pressure systems, which

seldom exceed intensity of depressions. They cause extremely cold weather

leading to sub - zero temperatures at higher latitudes as well as higher altitudes-

often causing cold wave conditions in their aftermath. The climate of the basin is

manifestation of the above two weather systems superimposed upon micro-

climatic conditions, characteristic of deep narrow valleys dominated by some of

the highest elevation Himalayan peaks including the mount Everest. The mean

annual monsoon rainfall (June to Oct.) for the Sapta Kosi catchment and the three

sub-catchments are given in Table 2.25.

Table 2.25

Annual and Monsoon Rainfall of sub-basins of Sapta Kosi

(Unit: mm)

S.No.

River Basin Annual Monsoonrainfall

% ofmonsoonrainfall

1 Sun Kosi 1790 1520 852 Arun Kosi 1730 1350 783 Tamur 1830 140 80

Sapta Kosi 1800 1490 83

The onset of monsoon is around the middle of June and retreat by middle of

October, thereby, providing about four months of monsoon rainfall. Rainfall

decreases fromwest to east and from south to north with a pocket of heavy rainfall

at Gumthang in the catchments of Sun Kosi. The months of July and August are



the principal rainy months. Numbers of stations get rain on 25 days or more during

each month in July and August. Gumthang gets rain on almost all days in July and

August. The rainfall activity is minimum near the Sapt Kosi dam site where the

average number of rainy days is 10-15 each in July and August at Munga,

Mulghat, Leguaghat, Kuruleghat, Dhankuta and Machhuaghat.

The mean annual rainfall in the Kosi basin in Indian territory is of the order of

1324 mm. The values of mean annual rainfall at various stations is given in Table

2.26.

Table -2.26Annual Rainfall in Kosi basin in Indian Territory

(Unit: mm)

SlNo.

Station AnnualRainfall

1 Bhimnagar 1504

2 Narpatganj 1591

3 Forbisganj 1693

4 Madhepura 1260

5 Pratapganj 1377

6 Supaul 1194

7 Bhaptiahi 1114

8 Birpur (Basantpur) 1489

9 Tribeniganj 1233

10 Murliganj 1250

11 Sour bazar 1209

12 Alamnagar 1012

13 Sonbarsa 1188

14 Chausa 1178

15 Chattarpur 1370

16 Saharsa 1203

17 Dhamdaha (West) 1287

18 Purnia 1500

19 Araria 1536

20 Raniganj 1726



SlNo.

Station AnnualRainfall

21 Krityanandnagar 1317

22 Katihar 1234

23 Dhamdaha (East) 1321

24 Gondwara 1234

25 Simri Bakhtiarpur 1163

26 Lankahi 1240

Average 1324

2.5.1.5 The Mahananda Basin

The average annual rainfall in the Mahananda river system in India is about 1563

mm. The annual rainfall in the upper catchment ranges from 1000 mm to 6000

mm. The normal annual rainfall recorded at Kurseong close to the origin of the

Mahananda river is 4052.3 mm and at Malda is 1453.1 mm.

The normal annual rainfall at various stations in the Mahananda basin is given in

Table- 2.27.

Table- 2.27Normal Annual Rainfall in MahanandaBasin

(Unit: mm)

Sl.No.

Site Normal AnnualRainfall

1 Purnea 1492.62 Forbesgaj 1535.83 Bahadurganj 1936.64 Barsoi 1331.35 Araria 1692.26 Kishanganj 2177.47 Manihari 1309.4

2.5.1.6 Basin-wise Mean Annual Rainfall

Basin-wise mean annual rainfall is given in Table- 2.28.



Table - 2.28Basin-wise Mean Annual Rainfall

(Unit: mm)

SlNo

River basin Area Mean AnnualRainfall

1 Kosi Upper Portion (Nepal) 1589

2 Kosi Lower Portion (India) 1324

3 Bagmati Upper Portion (India) 1392

4 Bagmati Lower Portion (India) 1134

5 Burhi

Gandak

Upper Portion (India) 1569

6 Burhi

Gandak

Lower Portion (India) 1041

7 Mahananda Upper Portion (Nepal) 5590

8 Mahananda Lower Portion (India) 1563

2.5.1.7 District-wise Monthly Normal Rainfall

Table- 2.29 gives district-wise normal monthly rainfall of the districts located in

the project area.



Table - 2.29Normal Monthly Rainfall for different districts in Project area

(Unit: mm)Month Dbhanga Mzfrpur Purnea E Chprn Sitamarhi Smstipur Mbani Bgsarai Khagaria Saharsa Mdhpura Katihar

Jan 13.1 14.4 13.7 16.0 15.0 14.3 13.1 11.8 14.8 10.0 6.2 9.6

Feb 11.5 13.2 12.2 11.7 14.3 13.2 10.3 12.3 15.5 13.7 6.3 12.1

Mar 9.9 7.7 16.0 12.2 13.3 8.7 12.1 10.7 10.9 12.1 11.5 11.69

Apr 18.5 11.8 43.7 17.0 19.2 12.9 24.6 17.3 16.5 22.3 27.1 23.1

May 59.3 47.8 116.7 51.3 68.0 41.3 72.8 41.5 47.9 76.4 57.6 82.9

Jun 180.1 164.1 316.5 207.7 215.7 153.8 212.2 144.2 186.2 217.6 175.4 220.0

Jul 286.5 304.8 442.1 351.0 339.7 286.7 234.8 256.8 278.3 326.2 325.8 307.2

Aug 280.3 292.7 371.9 325.2 307.0 291.3 303.4 289.2 300.7 303.0 310.3 291.5

Sep 212.9 208.8 296.8 223.6 222.1 232.3 222.9 198.8 217.2 226.4 214.0 241.1

Oct 60.0 61.7 88.2 54.8 57.0 78.0 73.4 79.1 70.5 68.6 84.0 98.1

Nov 8.2 5.8 7.6 4.8 6.1 6.7 7.7 40.8 9.3 8.4 11.0 7.3

Dec 1.8 2.4 2.1 3.2 2.6 2.8 1.9 2.2 2.4 3.2 1.3 1.3

Total 1142.1 1135.2 1713.8 1278.5 1280.0 1142.0 1189.2 1104.7 1170.2 1287.9 1230.5 1305.9



2.5.2 Temperature

The monthly mean atmospheric temperature in Bihar ranges between 4.3°C to

44.3°C. The extremes of the temperature have been recorded as 0 degree Celsius

(at Daltenganj on 3rd January, 1923 and at Motihari on 3rd February, 1905) and

47.2°C (at Gaya on 12th June, 1931). Monthly mean of the maximum temperature

has been found to vary between 31.9°C and 44.3°C from year to year occurring

during the month of May or June and that of the minimum between 4.3°C and

14.2°C, occurring during January.

The monthly mean temperatures recorded at the IMD observatories are given in

Table-2.30.

Table 2.30

Monthly Mean Temperature

(Unit: oC)

Month Darbhanga Muzaffarpur PurneaJan Max 23.09 22.54 23.89

Mim 8.99 9.37 7.96Feb Max 25.79 25.49 27.20

Mim 11.71 11.71 10.33Mar Max 30.43 31.73 31.99

Mim 15.48 15.74 14.92Apr Max 35.55 34.97 35.64

Mim 20.92 22.00 20.02May Max 36.13 35.92 34.62

Mim 23.30 24.80 22.87Jun Max 34.71 34.40 33.17

Mim 24.82 26.27 24.59Jul Max 32.38 32.63 31.89

Mim 25.10 26.35 24.99Aug Max 32.51 32.20 31.98

Mim 25.56 26.12 25.12Sep Max 31.12 31.27 32.09

Mim 2.94 22.54 24.22Oct Max 31.90 30.04 31.42

Mim 22.15 21.30 20.84Nov Max 28.52 27.89 28.77

Mim 15.87 14.65 13.84Dec Max 2.58 24.41 25.21

Mim 11.10 10.45 8.94



2.5.3Relative Humidity

The range of relative humidity is very wide in the command area. The

maximum relative humidity generally occurs during the monsoon months,

when it is found to rise up to about 94 per cent. The general range of relative

humidity during July to September is 74 per cent to 88 per cent. Relative

humidity is minimum generally in the period March to May, when it goes down

sometimes to even 10 per cent. The general range of relative humidity during

this period is 30 to 55 per cent. The monthly mean values of maximum and

minimum relative humidity worked out for IMD observation sites are given in

Table -2.31.

Table - 2.31

Monthly Mean Relative Humidity

(Unit: %)

Month Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Purnea

Jan Max 74.28 83.15 79.33Min 64.11 71.08 63.72

Feb Max 67.29 71.75 68.29Min 55.47 56.17 50.26

Mar Max 56.59 57.92 56.76Min 45.12 44.25 39.18

Apr Max 56.97 57.92 58.15Min 35.44 42.36 39.69

May Max 65.67 66.08 71.94Min 52.68 50.15 56.66

Jun Max 74.78 77.69 82.38Min 67.52 67.61 72.74

Jul Max 82.23 86.00 87.42Min 77.91 79.08 81.67

Aug Max 82.18 84.15 85.79Min 78.94 81.15 51.26

Sep Max 81.23 83.54 84.73Min 71.66 80.42 79.79

Oct Max 74.94 77.46 79.82Min 74.94 76.69 76.00

Nov Max 70.33 75.45 76.88Min 64.42 72.45 71.55

Dec Max 74.73 79.83 78.27Min 66.21 72.58 70.21



2.5.4Wind Speed

The summer months of the State, experience higher wind speed, generally

ranging between 10 to 22 km/hr Wind speed of the order of 70 km/hr has been

observed during storms, especially during April-May. Winter months are

generally calm with wind speed ranging generally between 0.1 and 6 km/hr

Monthly mean values of wind speed at IMD observation station is given in

Table 2.32.

Table 2.32

Monthly Mean Wind Speed

(Unit: km/hr)


Jan Morning 1.58 1.67 1.19

Evening 1.85 4.89 4.75

Feb Morning 2.01 2.03 2.00

Evening 2.86 6.83 6.87

Mar Morning 2.98 3.47 2.83

Evening 2.98 8.39 8.46

Apr Morning 4.38 5.21 4.96

Evening 5.81 9.21 9.09

May Morning 4.67 5.57 5.83

Evening 7.23 8.90 9.11

Jun Morning 5.09 5.79 4.92

Evening 7.03 8.84 8.01

Jul Morning 5.78 5.39 3.89

Evening 5.78 9.23 6.93

Aug Morning 4.61 5.26 4.10

Evening 5.97 9.40 7.78

Sep Morning 4.19 4.60 3.21

Evening 5.83 6.33 6.49

Oct Morning 1.90 1.65 1.36

Evening 2.51 4.42 4.49

Nov Morning 1.10 1.24 0.67

Evening 1.82 3.86 3.63

Dec Morning 0.70 0.93 1.02

Evening 1.37 3.68 4.11



2.5.5Cloud Cover

Monthly mean cloud amount during monsoon lies between 6.1 to 7.9 Oktas,

especially during the month of July and August. The sky is generally clear

during the winter months. Monthly average cloud amount hardly goes upto 2

Oktas during January to March.

The monthly mean values of cloud amount at IMD stations are given in Table-

2.33.

Table -2.33

Monthly Mean Cloud Amount

(Unit: Oktas)


Jan Morning 1.11 1.90 1.50Evening 1.02 1.39 1.03

Feb Morning 0.90 1.63 1.34Evening 0.74 1.24 1.02

Mar Morning 1.00 1.19 1.62Evening 0.83 0.82 1.12

Apr Morning 0.74 1.73 2.08Evening 0.63 1.07 1.40

May Morning 1.42 1.96 3.39Evening 0.67 1.07 1.88

Jun Morning 3.71 4.54 5.45Evening 2.46 3.36 4.47

Jul Morning 5.59 6.30 6.45Evening 4.30 5.10 5.77

Aug Morning 5.22 5.95 6.02Evening 4.21 4.96 5.35

Sep Morning 4.17 4.59 5.08Evening 3.51 3.64 4.48

Oct Morning 1.85 1.84 2.48Evening 1.41 1.26 2.05

Nov Morning 0.67 1.12 1.12Evening 0.39 0.83 0.86

Dec Morning 0.66 1.24 1.07Evening 0.52 0.83 0.78



2.6 Status of Existing / On-going Irrigation Projects

2.6.1 General

The details of existing major irrigation projects in the area / basins are as under

i) Eastern Kosi Canal System (Ex Bhim Nagar barrage at Hanuman Nagar onriver Kosi) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.1.

ii) Western Kosi Canal Project (Ex Bhim Nagar barrage at Hanuman Nagar onriver Kosi) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.2.

iii) Kamla Irrigation Project (Ex Kamla barrage on river Kamla, a tributary ofBagmati / Kosi river system) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.3.

The Kosi Project is one of the largest major irrigation projects in India. In

BiharState, it comes next to only Sone and Gandak Projects. The Project was

formulated in 1953 keeping in view the over-riding priority of flood control and

irrigation. Accordingly, the project comprised the following components:

Unit Projects Year ofcompletion

Features

I Bhim Nagar Barrage 1963 Located at Hanuman Nagar inNepal;

II Embankments 1962 Left and Right Embankments144 and 133 km long,respectively for flood protection

III Eastern KosiCanalSystem

1964 Serving present command areathrough network of branches, subbranches, distributaries, minorsand direct outlets

IV WesternKosiCanalSystem

Nearingcompletion

Serving part of Kosi and Kamlacommand area

The Kosi Project -1953 envisaged provision of diversion of discharge of 1415

cumec (50,000 cusec) through the old dhars of river Kosi, outside the river on the

country side of the Eastern Embankment. The idea was to relieve the Main Kosi

channel to that extent during floods and to resuscitate the four old dhars of Kosi

and improve the drainage conditions in the area between the Bhenga dhar and

Eastern Kosi Embankment. Hence, this area was not covered originally by the



Eastern Kosi Canal System as envisaged in Kosi Project-1953. Subsequently, the

proposal of such diversion of Kosi water was dropped on the recommendation of

Mitra Committee. This was followed by a public demand for extending the facility

of irrigation to this area also which had since been protected from the floods of the

Kosi and was not covered by the original Kosi Eastern Canal System, which led to

formulation of Rajpur Canal System as Unit IV of the Project in 1962.

In addition to Rajpur canal system, three other components viz. Western Kosi canal

system, Chatra Canal System and Western Kosi pump canal were added to Kosi

project.

2.6.1.1 Eastern Kosi Canal System

The project envisaged Eastern Kosi canal offtaking from Bhim Nagar barrage at

Hanuman Nagar to irrigate 5.69 lakh ha annually with an irrigation intensity of

115%. The gross command area of the project was assessed as 7.43 lakh ha while

culturable command area was worked out as 4.95 lakh ha, giving an allowance of

one-third of the GCA for spill areas, culturable waste, other than the current fallow

land, unculturable waste, Govt. land and 5% of gross area to cover such area as

will not be able to taken water for irrigation due to various reasons. The command

was bounded by the Bhenga dhar on the west, the Eastern Kosi main canal on the

north, the river Parman on the east and the river Kosi and the Ganga on the south.

The Rajpur Branch Canal taking off from the Eastern Kosi Main Canal at RD

14.50 was originally planned to provide irrigation to a gross command area of 1.76

lakh ha in Saharsa district while culturable command area was taken as 2/3rd of

GCA as in case of Kosi Eastern Canal System which worked out to 1.33 lakh ha.

It also envisaged a hydel power house at R.D. 12.00 of the Eastern Kosi Main

Canal withinstalled capacity of 20,000 KW utilising a drop of about 4 m (13 ft.) in

the canal bed level.

The work of Rajpur Branch Canal was taken up in the year 1962 and irrigation

commenced since the year 1968. The figures of GCA & CCA were later on

revised as given in Table – 2.34.



Table-2.34

Revised GCA, CCA & Annual Irrigation of Eastern Kosi&RajpurCanal System

Sl.No

Name of canal system GCA(in lakh ha)

CCA(in lakh ha)

Intensity ofirrigation

Annual irrigation(in lakh ha)

1 Eastern Kosi CanalSystem

7.43 4.95 115.0% 5.69

2 Rajpur Branch Canal 1.76 1.17 121.5% 1.43

Total 9.19 6.12 7.12

(Source: Report of KIC 1975)

Thus the Kosi Eastern Canal System including Rajpur Branch Canal System

envisaged an annual irrigation of 7.12 lakh ha.

Eastern Kosi main canal with length of 43.5 km has five Branch canals viz. Rajpur,

Murliganj, Janaki Nagar, Purnea and Araria branch canals. From Rajpur branch

canal, four sub-branches offtake, namely, Supaul, Saharsa, Gamharia and

Madhepura. The details of distribution system of Eastern Kosi canal system is

given in Table 2.35.

Table – 2.35

Details of distribution system of Eastern Kosi CanalSl

No.Name of

CanalDesignedCapacityin cumec(cusec)

Lengthof canalin km.

GCAin Lakh

ha.

CCA as peroriginalreport inlakh ha.

AnnualIrrigation(lakh ha)

1. EasternKosi Canal

424.50(15000)

43.27 7.43 4.95 5.69

a) MurliganjBr. Canal

45.0(1590)

64.40 1.21 0.80 0.92

b) JanakinagarBr. Canal

99.0(3500)

82.11 2.72 1.81 2.08

c) PurneaBr. Canal

85.0(3010)

64.40 2.15 1.44 1.64

d) ArariaBr. Canal

41.0(1450)

57.96 0.97 0.64 0.75

e) Direct Dy.from MainCanal.

77.8(2750)

191.59 0.38 0.26 0.30



2. RajpurBr. Canal

76.4(2700)

9.66 1.76 1.17 1.43

Total 9.19 6.12 7.12( Source: Report of Kosi Irrigation Committee, 1975)

The Index Map of Eastern Kosi canal system is given at Plate-2.4.

The Eastern Kosi canal system was designed to serve a CCA of 6.12 lakh ha,

which has been presently revised to 4.40 lakh ha (3.40 lakh ha under EKC and 1.0

lakh ha under Rajpur canal) covering 40 blocks in the districts of Supaul, Saharsa,

Madhepura, Purnea, Katihar, Araria and Khagaria (only one block). Annual

Irrigation which was originally 7.12 lakh ha was also reduced to 4.48 lakh ha after

review by the Kosi Irrigation Committee in 1975.

2.6.1.2 Western Kosi Canal Project

Western Kosi Canal Project for Rs. 13.49 cr., as a part of Kosi Multipurpose

project was originally approved by the Planning Commission in 1961 to provide

annual irrigation to an area of 2.196 lakh ha in Bihar and 15,300 ha in Nepal. The

project envisaged 91.63 km long main canal including 35.13 km in head reaches in

Nepal. Since it was necessary to obtain concurrence of Nepal, construction could

be taken up in 1971. The Govt. of India and the HMG, Nepal entered into separate

Agreement on the Western Kosi Canal in the year 1978.

The Western Kosi Canal would provide irrigation water to agricultural land lying

on the right side of river Kosi. It aims at providing irrigation in a gross command

area (GCA) of 3.05 lakh ha & CCA of 2.03 ha in India spread in districts of

Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur and Supaul. The Western Kosi Main Canal

(WKMC) with maximum capacity of 201 cumec (7100 cusec) off takes from the

Bhimnagar Barrage. The distribution system includes 5 branch canals viz.

Jhanjharpur, Ugranath, Sakri, Kakayghati and Saharghat, one sub-branch canal

namely Bideshwarsthan, 5 distributaries and a number of sub-distributaries, minor

andwater courses. The scheme is now nearing completion. Some areas, however,

have started getting irrigation benefits from the year 1987-88. Annual irrigation

proposed is 2.348 lakh ha with intensity of irrigation of 115.50%. Envisaged

irrigation in Nepal is 19900 ha.Index Map of Western Kosi Canal System is given

at Plate-2.5.



2.6.1.3 Chatra Barrage Project

The Chatra Canal System, a Nepal benefit scheme, is also a part of the Kosi

Project. It consists of a 970m long barrage located near Chatra village, 8 km

downstream of Barahkshetra dam in Morang district of Nepal. ChatraMainCanal

with a length of 53 km has gross command area of 63000 ha. The northern

boundary of the command area is bounded by the Main canal upto the east of the

Bakra river. The southernboundary is the Indo-Nepal border. The canal with a

design capacity of 45.3 cumec is envisaged to provide irrigation to 85,830 ha in

Nepal. This canal has been planned as inundation canal. It was taken up for

construction in 1962 and was completed in year 1970. After making it operative, it

was handed over to HMG, Nepal. This canal system envisages an annual irrigation

of 0.85 lakh ha in Saptari and Morang districts of Nepal, on the east of river Kosi.

2.6.1.4Kamla Irrigation Project

Kamla Irrigation Project consists of a 1.5 m high weir across the river Kamla with

head regulators on both the banks for Right and Left Kamla main canals. The

project falls in the composite river basin of Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Kamla

rivers.

The headworks are located near Jayanagar town at lat. 26o 35’ N and long 86o 10’

E of Madhubani District of Bihar. The catchment area of the river upto the

headworks is 2138 sq km, out of which 1334 sq km is hilly and the remaining 804

sq km is in plains. The length of the weir between abutments is 292.53 m and the

design discharge is 3965 cumec (1,40,000 cusec).

The project was designed for a Gross Command Area (GCA) of 66529 ha and

Culturable Command Area (CCA) of 39921 ha. The Western Main Canal on the

right bank (16.03 km long) serves a GCA & CCA of 57744 ha & 34648 ha

respectively to cover 7 blocks of Madhubani District namely Jayanagar, Basopatti,

Harlakhi, Madhwapur, Benipatti, Bisfi, Khajauli and Rahika (part) and the Eastern

Main Canalon the left bank (8.17 km long) serves a GCA & CCA of 8785 ha &

5273 ha respectively to cover 3 blocks of Madhubani District namely Jayanagar,

Ladaina and Babu Barhi. The design discharge at head of Western Main Canal



and Eastern Main Canal are 22.66 cumec (800 cusec) and 3.18 cumec (112 cusec)

respectively.

However, after construction of the Western Kosi Canal, southern portion of Kamla

Canal on the right bank mainly comprising the Command area of King’s Canal off

taking from 5.30 RD of Kamla Right Main Canal & having 45 km length got

amalgamated in Western Kosi Canal Command to the extent of GCA = 19311 ha

and CCA = 11590 ha. Thus, the remaining command of Kamla Irrigation Project

now stands at GCA = 47218 ha, CCA= 28331 ha against original GCA=66529 ha

and CCA= 39921 ha.

The construction of the project started in 1970 and completed in the year 1975-76.

The headworks is approachable from Madhubani through a pucca road, which

crosses Kamla river at headworks with a bridge on it and connects Nirmali and

Birpur, where the headworks of Kosi Project is located.

The ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 25498 ha against a revised CCA

of 28331 ha at design intensity of irrigation of 90% with seasonwise break-up as

under:

Kharif -19832 ha (70% of CCA)

Rabi -5666 ha (20% of CCA)

Total -25498 ha (90% of CCA)

The ultimate irrigation potential has been fully created.

Index map of Kamla Irrigation Project is given in Plate – 2.6.

2.6.2 Basinwise Command Area Details of Existing /On-going Projects

As indicated above, there are two major irrigation schemes viz. Eastern Kosi Canal

Project (EKCP) (including Rajpur Branch Canal) and Western Kosi Canal Project

(WKCP) having gross command areas of 9.19 lakh ha and 3.05 lakh ha (in Indian

territory) respectively. Besides, there is one existing scheme in Kamla basin viz.

Kamla Irrigation Project (KIP) with gross command area of only 0.66 lakh ha. In

this connection, it is to be mentioned that the canal system of Western Kosi Canal

is in advanced stage of construction. On completion of WKCP, command area of



Kings Canal under Kamla Irrigation Project would be included under the command

of WKCP. Total length of Kings canal, offtaking from 5.30 RD of Kamla Western

Main Canal is 45 km. It merges into the tail end at 8.2 RD of Saharghat Branch

Canal which offtake at 18 km of Western Kosi Canal System. Hence, the net GCA

under Kamla Irrigation Scheme works out as 0.46 lakh ha (0.66–0.20).

The details of GCA & CCA of existing and ongoing projects in the basins

understudy area are given in Table 2.36.



TABLE 2.36Details of GCA & CCA of Existing / Ongoing Projects in Study Area

(Unit: Lakh ha)Sl.No.

Name of Basin / Project GCA CCA Ratio of GCA

to CCA

PlannedIntensity ofIrrigation

Remarks

1 Bagmati – Adhwara Basin - - - - -

2 Kamla Balan Basin 0.46 0.28 60.9% -

Kamala Irrigation Project Existing

3 Kosi Basin

i) Eastern Kosi Canal Project (EKCP) 7.43 (6.04)* 4.95 ( 3.49)* 66.6% (57.8) 115.0% Existing

ii) Rajpur Canal 1.76 (1.40)* 1.17 (0.91)* 66.5% (65.0) 121.5% Existing

9.19 (7.44)* 6.12 (4.40)* 66.6% ( 59.1)

iii) Western Kosi Canal Project (WKCP)

- In Nepal 0.20 0.13 65.0% On going(nearing

completion)- In Bihar 3.05 2.03 66.6%

3.25 2.16 66.5% 115.5%

4 Mahananda Basin - - - -

TotalIn India

12.70(10.95)

8.43(6.71)

66.4%(61.3%)

-

* GCA and CCA revised by Kosi Irrigation Committee, 1975



2.7 STATUS OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION AND ALLIED SERVICES

2.7.1 Agricultural Extension

Agricultural extension means extending the knowledge of results and findings

about agricultural inputs and techniques from research institutions to the farmer’s

field. It involves the dissemination of information about newly evolved crop

varieties, modern agricultural chemicals, new agronomical practices, promotion of

skills and supply of inputs for obtaining richer harvest. The objective of extension

efforts is to transfer modern technology to farmer’s field.

The Department of Agriculture, GOB, the Rajendra Agriculture University,

Research Institutes, Governmental and Non-governmental & Corporate input

agencies, Banks etc. apply various extension methods for transfer of technology, as


Table 2.37Extension Methods for Transfer of Technology

Sl.No.

Method of Extension Work Targeted BeneficiaryCrops

No./frequency of ActivityDesirable

1 Holding exhibition or show All crops of the season At least two no. per annum

2 Organising input fortnight forwide publicity of product

All lead crops of theseason

Twice in a year in June &October

3 Organising T.V. or Radio talk All lead crops &innovative technology

Once to thrice to ensurecompliance by state, districtor block level authorities byassociating scientists of Agri.University

4 Organising field visits byscientists

Lead crops of the area orto specific problems

Two or three times per annum

5 Organising demonstrations,minikit trails & field days

Importantcrops/compositedemonstration/innovative practices

Two or three field days perdemonstration, no. dependingon resources.

6 Training & visit to researchinstitutes by selected contact

Farmers’ sample shouldrepresent different

Two visits to state institutes oroutside the state as per



farmers blocks & zonesidentified for cropconcentration

available resources.

7 Use of print media bycoverage in newspapers andwide distribution of pamphlets/ bulletins

All important crops ofseason

Whenever required and on allprogramme subjects relatingto extension

The extent of adoption of the benefits of extension services provided to the farmers

was assessed through a sample survey conducted in the past by Training & Visit (T &

V) Wing of Deptt. of Agriculture, Bihar which is reproduced below in Table 2.38.



Table 2.38Extent of Extension Services Adopted by Farmers

SlNo.

Practice or system taken up as indicatorof diffusion of technology

Point / Level of Factor keptunder Observation

Farmers’ response /acceptance

1 Fertilizer application to crops by farmers Full dose of N.P.K. as perrecommendation - % of optimum

N – 30%P – 20%K – 15%

2 Causes of partial or no application offertilizers

(a) High cost(b) Lack of irrigation(c) Unavailability of inputs(d) Lack of information(e) Other causes

28.8%23.1%20.4%18.4%8.8%

3 Plant protection measures – percentage offarmers adopting

(a) Seed treatment(b) Soil treatment(c) Crop treatment

27.1%12%6.9%

4 Farmers opinion about grass root extensionworkers advice

(a) Very helpful(b) Partially helpful

27.3%30.6%

5 Use of improved varieties of paddy seedsby contact farmers

(a) Full acceptance(b) Partial acceptance(c) No acceptance

72%19.6%8.3%

6 Causes of partial acceptance or nonacceptance of recommended practices(estimated % of causal factors)

(a) Expensive input(b) Lack of irrigation facility(c) Unavailability of reco-

mmended variety(d) Recommendation received

late

8.6%0.4%8.2%

6.1%

7 Adoption of package of practices of paddycultivation (% of farms)

(a) Timely sowing(b) Line sowing(c) Planting of recommended no

of seedings(d) None of the practices

recommended

70.8%25.3%39.6%

26.3%

8 Yield of paddy when contacted by V.L.W.(impact of frequency of visits and contactby village level functionaries)

(a) None(b) One visit during previous

fortnight(c) Two or more visits(d) Overall mean

Irrg. Non. Irrig.22.2 qt/ha 15.8 qt/ha26.3 “ 22.2 “

27.18 “ 24.82 “24.96 “ 18.92 “

9 Yield of paddy crop governed by mainsource of knowledge about practice (effectof massage dissemination)

(a) No advice(b) Other farmers(c) Extension personnel(d) Other sources

22.22 “ 15.08 “21.79 “ 18.68 “26.52 “ 22.86 “26.42 “ 16.99 “

2.7.2 Seeds

Production and handling of quality seeds, bearing necessary certification tag is

governed by Indian Seeds Act, 1966 and the rules framed thereunder. The seed



manual contains details of isolation, norms of inspection by certifying agencies,

field standards of crops and seed standards etc. All these norms are being followed

in Bihar.

2.7.3 Training Institutes

Bihar Govt. has set up Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI),

headquartered at Patna which is responsible for conducting adaptive trails for

introduction of High Yielding varieties of crops and training the farmers on such

trails and their benefits for adoption.

2.8COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT

The supply of irrigation water is most important and crucial input in enabling the

system to produce crops at a desired level of productivity. The water supply has to

be adequate for creating sufficient moisture in the soil root zone of the plants to

satisfy the water requirements of crops for their normal growth. When the supply

of water is deficient and the crop water requirements are not fully met, the soil

moisture stress develops that affects the crop growth. The impact of soil moisture

stress is greatly dependent on the crop species and the stage of crop growth.

Generally, crops are more sensitive to water deficiency during emergence,

flowering and early grain formation than they are during early vegetative and late

growth periods.

Considering irrigation as the most productive input for agricultural development,

the Government of Bihar has been conscious for development of irrigation as well

as for holistic development of the command areas. The formulation of the Kosi

Irrigation Project bears a testimony to this concern. The Eastern Kosi Canal

System under the Kosi Irrigation Project had been completed and operationalised

since 1964. The RajpurBranchCanal had also been included towards the end of

Third Five Year Plan. The originally planned GCA and CCA for both Eastern

Kosi Canal and Rajpur Branch Canal were 9.19 lakh ha ( 7.43+1.76) and 6.12 lakh

ha (4.95+1.17) respectively which were later revised by Kosi Irrigation Committee

( 1975) as 7.44 lakh ha ( 6.04 + 1.40) and 4.40 lakh ha (3.49 + 0.91). The ultimate

irrigation potential of both the system was assessed as 4.48 lakh ha (2.86 + 1.62).



The performance of the Eastern Kosi Canal System has been sub-optimal in respect

of creation and utilization ofirrigation potential as well as crop productivity.

Moreover, it has caused degradation of the production resource base by way of

waterlogging and concomitant soil salinization. OFD works in the command have

not been fully developed to utilize the available water. Moreover, the distribution

system has also dilapidated for want of adequate O&M funds.

The committee also observed that the creation of potential has been slow to the

extent of 75% and that too, not being utilized. The Committee gave

recommendations fordevelopment of full irrigation potential of Kosi canal system

and its ultimate utilization. Some of these recommendations are as follows:

i) Completion of residual works upto water courses.

ii) Construction of high dam in upper catchment to tackle siltation problem inthe canal as long term measure.

iii) Main canal and branches shall not run below 2/3rd of design capacity andthe system lower down should either run full or be kept closed. Anysurplus water may be released through escapes.

iv) Canal reaches showing excessive water loss should be strengthened withlining in a phased manner.

v) Water course longer than 1.5 km, passing through sandy reaches should belined at first instance. Other water courses may also be lined in phasedmanner.

vi) Traditional varieties of paddy may be replaced by high yielding variety, asearly as possible in as large an area as practicable.

vii) Wheat cultivation may be encouraged and less water consuming crops suchas ‘moong’ etc. may be irrigated through alternative sources andpopularized during hot weather.

viii) A properly designed surface drainage system should be provided.

ix) The work of consolidation of holdings, land leveling and shaping andconstruction of field channels and field drains may be completed on prioritybasis.

x) More attention should be given on maintenance and running of canal

system.

xi) The present ‘Satta’ system may be replaced by a system of compulsory levyon land under assured irrigation to be collected along with the revenue.



The Government is conscious towards increasing agricultural productivity in the

existing command through the holistic development of the command area by way

of On-Farm Development works, suitable cropping pattern, conjunctive use of

surface and ground water, drainage provision, reclamation of problem soils

(waterlogged /salt affected soils), efficient operation and maintenance of the

irrigation system and agricultural extension so as to optimize the benefits of

irrigation.

Considering the facts that the command areas under reference have high

agricultural potential, the need is to convert the potential into production through

improved irrigation management. To make that happen, the following imperatives

are identified:

i) Presently, the actual irrigated area is much less than the area commanded.Water deliveries rarely correspond in quantity and timing of crop waterdemands resulting in low cropping intensities and productivity levels. Inview of limited water resources, especially during lean season, cropintensification may not provide an optimal solution. On the other hand,extensive irrigation may be a desirable option to cover larger areas to obtaineconomic optima with the supplies as available. Less water better deliveredmay be the required reform method. Appropriate irrigation scheduling interms of quantity and timing may have to be worked out in consideration ofsensitivity of crop growth stages to soil water stress. For this purpose, unitcrop productivity should be stabilized and improved through better watermanagement practices and introduction of new farming techniques.

ii) Paddy will continue to be the predominant kharif crop. No cropsubstitution for kharif paddy may be possible in view of the excessivelyhigh soil-water regime. As canal water releases during the kharif seasonraise the water table, kharif season releases may have to be properlyregulated so as to augment water supply during the rabi season andmaintain ground water balance. At the same time, planted area should beincreased by all-year-round irrigation system, thus maximizing the cropproduction

iii) The command areas present high scope for market-oriented cropdiversification, particularly during the rabi season. Shift in emphasis fromcereal production to pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables and other highvalue crops may be warranted. Such diversification will cause planting andwater needs to become more varied from field to field. These changes willplace new demands on the operational skills of water deliveryorganizations. For this purpose, reliability of water delivery becomes moresignificant.



iv) Farmers will be required to make higher investments in inputs such asHYVs of crops, chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, periodicalseed replacement, modern farm implements for field preparation, cropestablishment, harvesting, threshing, etc. Governmental support will bewarranted in establishment and strengthening of institutional mechanismfor meeting the desired objectives, especially at field level agricultureextension services. Simultaneously, existing ayacut road conditions shouldbe improved and strengthened to stimulate and support allied agriculturalactivities.

v) Drainage conditions should be improved to ensure optimum cropproductivity per unit of land under improved irrigation conditions.

2.8.1 Constraints in Command Area Development

The project area is constituted of the flood plains in the basins of the river Burhi

Gandak, Kamla, Bagmati, Kosi and Mahananda. The Kosi river, because of its

translatory movement, has undergone a westward shift of about 120 km over a

period of about 200 years until the construction of the east and the west

embankments under the overall framework of the Kosi Project. The shifting nature

of the river has resulted into numerous abandoned courses and gullies, and saucer-

shaped depressions, locally known as ‘chaurs’. Moreover, the river water carries

excessive sediment load (0.34% silt by weight) which is the fourth highest in the

world after the Yellow river of China (4.46% silt by weight) and the Colorado river

(3.10% silt by weight) and the Missouri river (0.40% silt by weight) of the U.S.A.

The high silt content of the Kosi river has been attributed to be the causal

mechanism for the changing river courses. The other repercussion of the excessive

sediment load of the river water has been heavy sedimentation of the canals ever

since the Eastern Kosi Canal System was opened up for irrigation in July 1964.

2.8.1.1Flood

Bihar is the worst suffering State on account of flood. According to the assessment

of the Rashtriya Barh Ayog (1980), out of the total flood-prone area of 40 Mha in

the country, Bihar shares about 42.60 lakh ha (10.6%) of area. The Second Bihar

State Irrigation Commission (1994) has assessed the flood prone area in Bihar as

68.8 lakh ha which is about 73% of total area of the State and 17.2% of total flood

prone area in the country. The flood problem is more severe in North Bihar. The

total flood prone area in North Bihar (excluding the stem of River Ganga) is 37.53

lakh ha, which is 82.8% of the total drainage area of the different tributaries joining



river Ganga from the north. In a single year, the maximum affected area in Bihar

was 42.9 lakh ha (during 1971) and the minimum was 7.1 lakh ha (during 1989)

which are about 62.4% and 10.3% respectively of the total flood prone area of the

State. These are muchhigher than the corresponding figures for maximum and

minimum flood affected area at national level which are 43.8% and 3.6%

respectively.

The severity of the flood is more intense in terms of damages to the property, loss

of human life and cattle compared to the extent of flood affected area. It is to be

noted that frequent flooding of entire North Bihar, main stem of Ganga and a part

of South Bihar, is not only causing inconveniences and hardship, but is working as

a major constraint to the overall economic development of the region in particular

and State as a whole. The flood protection measures implemented so far is only in

form of construction of embankment, which is only a short term measure and does

not ensure complete protection from flood. Construction of reservoirs on major

rivers like Kosi, Ganga and their tributaries, Kamala and Bagmati for multipurpose

with appropriate provision for flood cushion is considered necessary to provide

flood protection in the flood prone area of North Bihar. Bihar has been making

efforts since long for construction of dams on these rivers but so far it has not been

able to achieve reasonable success in flood protection. It is expected that through

the implementation of Sapta Kosi High dam, success in providing flood protection

to a reasonable limit will be achieved.

2.8.1.2 Drainage Congestion

Next to flood, drainage congestion of surface water resulting into water logging is

another major serious problem in the state related to the water resource

development and management. About 9.41 lakh ha area is affected due to drainage

congestion of surface water, which is about 10% of the area of the state. North

Bihar is more severely affected, as out of total area of 9.41 lakh ha affected due to

drainage congestion, about 8.35 lakh ha lies in North Bihar. This area is about

15% of geographical area of North Bihar and about 23% of cultivable area. The

area affected by drainage congestion is not being properly used for cultivation

which is causing great loss to the farmers as well as to the nation. The problem

assumes more severity in light of high percentage of affected area compared to the



cultivated area and heavy pressure of population on scarce land resource in the

entire State in general and North Bihar in particular.

The main reasons for the drainage congestion and waterlogging are the

topographical feature i.e. existence of a large number of saucer shaped chaurs and

mauns, the course of rivers acquiring the shape of ridge due to deposition of silt

over a period of time and high water level at the outfall of drainage channels in the

tributaries and main Ganga river, which is the master drainage channel of the

region. The problem has been further aggravated due to inadequate drainage

provisions in the command areas of existing irrigation projects.

2.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

2.9.1 General

The state of Bihar located between 240 20’ 10’ to 270 31’15” N latitude and 830

19’50” to 880 17’40” East longitude covers an area of 9.42 Mha and accounts for

2.86% of total geographical area of the country. Out of 9.42 Mha of total area,

only 0.18 Mha (1.91%) has been covered by urban centers.

Bihar is predominantly an agricultural state. Agriculture contributes about 47.6 %

towards Gross-Domestic Product (GDP) of the State, while the share of agriculture

in GDP of the country is only 25%. In such a situation, agriculture holds the key to

the economic and overall development of the State. Further, the development of

water resources acts as a catalyst for overall agriculture development in the state.

As a matter of fact, the economic development of any state/region bears a very

close and direct relation with the development of water resources. This is still

more pronounced in case of Bihar.

The reasons for economic backwardness of Bihar, as usual, is not confined to a few

spheres, rather they extend over a wide spectrum of geographical, historical,

physical and political features besides several socio-economic aspects.



2.9.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS

There are several socio-economic factors that are working as constraint for

development of Bihar in general and agriculture and water resources in particular.

Most important among them are explosive growth of population, low productivity

of agricultural produce, fragmentation of land holding, poor records of land

reforms etc.

Though the state of Bihar is bestowed with two most important natural resources -

land and water, socio-economic status of the population reflects abject poverty,

especially among the rural masses. It has plenty of plain fertile land with alluvium

soil and abundant surface and ground water. The climate is also very conducive to

farming and agricultural practices. There are laborious and progressive farmers

and there is no dearth of farm laborers. Traditionally, the State as well as the

Eastern Region had been on the fore-front of agriculture production in the country.

Notwithstanding all these, the State is economically backward. A comparative

statement of important socio-economic indicators of Bihar and India are given in

Table 2.39.

Table - 2.39

Socio-economic Indicators of Bihar vis-à-vis India

Sl.No.

Item Bihar India Reference

1. Population 83 million 1028 million 2001 census2. Population below poverty

line38.4 million 322 million UNDP report

1993-94Published byPlanningCommission

Rural 92% 76%

Urban 8% 24%3. Literacy 47.0% 64.8% Based on 2001

MaleFemale

59.7%33.1%

75.3%53.7%

4. Population Density 881 per sq. km 325 per sq.km

Based on 2001

5. Irrigation Potential Createdin Percentage

40% 71%

(Source: Report of Expert Committee on impact of interlinking of rivers in Bihar, 2003.)



2.9.3 Demographic Profile

The project area extends from the river Burhi Gandak on the west upto the river

Mechi, a tributary of the Mahananda on the east in North Bihar, covering 5 basins

viz part of Burhi-Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla, Kosi and Western Fringe of

Mahananda.

Total project area has been assessed as about 29698 sq. km covering parts of 17

districts in North Bihar. The details of basinwise/districtwise area are given in

Table 2.40.

Table – 2.40Details of Basinwise/Districtwise Area under Command of

Sapt Kosi High Dam ProjectSl.No.

Basin/Distt. Total Areain ha

In Basin% Area in ha

A. BURHI GANDAK

1 East &WestChamparan

919600 16.4 151200

2 Samastipur 290400 21.1 61300

3 Begusarai 191800 22.2 42500

4 Muzaffarpur 317200 11.6 36700

5 Khagaria 1118600 0.9 9800

Sub Total A 308500

B. BAGMATI-ADHWARA

1 East Champaran 396800 7.2 28523

2 Muzaffarpur 317200 31.2 98907

3 Samastipur 290400 19.6 57025

4 Begusarai 191800 15.9 30476

5 Khagaria 148600 29.4 43747

6 Darbhanga 227900 30.5 69510

7 Madhubani 350100 26.4 92366

8 Sitamari 229400 100.0 229400

Sub Total B 649954

C. KAMLA BALAN

1 Madhubani 350100 56.8 198857



Sl.No.

Basin/Distt. Total Areain ha

In Basin% Area in ha

2 Darbhanga 227900 69.2 157707

3 Saharsa includingSupaul

412800 3.9 16215

4 Khagaria 148600 8.4 12467

5 Samastipur 290400 21.9 63534

SubTotal C 448780

D. KOSI

1 Supaul 242500 99.2 240560

2 Saharsa 168700 91.5 154360

3 Madhepura 178800 100.0 178800

4 Madhubani 350100 16.8 58745

5 Purnia 322900 64.2 207238

6 Araria 283000 49.1 138873

7 Katihar 305700 34.7 105960

8 Bhagalpur 256900 10.3 26576

9 Khagaria 148600 19.6 29126

10 Darbhanga 227900 0.3 776

Sub Total D1141014

E. WESTERN FRINGE OF MAHANANDA (Upto Mechi River)

1 Purnea 322900 30.0 96500

2 Katihar 305700 35.0 107100

3 Araria 283000 48.6 137400

4 Kishanganj 188400 42.7 80500

Sub Total E421500

Grand Total2969748

2.9.4Population

District wise data of 2001 census has been utilised for working out the population

for each basin on proportionate basis. Total population of all the five basins falling

in the Sapt Kosi command has been worked out as 28 million which is 33.8% of



the Bihar state as a whole against geographical area of 31.7% falling in the

command. The basin wise details are given in Table 2.41.

Table - 2.41

Basinwise details of population in Sapt Kosi Command (2001 census)Sl.No.

Basin TotalPopulationin ‘000’

Populationin ‘000’

Density ofpopulation(per sqkm)

Rural Urban

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81. Burhi

Gandak2983 2792 93.6 191 6.4 967.8

2. BagmatiAdhwara

7320 6872 93.9 448 6.1 1126

3. Kamla Balan 5289 4993 94.4 296 5.6 1174

4. Kosi 9263 8530 92.1 733 7.9 812

5. Mahananda 3202 2940 91.8 262 8.2 760

Total 28057 26127 93.1 1930 6.0 945

It may be observed from above Table that average population density is 945 per sq

km against 880 for the state as a whole. The same is the highest at the level of

1179 persons per sq km in Kamla Balan basin and the lowest at 760 people per sq

km in Mahananda. It is further revealed from the above Table that most of the

population, of the order of 93% is rural against 89.53% for the state as a whole and

72.18% for All-India.

The distribution of population according to sex is given in Table 2.42. The figures

in this Table show that the number of females per thousand of male is 915 against

the state average of 919 and 933 for All-India.



Table – 2.42Sex wise distribution of Populationin Project Command (2001 census)

Sl.No.

Basin Totalpopulation

Male Female No. of femalesper 1000 of

males1 Burhi Gandak 2983 1561 1422 911

2. BagmatiAdhwara

7320 3832 3488 910

3. Kamla Balan 5289 2746 2543 926

4. Kosi 9263 4841 4422 913

5. Mahananda 3202 1668 1534 920

Total 28057 14648 13409 915

2.9.4.1 Schedule Caste / Tribes

The population of scheduled castes /tribes together, for the state as a whole was

16.36 % as per 1991 census which remained more or less same at the level of

16.63% as per 2001 census. The population of schedule caste/tribes and their

percentage in the five basins of the command is 15.2% against state average of

16.63% and 24.4% for All-India. The same is given in Table 2.43.

Table - 2.43

Basinwise SC /ST Population in Project command (2001 census)

SlNo.

Basin TotalPopulation in‘000’

SC/ST Population in ‘000’ Total

S C S TNo. % No. % No. %

1. Burhi Gandak 2983 461 15.5 9.55 0.32 470.55 15.82. Bagmati

Adhwara7320 1027 14.0 4.70 0.06 1031.70 14.1

3. Kamla Balan 5289 801 14.1 2.20 0.04 803.20 15.24. Kosi 9269 1301 14.0 184.20 1.492 85.20 16.05. Mahananda 3202 346 10.8 117.00 3.65 463.00 14.5

Total 28057 3936 14.0 317.65 1.13 4253.65 15.2



2.9.4.2 Literacy Status

The literacy rate for the five basins in the project command is 31.5% against 47%

for the Bihar state and 64.8% for India as a whole. The percentage of male and

female literates is 21.6% and 9.9% against 59.7% and 33.1% for the state as a

whole. The details of literacy status in project command are given in Table 2.44.

Table - 2.44

Literacy Status for Project CommandSl.No.

Basins Populationin ‘000’

Literate in ‘000’ Percentage of LiteratesPersons Male Female Persons Male Female

1. Burhi Gandak 2983 1023 683 340 34.29 43.75 23.91

2. Bagmati Adhwara 7320 2467 1653 814 33.70 41.14 23.34

3. Kamla Balan 5289 1827 1239 588 34.54 45.12 23.12

4. Kosi 9263 2730 1903 827 29.47 39.36 18.68

5. Mahananda 3202 802 594 208 25.05 35.61 13.56

Total 28057 8849 6072 2777 31.54 21.64 9.90

2.9.4.3 Occupational Status

As per 2001 census, total population has been assessed as 83 million, out of which

25.4% have been classified as main workers, 8.3% as marginal workers and 66.3%

as non-workers for the state of Bihar.

Basinwise details of working population in the project command are given in Table

2.45.

Table - 2.45

Distribution of Work Force (2001 census)

Sl.No.

Basin Category of Workers in ‘000’Marginal Cultiva-

torsAgriculture

laborersHouse hold

industryworkers

Otherworkers

Total

1. Burhi Gandak 210 33 145 9 23 420

2. Bagmati Adhwara 502 88 333 22 59 1004

3. Kamla-Balan 458 90 308 18 43 917

4. Kosi 954 238 638 23 56 1909



5. Mahananda 252 44 184 7 16 503

Total 2376 493 1608 79 197 4753% 50 10 34 2 4 100

Total work force constitutes only 17% of the total population in the project

command against 33.7% for the state as a whole. Out of this, marginal labour is

50%, as against 24.7% for the state as a whole, followed by agriculture labourer at

34% (against 48% for Bihar) and cultivators at 10% (against 29.3% for Bihar).

2.9.5 Land Holding

The distribution of different operational land holding sizes for the state of Bihar as

a whole is given in Table –2.46.

Table –2.46Operational land holding size for the state as a whole (2001)

Sl.No.

Category ofFarmers

Land Holdings PercentageNo. Area No. Area

1. Marginal (0-1 ha) 9577 2934 84.1 43.1

2. Small (1-2 ha) 1051 1308 9.2 19.2

3. Semi-Medium (2-4ha)

583 1558 5.1 22.9

4. Medium (4-10 ha) 162 869 1.5 12.8

5. Large (10-20 ha &above)

9 141 0.1 2.0

Total 11382 6810 100 100

(Source: Bihar through Figures, 2003, Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation)

It may be noted from the above Table that marginal farmers (with holding upto 1

ha) are predominant which comprise as many as 84.1% of the total farmers in

Bihar. However, the area operated by them is only 43.1%. The percentage of

other category of farmers i.e. small (1-2 ha), semi-medium (2-4 ha), medium (4-10

ha) and large farmers (10-20 ha & above) are 9.2 % ,5.1 %, 1.5% and 0.1%

respectively. The area operated by these farmers is of the order of 19.2 % for small

farmers, 22.9% for semi-medium farmers, 12.8% for medium farmers and 2% for

the large farmers. This shows that as much as 85.2 % of the area is being operated



by marginal, small and semi-medium farmers, put together, which are having land

holdings only upto 4.0 ha. On the other hand, though medium and large farmers

constitute about 1.6% of total, the share of area operated by them is 14.8%.

2.9.6 Employment

As per 2001 census, total population of Bihar has been assessed as 83 million, out

of which 25.4% have been classified as main workers, 8.3% as marginal workers

and 66.3% as non-workers for the state of Bihar.

Basinwise details of working population in the project command is given in Table

2.47.

Table - 2.47

Distribution of Work Force (2001 census)

Sl.No

Basin Category of Workers in ‘000’Marginal Cultiva-

torsAgriculture

laborersHouse hold

industryworkers

Otherworkers

Total

1. Burhi Gandak 210 33 145 9 23 420

2. BagmatiAdhwara

502 88 333 22 59 1004

3. Kamla-Balan 458 90 308 18 43 917

4. Kosi 954 238 638 23 56 1909

5. Mahananda 252 44 184 7 16 503

Total 2376 493 1608 79 197 4753

% 50 10 34 2 4 100

Total work force constitutes only 17% of the total population in the project

command against 33.7% for the state as a whole. Out of this, marginal labour is

50%, as against 24.7% for the state as a whole, followed by agriculture labourer at

34% (against 48% for Bihar) and cultivators at 10% (against 29.3% for Bihar).

2.9.7 Income

The per capita income from all sources in Bihar has been assessed as Rs. 5780 for

the year 2003-2004 as against Rs. 21120 for the India as a whole. This amply



reveals the extent of poverty prevailing in the state. The main income is derived

from agriculture. The total state income from different sources for year 2002-03

has been reported as follows:

Sl.No.

Category Income(Rs. Crore)

1. Agriculture 17614

2. Forestry and Logging 954

3. Fisheries 927

4. Mining and Quarring 84

5. Manufacturing 2116

6. Construction 2272

7. Electricity, Gas & Water Supply 570

8. Transport, Storage and Communication 2027

9. Trade 8453

10. Banking & Insurance 2143

11. Real Estate 1368

12. Public Administration 4703

13. Other Services 7320

A.1.1.1.1 Total 50551

(Source:Bihar through Figures, 2003 – Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation)

2.10 STATUS OF INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES IN COMMAND AREA

The total length of road in Bihar is 81655.10 km, of which 63261.63 km are

District Roads (Rural /Urban) and 12382.00 km PWD Roads except State High

way and National Highway.

Most of the rural roads connecting district headquarters with important

village/blocks are of brick soling. Due to frequent flooding, the roads are often

damaged. The maintenance of roads is also very poor. The details of important

high ways, railways and aerodromes in the region are given below.

2.10.1 Burhi Gandak Basin



The important highways and railways in the basin are given below:

(A)Highways

*Barauni-Dalsingsarai-Muzaffarpur-Pipra (NH-28)

* Pipra-Motihari-Bettiah-Lauria-Bagaha-Valmikinagar

*Chapwa-Sugauli – Raxaul

*Barauni-Begusarai-Khagaria (NH-31)

*Bettiah-Chanpatia –Narkatiaganj.

(B)Railways (North-Eastern Railway)

*Narkatiaganj-Bhikhna Thori Section

*Bagaha-Narkatiaganj-Raxaul Section

*Sugauli-Raxaul Section

*Muzaffarpur-Narkatiaganj Section

*Samastipur-Darbhanga Section

*Samastipur-Rosera-Khagaria Section

*Muzaffarpur -Samastipur-Barauni-Khagaria Section

2.10.2 Bagmati Basin

The development of communication in the Bagmati river basin has been hindered

due to frequent flooding with changing river course. Darbhanga-Narkatiaganj

section of the N E Railway passes through the heart of this basin running through

Samastipur, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi and finally crossing the Bagmati at Dheng.

During high floods, most of the time railway communication is forced to be

suspended due to breaches in the railway embankments. In the north-west of

Darbhanga, the road communication is meagerly developed whereas in the north-

east, it is fairly developed. The details of the communication facilities in the

Bagmati river basin are given below:

(A)Highways (all-weather metal road)

-Muzaffarpur-Sitamarhi road (60 km)

-Sheohar-Sitamarhi road

-Sitamarhi-Sursand road

-Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga road (75 km)



-Darbhanga-Rosera road

-Darbhanga-Sakri-Madhubani-Jainagar road

-Sitamarhi-Sonbarsa road

-Dheng-Sonbersa road

-Sitamarhi-Agropatti-Runisaidpur road

-Kamtaul-Katra road

(B)Railways

-Samastipur-Narkatiaganj section of N E Railway Comprising Hayaghat,Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Pupri, Sitamarhi and Bairgania as some of importantrailway stations

-Samastipur-Mansisection of N E Railway

(C) Aerodromes

-Darbhanga

-Dumra (Sitamarhi)

2.10.3 Kamla-Balan Basin

The important roads and railways of the basin are indicated below :

(A) Roads

- Jainagar-Ladania-Laukahi Road

- Trimuhani-Bauraha-Khutauna Phulparas Road

- Madhubani-Khutauna-Laukaha Road

- Benipatti-Chika-Madhubani-Jhanjharpur-Phulparas Road

- Darbhanga-Sakri-Jhanjharpur-Madhepur Road

- Baheri-Bahera-Jhanjharpur Road

- Darbhanga-Bahera-Road

- Singhia-Supaul-Road

(B)Railways – (North Eastern Railway)

-Sakri-Madhubani-Rajnagar-Jainagar section

-Darbhanga-Sakri-Jhanjharpur-Nirmali-section

-Jhanjharpur-Laukaha section



(C)Aerodrome – There is one aerodrome at Darbhanga in the drainage basin of the

river system.

2.10.4 Kosi Basin

The important highways, railways and aerodromes in the river system are indicated

below:-

(A)Highway

- Birpur – Bihpur road

- Purnea-Murliganj-Madhepura-Saharsa-Mahesi road

- Purnea –Dhamdaha-Rupauli-Bijayghat road

- Katihar-Korha-Falka road

- Pratapganj-Narpatganj-Forbesganj road

- Supaul-Pipra-Tribeniganj-Jadia road

- Jogbani-Forbesganj-Araria-Purnia road

- Kursela-Mirganj-Sarsi-Raniganj-road

(B)Railway – (North-Eastern Railways)

- Purnea-Murliganj-Mahhepura-Saharsa section

- Supaul-Saharsa-Mansi section

- Supaul-Narpatganj-Forbesganj section

- Banmankhi-Bihariganj section

- Katihar –Barauni section

- Katihar-Purnia-Jogbani section (North East Frontier Railway)

(C)Aerodromes

- Saharsa

- Birpur

- Purnea

2.10.5 Mahananda Basin



The existing rail and road communications in the basin are indicated below :

Sl.No.

Communication Description Remarks

1. Roads - Araria-Bahadurganj Thakurganj road

- Taibpur-Galgalia road- Manihari-Katihar-Araria Jogbani road

Purnea-Garbanaili Sontha-KishanganjroadPurnia-Dhengraghat-Aluabari-Sonapurhat-Siliguri-Kalimpong road(NH-31)

- Kishanganj-Sonapurhat-Taibpur roadNH-34

- Dhengraghat-Gazoi-Maida road- Raiganj-Kaliaganj-Gazoi road

A part of LateralRoad Project (LRP)

District road

2. Railways Katihar-Labha-Nimasarai-Farakkasection (Broad gauge)

- Nimsarai-Maida-Nawabganj section(Broad gauge)Babupur-Barsoi-Siliguri section(Broad gauge)

- Barsoi-Kishanganj-Taibpur-Galgalia-Naksalbari-Siliguri section (Metregauge)

- Katihar-Jhaua-Barsoi section (Metregauge)

- Barsoi-Raiganj-Radhikapur section(Metre gauge)

Final Field Report

1WAPCOS Ltd.. Chapter-II

Annex -2.1

Salient Features of Eastern Kosi Canal Project(A) Location

i) Barrage Site at Hanumannagar Lat 26o 32’ N and Long 86o 57’ E

ii) Catchment Area at Barrage site 61792 sq. km (23858 sq mile)

iii) Location of Kosi basin in Nepal& Bihar

Between Long 85o20' & 870 51’ Eand Lat 250 14’ & 280 58' N

iv) Kosi Command Area Between Long. 86o 18' and 88o 17' Eand Lat 25o 14' & 26o 35' N

(B) Slope of river during high floodChatra To Raniganj -1:1050Raniganj to Bhaptiahi -1:2010Bhaptiahi to Supaul -1:4530Supaul to Dhamraghat -1:7300Dhamrayhat to Naugachhia-1:23000Naugachhia to Kursela-17800

(C) Flood

Maximum Design Flood = 26850 cumec (9,50,000 cusec)Maximum Flood Observed = 25834.75 cumec (9,13,000 cusec) in

October 1968 at Chatra

(D) Barrage Details

a) Total length between abutments - 1149 m [ 3770 ft.]

b) Crest level of Barrage

i) Weir EL 71.63 m ( 235 ft)

ii) Under sluice EL 70.10 m ( 230 ft)

c) Road level EL 77.72 m (255 ft)

d) Width of Roadway 6.86 m with 1.45 m widewalking on one side

(e) Gates

i) Spillway 46 Nos 18.29 m x 6.40 mii) Under Sluice 10 Nos 18.29 m x 7.92 m

(60' x 26')

f) Eastern Earth Dam 1985.25 m (6218 ft.)

g) Western Earth Dam 3718.38 m (12200 ft)

Final Field Report


h) Eastern Afflux Bundh 13106.40 m (43000 ft)

i) Western Afflux Bundh 13483.43 m (44237 ft)

j) Present pond level 74.676 m (EL 245 ft)

k) Future pond level 77.724 m (EL 255 ft)

l) Top of pier 79.248 m (EL 260 ft)

m) Top of gate over bridge 90.830 m (EL 298 ft)

n) Maximum designed discharge throughEastern Kosi Canal head Regulator(leftside)

488.52 cumec ( 17250 cusec)

o) Left H/R gates 7 nos of 12.19 m (40')

p) Maximum designed discharge throughWestern Kosi Canal head Regulator.(right Side)

240.72 cumec ( 8500 cusec)

q) Right H/R gates 3 nos. of 12.19 m (40')

r) Submerged area due to pondingincluding river bed

41.46 sq.km (16 sq. mile)

(E) Irrigation:

Eastern Kosi Canal Rajpur Canal Total

i) GCA (Lakh ha) 7.43 (6.04) 1.76 (1.40) 9.19 (7.44)

ii) CCA (Lakh ha) 4.95 (3.49) 1.17 (0.91) 6.12 (4.40)

iii) Irrigation Intensity

(%)

115 121.5 -

iv) Annual Irrigation

(Lakh ha)

5.69 1.43 7.12 (4.48)

(Figures in bracket are revised by Kosi Technical

Committee, 1971)

v) Cropping Pattern

Kharif 92% 90%

Rabi 20% 30%

Perennial 3% 1.5%

Total 115% 121.5%

vi) Districts Benefitted: 8 Nos (Supaul, Saharsa, Madhepura, Purnea, Araria,

Katihar, Bhagalpur & Kagaria)

Final Field Report


Annex-2.2

Salient Features of Western Kosi Canal Project

Barrage Existing Barrage at HanumangarLat. 26o – 32’ NLong. 86o – 57’ E

Main Canal

1 Length of lined canal in Nepal 35.13 km2 Length of lined canal in Bihar 56.50 km

(After this length, main canal has beenredesignated as Saharghat branch canal)

3 Total length 91.63 km4 Full supply discharge at head 201 cumec (7100 cusec)5 FSL of canal at head 75.30 m6 Full supply depth at Head 3.65 m (in Nepal)

4.27m (in India)7 Discharge through head regulator

(Indian portion)181 cumec

8 Irrigation in Bihara) Gross command area 3.049 lakh ha (Bihar 2.85, Nepal-0.199)

b) Culturable command area 2.033 lakh ha (Bihar 1.90, Nepal-0.133)

c) Annual irrigation 2.348 lakh ha (Bihar 2.196, Nepal-0.153)

i) Area in Kharif 1.48 lakh ha (73% of CCA)

ii) Area in Rabi 0.81 lakh ha (40% of CCA)

iii) Perennial 0.058 lakh ha (2.5% of CCA)

d) Intensity of irrigation 115.5%

e) Distribution system Branch Canals Sub-Branch Canals

1. Jhanjharpur Bideshwarsthan2. Ugranath Distributaries- 5

Nos.3. Sakri4. Kakarghati5. Saharghat

9 Irrigation in Nepal GCA = 0.199 lakh haCCA = 0.133 lakh ha

10 Latest cost Rs. 1307.21 cr. (at price level Nov, 2007)

11 Expenditure incurred upto 2007-08 Rs. 1024 cr. (78% of total cost)

12 Anticipated completion Date Year 2009-10

Source: As per TAC Note of CWC dt. March, 2009

Final Field Report


Annex-2.3

Salient Features of the Kamla Irrigation Project

A DRAINAGE AREA

1 River / Basin Kamla River, Ganga Basin

2 Total catchment area at Weir site 2138 sq. km

3 Normal Annual Rainfall 1300 mm

B KAMLA DIVERSION WEIR

1. Location of Weir at Jaynagar Lat. 26o – 35’ N

Long. 86o – 10’ E

2. Design highest flood level RL 70.80 m

3. Observed highest flood level RL 70.12 m

4. Design discharge 3965 cumecs (1,40,000 cusecs)

5. Length of the weir between abutment 292.53 m

6. Height of the weir 1.5 m

7. Length of Right Bank Undersluices 52.44 m

8. Length of Left Bank Undersluices 6.72 m

9. Crest level of the weir RL 67.22 m

10. Crest level of the Undersluices RL 66.76 m

11. Pond level 68.29 m

12. Length of RB Head Regulator 55 spans of 3.05 m each

13. Length of LB Head Regulator 2 spans of 1.83 m each

14. Sill Level of RB Head Regulator RL 67.07 m

15. Sill Level of LB Head Regulator RL 67.07

16. Design capacity of RB Head Regulator 28.3 cumec

17. Design capacity of LB Head Regulator 3.4 cumec

C CANAL SYSTEM

1 Full Supply Discharge of RB Main Canal at Head 22.66 cumec

2 Full Supply Discharge of LB Main Canal at Head 3.18 cumec

3 Full Supply Depth of RB Main Canal at Head 1.52 m

4 Full Supply Depth of LB Main Canal at Head 1.07 m

Final Field Report


5 Length of RB Main Canal 16.03 km

6 Length of LB Main Canal 8.17 km

D DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1 Total length of Distributaries in RB Canal System 141.73 km

2 Total length of Branch Canal (King Canal) in RBCanal System

45.0 km

3 Total length of Water Courses in RB CanalSystem

161 km

4 Total length of Distributaries in LB Canal System 21.87 km

5 Total length of Water Courses in LB CanalSystem

23.45 km

E ORIGINAL COMMAND AREA

1 GCA under RB Canal 57,744 ha

2 CCA under RB Canal 34,648 ha

3 GCA under LB Canal 8,785 ha

4 CCA under LB Canal 5,273 ha

Total GCA

Total CCA

66529 ha

39921 ha

5 Location of GCA Lat. 26o – 17’ N & 26o – 45’ N

Long. 85o – 50’ E & 86o – 16’ E

F CROPPING PATTERN & IRRIGATION INTENSITY

1 Aghani Paddy in Kharif 70% of CCA

2 Wheat in Rabi 20% of CCA

Total 90% of CCA

G PRESENT GCA / CCA

Subsequently Western Kosi Canal was constructed. Southern portion of Kamla canalgot amalgamated in Western Kosi canal command. The remaining command ofKamla now stands at GCA = 47218 ha, CCA = 28331 ha against original GCA =66529 ha and CCA 39921 ha.

FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt

WWAAPPCCOOSS LLttdd.. CChhaapptteerr--IIIIII 11

CHAPTER – III

IRRIGATION PLANNING

3.1 GENERAL

Irrigation is an art that has been practised for centuries. By carefully managing the

flow of water, its application to crops in required quantities and observing the

resulting yields, farmers gradually arrive at certain operational standards. These

standards, most of the times, have only local significance and do not reflect a high

degree of water use efficiency, which is expressed as the ratio between the quantity of

irrigation water effectively utilized by crops and the total quantity of irrigation water

supplied. With water often being a limiting factor where irrigation forms a basic

element of agricultural production, there is a dire necessity for efficient use of water

and for a more scientific approach to planning of an irrigation system.

Some basic imperatives in irrigation planning are as follows:

- Consideration needs to be given to the evapotranspiration by the various cropsgrown in the area; moisture retention of the soils between field capacity and apre-selected depletion limit (the lowest acceptable moisture content that doesnot significantly affect yield); and the infiltration rates of soils.

- The irrigation facilities are constructed with capacities that are adequate notonly in the short run but over a reasonably long period of time with dueconsideration of possibly emerging situations.

- The water is optimally distributed and used so as to avoid wastage and toirrigate larger areas.

- The irrigation does not create harmful side-effects such as rising water tableand soil salinization.

Obviously therefore, the physical factors such as rainfall distribution as also the other

climatic elements, topography, hydro-geology, etc. need to be considered in irrigation

planning.

3.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING

Broadly speaking, the work of irrigation planning shall mainly be comprising of

Macro, Micro and On-Farm Development (OFD) level planning which will be carried



out as per guidelines of Ministry of Water Resources for Preparation of DPRs of

Irrigation and Multipurpose Projects, BIS codes, IARI Manual of Soil Survey, etc.

Planning an irrigation canal system depends on a number of factors such as

topography, hydrology, soil, climatology of the area etc., but topography plays an

important role as far as gravity flow planning of canal network is concerned.

The main objective of irrigation planning is to conceive, plan and design a project in

such a manner that it should provide efficient, equal and reliable irrigation water

supply to all the farmers on a long term basis for a given soil, land and water resource

matrix.

Irrigation planning, under the present context, includes review of GCA/CCA, existing

cropping pattern, proposed cropping pattern with justification based on soil survey

and land irrigability classification, agro-climatic conditions, crop water requirement

for proposed cropping pattern as per modified Penman’s method, water balance

studies, planning of conjunctive use of surface and ground water as would be

necessary for the macro level, micro level and OFD level planning as elaborated in the

following paras.

3.2.1 Project Region

Irrigation Planning is generally governed by the geographic spread of the area and also

the vertical distribution of the same. The area under the project is characterized by

various elevation zones commencing from EL 84 m to EL 24 m. There are some

areas, mostly in downstream reaches, known as ‘Chaurs’ which are natural

depressions in the command which are generally not suitable for cultivation and the

same need to be excluded for irrigation planning.

The command boundaries have been defined separately for the Burhi Gandak-Bagmati

and Mahananda basins within the state of Bihar. For Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin,

the river Burhi Gandak itself forms the western boundary while command areas of

existing Kamla Irrigation project and ongoing Western Kosi Canal (in Kamla basin)

would form the eastern boundaries of the command. The areas served by Ghorasahan

and Trebeni Branch Canals under existing Eastern Gandak Canal System, offtaking



from left side of Valmiki barrage have also been excluded from the command of the

project. Likewise, the existing network of irrigation canals under Eastern Kosi Canal

System forms the western boundary of the Mahananda basin while eastern boundary is

formed by the Mechi river upto its point of confluence with the river Mahananda and

thereafter, the river Mahananda itself would be the eastern boundary. The boundaries

of the command areas in both the basins are depicted in the Index Map (up to

distributary level) enclosed at Plate 3.1.

The Sapta Kosi High Dam project is proposed to irrigate the areas in Burhi Gandak-

Bagmati and Mahananda basins in Bihar territory covering districts and the extent of

their area as given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1Details of Basinwise/Districtwise Area under Command of

Sapt Kosi High Dam Project

Sl.No.

Basin/Distt. Total Areaof the

District (ha)

Area of the District in theBasin

% haA. BURHI GANDAK

1 East & WestChamparan

919600 26.2 241200

2 Samastipur 290400 21.1 61300

3 Begusarai 191800 15.1 29000

4 Muzaffarpur 317200 20.9 66400

5 Khagaria 1118600 0.9 9800

Sub Total A 407700

B. BAGMATI-ADHWARA

1 East Champaran 396800 11.7 46300

2 Muzaffarpur 317200 31.5 99860

3 Samastipur 290400 19.6 57025

4 Begusarai 191800 17.2 33046

5 Khagaria 148600 29.4 43747

6 Darbhanga 227900 29.4 67064

7 Madhubani 350100 3.2 11296

8 Sitamari 229400 100.0 229400

Sub Total B 587738



Sl.No.

Basin/Distt. Total Areaof the

District (ha)

Area of the District in theBasin

% haTotal (A+B) 995438

C. WESTERN FRINGE OF MAHANANDA (Upto Mechi River)

1 Purnea 322900 21.3 68866

2 Katihar 305700 25.2 77129

3 Araria 283000 35.2 99587

4 Kishanganj 188400 57.5 108424

Sub Total C 354006

Grand Total (A+B+C) 1349444

3.2.2 Delineation of Study Area for Irrigation from Sapta Kosi High Dam Project

3.2.2.1 Assessment of Geographical Area (GA) and Gross Command Areas (GCA)

Under the present project, the study area for irrigation planning has been divided into

two distinct parts. One part lying in Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin in the west

extending from Indo-Nepal border down to confluence point of river Burhi Gandak

with the Ganges, and Bagmati with the river Kosi. The northern part of the area along

Indo-Nepal border stretches for about 70 km, sloping towards south west direction.

This zone covers a total geographical area of 7.08 lakh ha (2.92+4.16), out of which

6.99 lakh ha (2.88+4.11) of gross area is proposed to be commanded under Sapta Kosi

Project.

The other zone lying towards western fringe of Mahananda basin in the east, extends

from Indo-Nepal border down to confluence of river Mahananda with the Ganges.

The area is in the shape of an inverted triangle with its width of about 68 km in the

north. Out of 3.66 lakh ha of geographical area, 3.54 lakh ha of gross area is proposed

to be commanded under Sapta Kosi project.

Thus, the geographical area covered under Sapta Kosi High Dam in Indian territory

works out to 10.74 lakh ha, out of which GCA has been assessed as 10.53 lakh ha.

The same is summarised in Table 3.2.



Table 3.2Gross Command Area under Sapta Kosi Project in Indian Territory


Basin GeographicalArea (GA)

Gross CommandArea (GCA)

1 Burhi Gandk-Basin 2.92 2.882 Bagmati Basin 4.16 4.11

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati 7.08 6.993 Western Fringe of Mahananda

(upto Mechi River)3.66 3.54

Grand Total 10.74 10.53

3.2.2.2 Assessment of Culturable Command Area (CCA)

The command area in North Bihar for utilizing the available irrigation water from

Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP) as mentioned above lies in

the following two basins;

i) Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Basin

ii) Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin (upto Mechi river)

The details of command area of existing/ ongoing irrigation projects viz. Eastern and

Western Kosi Canal Systems in Kosi basin and Kamla Irrigation Project in Kamla

basin etc. were obtained from Water Resources Department, Govt. of Bihar and / or

the available reports of these projects. The other related information such as cropping

pattern, irrigation intensities, usage of ground water, etc. was also collected from the

Department. As per the prevailing practice in the state of Bihar, CCA is considered as

certain percentage of GCA. Based on this percentage, the irrigation intensities have

been planned for existing projects. As a preliminary exercise, a recourse is taken by

reviewing the CCA of existing projects with respect to GCA in the adjoining

command and this percentage has been applied to GCA to estimate the CCA for

irrigation planning studies. All previous studies carried out by CWC or any other

agency have also been reviewed while finalising the CCA of the project.

Accordingly, it is contemplated to adopt a figure of 75% and 70% for the Burhi

Gandak and Mahananda basins respectively for the purpose of assessment of CCA as

a first approximation.



The assessment of GCA and CCA of the above basins is as under:

(in lakh ha)

Sl.No. Command Area GCA CCA % of CCA to GCA

1 Burhi Gandak – Bagmati 6.99 5.24 75.0%

2 Western Fringe of Mahananda 3.54 2.48 70.0%

Total 10.53 7.72 73.3%

3.2.3 Locations of Barrage and Offtake Points for Irrigation in Bihar

During an interactive meeting held on 27 – 28th October, 2009 at Kathmandu

amongst the officials from JPO-SKSKI, Govt. of Nepal and India, M/s WAPCOS and

M/s GEOCE Consultants to discuss the irrigation planning scenario proposed in the

Inception Reports of both the above consultants, it was decided that the re-regulating

barrage downstream of Sapta Kosi High Dam would be located at Sisauli which is

about 4.7 km d/s of earlier proposed barrage site at Chatra, with pond level at El + 120

m.

It was also decided that for conveying the water from Sisauli Barrage towards river

Bagmati in the west and towards river Mechi in the east,the alignments of Western

Sapta Kosi Main Canal (WSKMC) and Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal (ESKMC)

may be finalised jointly by both the consultants to decide the offtake points for serving

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda Commands in Indian Territory along the

Indo-Nepal Border during macro-planning stage. After joint consultations, the final

scenario emerged out as under:

3.2.3.1 Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin Command Area

Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati Command in Indian territory would be served by Western

Sapta Kosi Main Canal offtaking from Sisauli barrage which will enter the Indian

territory between BP-18 & BP-19 (660 m below BP-19) at Ch.156.79 km and goes

upto BP-54 at Ch. 207.20 km.



An Index Map (Scale 1:50,000) showing tentative alignment of WSKMC in Indian

Territory is enclosed in Plate 3.2.

The entire command of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin has been divided in 3 zones.

Accordingly, it has been decided to take seven number of offtakes-one for each zone,

with additional four offtakes for Direct Distributaries under Zone-II from Western

Sapta Kosi Main Canal which have been identified and finalized by WAPCOS in

consultation with Nepalese Consultant. The zonewise location of such offtake points

is given below:-

Initial Entry Point - Bet. BP-18 & BP-19(660 m below BP-19) Lat : 26o 48’55’’NElevation = +84 m Long: 85o 43’ 27” EFSL = +87.08 m Ch. 156.79 kmVillage = Kanhwa (India)

Offtake for Branch Canal(BCI) in Zone-I - Bet BP-24 and BP-25

(5000m below BP-25) Lat : 26o 49’43” NElevation = +81.62 m Long: 85o 38’ 06” EVillage = Bagchaura/Pakaria (India) Ch. 166.04 km

Offtakes for Zone-II -

Direct Distributary (DD1) 270 m below BP 33 Lat : 26o 50’ 08” NElevation = +82.69 m Long: 85o 33’ 19” EVillage = Larkawa (India) Ch. 174.66 km

Direct Distributary (DD2) Below BP 38 Lat : 26o 47’ 58” NElevation = +76.99 m Long: 85o 29’57” EVillage = Khopraha (India) Ch. 182.04 km

Direct Distributary (DD3) Bet. BP 38 & 39 Lat : 26o 47’ 18” N(2000 m below BP-39) Long: 85o 28’ 57” EElevation = + 74.89 m Ch. 184.16 kmVillage = Dularpur (India)

Direct Distributary (DD4) 2500m below BP-42 Lat: 26o 46’46” NElevation = +74.50 m Long: 85o 24’52” E

Village = Garhwa Bisanpur (India) Ch. 192.05 km



Branch Canal (BC II) Bet. BP-48 and BP-49 Lat : 26o 44’ 21” N(3300m below BP-48) Long: 85o 22’ 56” E

Elevation = +73.02 m Ch. 197.31 kmVillage = Bariarpur (India)

Offtake for Branch Canal(BCIII) in Zone-III - 750 m below BP 54 Lat : 26o 44’ 24” N

Elevation = +72.32 m Long: 85o 17’ 06” EVillage = Bairagnia (India) Ch. 207.20 km

(BP = Border Pillar)

3.2.3.2 Mahananda Basin Command Area (upto Mechi)

Similarly, Mahananda command in India territory would be served by Eastern Sapta

Kosi Main Canal offtaking from Sisauli barrage which is running entirely in Nepal

territory upto Mechi river (tail). The offtakes from this canal are to be taken for Indian

portion of command area corresponding to intake location identified on the Indo-

Nepal border.

The Mahananda Command Area has been divided into 5 zones depending upon the

prevailing topography and accordingly there will be 5 offtake points from Eastern

Sapta Kosi Main Canal-one for each zone. The locations of these offtakes along the

Indo-Nepal Border have been identified and finalized by WAPCOS in consultation

with Nepalese consultant. The details are as under:

Offtake for Branch Canal(BCI) in Zone-I - BP 55 Lat : 26o 25’ 06” N

Elevation = + 61.7 m Long: 87o 23’ 29” EFSL = +62.2 mVillage = Lalokhar/Madhubani (India)

Offtake for Branch Canal(BCII) in Zone-II - BP 49 Lat : 26o 25’ 48” N

Elevation = + 65.4 m Long: 87o 31’ 09” EVillage = Muraripur/Pahara (India)



Offtake for Branch Canal(BCIII) in Zone-III - BP 35 Lat : 26o 26’ 09” N

Elevation = + 72.8 m Long: 87o 41’ 31” EVillage = Fatehpur (India)

Offtake for Branch Canal(BC IV) in Zone-IV - BP 19 Lat : 26o 28’ 13” N

Elevation = + 78 m Long: 87o 52’ 38” EVillage = Dighalbank (India)

Offtake for Branch Canal(BCV) in Zone-V - Between BP 13 & BP 14 Lat : 26o 22’ 05” N

Elevation = + 70 m Long: 87o 52’ 58” EVillage = Jaipokhar (India)

(BP = Border Pillar)

3.2.4 Macro Irrigation Planning for Entire CCA

Planning canal network on a system with extensive irrigation approach requires high

degree of accuracy. Toposheets of 1:2,50,000 and 1:50,000 scales were procured from

Survey of India (SOI) and used for macro planning. After collection of relevant

toposheets of the project area, the tentative alignment of branch canals and major

distributaries for a given Main Canal alignment ex-Sisauli barrage and location of the

off-take points decided in consultation with Nepalese Consultant, were first marked

on 1:250000 sheets and the boundaries of the gross command area covering the entire

project area were delineated. The tentative alignment of branch canals and major

distributaries were then transferred on large scale maps i.e. on 1:50000 scale

toposheets for finalizing the same and assessing the exact area of new command

available in Indian territory. The tentative location of cross-drainage works along the

Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal (Indian Portion) and branch canals have also been

identified. The broad suitability of the assessed new command area has also been

checked using the soil classification, land use & land capability maps on 1:250000

scale obtained from National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use and other relevant

information / literature as available.

The irrigation network in the command area has been planned considering the

topography of the area. The entire command in both basins, i.e. Burhi Gandak-



Bagmati and Mahananda is either surrounded by the major rivers, drains or command

of existing projects. The command area has been studied from the point of view of

providing service to the area by gravity canals.

3.2.4.1 Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin

(a) Topographical Coverage

There are two major rivers viz. Burhi Gandak and Bagmati alongwith their tributaries

and Adhwara Group of rivers, viz. Jamura, Sikao, Burhand, Khiroi, Marha, Rato,

Hardi, Dhaus, Thomane, Jamuni, Bighi etc. joining the river Bagmati. The elevation

varies from EL 84m (east) to EL 72.32 m (west) along the Indo-Nepal border. The

area is almost flat and lies in Gangetic plains. These plains are generally sloping from

north to south and west to east. It is steeper in the north and flatter in the south. The

entire catchment is nearly a level country, interspersed with various undulations and

numerous depressions called ‘chaurs’, where water remains stagnant, especially

during monsoon season. According to the above ground features and the location of

offtake points along Indo-Nepal border, the command area has been divided in three

Zones viz. I, II and III. Boundaries of all the three zones are formed either by river or

commands of existing projects. The details of basinwise/districtwise/zonewise area

are given in Table 3.3.

Total gross command area of the basin is 9.95 lakh ha – 4.08 lakh ha in Burhi Gandak

and 5.87 lakh ha in Bagmati Basin. Zone III lying between the rivers Burhi Gandak

and Bagmati covers the maximum area of 7.08 lakh ha (71.1%) followed by Zone II -

1.97 lakh ha (19.8%) and Zone I - 0.90 lakh ha (9.1%).

(b) Macro Network Planning in Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Command

As brought out above, the governing criteria for the network planning are the

topographical considerations with due regard to the elevation ranges and distribution

boundaries so that as much command area can be covered as possible through gravity

flow. The distribution boundaries are generally defined by the major rivers and drains

traversing the command. Keeping these aspects in view, the entire command of Burhi

Gandak-Bagmati basin has been divided into 3 Zones designated as I, II and III. The

Zones are bounded on two or more sides by the command boundaries and are



generally separated from each other by rivers traversing the command. By confining

the network for each zone within these boundaries, provisions for crossing of major

rivers have been avoided to the extent possible. The zones are described in the

succeeding paragraphs.



Table 3.3Details of Basinwise/ Districtwise/Zonewise area under command of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin

(Unit: ha)Sr.No.

Basin/distt. Total districtarea

Zonewise area in each district Total

I II III %Area lying in

districtA BURHI GANDAK1 East & West Champaran 919600 241200 26.2 2412002 Samastipur 290400 61300 21.1 613003 Begusarai 191800 29000 15.1 290004 Muzaffarpur 317200 66400 20.9 664005 Khagaria 1118600 9800 0.9 9800

Sub Total A 407700 407700B BAGMATI-ADHWARA1 East Champaran 396800 46300 11.7 463002 Muzaffarpur 317200 25173 74687 31.5 998603 Samastipur 290400 57025 19.6 570254 Begusarai 191800 33046 17.2 330465 Khagaria 148600 43747 29.4 437476 Dharbhanga 227900 6285 56906 3873 29.4 670647 Madhubani 350100 11296 3.2 112968 Sitamarhi 229400 73075 114741 41584 100 229400

Sub Total B 90656 196820 30262 587738Total A + B 4989800 90656 196820 707962 995438

% 9.11 19.77 71.12 100



The area being interspread with numerous small streams in the command, forming

large numbers of ridges and valleys, most of the ridges have been utilized for

providing distributaries so that the irrigation can be provided from both the banks of

the distributary and the provision of cross drainage works are reduced.

For serving the area under Zone I, the first offtake point is located on Western Sapta

Kosi Main Canal at about 5000 m below BP- 25 at EL 81.62 m in Indian territory near

the village Bagachaura. The branch canal from this point runs along the existing

contour towards left side of river Bagmati going upto adjacent command of Kamla

irrigation project. The offtake points have been located at the highest elevations for

the respective zones in order to ensure gravity surface irrigation. The gross command

area of Zone I is 0.91 lakh ha.

For Zone II, the five offtake points have been proposed on Western Sapta Kosi Canal,

one for Direct Distributary (DD1) at about 270 m below BP-33 at EL 82.69 m near

village Larkawa, second for Direct Distributary (DD2) below BP-38 at EL 76.99 m

near village Khopraha and third for Direct Distributary (DD3) between BP-38&39

(2000 m below BP-39) at EL 74.89 near village Dularpur, fourth for Direct

Distributary (DD4), 2500 m below BP-42 at EL 74.50 m near village Garhwa

Bisanpur and fifth for Branch Canal (BC II) between BP-48&49 (3300 m below BP-

48) at E.L. 73.02 near village Bariarpur (all in Indian territory). This Branch Canal

(BC II) would serve the area on left side of the river Bagmati upto railway line. The

gross command area of Zone II is 1.97 Lakh ha.

The seventh offtake point lies on right side of river Bagmati about 750 m below BP-

54 at E.L. 72.32 near village Bairagnia (India) for serving Zone III between the rivers

Burhi Gandak and Bagmati. In Zone III, substantial area in the upper reach, near

Indo-Nepal border is already covered under existing Eastern Gandak Canal System. In

this context, it is to be mentioned that Tribeni Branch canal, which is a 145 km long

contour canal, takes off from RD 9.5 of Tirhut Main Canal (TMC). The design

capacity of this canal is 2750 cusec and it covers a CCA of 1.19 lakh ha. Ghorasahan

Branch Canal in the upper reach of the project with a design capacity of 1022 cusec

takes off from 307.5 RD of Don Branch Canal (Ex 6.7 RD of TMC). This Branch



canal which is 88 km long covers CCA of 47.37 th ha. Accordingly, CCA of 1.66

lakh ha is already covered under existing Eastern Gandak Canal System. Considering

a ratio of 0.7 as CCA to GCA, GCA works out to 2.37 lakh ha under these Branch

Canals. The above area has been geographically demarcated on the toposheets of

1:50,000 and planimetered as 2.97 lakh ha. Accordingly, gross command area under

Zone III works out to be 4.11 lakh ha (7.08 – 2.97).

The details of gross command area in various zones is given in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4Gross Command Area under different Zones in

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin Command(Lakh ha)

Zone Gross Command Area(GCA)

(%) w.r.t totalGCA

I 0.91 13.02II 1.97 28.18III 4.11 58.80

Total 6.99 100%

Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal (WSKMC) Network

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati command in Indian territory would be served by Western

Sapta Kosi Main Canal offtaking from Sisauli barrage which will enter the Indian

Territory between BP-18&19 at 660m below BP-19 (at Ch 156.79 km) near village

Kanhwa and run upto BP-54 (at Ch 207.20 km) near village Bairagnia with ground

levels varying from +84m to 72.32 m.

A total of 3 Branch Canals & 4 Sub-Branch Canals, 4 Direct Distributaries from

WSKMC, 50 Distributaries and 44 Direct Minors, and 358 Minors have been planned

for distributing water in the command area in all the three zones. The nomenclature of

these canals have been made zone wise. The RD ‘0’ for each canal has been fixed at

the off take point of the respective canal. The RD values mentioned for the sub-branch

/ distributaries are independent of RD values of the branch canals. Annex 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

(a), (b) and (c) indicate various canals, number of distributaries off taking from them

as well as CCA served by each canal for zone I, II & III respectively. All the

distributaries have been planned as ridge canals between two existing streams.



The location of offtake points on WSKMC for Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command is

shown in Plate-3.2 and the details of macro irrigation planning in this command is

given in Plate-3.3.

(a) Zone I

This zone mostly covers the Adhwara group of rivers. On the eastern side, lies the

boundary of Kamla basin while the railway line forms the boundary on the western

side. In south direction, the zone extends upto confluence of Kamla with the river

Bagmati. The highest and lowest elevations in the zone are EL 84 m and EL 52 m.

The slopes are generally rolling towards the south and do not have abrupt falls. The

contour canal serves the major portion of zone before terminating in river. However,

some area in the higher reaches cannot be commanded by this canal. The branch canal

in this zone would cover the districts of Sitamahri, Dharbhanga and Madhubani.

There are only two townships viz. Bathnaha and Kamtaul. Total length of branch

canal BC (I) would be about 67.25 km upto its outfall into the river Bagmati Nadi.

Two sub-branch canals would offtake at RD 0.5 km i.e. RSBC (I) and LSBC (I)

running for a length of 7 km and 38.25 km respectively. Command area is proposed

to be served through 2 no. and 6 no distributaries from RSBC (I) and LSBC (I)

respectively. Total length of distributaries would be about 147.20 km. In addition,

there would be 25 no. direct minors offtaking from the BC (I), RSBC and LSBC with

total length of about 96.03 km and 55 no. of minors with total length of about197.80

km. This zone would have GCA of 90656 ha. The details of distribution network

indicating the length of each canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and

command area under BC (I) are given in Annex 3.1.

The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone I are given at Plate 3.4.

(b) Zone II

This zone is formed by the river Bagmati on its west and Railway main line in east.

The elevations in this zone range from EL 78.8 m to EL 51 m. The townships of

Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur are located at the northern and southern sides

of this zone respectively. The contour canal at EL 78.8 is capable of commanding

majority of the areas. The general slope pattern of the area is fan shaped. The branch



canals & distributaries are planned to run along the ridges and provide irrigation on

either side.

It is seen that Zone (II) covers significant portion of the basin. The branch canal

BC(II) taking off about 3300 m below BP-48 at EL 73.02 at Ch 197.31 km of

WSKMC has been continued upto the tail of command area of Zone (II) with a total

distance of about 96.16 km . In addition to this, there are 4 Direct Distributaries (DD1,

DD2, DD3 & DD4) offtaking from West Sapta Kosi Main Canal at about 270 m

below BP-33 at EL 82.69 at Ch 174.66 km (DD1), below BP-38 at EL 76.99 at Ch

182.04 km (DD2), bet BP -38&39 at EL 74.89 m at Ch. 184.16 km (DD3) and at

about 2500 m below BP-42 at EL 74.50 at Ch 192.05 (DD4) km respectively. The

zone is covered by 17 distributaries of total length 247.81 km and 9 nos. of direct

minors of total length of 29.36 km and 137 no. of minors of total length 619.86 km .

This zone has GCA of 196820 ha. The details of distribution network indicating the

length of each canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and command area

under BC (II) in Zone (II) are given in Annex 3.2.

The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone II are given at Plate 3.5.

(c ) Zone III (on right side of river Bagmati)

The area is bounded by the river Burhi Gandak and on the western side and Bagmati

river on the eastern side. This zone covers the districts of East and West Champaran,

Samastipur, Begusarai, Muzaffarpur, Khagaria, Sitamarhi and part of Darbhanga. It

encompasses the township of Ghorasahan, Sheohar and Madhubani. The geographical

area of this zone is about 7080 sq.km which is much more as compared to the area of

other zones. However, the area which has been considered in the command is

4113.94 sq km.

Branch Canal BC (III) taking off about 750 m below of BP-54 at EL 72.32, after

running for about 14 km, will bifurcate into two sub-branches RSBC (III) and LSBC

(III). Three (3) distributaries (D1 to D3) with a total length of 70.75 km and a direct

minor of length 5.60 km and 26 no. of minors of total length134.48 km have been

proposed from RSBC (III) of length 18.7 km while LSBC (III) of total length 159.10



km would have 22 distributaries (D1 to D22) with a length of about 370.83 km along

with 9 no. of direct minors of total length of 33.75 km and 140 no. of minors of total

length 683.90 km. A total of 411394 ha of GCA is covered by this part of the

network. The details of distribution network indicating the length of each canal,

distributary and minor, RD of offtaking point and command area under BC(III),

RSBC (III) & LSBC (III) are given in Annex 3.3 (a),(b)&(c) respectively.

The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone III is given in Plates 3.6(a) and3.6(b).

A summary of important parameters of the above distribution network is given in

Table 3.5.



Table 3.5Summary of important Parameters of the Distribution Network in

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin

Sl.

No.

Zone Location ofOfftake Points

Name ofCanal

GeographicalArea (ha)

GCA(ha)

CCA(ha)@

0.75 ofGCA

Length (km.) Discharge atOfftake (Cumec)

Distributariesofftaking

fromBranchCanals

(No)

Groundelevation atofftakingpoint (m)

Initial EntryPoint of

WSKMC inIndia

Bet BP 18 &19(660 m belowBP-19)

WSKMC - - - 50.41 500 - 84

1 I

BP-24

BC (I) 93612 90656

67992

67.25 63.51 - 81.62

RSBC (I) 7.00 16.47 2 -

LSBC (I) 38.25 30.28 6 -

2 II BP-33, BP-38,Bet. BP-38 & 39

DD1, DD2,DD3, DD4,

198511 196820147615

DD1 = 8.16DD2 = 21.30

DD1 = 2.98DD2 = 3.79

1774.5 to82.69

Bet. BP-42 & 43& BP-51

& BC (II) DD3 = 14.32DD4 = 7.18BC (II) =96.16

147.12

DD3 = 7.66DD4 = 3.47BC (II) = 120.00

137.90

3 III

BP-54

BC (III) 416119 411394

308546

14 288.23 - 72.32

RSBC (III) 18.7 44.28 3 -

LSBC III) 159.10 243.95 22 -

TOTAL 708242 698870 524153 501.83 489.64 50



3.2.4.2 Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin (upto Mechi river)

(a) Topographical Coverage

The Mahananda basin in Bihar is more or less triangular converging at its confluence

with the river Ganga. The entire command of the Mahananda basin is interspread with

rivers and drains. The elevation varies from EL 74 m (north) to EL 26 m (south).

There are four major rivers viz. the Mechi, the Eastern Kankai, the Western Kankai,

and the Parman which join on the right side with the river Mahananda in the territory

in Bihar. The area is almost flat and lies in Gangetic plains. These plains are

generally sloping from north to south and east to west. It is steeper in the north and

flatter in the south. The entire command is nearly a level country. According to the

above ground features and the location of offtake points along Indo-Nepal border, the

command area has been divided in five Zones viz. I, II, III, IV and V. Boundaries of

all the five zones fall within the two major drainage lines so that the number of major

canal structures may be reduced. The total gross command area of all the above five

Zones of Mahananda basin in Bihar is 3.54 lakh ha. The details of

districtwise/zonewise area are given in the Table 3.6.



Table 3.6Details of Districtwise/Zonewise area under command of Mahananda Basin

Basin/distt. Total districtarea

Zonewise area in each district Total

I II III IV V % % lying indistrict

WESTERN FRINGE OF MAHANANDA (up to Mechi river)

Purnea 322900 13817 37571 2591 14887 21.33 68866

Katihar 305700 64529 12600 25.23 77129

Araria 283000 39458 60129 35.19 99587

Kishanganj 188400 3387 48752 41110 15175 57.55 108424

Total 1100000 117804 113687 51343 55997 15175 354006

% 6089800 33.27 32.11 14.52 15.82 4.28 100.00



It is seen from the above that while Zone I & II cover about two third area of the

command i.e. 33.27% and 32.11%, Zone III & Zone IV less than one-third and Zone

V covers only 4.28% of the area.

(b) Macro Network Planning in Mahananda Command

The first offtake point is located near Boundary Pillar BP - 55 at EL 61.7 m for Zone

I, near the village Lalokhar/Madhubani. One branch canal from BP-55 runs along the

existing contour towards left side of the river Parman, then along Kamla Nala till it

meets the river Mahananda on its western side, known as Phulhar, to irrigate the area

between the river Parman in the west and the Bakra in the east.

The second offtake point has been proposed near BP-49 at EL 65.4 m for Zone II,

near village Muraripur/Pahara. The branch canal in this zone would serve the area

between left side of the river Bakra and right side of Ratua. The third offtake point

lies near BP-35 at EL 72.80 m near village Fatehpur for serving Zone III between the

rivers western Kankai and left side of Ratua.

The location of fourth offtake point has been considered at BP- 19, near village

Dighalbank at an elevation of 78 m for serving Zone IV, between the western Kankai

and eastern Kankai rivers. The fifth offtake has been proposed between BP 13&14

near village Jaipokhar at an elevation of 70 m to serve Zone V between the river

Mechi a tributary of Mahananda and eastern Kankai which meets Mahananda at about

1.5 km downstream of its crossing with PWD road and about 2 km below the

confluence of the river Mechi with Mahananda.

Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal Network

The water from Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal would be diverted to Indian territory

through 5 number branch canals as detailed above which would be running initially in

Nepal territory and then entering Indian territory at the Indo-Nepal border near BP 55,

BP 49, BP 35, BP-19 and between BP-13&14 for Zones I, II, III, IV and V

respectively to serve the command area in Mahananda basin in Bihar.



A total of 5 branch canals, 41 distributaries, 56 direct minors and 381 minors have

been planned for distributing water in the command area in all the five zones. The

nomenclature of these canals have been made zone wise. The RD ‘0’ for each canal

has been fixed at the off-take point of the respective canal. The RD values mentioned

for the sub-branch / distributaries are independent of RD values of the branch canals.

Annex 3.4 to 3.8 indicate various canals, number of distributaries off taking from

them as well as GCA served by each canal for Zones I, II, III, IV and V respectively.

The location of offtake points on Indo-Nepal border for Mahananda Command is

shown in Plate-3.7 and the details of macro irrigation planning in this command is

given in Plate-3.8.

(a) Zone I

This Zone is bounded by the river Parman and Kamla in the west and river Bakra and

Mahananda in the east. On the western side of this Zone, there lies the boundary of

Kosi basin. The Parman river, while flowing towards south after a distance of 94 km

from Indo Nepal border is named as Panar river, which after flowing 14 km further

towards south bifurcates into two channels. One of which follows east south direction

for a distance of 15 km and joins the river Bakra (Katua Dhar) and thereafter meets

Mahananda downstream of Bagdob. The other channel in the name of Panar or Riga

flows towards south for a distance of 29 km and meets Jhana branch of Mahananda

near Jhua railway bridge. The highest and lowest elevations in the Zone are EL 61.7 m

and EL 26 m. The slopes are generally rolling towards the south and do not have

abrupt falls. The contour canal at EL 61.7 serves the major portion of zone before

terminating in the river Mahananda. The branch canal in this zone, offtaking from

BP-55 at EL 61.7 m, would cover the parts of the districts of Araria, Purnea, Katihar.

Total length of branch canal BC (I) would be about 139.3 km upto its outfall into the

river Mahananda. Command area is proposed to be served through 19 no.

distributaries with a total length of 263.3 km. In addition, there would be 11 nos.

direct minors offtaking from the BC (I) with total length of about 74.90 km and 135

no. of minors of total length 486.42 km. This zone would have GCA of 117804 ha.

The details of distribution network indicating the length of each canal, distributary,

minor, RD of offtaking point and command area under BC (I) are given in Annex 3.4.



The details macro irrigation planning of Zone-I in 1:50,000 scale are given at

Plate 3.9.

(b) Zone II

This zone is bounded by Bakra Nadi on its west and Ratua Nadi in east. The

elevations in this zone range from EL 65.4 m to EL 29 m. The branch canal in this

zone, offtaking from BP-49 at EL 65.4 m, would cover parts of the district Araria,

Purnea and Katihar. The branch canal at EL 65.4 m is capable of commanding

majority of the area. The general slope pattern of the area is fan shaped. The branch

canals & distributaries are planned to run along the ridges and provide irrigation on

either side.

The branch canal BC (II) with offtake at EL. 65.4 m has been continued upto the last

point in the downstream, running for a distance of 79.1 km. 11 distributaries of total

length 241.85 km and 12 nos. of direct minors of total length of 63.25 km, two sub-

distributaries, offtaking from both the banks of Distributary no. 7 for a length of 42.8

km and 127 no. of minors of total length 413.95 km, have been proposed to cover the

entire area. This zone has a GCA of 113687 ha. The details of distribution network


command area under BC (II) are given in Annex 3.5.

The details macro irrigation planning of Zone-II in 1:50,000 scale are given at Plate

3.10.

(c ) Zone III

The area is bounded by the Ratua Nadi on the western side and western Kankai river

on the eastern side. This zone covers the part of district of Kishanganj. Branch canal

BC (III) taking off near BP-35 at EL 72.8 m has been planned with a total length of

16.93 km having 5 distributaries D1 to D5 with a total length of 106.68 km, 7 direct

minors of length 6.50 km and 100 no. of minors of total length 220.93 km to cover the

command area under this zone. A total of 51343 ha of GCA has been covered by this

part of the network. The details of distribution network indicating the length of each



canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and command area under BC (III) are

given in Annex 3.6.

The details macro irrigation planning of Zone- III in 1:50,000 scale are given inPlate 3.11.

(d) Zone IV

Zone IV is bounded by the stream Kankai (Eastern) and Western Kankai. Branch

Canal BC-IV offtaking at BP-19 near Dighal bank and at an elevation of 78 m has

been planned for a length 63.55 km having 6 distributaries for length of 69.90 km, 19

direct minors 76.50 km in length and 19 no. of minors of total length 71.60 km. A

total GCA of 55997 ha has been covered by this part of the network. This zone will

serve parts of district Kishanganj and Purnea. The details of distribution network


command area under BC (IV) are given in Annex 3.7.

The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone IV in 1:50,000 scale are given in

Plate 3.12..

(e) Zone V

The zone is bounded by the rivers Eastern Kankai and Mechi, a tributary of

Mahananda. Branch Canal BC-V offtaking between BP-13&14 and at an elevation of

70m is proposed to serve the Zone V having a GCA 15175 ha. The length of the

branch canal BC-V is 15.60 km. It has 7 nos. of direct minors of total length 35 km to

serve part of Kishanganj district only. The details of distribution network indicating

the length of each canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and command area

under BC (V) are given in Annex 3.8.

The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone-V in 1:50,000 scale are given in

Plate 3.13..

A summary of important parameters of the above distribution network and the

structures on various canals are given in Table 3.7.



Table 3.7Summary of important Parameters of the Distribution Network

in Mahananda Basin

Sl.No

Zone Location ofOfftake Points

Name ofCanal

GeographicalArea (ha)

GCA(ha)

CCA(ha)0.70of

GCA

Length(km.)

Dischargeat Offtake(Cumec)

Distributariesofftaking

fromBranchCanals

(No)

DirectMinor

no.

MinorNo.

Groundelevation

atofftakingpoint (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 131 I BP-55 BC I 118852 117804 82463 139.3 61.49 19 11 135 61.7

2 II BP-49 BC II 120644 113687 79581 79.1 59.33 11 12 127 65.4

3 III BP-35 BC III 53510 51343 35940 16.93 26.80 5 7 100 72.8

4 IV BP-19 BC IV 57130 55997 39198 63.55 29.22 6 19 19 78

5 V Bet BP 13 &14 BC V 15861 15175 10623 15.60 7.92 - 7 - 70

TOTAL 365997 354006 247805 314.48 184.76 41 56 381



3.2.5 Micro Irrigation Planning for 10% CCA

As per TOR, the total area to be selected for micro planning (on 1:10,000 scale) has to

be about 75,000 ha comprising of three different patches each having an area of about

25,000 ha which should be representative of prevailing characteristics of the

command area.

During micro planning, the following points have generally been followed:

i) Micro planning has been carried out upto the outlet to deliver water to a blockof 40-50 ha.

ii) The governing levels of the distributary / minor would form the basis for thedesign levels of the off –taking water courses and the extent of CCA.

3.2.5.1 General Guidelines for Irrigation Distribution System Planning

It is envisaged to provide irrigation through gravity in the entire command area in

Indian Territory. The irrigation distribution system planning from the main canals ex-

Sisauli barrage d/s of Kosi High Dam has been completed at the macro level. The

right side main canal from Sisauli barrage called Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal

(WSKMC) with initial portion in Nepal and tail portion (about 50 km) in India would

serve Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Command area with independent offtake points taken

from WSKMC for Indian Command Area. The alignment of branch canals,

distributaries and minors, etc. has been done so as to include as much command area

as possible both in Burhi Gandak – Bagmati and Mahananda Command Areas

considering topographical features and command levels in particular, on 1:250000

scale as well as on 1:50,000 scale toposheets.

The left main canal ex Sisauli barrage called Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal

(ESKMC) is running entirely within Nepal Territory which will have offtake points

for serving command areas in Nepal and India. The Nepalese consultant entrusted

with the work of irrigation planning in Nepal Territory and representatives of JPO

were associated while deciding the location of offtake points near Border Pillars along

Indo-Nepal Border as well as the required FSL & Discharge needed to serve

Mahananda command area in Indian Territory.



While planning the canal network, the following general criteria have been adopted:

i) Topographical sheets of scale 1:50,000 with small contour interval have been

used.

ii) While marking the alignment, it is kept in mind to negotiate the heavy cutting

and heavy filling. This can be done either by increasing the canal length or

providing falls depending upon the technical feasibility to cover as much

command as possible.

iii) The general rule followed for planning the canal system is to run the branchcanals, distributaries and minors on the ridges and water courses on the slopesof the ridges.

iv) While planning, all efforts have been made to reduce the length of the canalsystem as it has direct impact on the cost of the proejct. The length of thesystem mainly depends upon two factors i.e. shape and size of chaks/ CCAand percentage of CCA to GCA. While the length of the system is directlyproportional to the size of the chak / CCA, it is inversely proportional to thepercentage of CCA to GCA.

v) To reduce the seepage losses and check rise in sub-soil water table to avoidwaterlogging, canals are proposed lined. This would also reduce the cross-sectional area and the canal width thereby reducing the requirement of landacquisition and also the cost.

The criteria for fixing the alignment of main/branch canals, distributaries/ minors and

water courses to be adopted have been as under:

(A) Main canal/ Branch canal

The main canal is usually a contour canal for a considerable length after it takes off

from the head works until it catches a ridge. The criterion for fixing suitable

alignment is as follows:

i) It should be the most economical route with regard to capital as well asmaintenance cost

ii) It should reach the irrigable area as quickly as possible

iii) Length should be as short as possible to minimise conveyance losses

iv) The area commanded should be the largest possible with minimum number ofoutlets

v) It should admit suitable crossings of natural surface drainage lines and safeposition of escapes



In order to fulfill most of the above criteria, the following points are borne in mind:

a) The canal should be as far as possible run along the ridge so as to command

land on both sides and avoid interference with natural drainage lines. When

the ridge itself is too high and involves much cutting, the canal will run on one

side of the ridge until it catches the ridge further "down".

b) The Full Supply Level (FSL) should be generally 15 to 30 cm above the

general ground level so as to immediately command the surrounding area and

to give the required levels in the offtaking channels.

c) If a ridge line is not immediately obtained and Cross Drainage (CD) Works are

obligatory, their site should be so selected so as to keep the canal bottom level

safely above the probable High Flood Level (HFL) so as to have sufficient

waterway. The drainage crossing should possess satisfactory hydraulic

characteristics.

d) Crossing over natural drainage lines should be such that it should not be

required to depress nallah (drainage) bed more than 25% of the clear height of

the drainage opening in order to obtain necessary water way i.e. excessive

syphoning of nallah bed should be avoided as such structures silt up quickly.

e) If the above condition at (d) is difficult to obtain, it may be necessary to

regrade the nallah bed or to divert the nallah to a larger nallah in the vicinity.

f) The alignment at the points of crossing, drainages and roads should be fixed

carefully to avoid skew crossing.

g) The canal should avoid proximity to places of habitation, towns, villages etc.

to avoid the probable drainage due to percolation of water.



h) Alignment parallel and close to roads/railway line, necessitating numerous

crossings for off-taking channels should be avoided even at the sacrifice of

small command.

i) To prevent erosive effects and consequent loss, the curves in canal should

generally be in full cutting portion and should have the largest radius possible.

The minimum radius of 20 times the bed width is generally adopted.

(B) Distributaries / Minors

The alignment of distributaries should be guided by the principles given above for the

main /branch canal alignment. Off-take of distributary should be decided after

considering positions of falls proposed on main canal and should be between two

valleys. Off-take should be on upstream of falls situated nearby. A minimum 15 cm

cut-off from main canal should be allowed. The cut-off is the difference between FSL

of main canal and any offtaking channel from it. If the off-take is regulated by a cross-

regulator, adopt this level as FSL at the head of the distributary. If the off-take is not

regulated by a cross regulator, it is better to design FSL of off-take in such a way that

they draw full supply discharge at 2/3rd or 3/4th of FSD (full supply depth) in the

parent channel, depending upon the loss of command of off-take. Generally, FSL of

distributary may be taken as 2/3rd FSD of main canal or minimum 15 cm. If this

consideration gives a FSL which leads a distributary in uneconomical bank work, then

allow permissible height of economical bank work to be the obligatory criteria for the

determination of FSL.

3.2.5.2 Identification of Patches for Micro Planning

Information about the types of soil in the project command area located in Burhi

Gandak – Bagmati basin and western fringe of Mahananda basin (upto Mechi river)

based on soil mapping carried out by the National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use

Planning (NBSS & LUP) has been used for identification of patches in command area

for micro irrigation planning.

After examining various characteristics of the project command area viz. topography,

soils type and drainage etc., three representative areas of the cultivable command area



comprising of about 77,400 ha have been identified representing broad soil types

existing in the command areas of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda basins for

detailed study by carrying out topographical survey and preparing topographical maps

on a scale of 1:10000 with 0.5 m contour interval. The details of the patches

identified for micro irrigation planning are as under:

(a) Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Basin Command

In these basins, two patches have been identified which are; one in the initial reach

and the second in the tail reach. The relevant details about these patches are given

below:

Patch 1 - i) Area of Patch : 26700 ha

ii) Location : Zone-II

iii) Branch Canal : BC II = Nil (against total(covered) length = 96.16 km)

iv) Direct Distributaries : DD1= 8.16 km/Distributaries DD2 = 21.30 km(covered) DD3 = 14.32 km

DD4 = 7.18 km

Total = 50.96 km

v) Direct Minors : 143 km approx./ Minors (covered)

vi) District : Sitamarhi

vii) Villages Benfitted: 180 Nos.

viii Broad Soil Type: Fine-loamy soils & poorly(20,35,38,39 & 42) drained to moderately

well drained.

Patch 2 i) Area of Patch : 25700 ha

ii) Location : Zone-II

iii) Branch canal : BC (II) = 11.46 km(covered) (against total length= 96.16 km)

iv) Distributary (covered):



D14 = 22.52 kmD15 = 20.09 kmD16 = 8.92 kmD17 = 9.14 km

Total = 60.67 km

v) Direct Minors/Minors : 111 km approx.

v) District : Darbhanga

vi) Villages Benfitted: 164 Nos.

vii) Broad Soil Type: Fine-loamy soils &(30 & 39) moderately well drained to

well drained.(b) Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin (upto Mechi River)

In this basin, one patch located in Zone III i.e. in the middle of the command area has

been identified. The relevant details about this patch are given below:

Patch 3 i) Area of Patch : 25000 ha

ii) Location : Zone-III

iii) Branch canal : BC (III) = 16.93 km (full length)(covered)

iv) Distributaries : D1 = 17.20 km(covered) D2 = 16.60 km

D3 = 2.48 kmD4 = 12.69 kmD5 = 15.89 km

Total = 64.84 km

v) Direct Minors/ Minors covered = 127 km approx.

v) District : Kishanganj

vi) Villages Benfitted: 30 Nos.

vii) Broad Soil Type: Coarse-loamy soils(19 & 21) associated with sandy soils &

moderately to well drained.



(List of villages benfitted totalling to 393 Nos in above 3 patches is enclosed atAnnex-3.9)

3.2.5.3 Details of Planning in Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda Commands

Earlier at the macro level, the canal network planning had been done for the entire

command area using the toposheets of scale 1:250,000 initially and later transferring

the same on 1: 50,000 scale sheets. The details of outcome of macro planning in terms

of various categories of canals, their offtake points, lengths, discharge at the head etc.

has already been given in the chapter.

Apart from above, as required under the Terms of Reference, the micro irrigation

planning has been carried out for 10% CCA on 1:10,000 scale with 0.5m contour

interval by identifying three patches i.e. Patch 1&2 in Burhi Gandak-Bagmati

Command and Patch 3 in Mahananda Command. The details of canal and distribution

system network required on the basis of micro irrigation planning on the maps of

1:10,000 scale based on topographical survey carried out in Sitamarhi District for

Patch 1, in Darbhanga District for Patch 2 and in Kishanganj District for Patch 3 are

given below in Table 3.8.

Table – 3.8Details of Canal and Distribution System Network in Patches 1,2 & 3

S.No. Type of Canal

Burhi-Gandak BagmatiCommand

Mahananda Command

Patch 1 Patch 2 Patch 3 Total

No. Km No. Km. No. Km. No. Km.

1. Branch Canals - - 1 11.46 1 16.93 2 28.39

3 2. Direct Distributaries 4 50.96 - - - - 4 50.96

3 Distributaries - - 4 60.67 5 64.84 9 125.51

4. Minors/Direct Minors 23 143.38 49 110.58 80 126.94 152 380.9

Total 27 194.34 54 182.71 86 208.71 167 585.76

* Length of BC (II) from offtake point on WSKMC upto entry point in Patch 2 is 84.7km. Additional length within Patch 2 is 11.46 km.

The details of the canal network based on micro planning in Patch 1,2 & 3 are given

in Annex. – 3.10, 3.11 & 3.12 respectively.



Maps showing Micro Irrigation Planning in Patch 1 & Patch 2 of Burhi Gandak-

Bagmati Command and in Patch 3 of Mahananda Command are given in Plates-3.14,

3.15 & 3.16 respectively.

3.2.6 OFD Works Planning

As per RFP, the study area for OFD works shall be limited to 5000 ha having 5 sub-

patches with each sub-patch limited to 1000 ha. This area shall be located within 10%

area of the CCA selected for micro planning i.e. within 3 patches identified for the

purpose i.e. 2 in Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Command and 1 in Mahananda Command

as mentioned above.

The location and size of sub-patches are as under:

Sub-Patch 1

Area = 2027 ha




The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch1 on village map scale of 1:2500with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.1.

Sub-Patch 2

Area = 942 ha




The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 2 on village map scale of 1:2500with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.2.



Sub-Patch 3

Area = 1032 ha






Sub-Patch 4

Area = 727 ha





Sub-Patch 5

Area = 872 ha


Village = Dogacchi, Jhingakata, Pahatgav, JhingakataIstamrar, Maheshbathna, Taufir Jhingakata


The survey for OFD works shall be carried out on the scale of available village maps

i.e. 1:2500 for planning the alignment of water courses / field channels and field

drains etc.

OFD maps shall depict planning and alignment of water courses below chak outlet

serving 40 ha on an average and field channels & field drains below turnouts serving 5

to 8 ha sub-chaks.



3.2.6.1 Chak Planning

Planning of Chak / Sub-chak includes fixing the location of outlets on minors and

other ancillary works viz. Water Courses (WC) and Field Channels (FC), their

structures, with the following objectives:

a) Equitable distribution of water to the individual fields in the commandb) Improved water managementc) Improved irrigation efficiencyd) Increased irrigation potential including agriculture production

On the digitized land map, ridges and valleys in the command will be marked. The

area will be further divided into chaks of about 40 ha block using the following

criteria:

a) topographic limits – chak will lie between two valleys;b) irrigation in the chak must be completed within stipulated flow period in peak

rotation;c) chak should be located in one village area;d) length of watercourses be limited to 2 km;e) number of farm holdings be limited to 15.

The boundary of chaks shall be so defined that at least on one side there is a drainage

line. The alignment of watercourses / field channels will then be marked along the

ridges so that it can command maximum area. The alignment of drains shall generally

follow valley lines. If there is no existing drain, suitable drain (valley line) will be

proposed so that drainage water from the chak can be collected in this drain and led

further to main drain, natural or man-made. The area of each chak has then to be

found out. The chak shall be subdivided into sub-chaks of 5 to 8 ha size. The

command area statement, sub-chakwise, chakwise shall be prepared, and field channel

and water courses shall then be planned and marked showing turnouts, falls and

crossing etc.

3.2.6.2 Water Courses

The basis of water course planning should be usually the local topography and the

command being usually fixed between two sub-drainages. The usual practice is to

avoid any major crossing or cross-drainage, as such channels are invariably

maintained by the farmers themselves. Following design criteria may be adopted.:



(i) The command of the water course should be such that the discharge required isabout 0.028 to 0.042 cumec (1 to 1.5 cusec). However, in some cases thedischarge may have to be lower than 0.028 cumec (1 cusec) where thecommand is badly cut off by sub-drainages.

(ii) The usual length of water course should be about 0.5 to 1.0 km.

(iii) The number of farmers should not be large.

(i) As far as possible the water course should run in its own command.

3.2.6.3 Structures

In watercourses and field channels, following types of structures are generallydesigned:

a) Syphonb) Cart track crossings and village road crossingsc) Drop structures or fallsd) Turnouts / division boxese) Direct outlets

The planning of the above structures will be carried out to meet the followingobjectives:

a) To distribute water in an equitable manner through the network systemb) To ensure timely supply of water to the farmersc) To deliver water in the network without erosion or damage to lining and

structuresd) To deliver water according to predetermined requirementse) To have adequate control in regulating water flow to achieve the objective of

the project

3.2.7 SUMMING UP

The details of the canal and distribution system network required to be constructed

upto minors in Indian territory for the project as a whole covering both Burhi Gandak-

Bagmati and Mahananda Command Areas shall be as under:



As per the above, the lengths of various canals per ha of CCA works out to be asunder:

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command (CCA = 5.24 Lha)S.No. Name of

CanalLength (km) Length/ha of CCA (m/ha)

i) Branch Canals 400.46 0.76ii) Distributaries 887.55 1.69iii) Minors 1800.78 3.44

Mahananda Command (CCA = 2.48 Lha)i) Branch Canals 314.48 1.27ii) Distributaries 681.43 2.75iii) Minors 1449.04 5.84

Overall Project (CCA = 7.72)i) Branch Canals 714.94 0.93ii) Distributaries 1568.98 2.03iii) Minors 3249.82 4.21

For the sake of comparison, the approximate length per ha of CCA of canal and

distribution system in the adjoining existing Gandak Project, are as under:

Main Canal/Branch Canals 1.0 m/haDistributaries 2.0 m/haMinors 5.0 m/ha

Name of

Canal



Main canal 1 50.41 - - 1 50.41

Branch Canals 3 400.46 5 314.48 8 714.94


4 50.96 - - 4 50.96

Distributaries 50 836.59 41 681.43 91 1518.02

Direct Minors 44 164.74 56 256.15 100 420.89

Minors 358 1636.04 381 1192.89 739 2828.93

Total 460 3139.20 483 2444.95 943 5584.15

Annex- 3.4

SR.No. Name of Distrubutries No. of Minors Length of Distributries (Sq Km)

RD of Offtaking Point (Sq Km)

Gross CommandArea (Sq Km) District

1 13.80 0.75M1 R 5.75 1.25M2 L 1.25 2.25M3 L 1.75 4.25M4 L 6.00 7.25M5 L 6.00 8.75M6 L 7.40 11.00M7 L 5.60 13.00

2 14.50 2.50M1 R 3.60 0.25M2 L 1.50 0.25M3 L 2.00 1.10M4 L 4.50 2.85M5 R 4.00 2.85M6 R 2.00 5.35M7 L 2.00 6.85M8 R 1.75 9.35M9 L 2.65 9.35M10 R 2.00 11.95M11 L 4.50 11.95M12 R 4.00 15.20M13 L 3.50 15.20M14 R 2.75 17.20M15 L 2.00 17.20

3 DM1 L 6.75 5.00 32.3224 DM2 R 4.90 5.00 7.1695 DM3 R 5.00 11.25 10.56 DM4 L 6.50 15.25 11.597 DM5 R 17.50 5.50 7.838 12.25 23.50

M1 R 1.00 0.75M2 L 1.25 2.50M3 R 1.50 2.50M4 L 6.00 4.75M5 R 1.50 4.75M6 R 2.50 7.00M7 R 4.00 9.25M8 L 2.00 10.50

9 11.50 23.50M1 L 6.25 6.50M2 R 6.50 6.50M3 L 5.50 6.75M4 R 6.50 6.75

10 18.50 35.75M1 R 2.50 0.50M2 R 6.50 3.75M3 L 9.00 3.75M4 R 4.50 10.75M5 L 4.00 12.50M6 R 2.50 15.00

6

62.8

69.58

D1

D2

D3

D4

8

4

D5

D6

6

ARARIA

Total Length of Branch Canal BC(I)=139.3( Mahananda Basin)

7

15

5

Details of Distribution network in Zone-I

27

41.87

54.419

80.554

M6 R 2.50 15.0011 19.50 35.75

M1 R 5.00 1.25M2 L 5.00 1.25M3 R 6.75 6.50M4 R 8.00 6.50M5 L 4.50 13.25M6 R 4.00 13.25

12 DM6 L 5.00 53.50 17.413 DM7 R 5.00 55.75 8.0814 13.50 58.75

M1 L 3.25 2.00M2 R 4.75 2.00M3 L 3.00 5.75M4 R 4.50 8.45M5 L 3.75 8.45M6 R 4.00 11.30

16 DM8 R 8.00 63.75 12.417 DM9 L 6.00 76.50 9.77818 DM10 R 7.00 76.50 10.21919 DM11 L 3.25 83.00 8.74820 9.00 83.00

M1 R 3.75 0.75M2 R 1.50 2.50M3 L 2.00 2.50M4 R 2.00 4.25M5 R 3.00 6.50

21 14.00 91.80M1 R 5.25 2.10M2 L 3.50 5.10M3 R 3.00 6.60M4 L 2.00 2.60M5 R 2.50 8.60

22 16.00 91.80M1 R 3.50 1.00M2 L 2.50 1.00M3 R 3.50 4.00M4 L 4.25 4.00M5 R 3.50 7.00M6 L 4.50 7.00M7 R 1.50 9.75M8 L 2.50 9.75M9 R 1.21 12.25M10 L 1.25 12.25

KATIHAR

4

5

5

10

6

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

6

2

6

ARARIA

PURNIA

42.35

26.952

54.419

80.554

47.296

74.3914

Annex- 3.4

23 23.75 102.05M1 L 2.50 1.00M2 R 2.21 1.00M3 L 1.50 3.00M4 R 1.50 3.00M5 L 3.00 5.00M6 L 3.00 6.25M7 R 2.75 6.25M8 L 4.00 9.25M9 R 2.75 9.25M10 L 3.25 11.50M11 R 3.25 11.50M12 L 3.50 13.75M13 R 3.00 13.75M14 L 1.25 16.75M15 R 2.75 16.75M16 L 1.50 20.75M17 R 2.25 20.75

24 10.00 102.55M1 R 3.25 2.00M2 L 5.00 4.00M3 R 2.50 4.00M4 R 4.00 6.25M5 R 2.00 7.25

25 18.00 102.55M1 L 5.50 0.75M2 R 3.75 0.75M3 L 3.50 4.75M4 R 6.00 4.75M5 L 1.50 8.75M6 R 1.50 8.75M7 L 4.00 10.75M8 R 1.50 10.75M9 L 4.50 14.50M10 R 2.50 14.50M11 L 3.00 16.80

26 15.00 117.05M1 R 2.50 2.50M2 L 3.00 5.00M3 R 3.50 5.00M4 L 1.25 9.00M5 R 2.25 9.00

27 13.00 117.05M1 L 6.00 0.25M2 L 4.50 1.00M3 L 5.00 3.75M4 R 3.50 3.75M5 L 2.00 5.75M6 R 2.50 5.75M7 R 1.50 7.75M8 L 2.00 9.50M9 R 2.00 9.50M10 L 2.00 11.50

28 8.00 124.55M1 L 6.75 0.50M2 R 7.00 0.50M3 R 1.50 2.25M4 L 4.00 3.75

KATIHAR

17 86.8105

D11

D12

D14

D15

10

5

55.7509

KATIHAR92.559

KATIHAR

6

11

5

D16

D13

54.282

52.027

47.3622

M4 L 4.00 3.75M5 R 6.00 4.75M6 L 2.50 6.50

29 12.50 127.80M1 R 4.00 2.25M2 L 3.00 4.25M3 R 3.50 4.25M4 L 2.00 8.00M5 R 3.00 7.00M6 L 1.50 9.75M7 R 2.50 9.75

30 10.50 133.80M1 R 5.00 0.50M2 L 1.50 0.50M3 R 2.50 4.00M4 L 1.00 4.00M5 L 2.00 6.00M6 L 1.50 8.00M7 R 1.50 8.00

KATIHAR

40.504

27.95

6

7

7

D18

D17

54.282

Annex- 3.4

31 10.00 139.30M1 R 4.00 2.50M2 L 4.50 4.50M3 R 6.00 4.50M4 L 3.00 7.50M5 R 2.00 7.50

TOTAL 1178.046824.6322

263.3074.90

486.42

BC:Branch CanalDM: Direct MinorM: MinorsD:Distributary

TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km)-135 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km)-11 Nos.

KATIHAR

57.552

TOTAL CCA (Sq. Km)TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARY (Km)-19 Nos.

D19

5

Annex- 3.5

D1 R 23.8 0.251 M1 R 3.25 2.25

M2 L 3 2.85M3 R 3.5 2.85M4 L 2.5 5.35M5 R 3.75 5.35M6 L 4.25 10.35M7 R 5 10.35M8 L 4 14.25M9 R 4.25 14.25

M10 L 5.5 17.05M11 R 4 17.05M12 L 7.2 20.05M13 L 3.25 20.05

2 D2 R 14.5 2.5M1 R 2.5 0.5M2 L 2.5 2.5M3 R 3.25 2.5M4 L 1.5 5.25M5 R 1.75 5.25M6 L 2 7.35M7 R 1.25 8.6M8 L 1.75 9.2M9 R 1.75 10.2

M10 L 1.5 11.45M11 R 1.5 12.25M12 R 2.25 14.5

3 D3 R 12.85 6M1 R 2 0.4M2 L 2 0.4M3 R 1.25 2.4

Details of Distribution network in Zone-II(Mahananda Basin)

S. No. Name of Distributaries No.of Minors DistrictLength ofDistributaries

Araria

12

10

120.28

32.705

Total Length of Branch Canal BC(II) =79.1 kmRD ofOfftaking

51.213

Gross Command Area (SqKm)

15

M3 R 1.25 2.4M4 R 1.5 4.6M5 L 1.5 6.6M6 R 1.5 7.35M7 L 2.5 8.45M8 R 2 10.2M9 L 1.5 10.2

M10 R 2 11.64 D4 R 7.7 9.25

M1 L 3 0.5M2 R 4.5 0.8M3 L 2.5 3.2M4 R 3.25 4.95M5 L 3.25 4.95M6 L 2 6.95

5 D5 R 8.95 12.5M1 L 2.3 1.5M2 R 1.5 1.5M3 L 3 4.2M4 R 1.5 4.2M5 L 1.25 5.7M6 R 1.75 5.7

6 D6 L 15.75 12.5M1 L 2 2M2 L 5.5 4.3M3 L 2.75 11.05M4 L 1.7 13.25

Araria

10

6

6 23.145

32.705

30.705

67.3874.0

Annex- 3.5

7 D7 R 60 20.75M1 L 7.5 1.1M2 R 7 1.1M3 L 3.75 6.2M4 R 4 7.95M5 L 5 10.2M6 R 6 10.2M7 R 5.5 12.2M8 L 6 13.95M9 R 5.25 15.7

M10 R 5.25 18.45M11 L 7.5 20.2M12 R 5.5 22.7M13 L 2.25 22.7M14 R 2.5 24.9M15 L 2 29.65M16 R 5 29.65M17 L 4.5 34.4M18 R 3.75 34.4M19 R 7.5 39.25M20 L 5.75 41M21 R 5.25 41M22 R 6 45.75M23 L 2.5 47.05M24 R 4 49.05M25 R 5.75 52.05M26 L 6 57.55M27 R 6.5 57.55SD1 R 19.55 60M1 L 3 1.9M2 R 2 4.65M3 L 3 6.4M4 R 2 6.4M5 L 3.25 9.95M6 R 4.75 9.95M7 L 3.5 15.55M8 R 5 12.55

Araria

Purnea

496.12727

10 58.3151

Purnea

Katihar

M8 R 5 12.55M9 L 3 15.3

M10 R 4 15.3SD2 L 23.25 60M1 L 2.5 5.1M2 4.25 7.6M3 R 3.25 12.7M4 L 2.25 15.3M5 R 2 16.7M6 L 3.25 16.7M7 R 3.5 19.3

8 D8 L 14.5 22.75M1 L 1.5 1.25M2 R 1.75 2M3 L 3 4.25M4 R 3 5.25M5 L 3 8.25M6 R 3.5 8.25M7 L 3.25 10.75M8 R 4 10.75M9 L 4 13.25

M10 R 2.5 13.259 D9 R 8.5 26

M1 R 3.5 1.5M2 L 2 2.5M3 R 3 2.5M4 L 2.5 4.75M5 R 2.75 4.75

10 DM1 R 4 33.5 5.19511 D10 L 25.25 38

M1 L 2.5 2.5M2 R 3.75 2.5M3 L 1.5 5M4 L 1.5 7M5 L 4 9M6 R 4 9M7 L 3 14M8 R 2 14M9 L 2.5 16.25

M10 R 2.5 16.25M11 R 1.75 19M12 L 3.25 21.5M13 R 1.5 26.5

14 108.48

10 58.3151

30.35

Araria

Araria

Katihar

5

Annex- 3.5

M14 L 1.5 26.5

14 108.48

Araria

Annex- 3.5

12 DM2 R 2 40.25 7.31713 DM3 R 6.5 46.5 13.414 DM4 R 2.75 55.5 9.68915 DM5 R 1.5 60.75 5.52216 DM6 L 3 62.25 10.54717 D11 R 7.25 64.75

M1 R 2.5 0.75M2 R 1.5 3.75M3 L 3 4.5

18 DM7 L 5 70 11.1219 DM8 L 4 72.6 8.71320 DM9 R 3.5 73.1 11.62321 DM10 L 2.75 76.4 6.8822 DM11 R 1.5 76.4 5.8823 DM12 L 1.5 79.1 2.412

1136.8661795.80627

241.8563.25

413.95


TOTAL CCA (Sq. Km)

TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km)-12 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARY (Km) - 11 Nos.

19.8613

TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km)-127 Nos.

Araria

TOTAL

Annex-3.6

SR.No. Length of Distributary /Minor / Sub-Minor (Km) RD of Offtaking

Point (Km) Area

District

1 DM-1 L 0.07 1.15 1.492 DM-2 L 0.25 2.56 1.253 D-1 (Ex-BCIII) R 17.20 2.56

M1 R 0.31 1.25M2 R 0.97 2.04M3 R 2.95 2.34M4 R 11.30 3.19M5 L 0.21 5.46M6 L 0.52 6.51M7 L 0.65 7.73M8 R 3.34 7.93M9 L 1.25 8.58M10 R 0.11 8.83M-11 L 1.40 9.58M-12 R 2.11 10.47M-13 R 0.11 12.39M-14 L 0.99 12.39M-15 R 1.58 13.34M-16 L 1.23 14.34M-17 R 0.38 15.45M-18 L 3.66 15.45M-19 L 3.46 17.20M-20 R 2.78 17.20

4 DM3 R 2.88 2.86 3.115 DM4 R 0.80 3.97 0.97

Details of Distribution network in Zone-III(Mahananda Command)

Length of Branch Canal (BC-III) in Zone III = 16.93 Km

No. ofMinors

Name of Distributries /Direct Minors / Minors

69.7420

KISHANGANJ

5 DM4 R 0.80 3.97 0.976 DM5 R 2.13 4.54 5.927 DM6 R 0.17 6.99 1.313 D2 (Ex-BCIII) R 26.00 8.78

M1 R 9.30 0.10SM1 R 1.18 7.97M2 L 3.19 0.35M3 R 0.55 4.27M4 L 0.09 4.27M5 L 1.33 5.35M6 L 1.23 7.32M7 L 0.11 9.12M8 R 5.36 9.91M9 R 0.13 12.24M10 L 1.82 12.24M11 R 0.45 13.08M12 R 0.19 13.80M13 R 0.15 14.86M14 L 0.13 14.86M15 L 0.13 15.65M16 R 0.38 16.10M17 L 2.72 18.18M18 R 3.78 18.18M19 L 2.68 19.76M20 R 3.15 19.76M21 R 3.29 21.00M22 L 2.43 22.00M23 R 2.57 22.00

5 D3 (Ex-BCIII) R 2.48 12.70M1 L 1.30 1.45M2 L 2.10 2.48

8.12

104.0423

2

KISHANGANJ

Annex-3.6

6 DM7 R 0.20 14.54 0.857 D4 (Ex-BCIII) R 27.00 16.18

M1 R 0.88 0.00M2 L 1.49 0.00M3 L 0.12 1.30M4 L 0.28 1.75M5 R 1.52 1.85M6 L 2.15 3.41M7 R 1.46 3.66M8 L 3.90 4.43M9 L 1.64 5.71M10 L 1.34 7.20M11 R 0.12 8.63M12 L 0.15 8.82M13 R 1.72 10.29M14 L 0.18 10.77M15 L 0.20 11.92M16 R 1.39 12.69M17 L 2.83 13.54M18 R 2.08 13.54M19 R 4.27 14.14M20 L 4.88 15.55M21 R 6.00 18.43M22 L 3.50 19.31M23 R 2.89 23.84M24 R 2.55 27.00M25 L 0.95 27.00

8 D5 (Ex-BCIII) R 34.00 16.93M1 R 0.14 0.98M2 L 1.59 1.13M3 R 7.41 1.72M4 L 0.14 2.47

25

192.28

KISHANGANJ

30

124.33

M4 L 0.14 2.47M5 L 1.30 3.32M6 R 0.13 3.32M7 R 7.79 4.17M8 L 1.22 6.07M9 L 1.11 7.43M10 L 2.26 8.38M11 L 0.53 9.58M12 R 0.15 10.12M13 L 2.08 10.67M14 R 0.19 10.96M15 L 2.86 11.45M16 R 3.41 12.14M17 R 0.18 12.69M18 R 0.62 13.61M19 L 0.39 14.29M20 L 6.03 15.37M21 R 8.10 17.71M22 L 2.64 21.04M23 L 6.12 21.78M24 L 5.18 23.71M25 R 6.44 27.23M26 L 4.80 27.23M27 L 4.30 29.00M28 R 2.80 31.89M29 R 1.70 33.67M30 L 1.80 34.00

513.40359.38106.68

6.50220.93

D: Distributary

TOTAL CCA (in Sq. Km)

DD: Direct Distributary

BC: Branch Canal in Zone-II

M: Minors

WSKC: Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal

DM: Direct minor

TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km) - 100 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km) - 7 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTRIES (Km) - 5 Nos.

192.28

TOTAL GCA (in Sq. Km)

KISHANGANJ

30

Annex - 3.7

SR.No. Length ofDistributries

RD ofOfftaking

Point

GrossCommand

Area (Sq Km)District

1 63.552 DIVM1 L 5.50 1.00 14.823 DIVM2 R 5.00 3.00 13.924 9.25 5.65

M1 R 5.50 2.00M2 L 5.00 5.20

8.90 5.65M1 L 4.00 1.25M2 R 3.50 4.65M3 L 3.50 6.90

6 DIVM3 L 7.75 13.65 23.737 DIVM4 R 5.25 13.65 19.548 DIVM5 L 4.00 18.25 22.189 DIVM6 R 4.75 18.25 27.59

10 DIVM7 L 4.50 28.50 13.4916.75 22.75

M1 R 6.65 2.30M2 L 2.75 6.30M3 R 4.00 10.50M4 L 3.00 10.50M5 R 5.25 5.25M6 L 2.10 2.10

12 12.00 22.75 57.3013 6.00 34.00

M1 R 2.10 6.00M2 L 3.25 6.00

14 DIVM8 L 5.50 35.60

2

4

KISHANGANJ

37.492

D5

D2

Details of Distribution network in Zone-IV(Mahananda Basin) Total Length of Branch Canal BC-IV =63.55Km

Name of Distributries No. ofMinors

D1

6

D4 1

4

BCIV

5

11

43.27

80.84

3

D3

29.22

2

14 DIVM8 L 5.50 35.6015 DIVM9 R 1.75 35.6016 DIVM10 L 3.85 38.6017 DIVM11 L 2.85 40.60

17.00 42.10M1 R 5.50 3.75M2 L 3.50 3.75M3 R 3.00 8.25M4 L 2.50 8.25M5 R 2.50 12.00M6 L 4.00 12.00

19 DIVM12 L 2.10 44.50 7.2820 DIVM13 L 2.00 47.00 9.4821 DIVM14 L 1.75 51.50 29.5122 DIVM15 L 7.50 54.30 10.2723 DIVM16 L 3.80 55.80 4.6924 DIVM17 R 2.90 55.80 8.7125 DIVM18 R 2.20 61.05 7.4626 DIVM19 L 3.55 63.55 6.91

559.97391.9869.9076.5071.60


KISHANGANJ

TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARY (Km) - 6 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km)-19 Nos.

6

D6

TOTAL

4

TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km)-19 Nos.

92.2718

PURNIA

29.22

8

TOTAL CCA (Sq. Km)

Annex - 3.8

SR.No. Length ofdistributries (Km) RD of offtaking point

Gross Command Area (SqKm)

115.60

DM1 L 8.50 0.65DM2 R 5.50 0.65

DM3 L 6.50 6.90DM4 R 2.75 6.90DM5 L 2.50 11.65DM6 R 5.75 11.65DM7 R 3.50 15.60

151.75

106.2335.00


TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS- 7 Nos.

7 151.76

Total

Details of Distribution network in Zone-V (Mahananda Basin) Length of Branch Canal BC(V) = 15.6KM

Total CCA (Sq Km)

BCV

Name of distrubutries No. of minors District

KISHANGANJ

Annexure-3.9

Statement of Villages in Identified Patches for Survey

Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Command - Patch - 1

1. Mushaharnia 37. Gobardhanpur2. Parsa 38. Narha3. Phulparasi 39. Sirauli4. Sangrampur 40. Purnahia5. Bishunpur 41. Chainpur6. Arariatola 42. Hathiatola7. Chiraian 43. Harkesh8. Bariarpur 44. Pachgachhian9. Araria 45. Jamunabarahi10. Betahi 46. Maibi11. Inwara 47. Kishanpur12. Dostia 48. Barahi13. Munhchatti 49. Sambandhitola14. Basahia 50. Binwatola15. Marpa 51. Chimney16. Sarwarpur 52. Jainagor17. Dadanpipra 53. Hariharpur18. Kachor 54. Majorganj19. Pipraghat 55. Khairwa20 Hamumannagar 56. Khap21. Baduri 57. Malangtola22. Phulkaha 58. Dharmanitola23. Lakshipur 59. Akhardiha24. Matiyakela 60. Chainpur25. Matiyakela 61. Dangraha26. Singarhiyah 62. Sonoul Mahoday27. Teria 63. Dainchhapra28. Mehdinagor 64. Hiralwa Bishonpur29. Belwa 65. Shahpur30. Ghogharaha 66. Shitalpatti31. Madhubani 67. Manaria32. ramnagar 68. Moudaha33. Madhubanitole 69. Dihati34. Ghoghraha 70. Shapur35. Bakhri 71. Pashua36. Bhagwanpur 72. Kot

Annexure-3.9

73. Shivnagar 109. Mahadeva74. Baghmara 110. Chakraghata75. Phatahpur 111. Barhaiwa76. Harnaihia 112. Bhokraha77. Phulwaria 113. Halimpur78. Phulwaria 114. Jagiraha79. Motnaje 115. Kothia80. Hanumannagar 116. Gajarwa81. Dihati 117. Belahi Jayram82. Kothitola 118. Banrantoli83. Madhopur 119. Gopalpur84. Musharwa 120. Bishusinghtola85. Sahiara 121. Khurd86. Imamdipur 122. Jayram87. Chhaurhia 123. Belahi88. Orlahia 124. Motnaje89. Kharwani 125. Hanumannagar90. Shahpur 126. Dihati91. Dhumha 127. Kothitola92. Kodwara 128. Madhopur93. Pitambarpur 129. Musharwa94. Buniaditola 130. Sahiara95. Patania 131. Imamdipur96. Mirjadpur 132. Chhaurhia97. Sugahi 133. Orlahia98. Dhumnagar 134. Kharwani99. Girmishani 135. Shahpur100. Hanumannagar 136. Dhumha101. Balva 137. Kodwara102. Jhalsi 138. Pitambarpur103. Singarhian 139. Buniaditola104. Barahi Hariram 140. Patania105. Dumri Khurd 141. Mirjadpur106. Harpurtola 142. Sugahi107. Pakri 143. Dhumnagar108. Dumri Kalan 144. Girmishani

Annexure-3.9

145. Hanumannagar 185. Basant146. Balva 186. Gammaria147. Jhalsi 187. Namnagar148. Singarhian 188. Baktha149. Harpur Kalan 189. Barahi Chintawan150. Ratanapur 190. Bisunpur151. Rajpur 191. Masahi152. Gularhiatola 192. Mohani Khurd153. Chhourhia 193. Amba Khurd154. Nankar 194. Sasaula155. Dubahatola 195. Ramna156. Mohani Khurd 196. Gharwara157. Mohnigoth 197. Muradpur158. Pokharbhinda 198. Narkatia159. Sonar 199. Narha160. Bulakipur 200. Ganeshpur161. Asogi 201. Bamangaria162. Bulakipur 202. Bakhri163. Khairwa 203. Riga164. Budhwara 204. Sangramphanda165. Majhaura 205. Panchhaur166. Najarpur 206. Gobindphanda167. Budhwara 207. Gidrahatola168. Bujrunagar 208. Maniari169. Ramnagar 209. Islampur170. Pipra 210. Sitamarhi171. Wali 211. Rajopatti172. Riga 212. Muraliachak173. Bagahi 213. Chak Mahila174. Ranjitpurtola 214. Amghatia175. Gaibipur 215. Madhuban176. Ranjitpur 216. Bhisa177. Shivnagar 217. Parsauhi178. Bhagwanpur Pipradih 218. Chandiha179. Chainpura 219. Mupmairon182. Kapraul183. Bhabadevpur184. Dheng

Annexure-3.9

Statement of Villages in Identified Patches for Survey

Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Command – Patch - 2

1. Kalwara 40. Raghua2. Kachhua 41. Bharauli3. Ratanpur 42. Hasan Chak4. Jogjiwannagar 43. Korha5. Kataiya 44. Gugaul6. Sotia 45. Lal Shapur7. Barailtola 46. Narkatia8. Pakrihar 47. Maniari9. Katka 48. Sobhan10. Nistha 49. Kumarpatti11. Paira 50. Bharathi12. Dahsil 51. Kansi13. Mohanpur 52. Manihas14. Kusumpatti 53. Bastuara15. Tilsath 54. Kamrauli16. Bhirhatola 55. Jalwara17. Kalianpur 56. Rampur18. Bhajaura 57. Rajarauli

19. Nankar 58. Banauli20 Asthua 59. Baliya21. Hajiganj 60. Madhopur22. Karauni 61. Phulthua23. Bhapura 62. Tyaunga24. Dargah 63. Gurudwara25. Bhawanipur 64. Phulwaria26. Ketasa 65. Bharaul27. Brahmpura 66. Mustafapur28. Rampura 67. Gariyari29. Hanumannagar 68. Ballapur30. Simri 69. Mahnauli31. Lorika 70. Panchobh32. Brahmpur 71. Baghla33. Barhatol 72. Muhemmsdpur

34. Kaligaon 73. Harchanna35. Sanisiadih 74. Lawatol36. Chamanpur 75. Kamalpur37. Birol 76. Laheria sarai38. Baheri 77. Ekmighat39. Kalwara 78. Baghla

Annexure-3.9

79. Suryapokhar 124. Hichaul80. Lalganj 125. Dihlahi81. Thalwara 126. Sudaspur82. Sima Musahri 127. Dabhraul83. Sarwara 128. Rupauli84. Ratanpura 129. Bisaul85. Ail raa 130. Koylasthan86. Husainabad 131. Narsara87. Muhhammadpur 132. Dath88. Tenua 133. Ukhra89. Moro 134. Basuara90. Hasanpur 135. Gopalpur91. Tisidih 136. Madhopur92. Gorhwara 137. Paraul93. Rajwara 138. Godiapatti94. Bisanpur 139. Mohiuddinpur95. Khaparpura 140. Musima Chaur96. Kolhanta 141. Saidpur97. Patori 142. Rampur98. Dhankhi 143. Labtol99. Basant 144. Nardariya100. Chandauli 145. Balwaha101. Habitol 146. Bahpatti102. Gorhaila 147. Poaria103. Dumrawan Din 148. Makhnahi104. Sudaspur 149. Bishanpur105. Karamganj 150. Chhatauna106. Santpur 151. Ganj107. Lavatuliya 152. Gurel108. Barheta 153. Gorhari109. Karehta 154. Phulwaria110. Khairajpur 155. Ramdiri111. Enia 156. Bhawanipur112. Chandih 157. Hanumannagar113. Dhancila 185. Nayatola114. Maheshpatti 186. Uchauli115. Naktitola 187. Morwara116. Taralahi 188. Dhab117. Shahpur 189. Gobarsithl118. Ojhoul 190. Kamargawan119. Ura 191. Amadih120. Lavtoliya 192. Neyam121. Dharnipatti 193. Gharari122. Sinwara 194. Sarai Hamid123. Rampatti

Annexure-3.9

Statement of Villages in Identified Patch for Survey

Mahananda Command – Patch-3

1. Fatehpur2. Hariharpur3. Phulbaria4. Tarhagachh5. Musahara6. Kuari

27. Latar28. Rampur29. Sontha30. Kochadhamm

31. Matiari32. Suhia33. Dhadar34. Baigna35. Rupani36. Haribhasa13. Haldikhoar14. Bishimpur15. Andhasur16. Purandaha17. Bibiganj18. Pathaghatti19. Bhelaguri20. Dhangara21. Bhatabari22. Jhingakata23. Maheshbathna24.Birpur25. Gopipur26. Betal Garden

Annex-3.10

SR.No. Length of Distributary /Minor / Sub-Minor (Km)

RD of OfftakingPoint (Km)

District

1 8.16 174.65M1 L 2.13 0.43M2 R 6.35 1.22

SM1 L 4.24 2.81M3 L 4.05 2.80M4 L 4.57 8.16M5 R 3.15 8.16

2 21.30 182.02M1 R 11.32 0.41M2 L 3.65 6.56M3 L 1.70 10.22M4 L 0.81 12.49M5 L 7.03 13.76M6 R 11.18 21.30

SM1 L 2.66 1.53SM2 R 2.35 3.56M7 L 3.30 21.30

3 14.32 183.24

Details of Canal Network as per Micro Planning in Patch-1 of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command

Chainage at Entry Point of WSKMC in India = 156.78 kmName of Distributries /Direct Minors / Minors No. of Minors

DD2 (Ex-WSKC)

DD1 (Ex-WSKC)

SITAMARHI

7

DD3 (Ex-WSKC)

5

7

3 14.32 183.24M1 R 9.79 0.44M2 R 5.97 2.54

SM1 R 5.50 3.43M3 R 14.97 7.01

SM1 L 2.63 0.63SM2 R 1.77 2.89SM3 R 2.68 9.70SM4 R 2.07 10.15M4 L 1.52 7.86M5 L 5.12 12.15

SM1 L 1.17 2.41M6 L 5.47 14.32M7 R 6.14 14.32

4 7.18 192.02M1 L 5.25 1.62

D.O. - 2.97M2 L 3.40 7.18M3 R 1.51 7.18

50.96143.43

4

SITAMARHI

DD4 (Ex-WSKC)

DD3 (Ex-WSKC)

7

TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT DISTRIBUTARIES (Km) - 4 Nos.

D: DistributaryDD: Direct Distributary

BC: Branch Canal in Zone-IIDM: Direct minorM: Minors

TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km) - 23 Nos.WSKC: Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal

Annex-3.11

SR.No. Length of Distributary /Minor / Sub-Minor (Km)

RD of Offtaking Point(Km)

District

1 1.95 81.272 22.52 83.34

M1 R 1.52 0.94M2 L 0.97 1.95

D.O. - 2.49D.O. - 3.28M3 L 4.59 3.90M4 L 2.55 4.77M5 R 1.04 5.76

D.O. - 5.97M6 R 1.96 7.09M7 L 2.91 7.62M8 L 2.88 8.01M9 R 0.65 9.24M10 L 1.61 10.46M11 R 0.71 11.23M12 L 2.68 12.82M13 L 4.33 14.04SM1 L 2.26 1.43M14 R 0.77 14.27D.O. - 17.12M15 R 2.48 18.08D.O. - 18.70M16 L 0.70 19.16D.O. - 19.77D.O. - 20.53M17 R 0.91 20.69M18 R 2.51 22.52

3 20.09 84.85D.O. - 0.18M1 R 1.47 0.30

DM2 (Ex-BC-II)D14 (Ex-BCII)

Details of Canal Network as per Micro Planning in Patch-2 of Burhi Gandak-BagmatiCommand

Length of Branch Canal (BC-II) in Patch 2 = 11.46 km

DARBHANGA

Name of Distributries / DirectMinors / Minors

18

No. of Minors

D15 (Ex-BC-II)

13

M1 R 1.47 0.30D.O. - 2.19M2 R 1.019 2.62M3 R 2.88 3.35

D.O. - 6.70D.O. - 7.64M4 R 4.00 8.00M5 L 2.71 10.52M6 L 4.13 11.74M7 R 1.60 12.05M8 L 1.80 14.98M9 R 1.26 14.98M10 L 2.54 16.05M11 L 2.76 17.37M12 R 1.58 18.45M13 L 2.39 20.09

4 7.82 86.635 0.93 87.926 1.52 87.927 8.92 90.57

M1 L 3.32 0.15M2 R 1.32 1.47M3 R 2.26 2.50M4 R 1.74 3.95

D.O. - 4.70M5 L 1.42 5.53

D.O. - 7.84M6 R 2.38 8.92

8 DM6 (Ex-BC-II) 1.64 90.579 DM7 (Ex-BC-II) 1.70 92.4010 DM8 (Ex-BC-II) 2.59 94.4611 DM9 (Ex-BC-II) 6.00 96.1612 9.14 96.16

M1 L 2.03 2.44M2 L 1.18 6.59M3 L 0.97 7.70M4 R 1.68 9.14

60.6724.1486.44

4

D17 (Ex-BC-II)

D16 (Ex-BC-II)

TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km) - 41 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km) - 8 Nos.

DARBHANGA

TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARIES (Km) - 4 Nos.

D: Distributary

DO: Direct Outlet

BC: Branch Canal in Zone-II

13

DM: Direct minorM: Minors

6

DD: Direct Distributary

DM3 (Ex-BC-II)DM4(Ex-BC-II)DM5 (Ex-BC-II)

WSKC: Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal

Annex-3.12

SR.No. Length of Distributary /Minor / Sub-Minor (Km) RD of Offtaking Point

(Km)

District

1 0.07 1.152 0.25 2.563 17.20 2.56

M1 R 0.31 1.25M2 R 0.97 2.04M3 R 2.95 2.34M4 R 11.30 3.19M5 L 0.21 5.46M6 L 0.52 6.51M7 L 0.65 7.73M8 R 3.34 7.93M9 L 1.25 8.58

M10 R 0.11 8.83M11 L 1.40 9.58M12 R 2.11 10.47M13 R 0.11 12.39M14 L 0.99 12.39M15 R 1.58 13.34M16 L 1.23 14.34M17 R 0.38 15.45M18 L 3.66 15.45M19 L 3.46 17.20M20 R 2.78 17.20

4 2.88 2.865 0.80 3.976 2.13 4.547 0.17 6.988 16.60 8.78

M1 R 9.30 0.10SM1 R 1.18 7.97M2 L 3.19 0.35M3 R 0.55 4.27M4 L 0.09 4.27M5 L 1.33 5.35M6 L 1.23 7.32M7 L 0.11 9.12M8 R 5.36 9.91M9 R 0.13 12.24

DM6 (Ex-BC-III)D2 (Ex-BC-III)*

Details of Canal Network as per Micro Planning in Patch-3 of MahanandaCommand

Length of Branch Canal (BC-III) in Patch 3 = 16.93 km

16

Kishanganj

Name of Distributries /Direct Minors / Minors

DM1 (Ex-BC-III)

DM2 (Ex-BC-III)

D1 (Ex-BC-III)

DM3 (Ex-BC-III)DM4(Ex-BC-III)DM5 (Ex-BC-III)

No. of Minors

20

M9 R 0.13 12.24M10 L 1.82 12.24M11 R 0.45 13.08M12 R 0.19 13.80M13 R 0.15 14.86M14 L 0.13 14.86M15 L 0.13 15.65M16 R 0.38 16.10

9 2.48 12.37M1 L 1.30 1.45M2 L 2.10 2.48

10 0.20 14.2111 12.69 16.18

M1 R 0.88 0.00M2 L 1.49 0.00M3 L 0.12 1.30M4 L 0.28 1.75M5 R 1.52 1.85M6 L 2.15 3.41M7 R 1.46 3.66M8 L 3.90 4.43M9 L 1.64 5.71

M10 L 1.34 7.20M11 R 0.12 8.63M12 L 0.15 8.82M13 R 1.72 10.29M14 L 0.18 10.77M15 L 0.20 11.92M16 R 1.39 12.69

12 15.89 16.93M1 R 0.14 0.98M2 L 1.59 1.13M3 R 7.41 1.72M4 L 0.14 2.47M5 L 1.30 3.32M6 R 0.13 3.32M7 R 7.79 4.17M8 L 1.22 6.07M9 L 1.11 7.43

M10 L 2.26 8.38M11 L 0.53 9.58M12 R 0.15 10.12M13 L 2.08 10.67M14 R 0.19 10.96M15 L 2.86 11.45M16 R 3.41 12.14M17 R 0.18 12.69M18 R 0.62 13.61M19 L 0.39 14.29

64.846.50

120.45

D4 (Ex-BC-III)*

D5 (Ex-BC-III) *

D3 (Ex-BC-III)

DM-7 (Ex-BC-III)

16

*Distributary continued into Zone-III

Kishanganj

BC: Branch Canal in Zone-IIWSKC: Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal

DM: Direct minorM: Minors

TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km) - 73 Nos.

2

TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARIES (Km) - 5 Nos.

D: DistributaryDD: Direct Distributary

TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km) - 7 Nos.

16

19


1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV

CHAPTER-IV

STABILIZATION OF IRRIGATION IN EXISTING PROJECTS

4.1 GENERAL

As indicated in the Inception Report submitted to JPO-SKSKI in May, 2009, there are

following existing major irrigation projects in the area / basins in India which can be

considered for stabilization of irrigation;

i) Eastern Kosi Canal System (Ex Bhim Nagar barrage at Hanuman Nagar onriver Kosi) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.1.

ii) Western Kosi Canal Project (Ex Bhim Nagar barrage at Hanuman Nagar onriver Kosi) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.2.

iii) Kamla Irrigation Project (Ex Kamla barrage on river Kamla, a tributary ofBagmati / Kosi river system) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.3.

4.2 AREA UNDER THE COMMAND OF EXISTING /ON-GOING PROJECTS

As indicated above, there are two major irrigation schemes viz. Eastern Kosi Canal

Project (EKCP) (including Rajpur Branch Canal) and Western Kosi Canal Project

(WKCP) having gross command areas of 9.19 lakh ha and 3.05 lakh ha (in Indian

territory) respectively. Besides, there is one existing scheme in Kamla basin viz.

Kamla Irrigation Project (KIP) with gross command area of only 0.66 lakh ha. In this

connection, it is to be mentioned that the canal system of Western Kosi Canal is in

advanced stage of construction. On completion of WKCP, command area of Kings

Canal under Kamla Irrigation Project would be included under command of WKCP.

Total length of Kings canal, offtaking from 5.30 RD of Kamla Western Main Canal is

45 km. It merges into the tail end at 8.2 RD of Saharghat Branch Canal under

Western Kosi Canal System at its 18 km of length. Hence, in the present study, 0.46

lakh ha (0.66–0.20) of GCA has been considered under Kamla Irrigation Scheme.

The details of GCA & CCA of existing and ongoing projects in the basins under study

area are given in Table 4.1.



TABLE 4.1Details of GCA & CCA of Existing / Ongoing Projects in Study Area


Name of Basin / Project GCA CCA Ratio of GCA

to CCA

PlannedIntensity ofIrrigation

Remarks

1 Bagmati – Adhwara Basin - - - - -

2 Kamla Balan Basin 0.46 0.28 60.9% -

Kamala Irrigation Project Existing

3 Kosi Basin

i) Eastern Kosi Canal Project (EKCP) 7.43 (6.04)* 4.95 ( 3.49)* 66.6% (57.8) 115.0% Existing

ii) Rajpur Canal 1.76 (1.40)* 1.17 (0.91)* 66.5% (65.0) 121.5% Existing

9.19 (7.44)* 6.12 (4.40)* 66.6% ( 59.1)

iii) Western Kosi Canal Project (WKCP)

- In Nepal 0.20 0.13 65.0% On going(nearing

completion)- In Bihar 3.05 2.03 66.6%

3.25 2.16 66.5% 115.5%

4 Mahananda Basin - - - -

TotalIn India

12.70(10.95)

8.43(6.71)

66.4%(61.3%)

-

* GCA and CCA revised by Kosi Irrigation Committee, 1975



Since Western Kosi Canal Project which envisages irrigation at 115.5% intensity of

irrigation is still not fully completed and also involves international ramification, the

same has not been considered for further stabilization. The extent and scope of

stabilization in other two projects in discussed hereunder.

4.3 EASTERN KOSI CANAL SYSTEM

4.3.1 Project Details

The project envisaged Eastern Kosi Canal offtaking from Bhim Nagar barrage at

Hanuman Nagar to irrigate 5.69 lakh ha annually with an irrigation intensity of 115%.

The gross command area of the project was assessed as 7.43 lakh ha while culturable

command area was worked out as 4.95 lakh ha, giving an allowance of one-third of

the GCA for spill areas, culturable waste, other than the current fallow land,

unculturable waste, Govt. land and 5% of gross area to cover such area as will not be

able to take water for irrigation due to various reasons. The command was bounded

by the Bhenga dhar on the west, the Eastern Kosi main canal on the north, the river

Parman on the east and the river Kosi and the Ganga on the south.

The Rajpur Branch Canal taking off from the Eastern Kosi Main Canal at RD 14.50

was originally planned to provide irrigation to a gross command area of 1.76 lakh ha

in Saharsa district while culturable command area was taken as 2/3rd of GCA as in

case of Kosi Eastern Canal System which worked out to 1.17 lakh ha. It also

envisaged a hydel power house at R.D. 12.00 of the Eastern Kosi Main Canal with

installed capacity of 20,000 KW utilising a drop of about 4 m (13 ft.) in the canal

bed level.

The work of Rajpur Branch Canal was taken up in the year 1962 and irrigation

commenced since the year 1968.

The figures of GCA & CCA were later on revised as given in Table – 4.2.



Table-4.2

Revised GCA, CCA & Annual Irrigation of Eastern Kosi & Rajpur Canal System

SlNo

Name of canal system GCA(in lakh ha)

CCA(in lakh ha)

Intensity ofirrigation

Annualirrigation(in lakh ha)

1 Eastern Kosi Canal System 7.43 4.95 115.0% 5.692 Rajpur Branch Canal 1.76 1.17 121.5% 1.43

Total 9.19 6.12 7.12

(Source: Report of KIC 1975)

Thus the Kosi Eastern Canal System including Rajpur Branch Canal System

envisaged an annual irrigation of 7.12 lakh ha.

Eastern Kosi main canal with length of 43.5 km has five Branch canals viz. Rajpur,

Murliganj, Janaki Nagar, Purnea and Araria branch canals. From Rajpur branch

canal, four sub-branches offtake, namely, Supaul, Saharsa, Gamharia and Madhepura.

The details of distribution system of Eastern Kosi canal system is given in Table 4.3.

Table – 4.3Details of distribution system of Eastern Kosi Canal

SlNo.

Name of Canal DesignedCapacityin cumec(cusec)

Lengthof canalin km.

GCAin Lakh

ha.

CCA as peroriginalreport inlakh ha.

AnnualIrrigation(lakh ha)

1. Eastern KosiCanal

424.50(15000)

43.27 7.43 4.95 5.69

a) Murliganj Br.Canal

45.0(1590)

64.40 1.21 0.80 0.92

b) Janakinagar Br.Canal

99.0(3500)

82.11 2.72 1.81 2.08

C) Purnea Br. Canal 85.0(3010)

64.40 2.15 1.44 1.64

d) Araria Br. Canal 41.0(1450)

57.96 0.97 0.64 0.75

e) Direct Dy. fromMain Canal.

77.8(2750)

191.59 0.38 0.26 0.30

2. Rajpur Br. Canal 76.4(2700)

9.66 1.76 1.17 1.43

Total 9.19 6.12 7.12( Source: Report of Kosi Irrigation Committee, 1975)



The Index Map of Eastern Kosi Canal Systemis given at Plate-2.3. The Index Map of

Western Kosi Canal System is also enclosed at Plate 2.4.

The Eastern Kosi canal system was designed to serve a CCA of 6.12 lakh ha, which

has been presently revised to 4.40 lakh ha (3.49 lakh ha under EKC and 0.91 lakh ha

under Rajpur canal) covering 40 blocks in the districts of Supaul, Saharsa,

Madhepura, Purnea, Katihar, Araria and Khagaria (only one block). Annual Irrigation

which was originally 7.12 lakh ha was also reduced to 4.48 lakh ha after review by the

Kosi Irrigation Committee in 1975.

(a) Potential Created and Utilised

Irrigation potential created and utilized under Eastern Kosi Canal System from the

year 1974-75 onwards upto 2007-08 is given in Table 4.4. It may be seen therefrom

that the performance of project has not improved even after substantial reduction of

CCA from 6.12 lakh ha to 4.40 lakh ha. Against the planned irrigation potential of

4.48 lakh ha, potential of 3.92 lakh ha was created by 1982-83 and thereafter it has

remained at same level. A perusal of the figures of actual utilization shows

maximum achievement of only 2.09 lakh ha in 1983-84 & 1984-85 which is 53.32%

of potential created. This reflects substantially poor performance of the project

showing lack of proper maintenance and deficiencies in water management practices.

Table 4.4Irrigation Potential created and utilized under Eastern Kosi Canal System

(Unit: lakh ha)Year Ultimate

PotentialPotentialCreated

Potentialutilised

% ofUtilisation toUltimatePotential

% ofUtilisationto CreatedPotential

1974-75 4.48 2.28 1.23 27.46 53.95

1975-76 4.48 2.25 1.70 37.95 75.56

1976-77 4.48 2.68 1.76 39.29 65.67

1977-78 4.48 2.68 1.80 40.18 67.16

1978-79 4.48 2.74 1.34 29.91 48.91

1979-80 4.48 2.80 2.02 45.09 72.14

1980-81 4.48 2.95 1.62 36.16 54.92

1981-82 4.48 3.18 1.80 40.18 56.60



Year UltimatePotential

PotentialCreated

Potentialutilised

% ofUtilisation toUltimatePotential

% ofUtilisationto CreatedPotential

1982-83 4.48 3.92 2.08 46.43 53.06

1983-84 4.48 3.92 2.09 46.65 53.32

1984-85 4.48 3.92 2.09 46.65 53.32

1985-86 4.48 3.92 1.32 29.46 33.67

1986-87 4.48 3.92 1.53 34.15 39.03

1987-88 4.48 3.92 0.50 11.16 12.76

1988-89 4.48 3.92 1.37 30.58 34.95

1989-90 4.48 3.92 1.75 39.06 44.64

1990-91 4.48 3.92 1.67 37.28 42.60

1991-92 4.48 3.92 1.65 36.83 42.09

1992-93 4.48 3.92 1.77 39.50 45.15

1993-94 4.48 3.92 1.46 32.59 37.24

1994-95 4.48 3.92 1.42 31.70 36.22

1995-96 4.48 3.92 1.58 35.27 40.31

1996-97 4.48 3.92 1.29 28.79 32.91

1997-98 4.48 3.92 1.40 31.25 35.71

1998-99 4.48 3.92 1.14 25.45 29.08

1999-2000 4.48 3.92 0.87 19.42 22.19

2000-01 4.48 3.92 1.23 27.45 31.78

2001-02 4.48 3.92 1.62 37.28 41.33

2002-03 4.48 3.92 1.98 44.20 50.51

2003-04 4.48 3.92 1.27 28.35 32.40

2004-05 4.48 3.92 0.83 18.53 21.17

2005-06 4.48 3.92 1.25 27.90 31.89

2006-07 4.48 3.92 1.31 29.24 33.42

2007-08 4.48 3.92 1.28 28.57 32.65

(Source: WRD, GOB, Patna)

(b) Kosi Technical Committee, 1971

To assess the measures in order to ensure optimum flood protection and irrigation



benefits in the Kosi region, Kosi Technical Committee was constituted under the

Chairmanship of eminent Water Resources Engineer Dr. Kanwar Sain in 1971 by

Govt. of Bihar in consultation with Govt. of India. The Committee reviewed the

functioning of the Barrage and its effect on the river regime. The originally

envisaged function of the barrage was as follows:

(i) To arrest coarse silt and flatten the gradient of the river.

(ii) To head up the river water level and divert canal supplies for flow irrigation.

(iii) To act as a control structure at a location where the river gradient was foundto change sharply

(iv) Full supply level required for the Eastern Canal was RL 232’ while that forthe Western Canal it was RL 244’. Hence a pond level of RL 245’ was calledfor. The barrage was, however, designed for a pond level of RL 255’ toenable flexible operation between RL 255’ and RL 245’ for the sake of moreeffective gradient control, depending on future behaviour of the river.

An extract of relevant portion of the report is given below:

“The barrage constructed at Bhimnagar, 26 mile downstream of Chatra wascommissioned in March, 1963 and had the following salient features:

a) Total width between abutments 3,770 feet against the river width of 22,770 ft.

b) Average channel bed RL 230’c) Sill level of the barrage RL 255’d) Pond level: RL 245’ to RL 255’

Main findings of the Committee are as follows:

“(i) The heading up in Kosi at the river stages of 1 to 3 lakh cusec when thesediment movement is also active, ranges between 3 and 5 ft. On account ofthe ponding, sediment deposition has occurred, flattening the bed gradient.The slope of the river in the pond area was about 3.22 ft. per mile in the year1956 prior to construction of the barrage, which became flatter to about 2.2 ft.per mile in the year 1969 i.e. in six years of functioning of the barrage. Thematerial deposited in the pond has been mostly coarse sand.

(ii) Cubature studies based on the post-flood 1964 and 1969 surveys revealed thatupstream of the barrage in the pond length of 6 mile, there is some tendencyof siltation.

The above observations show that the river upstream of the barrage is still in



the process of building up its bed which may continue till the total rise in bedbecomes 3 to 5 ft. which is the afflux caused during floods at present. Sincethe barrage is designed for the ultimate pond level of 255’ i.e. for a final riseof 10 ft. in pond level. The rise in the river bed upstream of the barrage of theorder of 3 to 5 ft. would not affect the functioning and safety of the structureand the afflux bunds upstream. These also indicated that the river bed hasgenerally lowered between the barrage and 8.75 km downstream beyondwhich siltation of the bed continued as before.

(iii) At the site of Bhimnagar barrage, the main flow existed along the right flankprior to the diversion and it continued to flow around the right guide bund,even after the barrage came into operation though attempts were made tocoax the river towards the left by keeping the central spillway gates open.During the high flood of 1968, the right main channel got silted up and the leftchannel became so active that ultimately a part of the left guide bund nose wasbreached. The active channels have been found to be shifting upstream of thebarrage year after year, and some of the channels were seen to bedangerously close to either of the afflux bunds and the Eastern and Westernearth dams, in the past. Continued vigilance for safety of the afflux bunds isthus warranted.

(iii) The river originally flowing along the right flank was diverted in 1963 throughthe barrage which was constructed towards the left. Downstream of thebarrage, the river again occupied the right bank channels by flowingdiagonally from the barrage towards Dalwa and caused a breach in thewestern embankment nearly 12 km downstream of the barrage during 1963floods. The attack persisted on 'the western flood embankment between Dalwaand Kanauli. In 1966, the attack suddenly shifted to the length of theembankment between 8 km and 9 km above Dalwa and 19 and 21 km belowKanauli (16 km). In 1967. the attack was experienced in the portion between 8km and 10 km of the western embankment. The western embankment continuedto be subjected to river pressure during 1968 and 1969 with only the points ofattack changing slightly. In 1970 the channel following along the westernembankment is reported to have carried lesser discharge than in the previousyears and the attack was shifted to the length between 18 and 23 km of theembankment. It will thus be clear that after commissioning of the barrage theattacks have been occurring downstream of barrage upto 23 km, though thepositions of attack were changing from year to year".

It is evident from the report of the Committee that one of the main objectives of the

barrage which was to arrest coarse silt and flatten the gradient is fulfilled. The other

objective of diverting water to canals for flow irrigation over a large area, has also

been satisfactorily served.



4.3.2 Present Status and Measures for System Improvement

(i) Siltation in Eastern Kosi Main Canal (EKMC)

- Siltation in EKMC – status as on 1967 & 1968 with about 10,000 cusec

discharge.

Reach Average deposition of silt

First reach 0-12 RD - Nil12 to 14.50 RD - 6.5 ft

2nd reach 14.5 to 43.8 RD - 3.9 ft

3rd reach 43.8 to 78.4RD - 2.8 ft

4th reach 78.4 to 131 RD - 2.0 ft

5th reach 131.0 to 135.15 RD - 6.6 ft

- Bed level of main canal was eroded at several places and got widened from

360 ft to 600 ft in some places with rise of bed by 1972 (period 1964-72).

- Similarly, siltation in Purnea and Araria Branch Canals and their sub-systems

were assessed in Feb.’ 1990.The status found were-rise of bed level by 3.5 ft

in branch canal (length–117 km approx) on an average while in distributaries,

sub distributaries and minors etc. (length 1198 km approx), it was 2.5 ft on an

average and 1.25 ft in water courses (length 1250 km approx).

Overall siltation in head reaches of the canals has been assessed as 55% while

lower down, it varied between 55% to 35%.

(ii) Release of design discharge

EKMC (1984-90) - Design discharge 15,000 cusec

Percentage of actual discharge during kharif and rabi seasons have been as

under:

Kharif - 39.63% of design discharge

Rabi - 27.80% of design discharge



(iii) Water reaching upto tail end

Name of Branch Canal Kharif Rabi

Murliganj B.C. (1981-90) 48% 34%

Jankinagar B.C. (1981-89) 43% 33%

Purnea B.C.(1981-90) 56% 55%

Araria B.C. (1981-89) 57% 55%

In addition to above, there are a significant number of unauthorized outlets with

higher capacity and without gates. These are to be removed / replaced by authorized

ones.Field channels and other OFD works which are key to proper water management

alongwith PIM, need to be implemented in a time bound manner. Though a target of

52060 ha against total CCA of 5.20 lakh ha was fixed during Xth Five Year Plan,

there was hardly any achievement.

(iv) Reducing loss in canal system

- Since the terrain is of sandy nature, actual losses in various canals may have to

be observed and reaches having excessive losses be identified so that these

may be lined in a phased manner.

- Losses in Water Courses (W/Cs) are 45% of total losses in canal systems -

20% of water released at the head of main canal is lost in seepage etc. from

W/Cs.

- The W/Cs which are longer than a mile or pass through predominantly sandy

reaches to be lined.

(v) Completion of remaining works/structures in the canals and development of

OFD works

- Though main canal, branch canals, distributaries and minors etc. were

constructed, very little attention was given to W/Cs and FCs etc. since

development of the latter was supposed to be done by the farmers.



- System upto 4 to 5 ha sub-chaks and below upto the field level to be

completed.

- So far main activity has been limited to construction of Kutcha FCs under

CADP and around 60% of the total expenditure was on this item. Land

leveling and drainage etc. have not been taken up even after several decades of

canal operation. Benefits from FCs have not been perceptible except in the

commands for very few minors and W/Cs. Most of the FCs either do not exist

or are damaged.

- It is estimated that an area of 3.06 lakh ha in the command of EKMC

(including Rajpur canal) has irregular topography and requires land leveling

operation. The area under different slopes as assessed are as under:

Slope Area in Lakh ha

Less than 0.3% 1.72

0.3 – 0.6% 1.02

0.6 – 1.0% 0.32

Above 1.0% Nil

3.06 lakh ha

Proper leveling and grading will go a long way in maximizing the utilization of

irrigation potential created.

(vi) Adjustment in cropping pattern and achievement of envisaged irrigationintensity

- Irrigation intensity and cropping pattern scenario in EKMC& Rajpur Branch

Canal are as under:

Existing beforeproject (Purneadist. in 1946-48

Anticipatedcroppingpattern

Revised by KosiIrrigation Committee

(1975)EKMC Rajpur

B.C.Bhadai paddy 10.6% 12% - 5%

Jute 8.2% 15% - 20%



Existing beforeproject (Purneadist. in 1946-48

Anticipatedcroppingpattern

Revised by KosiIrrigation Committee

(1975)EKMC Rajpur

B.C.Sugarcane 0.1% 3% - 1.5%

Agani Paddy 51.5% 65% 65% 65%

Rabi 9.3% 20% 20% 30%

Total 79.7% 115% 85% 121.5%

- Farmers do not take water in certain crops like jute,bhadai paddy, sugarcane

etc. As a result 115% of irrigation intensity has not been achieved.

- Study team of Ministry of Agriculture, GOI suggested that bhadai paddy

should be done away with and aghani paddy to be of 45%. Out of this, more

than half should be H.Y.V. They also suggested that intensity of irrigation for

wheat to be increased from 9.3% to 24.9%. However, following reasons have

been attributedtowards non-development of wheat:

Fields under aghani paddy are not free till even end of December.Adoption of HYV could ease the problem on this account.

Cost of wheat cultivation is high.

Duty for wheat is 81 ha while that of aghani paddy is 40 ha/cusec

Canal has been designed to meet requirement of aghani paddy during itscritical period. The requirement during rabi is much lower than the FullSupply Discharge. If canals are run on reduced discharge as perrequirement,water level in canals would be much lower than theFSL;hence it would be difficult to take water in large parts of command.To remedy it, at least 2/3rd at full supply discharge will have to be drawn inthe main and branch canals. The distributaries and minors will have to runon rotation with FSL and surplus water to be escaped.

Procurement policy of wheat under levy is not farmer friendly.

Non availability of seeds, fertilizers and other inputs

Future trends show cultivation of high starch maize as a rabi crop, isgetting popular due to lower cost of cultivation and return equal to wheat.

H.W. cultivation of maize and moong, which may be undertaken withalternative sources of irrigation to be encouraged.



(vii) Restricting entry of silt in canals

A silt ejector has been constructed at 2.25 RD of EKMC which has been found to

exclude 25 to 30% of incoming coarse and medium silt. Due to drawal of higher

discharge, silt carrying capacity increased but there is reduction in siltation in Main

Canal. Main hurdle is that land for escape channels has not been acquired.

(viii) Boulder lining over layer of filter in main canal

Silt deposition is significant in Main Canal upto 43.8 RD from Rajpur Canal take-off

point i.e. RD 14.5 RD. The sides have been stabilized upto 14.5 RD in the Main Canal

by providing boulder pitching over a layer of filter. Probably work has been extended

upto 43.8 RD in the Main Canal and by 25.0 RD in Rajpur. Such stabilization should

be undertaken wherever sub-soil water level is appreciably higher than the bed level

and the strata is of cohesionless sand.

(ix) Drawing canal discharge over higher sill level

Canal supplies to be drawn with sill levels of 242 ft and not at the level of 236 ft of

the head regulator which is also the top of the excluder tunnels. This will be helpful

in reducing the siltation in the canal but requires regular maintenance with increased

extent of siltation in barrage pond. Alsoas per Jain and Mitra recommendation, the

left under-sluice pocket and gates are kept closed excepting those of silt excluder

tunnels. This system of regulation is said to have reduced the silt entry into the canals

to the extent of 25%. Again on their recommendation, flooding of left pocket is done

once a week during the flood seasons, keeping the canal closed for a few hours which

is found to be useful. The canal is to be closed when total sediment concentration at

the head regulator exceeds 3000 ppm which would prevent rapid deposition of

sediment in the canals.



(x) (a) Measures to enhance the CCA under existing system

- Kosi Irrigation Committee (1975) had excluded certain waterlogged area from

the command to the extent of 1.24 lakh ha.

- It is estimated (as per Report by Meta Planners, 1992) that 0.81 lac ha can be

reclaimed for rabi cultivation, if due attention is given for desilting of trunk

and subsidiary drains.

- Existing waterways in bridges/ culverts shall be widened and additional ones

to be provided as per requirement.

- Post – monsoon water table fluctuations shall be studied and water-logged

areas to be identified to take up following measures.

In area with ground water level upto 5 ft - bamboo boring on a large scale

to be taken up.

In areas with ground water level from 5 ft to 10 ft - only kharif irrigation to

be done and bamboo boring on a large scale to be encouraged.

In areas with ground water level from 10 ft to 15 ft - kharif and rabi

irrigation to be done, keeping a critical watch and if it deteriorates, then

only paddy irrigation to be done.

(b) Problem of high patch areas and new areas which were not covered inKosi Command earlier

- High patch areas – 0.81 lac ha

- out of the above, about 0.40 lac ha can be brought under irrigation by:

rise in FSL due to siltation

Some areas can be irrigated by constructing parallel channels fromabove existing falls.

Installation of pumps in the canal below Purnea-SaharsaRailwayLine, since large area is deprived of irrigation due tolowering of FSL of canal to keep level of railway line unchanged. Ifsome pumps are installed below the railway line areas to raise thewater level by few ft and canal system is remodelled to suit thehigher levels, some additional areas at minimum cost can be covered.

A patch of about 3240 ha lying between Rajpur Branch canal, HayaDhar and Gamaharia Branch canal which was earlier considered asuncommandable can be brought under command by taking out achannel from Rajpur feeder channel from suitable spot.



(c) Completion of By-Pass complex

Location of power house with installed capacity of 20,000 KW utilizing a fall

of 13 ft at RD 12 of EKMC, non commissioning of power units of all its units

and failures have stood in the way for running the Main Canal at its full

capacity. To make it independent, the entire by-pass complex including the

second fall may be completed at the earliest.Out of this, only first fall is

nearing completion and second one has probably not been taken up so far to

negotiate 13 ft height between u/s and d/s of power house. The work on by-

pass channel is on going for a capacity of 10600 cusec. The total discharge of

the main canal is 15,000 cusec. The arrangement of the power house is such

that it will allow 15000 cusec through the four power vents-3750 cusec

through each vent.

4.4 KAMLA IRRIGATION PROJECT

4.4.1 Project Details

Kamla Irrigation Project consists of a 1.5 m high weir across the river Kamla with

head regulators on both the banks for Right and Left Kamla main canals. The project

falls in the composite river basin of Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Kamla rivers.

The headworks are located near Jayanagar town at lat. 26o 35’ N and long. 86o 10’ E

of Madhubani District of Bihar. The catchment area of the river upto the headworks

is 2138 sq km, out of which 1334 sq km is hilly and the remaining 804 sq km is in

plains. The length of the weir between abutments is 292.53 m and the design

discharge is 3965 cumec (1,40,000 cusec).

The project was designed for a Gross Command Area (GCA) of 66529 ha and

Culturable Command Area (CCA) of 39921 ha. The Western Main Canal on the right

bank (16.03 km long) serves a GCA & CCA of 57744 ha & 34648 ha respectively to

cover 7 blocks of Madhubani District namely Jayanagar, Basopatti, Harlakhi,

Madhwapur, Benipatti, Bisfi, Khajauli and Rahika (part) and the Eastern Main Canal



on the left bank (8.17 km long) serves a GCA & CCA of 8785 ha & 5273 ha

respectively to cover 3 blocks of Madhubani District namely Jayanagar, Ladaina and

Babu Barhi. The design discharge at head of Western Main Canal and Eastern Main

Canal are 22.66 cumec (800 cusec) and 3.18 cumec (112 cusec) respectively.

However, after construction of the Western Kosi Canal, southern portion of Kamla

Canal on the right bank mainly comprising the Command area of King’s Canal off

taking from 5.30 RD of Kamla Right Main Canal & having 45 km length got

amalgamated in Western Kosi Canal Command to the extent of GCA = 19311 ha and

CCA = 11590 ha. Thus, the remaining command of Kamla Irrigation Project now

stands at GCA = 47218 ha, CCA= 28331 ha against original GCA=66529 ha and

CCA= 39921 ha.

The construction of the project started in 1970 and completed in the year 1975-76.

The headworks is approachable from Madhubani through a pucca road, which crosses

Kamla river at headworks with a bridge on it and connects Nirmali and Birpur, where

the headworks of Kosi Project is located.

The ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 25498 ha against a revised CCA of

28331 ha at design intensity of irrigation of 90% with seasonwise break-up as under :

Kharif - 19832 ha (70% of CCA)

Rabi - 5666 ha (20% of CCA)

Total - 25498 ha (90% of CCA)

The ultimate irrigation potential has been fully created.

Index map of Kamla Irrigation Project is given in Plate 2.5.

4.4.2 Present status and measures for system improvement

i) Potential Utilisation: Year wise % of potential utilised against potential created has

been as under :

Year Kharif(%)

Rabi(%)

Total(%)


Year Kharif(%\

Rabi(%)

Total(%)

t995 -96 54 5 42r996-97 45 - 361997 -98 27 7 a1

LJ1998-99 56 6 441999-00 58 9 472000-01 29 10 25200r -02 55 0 432002-03 68 0 532003-04 100 B 822004-0s 83 B 66200s-06 79 6 62

Though the potential utilisation in Kharif has been 100% in the year 2003-04,itis less

than l0% in rabi. Lower achievement in rabi is attributed to various factors likescarcity of water', siltation in canals. poor maintenance of water courses/field

channels, lower weir efficiency, canal conveyance efficiency etc.

ii)

iii)

Weir Efficiency: Efficiency of u,eir can be

water at the project head to meet the gross

area. In other words;

expressed as the ability of weir to divert

irrigation requirement of the command

Weir efficiency : V o lum e o f W at e r d"iu e r t e d" t o c an a I sy s t e m at h e a dv o lume o f w at er r e quir em e nt t om e e t t h e G I R o f irr t g at ionar e a

By using the data of actual releases from the weir during the months of July, August,

September and October against the gross demand for the period from 1996 to 2005.

weir efficiency has been found to be widely varying from ll% to 89o/o.

Low efficiency of the weir may be attributed to :

- Siltation of the ponded area of the weir upto crest over the period of 30 years

since construction.

- Inadequate functioning of under sluice gates and falling shutters over weir crest.

Canal Conveyance Efficiency:Canal conveyance efficiency of the main canal and

distributaries has been assessed as 76% and 76.8% respectively, giving overall

1,7II/APCOS LId Clnpter-ll'



conveyance efficiency of 58.4% with the field application efficiency assessed at 44%

overall efficiency works out to only 25.7%.

Since canal capacities have reduced due to siltation,restoration of section may

improve the conveyance efficiency of the canal system.

iv) Carrying Capacity of Canals

Design Discharge(cusec)

Existing Capacity(cusec)

Western Main Kamla Canal 800 454 to 540

Kings Canal 400 191 to 271

Korahia Distributary 55 34 to 58

The canal sections measured at different places and compared with the design sections

show siltation in the canals. The canals, therefore, require desiltation in order to

restore their original design capacities.

4.4.3 Improvement in Water Use Efficiency

The water use efficiency in Kamla Irrigation Project may improve by taking the

following remedial measures :

i) Clearance of silt from the pond area of the weir

ii) Proper maintenance and operation of undersluice gates & falling shutters sothat water during lean season can be stored / diverted and potential utilisationimproved during rabi season.

iii) Desilting of canals for restoration of original canal sections, followed byregular maintenance

iv) Adopting better water management practices to improve farm applicationefficiency which is very low at present by introducing rotational water supplyand participatory irrigation management.

v) Maintenance of water courses and field channels to be carried out with theinvolvement of farmers.

vi) Command area is well drained by natural drains. However they may alsorequire periodical maintenance.



4.5 STABILIZATION OF IRRIGATION IN EXISTING PROJECTS

4.5.1 Stabilization through Performance Improvement and Better Water Management

Many of the existing irrigation projects in India are operating below their potential

due to operational and maintenance deficiencies. Even a marginal improvement in the

efficiency of water used in irrigation will result in saving a large volume of water

which can be utilized for stabilizing irrigation in the command area either by

extending the irrigated area or by increasing the intensity of irrigation.

It has been seen in the earlier paragraphs of this chapter that both Eastern Kosi Canal

Project and Kamla Irrigation Project have been underperforming primarily due to the

management deficiencies. It is therefore important that aspects concerning water

management as elaborated below are dealt with on urgent basis in order to stabilize

the irrigation to the level designed for.

4.5.1.1 Maintenance of Irrigation Systems

Due to lack of requisite maintenance, quite a few of the irrigation networks have

deteriorated markedly over the years. The main deficiencies include weed infestation,

siltation, broken canal linings, failing and damaged structures and inoperative drains.

Such structures are unable to deliver the water reliably to support crop needs as per

the approved operational plans. The worst affected areas are the secondary and

tertiary systems.

The financing of maintenance through non- plan funds has been posing a serious

problem. Prior to independence, the irrigation rates were generally sufficient to meet

the working expenditure on operation and maintenance of irrigation systems. Since

independence, however, there has been progressive deterioration in the return and

efficiency of irrigation projects, imposing a growing burden on the revenue and

agricultural production in the states.



4.5.1.2 Equity, Timeliness and Reliability of Supplies

Equitable distribution of water to the fields and adoption of proper water application

methods have great bearing on productivity. Generally, farmers in head-reach not

knowing the implications of excessive water application to their fields, are tempted to

draw excess water. They not only suffer by way of low production and damage to

their lands, but also deprive other farmers, whose lands are situated in the tail reaches

of the projects, of their due share of irrigation supplies. Therefore, it is necessary to

ensure equitable, timely and efficient water utilization in the tertiary system below the

outlet by organizing irrigation scheduling and co-ordinated water delivery plan.

In the conventionally operated system, the control structures are operated sequentially

from upstream to downstream which takes days to effect any change in delivery in a

large canal system and the canal system does not respond quickly to flow changes.

The overall canal operation has, therefore, to be improved to provide this capability

which will also help inimproving the distribution system, and give the farmer more

freedom to operate and increase the on-farm efficiency. Computer assisted Decision

Support System and canal automation may ultimately overcome the above

shortcomings in the conventional canal operation.

4.5.1.3Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)

It has now been recognised that unless farmers are involved in an organised way, in

the operation, management and maintenance of irrigation system, the objective of

increased utilisation and production from irrigation commands cannot be realised and

even if realised cannot be sustained in the long run. Many shortcomings of present

irrigation management could be reduced by effectively involving farmers in the

irrigation management. Formation of Water Users Associations (WUAs) offers

considerable scope to improve the present situation. In the PIM system, the

department is responsible for supply of water at the head of the distributory or minor

and below the head, the WUAs would be responsible for distribution, operation,

maintenance and management of the secondary and tertiary portions of the

distribution network upto the farm gate. Such an arrangement may also include



autonomy to farmers to utilise the water purchased by them in any manner. Within the

area of operation of WUAs, the role of the Government would be limited to

promotion and technical assistance to the WUAs.

Command Area Development Programme has been advocating the concept of

farmers’ participation in the irrigation water management for a very long time. A

number of irrigation water users' cooperatives/societies have been established in

different parts of the country. The experience of these farmers' associations has been

encouraging. The challenge to the planners is to bring the entire irrigation system

under PIM. That, as of today, is seen as the long term solutionto sustain development.

4.5.1.4 Conjunctive use of Surface and Groundwater

Integrated and coordinated development of surface and groundwater is widely

recognised as a most suitable strategy for irrigation development in alluvial plains. In

earlier times, more emphasis was given to development of surface irrigation which

resulted in degradation of land in some of the commands. Gradual rise in water table,

related problems of waterlogging and soil salinity/alkalinity have surfaced mainly

because of lack of drainage provision, improper water management, inadequate

maintenance, etc.

Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater will not only increase the irrigation

potential, but also mitigate the problem of waterlogging. The technologies of

irrigation from the two sources have to be integrated in a complementary manner in a

conjunctive irrigation system, in order to achieve sustainable optimum agricultural

production and equity. Such integration can be brought about in one or more of the

following ways:

Conjunctive in space: Some parts of the command may be irrigated exclusively by

surface water and the other parts by groundwater.

Conjunctive in time: Parts of the command may be irrigated by surface water at one

time of the growing period or in one crop season, and by groundwater at another time



of the growing period or in another crop season. Surface water may be provided for

irrigation in the "Kharif" season when there is abundant water in the rivers and exploit

groundwater in "Rabi" or Summer season when rivers usually carry lean flows.

Conjunctive by augmentation: Supplies from one source are augmented by those

from the other source e.g. augmentation tube wells.

Though the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater is being advocated and is

accepted as most suitable means of irrigation development, it is unfortunate that not

much headway is achieved in its planning and implementation. To meet the demands

of irrigation water for the year 2050, it is imperative that all out efforts are made now

to fully harness the available surface and groundwater resources in a coordinated

manner.

4.5.2 Stabilization adopting other options

The other options for stabilizing irrigation in the existing projects viz. EKCP and KIP

may be considered in following ways:

i) Extension of Command Area or Modernisation of Project

ii) Increase in Irrigation Intensity

4.5.2.1 Extension of Eastern Kosi Canal Command

Earlier, Kosi project authorities had envisaged extension of the Mahisakol distributary

of Araria branch canal of Eastern Kosi Canal. By extending this distributary, an

additional area of 0.74 lakh ha of gross command area and 0.49 lakh ha of culturable

command area with annual irrigation of 0.60 lakh ha at 121.5% intensity of irrigation

in Purnea district of Bihar would have been benefited. It was proposed that this

scheme might be taken up after the full establishment of irrigation facilities in the

Kosi Command. Since the extension of command requires only the extension of the

distributary and corresponding distribution system, no additional head works were

required.



The cropping pattern was proposed to be adopted same as that of Rajpur Canal

System in Eastern Kosi Canal Command i.e. 121.5% with seasonwise break-up as

under:-

Crop season %age Area in lakh ha

Kharif 90 0.441

Rabi 30 0.147

Perennial 1.5 0.007

Total 121.5 0.595

Say 0.60

However, this scheme has not been implemented by Govt. of Bihar so far. Now

the area proposed under extension of Eastern Kosi Canal Command has been

included in the Irrigation Planning Studies of the current project under the

command area of Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin. Hence, it is not feasible

to extend the command area of existing EKCP.

4.5.2.2 Modernisation of Kamla Irrigation Project

A scheme for modernization of Kamla Irrigation Project was planned in the year

1981. This scheme envisaged to extend the irrigation in whole command with

intensity of irrigation increased from 90% to 115% with seasonwise break-up

indicated below:

Kharif - 82%

Rabi - 28%

Perennial - 5%

Total - 115%

This increase in irrigation intensity to the level of 115% was envisaged in view of the

fact that it may be same as adopted in Western Kosi Canal Project, being an adjoining

project. The irrigation intensity in WKCP is 115.5%.



However, the modernization of Kamla Irrigation Project has not been implemented. In

the mean time, part of its command under Kings Canal, as mentioned earlier, has been

taken over with Western Kosi Canal Project which is in advanced stage of

completion.

4.5.2.3 Increasing Intensity of Irrigation

The other option is to explore the possibility of increasing the intensity of irrigation to

the maximum level within the same CCA with conjunctive use of surface and groune

water.

The details of the cropping pattern and irrigation intensities existing / ongoing /

proposed projects in North Bihar are given in Table 4.5.

It would be noted from above that in diversion schemes, increase in irrigation

intensity is possible only through conjunctive use planning of surface and ground

water as recommended in case of Eastern Gandak Restoration, Bagmati (Phase-I),

Gandak (Phase-II) Projects etc. for which it is necessary to make proper assessment of

replenishable ground water potential.

In this connection, it is also necessary to take a look on the recommendation of

various Commissions/ Committees etc. set up from time to time and also the

cropping pattern and irrigation intensities as planned under existing / ongoing projects

and as recommended by various agencies to arrive at some reasonable conclusions

about the possible increase in intensity of irrigation in Eastern Kosi Canal Project as

well as Kamla Irrigation Project.

(i) The Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972)

The Second Irrigation Commission, Govt. of India has suggested the following policy

for deciding future cropping pattern and irrigation intensity.

i) Maximum production per unit of area

ii) Maximum production per unit of water, and



iii) Maximum area served

“The Indo-Gangetic Plain has a high density of population, good fertile soil andabundant surface and groundwater. In all these areas, water resources are adequatebut land is scarce and the aim should be to secure the maximum production per unitof area through multiple cropping, high yielding varieties and the latest technology”.

In view of the above recommendation, the policy of maximum production per unit of

cultivated area needs to be one of the major thrusts for the State of Bihar.

(ii) The National Commission on Agriculture (GOI, 1976)

The policy thrust for irrigation to achieve maximum production per unit area as

recommended by the Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972) was fully endorsed

by the National Commission on Agriculture.

(iii) The Committee on Agricultural Productivity in Eastern India (RBI, 1984)

The Committee studied the problems of agriculture prevailing in Eastern India

comprising West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar & Eastern UP and made important

observations and valuable recommendations which highlighted the potential for

development of agriculture in this region. The following extracts attest the potential

for development of agriculture in Bihar and underpins the constraints that besiege the

harnessing of the potential.

“However, even after nearly two and half decades of this significant shift inproduction strategy, the process of intensification of agriculture through sciencebased and industry-linked farming has not spread uniformly in all parts of thecountry. Eastern India comprising West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and East UP is a casein point.

‘Eastern India presents a picture of the highest concentration of population and thelowest per capita food-grains production. Labour alone, obviously, is not enough fordeveloping intensive agriculture. It is only when labour along with thecomplementary inputs of capital and skills (irrigation, drainage, yield augmentinginputs, efficient implementation, research extension, etc.) are used intensively to makeup for the scarcity of land that conditions are created for sustained increase inproductivity.

“The application of fertilizers and use of HYV seeds in the Eastern Region (WestBengal, Orissa, Bihar and East UP) are still at a low level. Rate of fertilizersapplication in 1981-82 averaged around 25 kg/ha. Coverage of area under cereals



with HYV seeds has also been low, less than 40 percent. Raising the level ofapplication of these two inputs alone can considerably improve land productivity ofthe region”.

(iv) The Agro-Climatic Regional Planning, Planning Commission (1989)

According to the study conducted by the Planning Commission for Agro-Climatic

Regional Planning (1989), the State of Bihar, lies in Zone-IV i.e. Middle Gangetic

Plain. This zone has been further sub-divided into six sub-zones, each having

adequate agro-climatic homogentiy for detailed operational planning, according to

which the whole of Bihar falls under sub-zone-4., sub-zone-5 and sub-zone-6. Sub-

zone-5 comprises the basins of Bagmati, Kamala, Kosi and Mahananda located in the

eastern part of North Bihar. Zone-IV has been characterized by rich water and soil

resources, low productivity level, high population pressure on land and increased

proportion of problem soils. Rainfall in this region is high and irrigation is fairly

developed (39% of GCA) with cropping intensity of 142%. Cropping is cereal based

to the extent of 70% in Bihar plains. Apparently, the agro-climatic features bestow

high agricultural production potential to this region which remains to be realized.

(v) The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)

The Commission studied in detail the land and water resources of the state and also

examined basin-wise existing cropping intensity as well as the future cropping

intensity in the light of available water and land resources and prevailing constraints.

After a great deal of deliberations, the Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission

arrived at the prospective cropping pattern for future based on constraints of available

water, land potential, scope for storage and diversion of water etc., which is given in

the Table 4.6.

Table 4.6

Basinwise Prospective Cropping Pattern in North Bihar

Sl.No.

Name of the Basin Percentage of Cultivable Area(NSA) to Cropped area (%)

CroppingIntensity

(%)RainfedSituation

IrrigatedSituation

1. Ghaghra-Mechi-Western GandakComposite

46 151 197

2. Upper Eastern Gandak 49 142 191



Sl.No.

Name of the Basin Percentage of Cultivable Area(NSA) to Cropped area (%)

CroppingIntensity

(%)RainfedSituation

IrrigatedSituation

Upper Burhi GandakComposite

3. Lower EasternGandak-Baya-LowerBurhi GandakComposite

65 139 204

4. Bagmati-Adhwara 59 136 195

5. Kamla-Balan 59 143 202

6. Kosi 43 162 205

7. Mahananda 43 151 194

Total North Bihar 51 148 199

From the perusal of Table 3.6, it transpires that the Commission has suggested

cropping intensity of 195% (136% for irrigated & 59% for rainfed) for Bagmati,

205% (162% for irrigated & 43% for rainfed) for Kosi and 194% (151% for irrigated

and 43% for rainfed) for Mahananda basins.

This is to be noted that these recommendations are under the constraints that the

irrigation schemes are only run-of-the river schemes as no storage sites are available

within the State. Thus, with only run-of-the river schemes, an average cropping

intensity of 199% for North Bihar and 182% for South Bihar has been

recommended. With proposal of creation of reservoirs by construction of dams on

major rivers like Kosi and Gandak, there will be considerable scope of increasing the

cropping and irrigation intensities over what has been proposed by the Second Bihar

State Irrigation Commission with only run-of-the schemes.

The important point to underscore is that the Commission foresees the possibility of

achieving high cropping intensity of around 200% which implies to approximate the

similar level of irrigation intensity whenever the water resource infrastructure gets so

developed.



(vi) The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (1999)

The Commission has recommended that the basins with possible surplus water, near

saturation utilization of land and water has first to be aimed at, subject to the

condition that such utilization is not based on impractical engineering such as storage

requirements for which reservoir sites are not available or involve very high lifts or

wasteful use that may result in very low efficiency and excessive water application.

(vii) The DPR of Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal System, WAPCOS (2003)

The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal

System, a Project sponsored by the Planning Commission, Government of India has

been prepared by WAPCOS Ltd., a Government of India Undertaking. In this report,

WAPCOS has recommended an irrigation intensity of 228%. This has been possible,

as exploitation of ground water has been undertaken on large scale through

implementation of Million Shallow Tubewells in the area under a scheme undertaken

by the Planning Commission and which is still under implementation. According to

the Report prepared by WAPCOS, an irrigation intensity of 228% is feasible with

conjunctive use of surface and ground water. WAPCOS has proposed an irrigation

intensity of 90% with ground water and 138% with surface water both to be used

conjunctively.

It is very pertinent to note that the above irrigation intensity as adopted by

WAPCOS is also based on run-of-the river scheme and is not supported by any

reservoir. With the proposal of' creation of reservoirs by constructing dam on river

Gandak, there is scope of increasing the irrigation intensity further.

(viii) The Expert Committee on Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar (2003)

Taking into consideration available surface and ground water, the soil and climatic

characteristics as well as other socio-agro-economic factors, following

cropping/irrigation intensities have been proposed for different agro-climatic sub-

zones by the Expert Committee.



(Unit: Percentage)

Sl.

No.

Region Irrigation Intensity

Kharif Rabi H.W. Total

1 Sub-Zone -4 North Bihar (West) 80 95 75 250

2 Sub-Zone -5 North Bihar (East) 75 95 80 250

3 Sub-Zone -6(a) South Bihar (West) 95 95 50 240

4 Sub-Zone -6(b) South Bihar (East) 95 95 45 230

Emerging Insights

The insights emerging from the appraisal of the past reports are the following:

i) Maximizing crop production per unit of land area needs to be the major thrust

for crop planning in the project area.

ii) For reasons of agro-climatic conditions and guided by the need for staple food

production, primacy has to be given to the cultivation of cereal crops such as

rice, wheat and maize. These are the crops in which technological break

through has imbibed high yield potential.

iii) The storage-based water supply will enhance water availability during rabi and

summer seasons. There will be a necessity for diversified cropping pattern

during these seasons. The major crops may include, besides wheat, winter

maize, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and spices, plantation crops (dwarf banana,

coconut, pineapple etc.), perennial crops and others. Such diversification will

open up the opportunities for an all- round rural development.

iv) In commanding maximum possible area with the available irrigation water

supply and for achieving highest possible yield level, it will be necessary to

increasingly adopt the practices of efficient water application and irrigation

scheduling as per the crop growth stage sensitivity for soil water stress. It will

be highly prudent to adopt the principle of better delivered less water use.

From the above view, it could be construed that storage-based water supply may

enable to achieve a high irrigation intensity of around 200% which can be

further enhanced to a significantly higher level in conjunction with ground water

development after assessment of the ground water potential in the area.



4.6 GROUND WATER ASSESSMENT

The Kosi basin, including the catchment areas of its tributaries like Bagmati, Kamla

etc. and the area covered by alluvial strata in Mahananda basin, is a prolific field for

the development of ground water resource. There is not only an abundant thickness

of loose unconsolidated alluvial sediments in this area but the latter is also endowed

with very favorable meteorological conditions and topography. All these factors

contribute to the making of a very promising geohydrological sub-province in this

basin.

A network of hydrographic stations in the form of wells, tapping the water-table

aquifers, is being maintained by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and the

State Ground Water Directorate (SGD) and the water levels from these stations are

being monitored periodically. The CGWB records the ground water table levels 5

times a year in April, June, August, November and January, whereas the SGD records

the water levels only twice annually i.e. one pre-monsoon and another post-monsoon.

Based on the above data, CGWB has assessed the ground water resource district wise.

The assessment of ground water is not only done for district as a whole but also for

each of the basin, worked out on the basis of proportionate area falling in the basin.

So far as existing projects of Eastern Kosi Canal Project (EKCP) and Kamla Irrigation

Project (KIP) are concerned, the districts of Bihar State involved are as under:

EKCP KIP

District Area in Kosi Basin(Lha. )

District Area in Kosi Basin(Lha.)

Supaul 2.41 (99.2%)

Saharsa 1.54 (91.5%) Madhubani 1.99 (56.8%)

Madhepura 1.79 (100%)

Purnea 2.07 (64.2%)



EKCP KIP

District Area in Kosi Basin(Lha. )

District Area in Kosi Basin(Lha.)

Araria 1.39 (49.1%)

Katihar 1.06 (34.7%)

Bhagalpur 0.27 (10.3%)

Kagaria 0.29 (19.6%)

Total 10.83 Total 1.99

The assessment of ground water resource carried out by CGWB for the above districts

is given in Table-4.7.

Table 4.7

Assessment of Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resourcesin project commands

(Unit: Mcum)Sl

No.District Net annual

GroundWater

availability

ExistingGW draft

forIrrigation

Allocationfor domestic& industrialrequirementfor next 25

years

Net GWavailability

forIrrigation

%agegeographical

area incommand

Net GWavailable incommand

1 2 3 4 5 6 =(3-4-5) 7 8=(6x7/100)

A Eastern Kosi Canal Project

1 Supaul 859 228 49 582 99.2 577

2 Saharsa 559 171 40 348 91.5 318

3 Medhepura 595 234 39 322 100 322

4 Purnea 1041 374 72 595 64.2 382

5 Araria 883 204 55 624 49.1 306

6 Katihar 967 358 62 547 34.7 190

7 Bhagalpur 670 154 65 451 10.3 58

8 Khagaria 500 166 34 300 19.6 59

Sub-total 6074 1889 416 3769 58.7 2212

B Kamla Irrigation Project

1 Madubani 1029 257 88 684 56.8 388

Sub-total 1029 257 88 684 56.8 388

Grand Total 7103 2146 504 4453 58.4 2600

Source:As per ‘Salient features of dynamic ground water resources of Bihar’ as on 31st

March, 2004 – by CGWB



Thus the annual ground water availability for irrigation for the existing projects from

the above Table works out as under :

EKCP = 2212 Mcum (for 8 districts)

KIP = 388 Mcum(for 1 district)

Considering a net irrigation requirement of 0.7 m for rabi crops and field application

efficiency of 0.65 for non-ponded crops, the gross irrigation requirement for ground

water works out to 1.07 (0.7/0.65)m. Accordingly, with the above ground water

availability, the additional area which can be irrigated works out to :-

EKCP = 2212 x 106/1.07 x 104= 2.07 lakh ha

KIP = 388 x 106/ 1.07 x 10 4= 0.36 lakh ha

This shows that ample quantity of ground water is available to plan for increase the

irrigation intensity within the same command of the above projects.

4.7 CONCLUSIONS

From the discussions given in the preceding paragraphs, it is to be concluded that the

stabilization of irrigation can be achieved by taking the following measures:

i) Reinstating the canal capacities to their original design level by desilting thecanals.

ii) Assessing repair & damages in the canal system and carrying out major/minorrepairs, as the case may be to bring the canals to their original sections.

iii) Providing adequate funds for regular Operation &Maintenance (O&M) of theprojects.

iv) Introducing selective lining, wherever necessary in the vulnerable reachesespecially in the banking portions, near the off-take points, u/s & d/s of majorCD works etc.

v) Construction of water courses and field channels, wherever not existingalongwith other CAD works.

vi) Involvement of farmers for the maintenance of water courses/field channels.

vii) Introduction of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in the project byformation of Water Users Associations (WUAs)



viii) Better Water Management through rotational water supply for efficient,equitable and reliable water supply to all the farmers, especially the tail-enders.

ix) Improvement in the canal conveyance efficiency by controlling seepage andoperational losses.

However, apart from stabilizing the irrigation to the design level as planned at the

time of formulation of the existing projects through above measures, the project

benefits can be further enhanced and optimized through conjunctive use of both

surface and ground water by increasing the intensity of irrigation.

In this connection, it may be mentioned that the conjunctive use planning of both

surface and ground water is carried out considering the available surface water to

meet the irrigation demand of crops to the extent possible and balance to be met

through ground water extraction which would eventually also ensure that sub-surface

water table does not rise to cause water-logging in the command area.

Govt. of Bihar constituted an Expert Committee of Engineers in April, 2005 under the

Chairmanship of Er. K N Lal to study the possibilities of “Flood Mitigation through

layered storage” based on the concept of induced recharge of ground water through

Injection-cum-Irrigation tube wells in flood affected basins of North Bihar. The flood

water thus injected and stored under the ground would provide an opportunity to be

extracted during rabi and hot weather seasons. Based on the recommendations made

by the above Committee in their report on “Mitigation of floods by induced recharge

into ground water in Bagmati-Kamla and Kosi Basins, May, 2006”, it is contemplated

to utilize ground water in conjunction with surface water to meet the irrigation

requirement of crops, as and when required. Water planning has therefore to be done

considering the net available ground water in the command districts with higher

irrigation intensity, which has also been recommended by the Expert Committee on

Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar (2003) for North Bihar (East & West) sub-

zones as mentioned earlier in this chapter.

Further, Govt. of Bihar has launched a programme for intra-basin transfer of water

with the objective to maximize agricultural productivity through provision of assured

irrigation for the entire culturable land in the State of Bihar along with enhancement



of irrigation intensity to achieve optimum utilization of the available water resources.

It is envisaged to implement the following types of schemes in order to accomplish

the above objective:

- Schemes for providing irrigation in unexploited and water deficit areas of thestate.

- Schemes for moderation of floods by way of diversion of water from surplusrivers to deficit rivers/ areas to augment irrigation facilities in those areas.

- Schemes for remodeling and modernization of existing pump canal schemes,especially on the river Ganga basin with the objective to withdraw additionalwater for irrigation.

- Linking of major rivers of North Bihar to the rivers of South Bihar for transfer

of surplus water in the north to deficit areas in the south for developing

irrigation in the target command areas including enroute irrigation.

The implementation of above schemes is aimed at increasing crop yields, crop

production and income of the farmers. On the other hand, it will also help mitigation

of floods, reduction in water logging and salinity of lands, thereby bringing more

areas under cultivation.

It is proposed that the intensity of irrigation may be increased within Kosi Basin to the

level of 160% with conjunctive use planning of surface and ground water.

4.7.1 Eastern Kosi Canal Project

a) Eastern Kosi Canal (CCA-3.49 lakh ha)

Sl.No.

Present cropping Pattern(surface water)

Proposed Cropping Pattern(with Conjunctive Use)

Kharif Kharif1 Bhadai Paddy 12% Paddy 65%2 Aghani Paddy 65% Maize 10%3 Jute 15% Jute 15%

Sub-Total 92% Sub-Total 90%Rabi Rabi

4 Wheat 20% Wheat 30%Oilseeds 10%Pulses 10%Vegetables 7%

Sub-Total 20% Total 57%Hot Weather



Sl.No.


Proposed Cropping Pattern(with Conjunctive Use)Green Gram 10%Vegetables 3%Sub-Total 13%

5 PerennialSugarcane 3%Total 115% Total 160%

The net increment in irrigation intensity is of the order of 45% i.e. 37% during rabi

and 13% during hot weather with reduction of 5% area under Kharif and Perennial.

The CCA of EKCP is 3.49 lakh ha. With 160% irrigation intensity, the annual

irrigation works out to 5.58 lakh ha. Against this, while 4.0 lakh ha (3.49 x 1.15)

shall continue to be irrigated by surface water Ex-Kosi barrage at Hanuman nagar, the

remaining 1.58 (5.58 - 4.0) lakh ha is proposed to be irrigated from ground water.

b) Rajpur Canal (CCA-0.91 lakh ha)

The existing design cropping pattern in Rajpur Canal through surface water

application is as under:

Kharif - 90%

Rabi - 30%

Perennial - 1.5%

Total - 121.5%

Similarly comparing the original design irrigation intensity of 121.5% with proposed

enhanced intensity of 160% with conjunctive use, the increment works out to 38.5%

(160-121.5).The CCA of Rajpur Canal is 0.91 lakh ha giving annual irrigation of 1.46

lakh ha with 160% irrigation intensity. Against this, while 1.10 (0.91 x 1.215) lakh ha

shall continue to be irrigated by surface water ex-Hanumannagar Barrage, the balance

area of 0.36 (1.46 -1.1) lakh ha is proposed to irrigated from ground water.

Thus the area of EKCP as a whole including Rajpur Canal that is proposed to be

irrigated from ground water works out to 1.94 (1.58 + 0.36) lakh ha.As already



worked out in para 3.5, net ground water is available to the extent of 2212 Mcum

i.e. equivalent of 2.07 lakh ha area which is more than the area of 1.94 lakh ha

proposed to be irrigated from ground water. Hence OK.

4.7.2 Kamla Irrigation Project (revised CCA – 0.28 lakh ha)

Sl.No.


Proposed Cropping Pattern(with Conjuctive Use)

Kharif Kharif

1 Paddy 70% Paddy 65%

Maize 10%

Jute 15%

Sub-Total 70% Sub-Total 90%

Rabi Rabi

2 Wheat 20% Wheat 30%

Oilseeds 10%

Pulses 10%

Vegetables 7%

Sub-Total 20% Sub-Total 57%

Hot Weather

Green Gram 10%

Vegetables 3%

Sub-Total 13%

Total 90% Total 160%

The increment in irrigation intensity is of the order of 70% (Kharif 20%, Rabi-37%,

&HW-13%). The CCA of KIP is 0.28 lakh ha, giving annual irrigation of 0.45 lakh

ha with 160% irrigation intensity.

While 0.25 (0.28 x 0.9) lakh ha shall continue to be irrigated with surface water

ex-Kamla weir, the remaining area of 0.20 (0.45-0.25) lakh ha will be irrigated

from ground water, which is available to the extent of 388 Mcum equivalent to

0.36 lakh ha as worked out in para 3.5 i.e more than the proposed area of 0.20

lakh ha to be irrigated from ground water. Hence OK.



From the above, it is clearly established that adequate ground water is available

to adopt an irrigation intensity of 160% with conjunctive use planning in

Eastern Kosi Canal Project and Kamla Irrigation Project. At the same time, it is

also necessary to take all those remedial measures as suggested above to bring

the canal and distribution system to its original shape and design capacity level

in order to harness the optimized benefits from the projects.

Final Report

1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V

CHAPTER-V

TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CANAL ALIGNMENT SURVEYS

5.1 GENERAL

The objective of topographical survey of the command area and alignment survey of

canal network is to provide the following information which is important from the

angle of planning, construction and operation of any irrigation project:

- Contour lines

- Position of GTS Bench Marks used for transfer of Bench Marks in Project Area

- Geological features & various natural elements

- Unstable zones

- Alignment, chainages and location of irrigation structures

- Ridge and valley lines

- All relevant geomorphologic, geographical and man-made elements

5.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF COMMAND AREA

The locations of the project command areas for which the irrigation studies are to be

carried out lies between the lat/long as given below:

Sl.No.

Basin Latitude/ Longitude Districts covered

i) BurhiGandak- BagmatiBasin

Lat.25º 30’to26º 55’ NLong. 85º to 86º30’ E

East & WestChamparan,Muzzafarpur,Samastipur, Begusarai,Darbhanga, Madhubani,Sitamarhi and Khagaria

ii) Western Fringe ofMahanada Basin(uptoMechi river)

Lat.25º 15’to26º 30’ NLong. 87º to 88º E

Purnea, Katihar, Araria,Kishanganj

Before taking up survey for block contouring, plannimetric control was established

using Electronic Total Station so as to correct their scaling. Sufficient number of

bench marks have also been established on existing structures in the command area to

facilitate the day spot leveling works. Additional spot levels were taken on roads,

nalla, drain, railway etc. All details like roads, tracks, ditches, wells, tanks, houses,

railway lines, high tension lines, electric / telephone lines, nallas, irrigation and other

Final Report


pipe lines and other prominent features are surveyed and shown on the maps. The

day's work commenced from a known TBM and closed on the known TBM only. All

details were properly plotted on maps.

The topographic survey work for irrigation studies of command area in Indian

Territory throughSaptaKosi High Damhas been carried out in following five stages:

a) Reconnaissance Survey

b) GPS Networking

c) Control Point

d) Detailing Survey

e) Pillaring (PBM)

5.2.1 Topographical Survey of Patches for Micro Planning

The work of topographical survey of command area has been carried out for 3

identified patches having CCA equivalent to 10% of the total CCA in which micro

irrigation planning is to be done on 1:10000 scale. Of these, 2 patches lie in Burhi-

Gandak- Bagmati Basin Command and 1 patch in Mahananda Basin Command. The

location and area of each patch surveyed is described below:

Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati Command.

Patch-1 : Area = 26700 ha in the initialarea of Zone II in SitamarhiDistrict.

Patch-2 : Area = 25700 ha in the tail area of Zone II in DarbhangaDistrict.

Mahananda Command

Patch-3 : Area = 25000 ha in middle of MahanandaCommand in theinitial area of Zone III in Kishanganj District.

Total CCA= 26700 + 25700 + 25000 = 77400 ha.

The output of topographical survey in the form of survey maps in the scale of

1:10,000 with 0.5 m contour interval in soft & hard copies has been submitted to JPO

Final Report


(SKSKI).The same, superimposedwith micro irrigation planning is enclosed at Plates

3.14, 3.15&3.16.

The patch-wise details are as under:

5.2.1.1 Patch-1 (Survey Package-Ia) under BurhiGandak - Bagmati Command

The patch is located in BurhiGandak - Bagmati basin in North Bihar in Sitamarhi

District and is situated within Longitude 85°22'24" to 85°33'17" E & Latitude

26°36'53" to 26°48'56" N with boundary (polygon) defined by the following

points:

Sl.No. ReferencePoint

Latitude Longitude

1 GPS-18 26˚48'55.99" N 85˚33'16.99" E2 GPS-23 26˚45'04.90" N 85˚31'57.32" E3 GPS-8 26˚42'05.23" N 85˚31'09.45" E4 GPS-1 26˚36'53.06" N 85˚29'32.33" E5 GPS-3 26˚38'33.48" N 85˚28'08.60" E6 GPS-24 26˚41'34.85" N 85˚26'11.94" E7 GPS-12 26˚43'09.87" N 85˚22'24.81" E8 GPS-14 26˚45'00.24" N 85˚24'08.11" E9 GPS-15 26˚46'21.42" N 85˚28'32.71" E

A Key Plan showing the location is presented in the following figure:

Final Report


Patch 1 located in Zone II encompasses 26700 ha area which accounts for about 5%

of the BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command Area and about 3.5% of the total Project

Command Area. It lies in Sitamarhi District of Bihar state. It is located on the extreme

north side of BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command close to the Indo-Nepal border and is

bounded by alignment of Western SaptaKosi Main Canal on the north, North Eastern

Railway line on the south and State Highway on the east. The important rivers passing

through the patch are ManusmaraNadi and LakhandeiNadi which are the tributaries of

Bagmati River.

Final Report


The patch will be served for irrigation by 4 nos. of Direct Distributaries offtaking

from the Western SaptaKosi Main Canal and a further network of minors. The length

of 4 Direct Distributaries is about 51 km and that of minors to the extent of 143 km.

This distribution network will benefit a total of 196 villages of Sitamarhi District.

The broad soil type represented by this patch is classified by National Bureau of Soil

Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Regional Centre, Calcutta as “Fine-

loamy soils and poorly drained to moderately well drained” which is considered

suitable for introduction of sustained irrigation in the area. However, in order to

improve the drainage condition of the command area, it may be necessary to take

some suitable remedial measures, especially during monsoon season.

The survey work has been carried out in the following manner:

Single leveling has been carried out using Total Station and Auto level by taking spot

levels in each survey numbers irrespective of their size at all corners and at the center

of the field so that field distance between any two of the spot levels is not more than

50 m in any direction. Additional spot levels have also been taken for roads, tracks,

nallah, drain, reservoir etc. The survey output represents the local topography by

taking additional levels for abnormally high or low grounds.

Single leveling work was commenced and closed on established bench Marks. The

calculation of spot levels has been carried out daily and the closing error has been

limited to the acceptable limit of 1.2√k mm where k is the length of single leveling

line in km. All existing topographical features like road, railway, canals, tracks,

bridges, culverts, houses, power / telephone line, wells, temples, villages, nallahs,

tanks etc have also been marked and shown in maps of the concerned area. Double

leveling based on Survey of India GTS Bench Marks has been carried out for transfer

of bench marks so as to cover the entire command area and establish sufficient

number of benchmarks on the existing permanent structures to base day-to-day spot

leveling work and for checking of closing errors. In addition, the bench marks were

also marked on permanent structures available in the vicinity like school building,

panchayat building, platform of wells etc.

Final Report


Control points/stations in pairs are fixed in the area of survey using differential global

positioning system (DGPS). The control point locations are selected so as to be

Clear of HT/LT lines, Free of multipath problems associated with tall features in the vicinity, Free from foliage, Open to sky with a clear view of the horizon

The raw GPS data was downloaded at site in a computer and processed with the help

of Trimble Geometric Office. After processing suitable projection system was applied

to arrive at grid coordinates (Northing, Easting and Elevation) from geographical

coordinates (Latitude, Longitude and Ellipsoidal height) observed at site. The

coordinates for the entire section are with reference to single arbitrary grid in metric

system and WGS 1984 reference frame on UTM projection system.

GPS surveying has an efficiency of attaining H-5mm + 1ppm, V- 10mm + 1ppm

accuracy.The details of GPS points/pillars are presented in Table-5.1.

f inal Report

TABLE-5.I

Details of GPS Control Points / Pillars

SINo

GPS No Geodetic Coordinate Grid Coordinate (metre) Elev(m)

Remarks

Latitude I LongitudeI

I

Northing Easting

II GPS I 26"36'53.05 764"N 85"29',32.32723"1:. 2944648.708 349897.3 59 63.2t3 On RFIS Retaining wall of'

bridge. 1.92 km fiom B(i leve I

\rng on Kapraul - ChainpuraRoad ncar Sitamari.

z GPS2 26036',51 .04967"N 85029'33.7 4212"E 2944586.451 349935.770 63.655 On the TBM Pillar. 1.82 km I

liorn B(i lcrel \tng on Kapraul i

- ('hirinpura Road near I

Sitamzrri. i

3 GPS3 26"3 8'3 3.47747"N 2947766.707 34761ti.2 l8 65.3 r I On RFIS parapet of'bridge ongral'el road (Ku*ari - Gaibipur) 3 l7m liom junction o1-

Gaibipur - Raniitnur Roarl.4 GPS4 26%9',32.20612"N 85028'l L76g07"8 2947726.530 147705.4 t I 67.5t2 On Pillar 70nr Right side fiorn

the gravel road (Kuw,arr -Gaibipur ) 370m liom.f unctionof'Gaibipur - Ranjitpur Road.

5 GPS5 26u41'05.99356"N 85025'29.03473 "11 29515 il.13..1 3.13263. I 87 67.t03 On top o1'l.l{S parapet o1-

culr crt onRantn agari [] Lrd h w arir"N a.j arpLrr-Ilishusinchtola (iravel roarl

o GPS6 26'J41'03.3Iggl"N 85"25'3 I . lg969"E 295243t.190 34332t.786 71.631 On top ol'Roof of thc buildingon Na.iarpur - Sonar road. 20mfiom the.junction and 20mliorn thc road ccntrc'l CJPST 26042',06.02200"N 85u31'06.06511"E 2954249.959 352602.153 73.449 On top of Rroof of shop inMzrdhubani r,illage. 80m liomMadhLrbanirnor.

8 GPS8 260 42',05.229 I 0"N 85 2e54221.470 352695.53ti 7 t.726 On top ol'rool'of'school inMadhLrbani villagc. l80m fiorllVladhubanirnor.

9 GPSII 26',43'0g.5ggg l "N 85022', 16.75505"E 2956354.087 3 3 7995.603 7 t.035 On top ol'l)arapet ot'culveft cln

Barharu'a-Dumri Kalan Bl'nrad. 270m liom thc.junctionof'HarpurKalan - Kothia Rozrd.

l0 GPS I2 26043'()9.g6507"N 85"22',24.91392"[] 2956390.490 3382 r8.835 70 852 On top ol'tap (RtlS) onFlarharu a-[)umri Kalan I]-l'road. 508rn fiorn the.junctionol'llarrrurKalan - Kothia Roacl.

ll GPS I3 26u44',59.47533"N 85',24'l 5.20934"8 2959694.55s 3413IL849 70.906 On top o1'RIIS parapet ofculvert on earthen roadoriginating fiom Biswanathpur- Bhalohia road. l2 m liom the

.junction antl226m fiom the

.iLrnction of Barahi .llariram -Ilanurnannagar Roacl nearKhair*'atola r,'i I lasc

t2 CPS I4 26045',00.24306"N 85',24'08. | 1246"8 2959151.420 341| t6.441 7l .055 On top ol'RIIS parapet o1'

culvefi on B]'roacl onIlisw'anathpur - Bhalohia road.434nr fiom the.junction ofBarahillariram -

llanunrannagar Road nearKhairn'atola viIlage.

Lt'..[P('OS Lrd (. hapter- I'

Final RePort

RemarksSI

No

GPS NO Geodetic Coordinate Grid Coordinate (metre) Elev(m)

Latitude Longitude Northing Easting

2962160.063-r+g+:l

a16 I

72.128 On top of Pillar (LHS) on

Ithania - RamPatPakri BT

Roaci. l0m fiom the.ir'rnction o1'

citrtlten r()a(l ()riglnating liom

the road and going to DularPur'

IJ CPS I5 26046',21 .42044"N 8 5',2 8'3 2.7 \ 494" Y.

2962069.337 3483 56. I 64 72.059 On Retaining riall (L.HS) on

Itharwa - RamPatPakri B1-

Roacl. 23m fiom the junction ofroad leads to Bagaha.

l4

l5

GPSI6

GPSIT

26046', 18.43348"N 85"28'29.069))" h.

26048',5 1.1 2457"N 85033'15.05fi79"F. 2966676.205 356309 369 7'7.824 On ts I Koacl edge 0I

Sangrampttr - Belrra lLoacl'

35lm fiom the.iunction o1'

Parsa - Arariatola road. 22nl

f}om culrcrt on SangramPur

Belw'a road.

2966825.55 8 356364.494 11 ,111 On Pillar (l.FIS) on

Sangrampttr - Belu'a Road'

l5m fiom the road centre-

5 l0m liom the.iunction ofI)nrsa - Ararizrtola roacl. lti0m

fiom culvert tln Sangrampur -

Ilelu a rold.

t6 GPSI 8 26048'55.99730"N 85"33'16.993 26

2950036.268 34c)788.250 64.402 On RI-lS f{etaining riall ofbriclge. on PurnahiaShivnagar

road. 5 l2m liom the .iunctionof Purnahia - .lhalsi road.

11 GPS2I 26039'48.05 I 88"N 85"29',26.08).16 F

295003 7.01 'l

295W0|..491

349665.826 65.922 On RFIS road edge on

Purnah iaShivnagar roacl. 630m

fiom the.iLrnction of Purnahia -

.lhalsi roacl.

tl'.' tnp ol'slab(RI lS) o1' briclge

on earthen road(l-llS) leads ttr

thc flelcl. originating fiom

Bhutahi(N F{77)- Kachor road

(Parallel to Canal). near

PhLrlkzrha village. l665rn fiorn

NII77 ncrrr Bhutirhi'

l8 GPS2I A 26039'48.02905"N | 85"29',21.6)))b"r'

35.11 I 7 .992 69.955l9 GPS22 26045'0,1.67481 "N E) J l )tt.ol,o)+ L

2959738.594 3 5.1082.307 69. I 06 On top ol'Pillar on cilrthen

road(RI'lS) leads to the field.

originating fiomllhutah i(N tl77)- Kachor

road(Parallel to Canal). near

Phulkaha village. 1665m l'rom

NH77 near lJhutahi.

20 | cpsz: 26045',04.89918"N [J5"31',51.3te/)

2953387.694

2953467.242

344460.372 67.798 On RIIS Road eclge on Aso-et -

Mahaclcva road. 9rn liom

[:.lectric Pole. 407m liom thc

iunction ol'[]trdhriara - Stlnar

road. 230m fiom the.iunction

originating liom the road and

I eads to Pokh arbh i ndql1lggg-

2l GPS24 260 4l'34.84968"N ll5'26'l 1.94J)4 t:

344469.1 | | 68.02l On RHS Roacl edge on Asogi -

Mahacleva road. 487rn fiom the

.junction ol'Btrdhrrarit - Sttnltr

road. l50rl liom thc.lrtnctttln

originating fiom the roacl and

lctrcls to Pokharbhincla village'

22 CPS24A 26041'37.43775"N 85 26'l2.246\') t-

II/APCOS Ltd Chapter-l'

["inol Report

Grid Coordinate (metre) Elev(m)

RemarksSI

No

-LJ

GPS NO Geodetic Coordinate

Latitude Longitude Northing Easting

GPS25 26044',26.82682"N 85026'49.05301 "E 2958667.1)41 345550.744 7().-l -l8 On top o1'slab (L.HS) of slab

culvctl on earthcn road(RHS)originating fiom the

Dainchhapra - Ma.iorgani road

and leads to old substation-

330m fiom the DainchhaPra

r illagc.

24 GPS26 260 44',25.341 6l "N 85026'5 L541 l6"E 2958621.399 34561 8.940 10.079 On top of bore (RHS) near old

sub station near l)ainchhaPra -

Ma.jorganl road 29lm fiom the

Dainchhapra villagc.

The topographic surveys include running open traverse connecting control points in

the entire area as established above. using high precision instruments like Total

Stations and digital/Auto Levels. It also includes f-rxation of Bench Marks as per

standard Procedure.

The survey output has been enclosed at Plate 3.11.

5.2.L2 Patch-2 (Survey Package-Ib) under BurhiGandak - Bagmati command

The Patch is located in the

Bihar. The Patch is situated

26002' o7^' to 260 | | 26" N

points:

comman d area in BurhiGandak Bagmati basin in North

within longitude 85043'59.' to 85()51'56" E,and latitude

with boundary (polygon) defined by the following

SI.No. ReferencePoint

Latitude Longitude

I TBM-82 26' r 1 '1 7.47" N 85'44', 16.90" E

2 TBM-79 26'1r',25.53 " N 85'47',29.60" E,

1J TBM.87 26' 11 '3 3 .84" N 85" 48',32.J 1" E,

4 TBM-86 26'10'44.54" N 85'49'35.54" E

5 TBM-71 26"08'13.26" N B5'51'13.09'' E

6 TBM-21 26'03',44.66" N 85'51'55.17" E

7 TBM- 19 26" 02',02. I 2" N 85"50'59.49" 8

8 TBM.17 26'02',0J.76" N 85"50'10.26" E

9 TBM-16 26'02',37.29" N 85"48'3 8.19" E

t0 TBM-4 26'03',04.66" N 85" 44',57 .77" E

11 TBM-2 26'03', 14.64" N 95"44'00.98" E

I,I'.4PCOS Ltd(- hapter-l'

Final Report



Latitude Longitude

12 TBM-30 26˚06'51.54" N 85˚43'59.14" E13 TBM-40 26˚08'13.40" N 85˚44'08.13" E14 TBM-72 26˚09'57.07" N 85˚44'57.45" E

Patch 2 located in Zone II encompasses 25700 ha area which accounts for about 5%

of the BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command Area and about 3.3% of the total Project

Command Area. It lies in Darbhanga District of Bihar state. It is located on the

extreme south side of BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command close to river BurhiGandak

and is bounded by KhiroiNadi on the north-east side which is a tributary of Kareha

River which ultimately falls in Kosi River and LalbakeyaNadi on the South-west side

which is a tributary of river Bagmati which ultimately falls in Kosi River.

The patch will be served for irrigation by Branch Canal (II), 4 nos. of Distributaries

offtaking from the Branch Canal (II) and a further network of minors. The length of

Branch Canal (II) inside the patch is 11 km, 4 nos. of distributaries as 61 km and that

of minors to the extent of 110 km. This distribution network will benefit a total of 167

villages of Darbhanga District.


Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Regional Centre, Calcutta as “Fine-

loamy soils and moderately well drained to well drained” which is considered suitable

for introduction of sustained irrigation in the area. However, in order to improve the

drainage condition of the command area, it may be necessary to take some suitable

remedial measures, especially during monsoon season.

The survey work has been carried out in the following manner:

Detailed Topographical Survey has been carried out to prepare Topographic Map to

determine the position both in Plan and Elevation of the natural and artificial features

of the said command area. Topographic Survey consisted of locating a sufficient

number of representative points by means of three co-ordinates (Northing, Easting &

RL) so as to enable the surface of the ground of proposed site.

Final Report


The survey of the command area stretching 18.929 Km from East to West and 20.758

Km from South to North demands horizontal control. Horizontal control point has to

attain accuracies in millimeter. To achieve such degree of accuracy, DGPS surveying

has been adopted. GPS surveying has an efficiency of attaining H – 5mm + 1ppm, V-

10mm + 1ppm accuracy.

Total survey area was divided in 57 nos. of grid of size 3km x 2km. Then atleast two

control points were established at every grid by DGPS. DGPS control points for

horizontal control are fixed over the entire area at an interval of approximately 1 Km.

Each control point is connected in the GPS network by setting one GPS receiver at

say point 01, another GPS receiver at point 2 & another GPS receiver at point 3 each

points being approximately 1 Km away from each other. Common observation of

about 30 minute was recorded thus measuring the distance between the control points.

Raw GPS data is downloaded from the USB Connector connected to sensor. The raw

data is then imported into a particular project for processing each point and is

recorded in WGS 1984 co-ordinate system, every point is designated with a point

class such as navigated, control or estimated with further sub-classification as

measured, reference or SPP (Single Point Processed) Point. The highest point class

attributed to a point from raw data is “Navigated”. Any of the point, which was data,

recorded for a long time is single point processed. (Say point 1 has collected a data for

1 hour then point 01 is single point processed.) Thereby we fix the co-ordinate of

point 01 globally. Now, this point 01 is taken as a reference for calculating base line

point-01 to point-02 and point 01 to point 03. After measuring the base line &

calculating the co-ordinate for point-02 & 03 we measure base line point 03 – point

04 and 05 by assigning reference point to point-03 & rover point to point-04 & 05.

Hence, point-04 & 05 co-ordinates are calculated. In this manner rest of the co-

ordinates are calculated.

Now that all the co-ordinates are calculated in WGS-84 system, the points need to be

projected in a local grid say Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) or Transverse

Mercator (TM). The projection is required since total station traverse & detail demand

for planner co-ordinate system i.e. (Northing, easting, elevation / Cartesian co-

ordinates) & not in Geoid (i.e. lat, long, ellipsoidal height). For the proposed irrigation

Final Report


area, all the co-ordinates are projected in UTM 44 zone. The co-ordinates for all

points in an individual line are now established. The co-ordinates of each DGPS point

are provided to total station traversing & detail route survey. These DGPS points

established on some permanent feature serves as Geodetic Benchmarks.

After compilation of DGPS survey, Alignment survey is carried out along with

detailed engineering survey to establish final route with Turning Points (TP).

i) Control Points were established by DGPS (Horizontal) &Level (vertical) has beentransferred from NH-57 at NH-TBM of chainage 54.878 km at R.L. of 54.027 m.

ii) The NH-TBM value was compared with Darbhanga Rly. Station level throughDGPS & the value was found to be same, so we continued with NH-TBM level.

iii) Locating Contour by taking ground level in 50m interval in both direction and atcloser where ever necessary (as per terrain condition).

iv) Locating the details of natural features such as roads, track road, nallah, drain,reservoir, stream, river, tree, village’s etc& permanent features such as schoolbuilding, panchayat building, platform of wells etc.

Detailed Survey had been conducted through the control point to locate the permanent

features and spot levels had been taken at 50X50 m grid and at closer interval

wherever required so as to get a contour plan with an interval of 0.15/0.25 m.Contour

and grid spot level has been generated with the help of CIVIL -3D software and

drawing has been prepared in Auto CAD format.

The list of DGPS control points is given in Table 5.2.

Final Report


Table 5.2: LIST OF DGPS CONTROL POINTS

SLNO

GRID NODGPS UTM VALUE

DGPS CODE VILLAGE NAMEDGPS - N DGPS - E FINAL - Z

1 AC23 2882363.877 373262.674 48.571 On roadGopalpurMadhabpur primary

school

2 AC23 2882286.383 373313.975 48.728 On roadGopalpurMadhabpur primary

school

3 AC24 2882074.111 374719.307 48.522 On road NamapurGodaipatti

4 AC24 2881964.014 374889.215 49.202 On culvert NamapurGodaipatti

5 AC25 2882884.239 377471.651 46.496 ac25/42 pt/bs Patori

6 AC25 2882987.001 377518.736 46.79 ac25/43 pt/ts Patori

7 AB23 2886804.794 373657.415 46.869 brick field Moro brick field

8 AB23 2886782.609 373660.519 46.874 On road/brick field Moro brick field

9 AB24 2884994.9 375883.493 50.213ab24/top bs/pump

houseMoro DTW

10 AB24 2884939.077 375877.018 47.17 ab24/ts Moro DTW

11 AB25 2885933.874 377547.696 46.908 ab25/bs/peg Kalhanta

12 AB25 2885942.37 377591.103 47.474 ab25/ts/culvert Kalhanta

13 AC26 2883040.403 380065.135 47.53 On culvert BishanpurChak (gorhaila)

14 AC26 2882829.175 380332.67 47.529 On culvert bishanpurchak (gorhaila)

15 AD27 2881096.433 380990.765 47.686 On culvert Narsara (Samastipur road)

16 AD27 2881064.722 381007.107 45.722 On Culvert Narsara (Samastipur road)

17 AD28 2880133.21 383558.03 47.259 On wall of house Bhawanipur and Gorhari

18 AD28 2880324.137 383501.374 47.141On culvert / on road

sideBhawanipur and Gorhari

19 AD29 2879949.703 384924.917 49.151 On up pool Neyam

20 AD29 2880322.392 385041.08 47.962 On culvert Neyam

21 AC30 2883088.742 386499.839 51.534 On roof of school Amadih school

22 AC30 2883088.729 386476.581 51.652 On roof of school Amadih school

23 AC29 2882522.939 384739.25 47.384 On road Bahpatti Char

24 AC29 2882493.866 384732.741 46.912 On pipe Bahpatti Char

Final Report


SLNO

GRIDNO

DGPS UTM VALUEDGPSCODE VILLAGE NAME

DGPS - N DGPS - E FINAL - Z25 AC28 2882692.958 383271.575 46.063 On road Nordariya and Bahpatti

middle26 AC28 2882809.459 383318.729 46.302 On road Nordariya and Bahpatti

middle27 AC27 2883341.537 382272.516 50.778 On roof top

of rest houseNordariya

28 AC27 2883338.432 382000.024 48.729 On culvert Nordariya

29 AA23 2888960 373304.183 49.247 On culvert PoraPokhor , Sabaul

30 AA23 2888960.307 373327.672 49.895 On nameplate

PoraPokhor , Sabaul

31 AA24 2888833.527 374634.989 48.608 On road Barhaulia

32 AA24 2888835.777 374733.286 47.443 On culvert Barhaulia

33 AA25 2889162.213 377576.164 48.472 On culvert Sarwara

34 AA25 2889292.064 377629.39 47.375 On culvert Sarwara

35 Z25 2892632.106 376761.809 47.711 On peg Birdipuir

36 Z25 2892700.968 376763.645 47.822 On road Birdipuir

37 Z24 2892206.337 374977.947 48.159 On culvert SuwasKundai

38 Z24 2892202.875 374971.516 47.767 On culvert SuwasKundai

39 Z23 2891453.149 373599.702 48.799 On road SuwasKundai (Rajoa river

40 Z23 2891476.44 373601.867 48.727 On road SuwasKundai (Rajoa river

41 Z22 2892748.369 371901.424 48.182 On tubwellNH-57

Ramauli (n.h 57)

42 Z22 2892731.986 371838.106 49.174 On pillar NH-57

Ramauli (n.h 57)

43 Z022 2892665.153 371297.437 50.492 Road sideculvert atNH-57

Benibad

44 AB26 2886554.221 379504.259 45.69 On road Kali canal side

45 AB26 2886547.643 379552.269 45.095 Canal side onroad

Kali Canal side

46 AB27 2886132.384 380763.237 50.463 On well onkali

village/alternative point

Kali

47 AB27 2886541.185 380936.361 47.518 On well Kali

48 AB27 2886539.451 381106.904 46.612 On culvert Kali

49 AB28 2885461.973 383196.865 44.694 On side piller Dihlahi (Samastipur road)

50 AB28 2885474.159 383203.406 45.987 On road sidepiller

Dihlahi (Samastipur road)

Final Report


SL NOGRID

NO

DGPS UTM VALUE DGPS CODE VILLAGE NAMEDGPS - N DGPS - E FINAL - Z

51 AB29 2885627.756

385099.471 46.545 On culvert TaralahiPanchgachyaChar

52 AB29 2885621.709

385134.914 46.095 On pump pipe TaralahiPanchgachyachar

53 AA28 2888818.422

383489.343 47.564 On culvert URA Moje

54 AA28 2888865.651

383458.541 47.716 On brick road URA Moje

55 AA27 2888721.156

381151.989 47.93 On culvert Dih Rampur

56 AA27 2888806.194

381169.565 47.644 On well Dih Rampur

57 AA26 2890161.936

379024.15 48.966 On culvert CANAL LOCK GATE(BANAULI)

58 AA26 2890185.593

379062.96 48.201 On peg Canal lock gate(banauli)

59 Z26 2892073.531

378648.533 47.601 On culvert HARJAN KULLI ANDLAHARATOLA

60 Z26 2892212.042

378556.522 47.81 On culvert HARJAN KULLI ANDLAHARATOLA

61 Z27 2891056.255

380714.51 47.445 On low culvert BANAULI

62 Z27 2890968.54 380929.336 48.8 On up culvert BANAULI

63 Z28 2892207.655

382502.197 48.123 On pipe RAJAROULI &PHULWARIA

64 AA29 2888182.702

385421.07 46.535 On road sidepillar

Taralahi

65 AA29 2888154.024

385412.437 48.403 On culvert Taralahi

66 AB30 2886247.541

386613.037 47.237 On culvert Sinwara near EHV line

67 AB30 2886070.297

386811.076 46.13 On peg Sinwara near EHV line

68 AA30 2889385.075

387325.093 49.667 Bridge side TekniGhat (Chandih)

69 AA30 2889385.843

387280.18 49.5 On bridge side TekniGhat (Chandih)

70 Z29 2891288.228

385529.256 46.112 On culvert BHARAUL ANDMUSTAFAUR

71 Z29 2891362.737

385403.342 46.999 On culvert BHARAUL ANDMUSTAFAUR

72 Y24 2894652.812

375002.111 49.417 On culvert RAMCHARA &BITHULI

73 Y24 2894697.581

375091.786 49.247 On pillar RAMCHARA &BITHULI

74 Y25 2894993.177

377497.699 48.924 On culvert GORAGOAN &MANIHAS

75 Y25 2895105.182

377529.687 48.947 On culvert GORAGOAN &MANIHAS

Final Report


SL NO

GRID

NO

DGPS UTM VALUE DGPS CODE VILLAGE NAMEDGPS - N DGPS - E FINAL -

Z76 Y26 2895227.764 379453.949 51.43 On NH middle

rowKumar Patti &Bharathl

77 Y26 2895251.419 379468.387 47.768 On piller NHbottom

Kumar Patti &Bharathl

78 X26 2897291.02 379272.412 47.835 On peg Korha River Side

79 X26 2897334.527 379251.921 48.757 On name platetop

Korha River Side

80 X25 2896771.616 377578.095 47.736 On pipe holenear tree

Goragoan River Side

81 X23 2897113.308 374045.328 49.446 On culvert Singhwara

82 X23 2897137.359 373900.277 49.191 On culvert Singhwara

83 Y27 2895014.762 381601.265 49.57 On new culvert Kansi New Bridge

84 Y27 2895010.342 381645.111 48.098 On culvert Kansi New Bridge

85 Y28 2896007.344 382705.757 47.381 On slab Near River BoundaryAnd N.H Fly Over

86 Y28 2896041.35 382736.3 45.725 On river sidewall

Near River BoundaryAnd N.H Fly Over

87 X27 2897573.962 381005.888 49.439 Top of brokenbridge

Kansi, Chakwa

The survey output has been enclosed at Plate 3.15.

5.2.1.3 Patch-3 (Survey Package-Ic) under Mahananda Command

The Patch is located in the command area of Mahananda basin in North Bihar. The

Patch is situated within longitude 87036’38” to 87050’07” E and latitude 26006’07” to

26026’09” N with boundary (polygon) defined by the following points:


Latitude Longitude

1 BP-35 26˚26'08.85" N 87˚41'31.46" E2 Dipnagar GTS 26˚21'15.70" N 87˚36'38.32" E3 B-013 26˚12'49.20" N 87˚37'39.24" E4 B-14 26˚17'41.12" N 87˚40'46.04" E5 B-006 26˚08'47.89" N 87˚38'29.91" E6 B-005 26˚06'07.25" N 87˚42'18.80" E7 B-003 26˚08'14.71" N 87˚46'51.34" E8 B-002 26˚15'38.47" N 87˚48'46.68" E9 B-011 26˚19'20.88" N 87˚50'06.65" E

10 B-012 26˚19'58.06" N 87˚48'04.28" E11 B-020 26˚23'17.28" N 87˚47'51.41" E12 B-021 26˚19'41.27" N 87˚44'33.26" E13 B-017 26˚22'15.65" N 87˚44'19.95" E

A Key Plan showing the location is given in the followingfigure:

Final Report


Key Plan

Final Report


Patch 3 located in Zone III encompasses 25000 ha area which accounts for about 10%

of the Mahananda Command Area and about 3.2% of the total Project Command

Area. It lies in Kishanganj District of Bihar state. It is located on the extreme north

side and in the middle of Mahananda Command close to the Indo-Nepal border and is

bounded by Indo-Nepal border on the north, RatuaNadi on the south-west and

KankaiNadi on the east, both of which ultimately meet river Mahananda.

The patch will be served for irrigation by Branch Canal (III), 5 nos. of Distributaries

offtaking from BC (III) and a network of minors. The length of Branch Canal (III) is

17km, 5 nos. distributaries as 65 km and that of minors to the extent of 130 km. This

distribution network will benefit a total of 30 villages of Kishanganj District.


Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Regional Centre, Calcutta as “Coarse-

loamy soils associated with sandy soils moderately to well drained” which is

considered suitable for introduction of sustained irrigation in the area.

The survey work of the Patch has been carried out in the following manner:

A detailed Reconnaissance survey of the area was done prior to actual data work,

which facilitated in carrying out the topographic survey work effectively.

GPS Survey has been carried out with reference to the stations at DipNagar GTS,

Musaldanga GTS. Another 24 control stations were established on the basis of

differential method with the help of measuring WGS Co-ordinate shifted to Everest

1830 datum and UTM Projection were used for the horizontal control for the ETS

work. The description of these control points is given in Table 5.3.

Final Report


Table 5.3

Final Report


GPS Survey has been carried out with reference to the stations at GPS networking

points. Another 1 km × 1 km grid type control station was established on the basis of

real time with the help of recording parameters which after conversion were shifted to

Everest (Local datum) 1830 and projection system in UTM. Rectangular co-ordinates

of control points were determined from nearby control points for detailed survey by

using ETS.

Total 15 nos. of pillars were established in the whole irrigation area. These were set

up at different locations on a particular land mark for future reference.

The field static data relating to GPS Network is given in Table 5.4.

Final Report


Table 5.4

Final Report


Topographical survey maps on scale of 1:10,000 with contour on the level of 0.5 m

are given in Plate3.16.

5.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT SURVEY

Canal alignment / strip contour plan survey has been carried out in a strip of 300 m,

200m, and 150 m width for marking the alignment of main Canal / branch canals,

major distributaries and other lower order canals (minors) respectively on the ground.

The canal alignment survey has been carried out for preparing L-section and X-

sections of main canal / branch canals/ major distributaries / lower canals by taking

levels at every 50 m interval, which are required for planning and design of canal

system.

The extent of canal alignment survey of various canals carried out in the above three

patches is as under:

1. Western SaptaKosi Canal - 50 km(in India Territory from BP19 to BP54)

Subtotal (1) 50.4 km

2. Branch Canals

i) BC (II) in Burhi- Gandak - 96.2 km (Full Length)Bagmati Command (in Patch-2)

ii) BC(III) in Mahananda Command(inPatch 3) - 17 km (Full Length)

Sub Total (2) -113.2 km

3. Distributaries

i) Direct Distributaries - 51 km(Full Length)in Patch-1 under BurhiGandak-BagmatiCommand

ii) Distributariesin Patch 2 under - 51.5 km (against total lengthBurhiGandak BagmatiCommand of 60.7 km)

iii) Distributaries in Patch 3 under-65 km (Full Length)Mahananda Command

Sub Total (3) -167.5 km

Final Report


4. Minors& Direct Minors

Patch 1&2 (BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command)–154.7km (against total length of

253.96 km)

Patch 3 (Mahananda Command) - 94.4 km (against total length of

127.92 km)

Sub Total (4) - 249.1 km

Grand Total (1+2+3+4)=580.20 km

The command-wise patch-wise break-up of the above canal alignment survey carried

out is as under:

(A)BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command

S.No. Canal Alignment

Survey

Quantity in km

Patch 1 Patch 2 Bet. Patch 1&2 Total

1. WesternSaptaKosiMain Canal(Indian Portion)

50.4 - - 50.4

2. Branch Canal (BC II) - 11.5 84.7 96.2

3. Direct Distributaries 51 - - 51

4. Distributaries - 51.5 - 51.5

5. Minors/Direct Minors 134.7 20 - 154.7

Total 236.1 83 84.7 403.8


Sl. No. Canal Alignment Survey Quantity in km

Patch-3

1. Branch Canal (BC III) 17

2. Distributaries 65

3. Minors/Direct Minors 94.4

Total 176.4

Grand Total (A) + (B) = 403.8 + 176.4 = 580.2 km

Final Report


5.4 GRID PLAN SURVEY

The grid plan survey is necessary for proper seating of the canal structures. The grid

plan survey has been carried out as per requirement given in RFP for 100 nos. of

canal structures in a grid of 25m x 25m to cover an area upto 300 m on either side of

the centre line of the canal and 100 m downstream of the point of exit of water and

100 m upstream of the point of inlet of water with contour interval of 0.5m. It also

includes taking L-sections & X-sections of the drain at 50m interval from 250 m u/s

to 250 m d/s along the drain at the location of canal structure required for design and

cost estimate.

Since a portion of Western SaptaKosi Main Canal (WSKMC) i.e. about 50.4 km is

falling in Indian Territory, the grid plan survey of the canal structures along this

stretch of WSKMC has been carried out. The remaining major canal structures are

located on BC(II) of Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati Command and BC(III) of Mahananda

Command. The total no. of canal structures for grid plan survey is 100, for which the

break-up is as under:

i) Western SaptaKosi Main Canal- 41 Nos.(WSKMC)

ii) Branch Canals

a) BC(II) in Burhi-Gandak - 42 Nos.Bagmati Command

b) BC(III) in Mahananda - 23 Nos.Command

Sub Total - 65 Nos.

Total - 106 Nos.

5.5 SURVEY OUTPUT OF CANAL ALIGNMENT AND GRID PLAN SURVEY

(A) BurhiGandak – Bagmati Command

5.5.1 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for WSKMC

Final Report


The Western saptakosi main Canal (WSKMC) route enters into Indian Territory at

Indo- Nepal Border between Pillar nos. BP 18 & 19 having Latitude 26°48’54.94” N

and Longitude 85°43’26.87” E near village Kanwah in Sitamarhi District, Bihar State.

It terminates at Bairgania village having Latitude 26° 45’ 00.06” N and Longitude85°

15’ 53.15” E in Sitamarhi District, Bihar State.

The total length of WSKMC Canal as per Survey output is 50.4 km having flat

terrain. It passes through 57 nos. of villages falling under 5 Mandals of Sitamarhi

District. There are total 71 Nos. of crossings falling on the route of WSKMC, which

comprises of the following:

National Highways - 1

Canals - 9

River / Nadi - 8

Nalla - 2

Metal / Brick Roads - 25

Earthen Roads - 26

Total - 71

Out of the above crossings, the grid plan survey has been carried out at the locationsof 41 important canal structures. Geotechnical investigations have also been carriedout at the locations of canal crossings and the same are shown in Borehole LocationPlan given in Appendix-20.1.

The Salient Features of WSKMC are given in Table – 5.1.

Table 5.1 Salient Features of WSKMC

1 Length (m) 50416.03

2 Terrain (m)

(a) Flat 50416.03

(b) Slightly Undulating NIL

3 Road Crossing (Nos.)

(a) National highway 1

(b) State Highway NIL

Final Report


(c) Other Roads 25

(d) Earth Roads 26

4 Water Bodies (Nos.)

(a) Canal 9

(b) Nalla 2

(c) River / Nadi 8

5 Railway Crossing (Nos.)

(a) B. G. Railway NIL

6 Pipeline Crossing (Nos.)

(a) Water Supply Pipeline NIL

(b) Gas Pipeline NIL

7 Forest (Km)

(a) Reserved Forest NIL

8 Power Line Crossing 76

9 OFC Cables Crossing NIL

10 H. T. Line NIL

11 Revenue Details (Nos.)

(a) District 1

(b) Village 57

The list of enrouteMandals and Villages on WSKMC are given in Table - 5.2 (a) &(b).

Table 5.2 (a) Number of Mandals and Villageson WSKMC

SR. NO. State District Mondal No. ofVillages

1 Bihar Sitamarhi

Bairagania

57Majorganj

SuppiSonabarsa

Parihar

Final Report


Table 5.2 (b) List of Mandals and Villages on WSKMC

SR. NO. VILLAGE MANDAL DISTRICT

1 RAMNOGAR

PARIHAR

SITAMURHI

2 KONLWA

3 BHAGWATPUR

4 ISHLAMPURTOLA

5 CHANDIRAJWARA

6 BHERANIA

7 BAHLORA

8 MANIKTHAR

9 MAJUWALIA

10 MUSHAHORNIANTOLA

11 JAYNAGAR

12 DAMHI

13 DHANAHA

14 PAKARLA

15 RAJWARA

SONABARSA

16 PARARLO

17 CHAKKI

18 MAJURWA

19 JAHDHI

20 LAKSHMIPUR

21 CHIRA

22 HARIHARPUR

23 CHILRA

24 SONABARSA

25 RAMANAGAR

26 LARKAWA

27 BHOLUANA28 PARSA29 KHOP

SONABARSA

SITAMORHI

30 LAKSHMINLATOLA31 KHOPRAHA32 BHANRSOR33 DULALPUR

MAJORGANJ34 MURHADIH

Final Report


35 MADHUKARPUR36 RAMPATPAKRI37 MURHACHHATAUNA38 JANKINAGOR39 MODHOPUR40 MALINIA41 BAHERA42 PACHHARWA43 GORHWABISONPUR44 BHOLORIA45 LOLDASI

SUPPI

46 BASBITTA47 SHRINAGAR48 HARPUR49 KALON50 PARSA51 JAMLA52 RUSULPUR53 MASAHA

BAIRAGNIA54 MASAHANOVAROTNA55 MUSACHAK56 BHUKURHUR57 BAIRAGNIA

The list of crossings falling enroute WSKMC are given in Table 5.3

Table-5.3 List of Crossings on WSKMC

Sr. No.Name ofCrossing

Chainage (m)Between AP-

APDescription R.L. (m)

1 ROAD 1086.812 AP1-AP2 Brick Road 83.531

2 ROAD 1753.408 AP1-AP2 Metal Road 83.485

3 RIVER 2178.296 AP1-AP2 Marha River 79.53

4 CANAL 3123.597 AP2-AP3 Canal 78.312

5 ROAD 3611.638 AP3-AP4 Kacha Road 83.52

6 CANAL 3700.000 AP3-AP4 Canal 81.725


8 CANAL 4016.287 AP4-AP5 Canal 81.812

9 RIVER 4850.000 AP5-AP6 Madri/ Koutwa River 80.267


Final Report






12 CANAL 6498.935 AP6-AP7 Canal 79.652

13 CANAL 6859.997 AP6-AP7 Canal 79.934

14 ROAD 7391.092 AP7-AP8 Metal Road (Jarput/Majaulia) 83.718

15 ROAD 7897.368 AP8-AP9 Kacha Road (Majaulia) 82.079

16 ROAD 8802.062 AP9-AP10Metal Road ( Pakaria/Soharba ) 82.114

17 CANAL 9527.800 AP9-AP10 Canal 81.398

18 ROAD 10790.112 AP10-AP11Metal Road ( Rajbara/Soharba ) 81.399

19 CANAL 11637.108 AP11-AP12 Canal 76.837

20 RIVER 11817.030 AP11-AP12 Goga River 76.507

21 ROAD 12669.495 AP11-AP12Metal Road (Rajbara/Padoria ) 80.126

22 ROAD 12807.64 AP12-AP13Metal Road ( Rajbara/Padoria ) 80.163

23 ROAD 14158.513 AP12-AP13 Earth Road 81.458

24 RIVER 14542.955 AP13-AP14 Hardi River 78.631

25 ROAD 15511.59 AP14-AP15Metal Road (N.H-77 ) (Sonabarsha/ Bhuti) 81.604


27 ROAD 16879.446 AP15-AP16Metal Road (Sonabarsha/Ramnagar) 83.446

28 ROAD 18862.287 AP17-AP18Metal Road(Rherihi/Larkowa ) 83.204

29 ROAD 19016.94 AP17-AP18Brick Road ( Bhaluaha/Sukhainia ) 81.411

30 ROAD 22155.158 AP19-AP20 Brick Road (Urila/Urlihia ) 79.115

31 ROAD 22557.209 AP20-AP21Brick Road(Bhanasar/Bhanasar ) 78.582

32 ROAD 23156.77 AP21-AP22 Earth Road (Khapkhopra ) 78.289

33 RIVER 23500.000 AP21-AP22 LakhandiNadi 76.611

34 CANAL 23911.655 AP21-AP22 Canal 76.895

Final Report






36 ROAD 25936.309 AP23-AP24Earth Road ( DularPur/NepalBorder ) 77.551

37 ROAD 26167.002 AP23-AP24 Earth Road ( DularPur ) 76.971

38 RIVER 26303.586 AP23-AP24 Saran Nodi 73.114

39 ROAD 27558.696 AP25-AP26Earth Road ( Murarghat/NamanaGarh ) 75.907

40 ROAD 28046.244 AP26-AP27 Earth Road ( MoriaGhat ) 75.27

41 ROAD 28558.344 AP26-AP27 Earth Road ( KhushnaGarh ) 75.405

42 ROAD 30791.37 AP27-AP28Morum Road (MurheBajar/Mejorgauj ) 76.513

43 ROAD 31411.645 AP27-AP28Metal Road ( Mejrgauj/NepalBorder/Medhavpur) 76.664

44 ROAD 31984.151 AP29-AP30 Kacha Road ( Mejrgauj ) 75.33

45 NALA 32100.000 AP29-AP30 Nala 72.805

46 ROAD 33168.225 AP30-AP31Kacha Road (Mejorgauj/Nepal Border ) 76.36

47 CANAL 33509.123 AP30-AP31 Canal 74.106

48 ROAD 33822.532 AP30-AP31 Metal Road ( Begera ) 76.614

49 ROAD 34428.003 AP31-AP32 Kacha Road ( Bagera) 75.47

50 RIVER 34450.000 AP31-AP32 Maheshmara River 70.21

51 ROAD 35062.825 AP33-AP34 Kacha Road ( Begera ) 74.94


53 ROAD 36984.287 AP34-AP35Kacha Road ( Valupamore/Nepal Border ) 75.272


55 ROAD 37545.557 AP35-AP36Kacha Road ( Nepal/Valuya ) 73.891

56 ROAD 38459.175 AP37-AP38 Kacha Road ( Boshbhitta ) 74.25

57 ROAD 39200.000 AP38-AP39Metal Road ( Boshbhitta/Laldashi ) 73.64

58 ROAD 40361.664 AP39-AP40Brick Road ( Shree Nagar/Elaldesh ) 73.549

Final Report











65 RIVER 45168.013 AP44-AP45 Bagmati River 71.405


67 ROAD 47850 AP46-AP47 Metal Road 73.985




71 NALA 49827.738 AP49-AP50 Nala 69.625

The list of major crossings on rivers and roadsenroute WSKMC are given inTable - 5.4

Final Report


Table – 5.4 List of Major Crossings on Rivers and Roads Enroute WSKMC

Sr.No.

Name ofCrossing

Between TP-IP

Chainage(m)Description

Width(m)Start End

1 RIVER AP1-AP2 2162.75 2194.05 Marha River 31.3002 RIVER AP5-AP6 4807.969 4892.031 Madri/ Koutwa River 84.0623 RIVER AP11-AP12 11796.77 11837.29 Goga River 40.5274 RIVER AP13-AP14 14525.01 14560.90 Hardi River 35.882

5ROAD AP14-AP15

15508.74 15514.44Metal Road (N.H-77 ) ( Sonabarsha /Bhuti) 5.700

6 ROAD AP15-AP16 16877.02 16881.87 Metal Road ( Sonabarsha/ Romnagar ) 4.8507 RIVER AP21-AP22 23479.27 23520.73 LakhandiNadi 41.4518 RIVER AP23-AP24 26297.58 26309.59 Saran Nadi 12.013

9ROAD AP27-AP28

31410.12 31413.17Metal Road ( Mejrgauj/NepalBorder/Medhavpur) 3.050

10 RIVER AP31-AP32 34427.49 34472.51 Maheshmara River 45.01811 RIVER AP44-AP45 44988.58 45347.45 Bagmati River 358.870

The survey output of WSKMC is given in Appendix – 5.1 containing the followingdrawings:

i) Plan and L-Section of WSKMCii) X-Section of WSKMC at 50m intervaliii) L-Section of Rivers / Nallas / Other crossingsiv) X-Section of Rivers / Nallas / Other crossingsv) Grid Plans with contours at the locations of canal crossings

5.5.2 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for Branch Canal (BC-II)

Branch Canal BC-IIofftakes from Western SaptaKosi Main Canal between BP 48

&49 at Latitude 26°44’21” N and Longitude 85°22’56” E near village Bariarpur

(India). It continues further into Patch-2 and terminates near village Gopalpur at

Chainage 96.16 km.

The total length of BC-II as per Survey output is 96.16 km having flat terrain. It

passes through 73 nos. of villages falling under Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and

Muzaffarpur. There are total 118 Nos. of crossings falling on the route of BC-II,

which comprises of the following:

Final Report


National Highway - 01

Rly Track - 01

River / Nadi - 01

Nalla - 08

Metal / Brick Roads - 99

H.T. Line - 01

Low Land - 01

Village Roads - 06

Total - 118

Out of the above crossings, the grid plan survey has been carried out at the locationsof 42 important canal structures. Geotechnical investigations have also been carriedout at the locations of canal crossings and the same are shown in Borehole LocationPlan given in Appendix-20.1.

The Salient Features of BC-II are given in Table – 5.4.

Table 5.4 Salient Features of BC-II

1 Length (m) 96159.97

2 Terrain (m)

(a) Flat 96159.97

(b) Slightly Undulating NIL

3 Road Crossing (Nos.)

(a) National Highway 1

(b) State Highway NIL

(c) Other Roads 99

(d) Earth Roads 06

4 Water Bodies (Nos.)

(a) Canal Nil

(b) Nalla 8

(c) River / Nadi 1

5 Railway Crossing (Nos.)

(a) B. G. Railway 1

6 Pipeline Crossing (Nos.)

(a) Water Supply Pipeline NIL

(b) Gas Pipeline NIL

Final Report


7 Forest (Km)

(a) Reserved Forest NIL

8 Power Line Crossing 76

9 OFC Cables Crossing NIL

10 H. T. Line 1

11 Revenue Details (Nos.)

(a) District 3

(b) Village 73

The list of enrouteDistricts and Villages on BC-II are given in Table - 5.5 (a) & (b).

Table 5.5 (a) Number of Districts and Villageson BC-II

SR. NO. State No. ofDistricts

No. ofVillages

1 Bihar 3 73

Table 5.5 (b) List of Districts and Villages on BC-II

SR.NO.

VILLAGE DISTRICT

1 GAJARWA Sitamarhi,Muzaffarpur&Darbhanga

2 BISHUSINGHTALA

3 MOHNIGOTA

4 RAMNAGAR

5 BAKHRI

6 LAKSHMIPUR

7 UPHRAULIA

8 PANCHHAUR

9 KUSNARI

10 SANKHI

Final Report


11 HANUMANNAGAR

12 MATHWA

13 NARAR

14 BIRTATOLA

15 PUNAURA

16 BHORAHI

17 KARMAHIA

18 MIRJAPUR

19 PAMRA

20 PARNANANDPUR

21 RAMPUR

22 GOPNATHPUR

23 BISHNUPUR

24 BARHARWA

25 PREMNAGAR

26 GADHA

27 JAHANGIRPUR

28 TIKAULI

29 MANORATHI

30 DOSAIN

31 KHORPATTI

32 GANGWARA

33 TARMA

34 MEHSAUL

35 BALIYA

36 BASATPUR Sitamarhi,Muzaffarpur&Darbhanga37 GAGIYA

38 RUDAULI

39 MANIYADIH

40 KOKILBARA

41 MINAPUR

42 DHARAMPUR

43 JAGAULIYA

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44 MISRAULIYA

45 KOILAMAN

46 BATHWARA

47 KATAI

48 JAJUARA

49 SAIDPUR

50 SHIVNAGAR

51 SINGWARI

52 RAJGHAT

53 PASAUL

54 PIPRA

55 AGIYASPUR

56 MOHANA KATHLIA

57 BUDHKARA

58 RAMPURA

59 JAHANGIRPUR

60 BARUARI

61 SUWASKUNDI

62 RAMULI

63 RAJWATALA

64 LODHAURA

65 HANUMANNAGAR

66 SABAUL

67 JAGANIA

68 FATEHPUR

69 RATANPUR

70 MORO

71 TISIDIH

72 RAJAWARA

73 ARAILA

Final Report


The list of crossings falling enrouteBC-II are given in Table 5.6

Table-5.6 List of Crossings on BC-II

Sr.No.

Name ofCrossing

Chainage(m)

1 Brick Road 876.91

2 Brick Road 1515.12


4 Brick Road 2540






10 N.E.RLY 6863.93



13 NALA 9915.16




17 NALA 11736.9





22 NALA 13987.9





27 Brick Road 17858


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30 NALA 20666.14













43 Brick Road 27800







50 Brick Road 31514




54 NALA 34132.77


56 LOW LAND 35400






Final Report






66 NALA 52571.05









75 NALA 61838.34













88 Brick Road 6956765






94 NALA 75590.57

Final Report








101 Brick Road 83702.24

102 Brick Road 83959.01

103 N.H-57 84676.98

104 Brick Road 85800

105 Village Road 86332.81

106 RIVER 86681.39

107 Brick Road 87208.25





112 H.T LINE132 KV

91362.92

113 Brick Road 91623.14


115 Brick Road 92534.09

116 Village Road 94000

117 Brick Road 94365.53

118 Brick Road 95564.59

The survey output of BC-II is given in Appendix 5.2.

5.5.3 Canal Alignment Survey for Distributaries and Minors in Patch 1 (SitamarhiDistrict)

Patch-1 falls in Zone-II of BurhiGandak-Bagmati command area which is served by4 Direct Distributaries (DD-1 to DD-4) offtaking from Western SaptaKosi MainCanal and various minors/sub-minors offtaking from these distributaries.

As far as Direct Distributaries are concerned, all of them comprising a total length of51 km have been surveyed for planning the alignment. However, the alignment survey

Final Report


for minors/sub-minors has been carried out for 134.7 km length against total length of143.38 km.

The list of direct distributaries and their corresponding minors in Patch-1 for whichalignment survey was carried out is given below:

S.No. Distributary Minor1. DD1

M2SM1 (M2)

M4M5

2. DD2M1M2M5M6

SM1 (M6)SM2 (M6)

M73. DD3

M1M2

SM1 (M2)M3

SM1SM2SM3SM4M4M5

SM1 (M5)M6M7

4. DD4M1M2M3

The survey output of Distributaries and Minors in Patch 1 is given in Appendix 5.3.

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5.5.4 Canal Alignment Survey for Distributaries and Minors in Patch 2 (DarbhangaDistrict)

Patch-2 also falls in Zone-II of BurhiGandak-Bagmati command area which is servedby 3 Distributaries (D14 to D16) and 2 Direct Minors (DM8 and DM9)offtaking fromBranch Canal (BC-II) and various minors offtaking from these distributaries.

The alignment survey has been carried out for the above 3distributaries(D14, D15 &D16) comprising a length of 51.53 km. The alignment survey of minors and directminors has been carried out to the extent of 20 km length against the total length of110.58 km.

The list of distributaries and their corresponding minors in Patch-2 in BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command for which alignment survey was carried out is as given below:

S.No. Distributary Minor1. D14 (ex-BC-II)

M6 (ex-D14)M8 (ex-D14)

2. D15 (ex-BC-II)M4 (ex-D-15)M5 (ex-D-15)

3. D16 (ex-BC-II)4. DM-8 (ex-BC-II)5. DM-9 (ex-BC-II)

The survey output of Distributaries and Minors in Patch 2 is given in Appendix 5.4.


5.5.5 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for Branch Canal (BC-III),Distributaries and Minors in Patch-3

The Branch Canal (BC-III) serving Zone-III of Mahananda Command Area in IndianTerritory starts from Border Pillar BP-35 of Indo-Nepal Border near Fatehpur village(Tedagacch Tehsil) and terminates at Bibiganj village (Bahadurganj Tehsil) ofKishanjganj District of Bihar State.

The lat/long of the starting point at BP-35 and terminal point at Bahadurganj of BC-III are as under:

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i) Start of BC-III at BP-35Lat 24034’49.54” N

Long 76041’48.04” E

ii) Terminal Point at BahadurganjLat 24037’35.38” N

Long 77001’46.94” E

The canal alignment survey of BC-III has been carried out considering a strip of 300mwidth i.e. 150 m on either sides of the central line of the branch canal with cross-sections taken at 50 m intervals.

The Benchmarks are established along the route of BC-III at every Turning Point.These BMs are established on Pillars with the help of DGPS.

In the total length of 16.931 km, the branch canal passes through 23 crossings ofdifferent types. The break-up is given below:

Cart Tracks - 9

Roads - 8

Nallas - 4

Rivers - 2 (Ratwa and Kankai Rivers)

23 Nos.

The grid plan survey has been carried out for all the above canal structures.Geotechnical investigations have also been carried out at the locations of 17 of thesecanal crossings and the same are shown in Borehole Location Plan given inAppendix-20.1.

Canal alignment survey has also been carried out for Distributaries and Minors inPatch-3 in Zone-III of Mahananda command.There are total 5 distributaries. All ofthem have been surveyed for canal alignment, comprising a total length of about 65km. The total length of minors/direct minors in Patch-3 is 127.92 km, out of which thelength surveyed is of the order of 94.4 km.

The list of canals surveyed in Patch-3 in Mahananda Command is as follows:

S. No. Canal1 BC-III2 DM1 (Ex-BC-III)3 DM2 (Ex-BC-III)4 D1 (Ex-BC-III)

M1M2M3M4

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M5M6M7M8M9

M10M11M12M13M14M15M16M17M18M19M20

5 DM3 (Ex-BC-III)6 DM4(Ex-BC-III)7 DM5 (Ex-BC-III)8 DM6 (Ex-BC-III)9 D2 (Ex-BC-III)

M1SM1M2M3M4M5M6M7M8M9

M10M11M12M13M14M15M16

10 D3 (Ex-BC-III)M1M2

11 DM-7 (Ex-BC-III)

Final Report


12 D4 (Ex-BC-III)M1M2M3M4M5M6M7M8M9

M10M11M12M13M14M15M16

13 D5 (Ex BD-III)

The survey output of BC-III and its corresponding Distributaries and Minors in Patch-3 is given in Appendix 5.5.

5.6 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF SUB-PATCHES FOR OFD WORKSPLANNING

The topographical survey of 5 nos. of Sub-Patches comprising of three sub-patches in

BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command and two in MahanandaCommand and preparation

of maps of sub-patches on 1:2500 village map Scale for OFD Works Planning as per

details given below has been carried out.

(A) BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command

Sub-Patch 1

Area = 1258 ha





= M-2 (DD-3), SM-1 (M-2, DD-3), M-1 (DD-2)

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The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch1 on village map scale of 1:2500with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.1.

Sub-Patch 2

Area = 1055 ha


Village = Ramnagar, Bhujunagar, Bhujutola, Budhwara, Najarpur,Binwatola, Mohani, Dubha-tola, MohoniKhurd,Bisnupur



= SM-3 (M-3, DD-3), M-2 (DD-4)

The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 2 on village map scale of1:2500 with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.2.

Sub-Patch 3

Area = 1000 ha





= M-6 (D-14), M-8 (D-14)



Sub-Patch 4

Area = 1000 ha


Village = JhunkiMusahara, Hatgav


Minor(s) Serving the Sub- = M-4 (D-1), M-6 (D-1), M-8 (D-1), M-1 (D-2)

Final Report


Patch


Sub-Patch 5

Area = 1381 ha


Village = Dogacchi, Jhingakata, Pahatgav,JhingakataIstamrar, Maheshbathna,TaufirJhingakata


Minor(s) Serving the Sub-Patch

= M-11 (D-4), M-12 (D-4), M-13 (D-4), M-14 (D-4), M-15 (D-4), M-16 (D-4), M-7 (D-5), M-16(D-5)

The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 5 on village map scale of

1:2500 with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.5.

Final Report

1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VI

CHAPTER-VI

AGRONOMICAL STUDIES

6.1 GENERAL

Water resources development projects having irrigation as one of the component, are

aimed at increasing the production and yield of crops by ensuring adequacy and

timeliness of irrigation supplies. For this purpose, detailed agriculture planning is

required to be undertaken considering the existing and proposed cropping pattern,

crop water requirement, water availability etc. depending upon the agro-climatic and

soil conditions of the command area. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to

work out 10 daily water irrigation requirement for Burhi Gandak –Bagmati and

Mahananda basins separately.

6.2 AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES

Weather and climate parameters, such as rainfall, temperature, humidity etc. play an

important role in optimizing crop benefits. Weather is, however, highly variable and

constitutes as one of the most important inputs in the agriculture management and

operations in the field.

According to the Agroclimatic Atlas of India published by India Meteorological

Department in 1987 (Plate-6.1), the Project area falls under the most sub-humidity

classification. The area receives plentiful rainfall and has a temperate climate.

Planning Commission in their document entitled “Agro-Climatic Regional Planning

(1989)”, have delineated the country is 15 Agro-Climatic Regions based on the

criteria of homogeneity in agro-characteristics such as temperature, soil, topography,

cropping and farming systems and water resources. The state of Bihar lies in Agro-

climatic Zone-IV i.e. Middle Gangetic Plain. It comprises of 26 districts of Bihar

Plains and 12 districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. This zone is characterized as “rich

water and soil resources, low productivity level, high production pressure on land, and

increasing proportion of problem soil”. This zone has been further sub-divided into

six sub-zones, each having adequate agro-climatic homogeneity for detailed

operational planning. According to this classification, whole of Bihar falls under sub-

zone-4, sub-zone-5 and sub-zone-6. The same is depicted in Plate 6.2.

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Bihar is located in Middle Gangetic Plains and therefore, falls in Division IV of

nationally recognized Agro-climatic Zones of India. The State is further divided in

three Agro-Climatic zones, keeping in view the soil condition, rainfall pattern, other

meteorological factors and stabilized cropping pattern. Agriculture planning is greatly

governed by the nature of the prevailing agro-climate. The details of the three Agro-

climatic zones are given in Table-6.1.

Table - 6.1Agro-Climatic Sub-zones

Agro-climatic zone GeographicalArea - lakh

ha

Averageannual

Rainfall-mm

Districts included

I-Northwest alluvialplains

32 1201.91 All districts of Trihut &Saran Divisions, andMadhubani, Dharbhanga andSamstipur Districts ofDharbhanga Division.

II-Northeast alluvialplains

21 1442.60 All districts of Purnea andKosi Division with Khagariaand Begusarai Districts

III-South alluvialplains

40 1097.37 All districts of Patna,Magdh, Munger andBhagalpur Divisions

From the above Table, it is seen that the project area is located in Zones I and II.

Characteristic features of three Zones are as follows:

6.2.1 Northwest alluvial plains

The North West Alluvial Plain Zone includes the districts of East Champaran,

Sitamarhi, Muzaffarpur, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur and part of Begusari

lying west of the river Burhi Gandak. While the eastern part of this zone comes under

the influence of the rivers like Bagmati and Kamla, the western part comes under the

influence of the rivers like Gandak, Burhi Gandak and Ghaghara. It is the eastern

part of the zone that forms part of the project area. This part of the land has either

neutral, acidic or saline soils.

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The sub-zone is mostly thickly populated region of the State, covering 18.8 % of the

total area. The concept of agriculture as a subsistence still persists. The area suffers

from water logging and salinity. Soils in uplands in general, to the extent of 3.2 lakh

ha are high in P-fixation capacity. Both, area and intensity of soil salinity are on

increase, leading to low crop productivity and lowered nutrient efficiency. There is

need to bridge the gap by developing suitable control measures and farming

technology for such large areas. Widespread deficiency of Zinc is prevalent. Crops

have been found to differ in response to Zn-application. Similarly, the deficiency of

Boron (B) at places has been observed. Soils are becoming poorer in organic matter.

Unstable crop due to recurrence of floods in the area is to the extent of 17 lakh ha in

northwest plains. Vast area is located in low lands with 1 to 5 meter depth of water,

which makes agricultural management difficult. This results into the poor harvest.

The sub-zone has rich alluvial soils and good scope of ground water exploitation. It is

rich in fruits like mango, litchi and banana. The important field crops are rice, wheat,

maize, oilseeds (rape and mustard), spices - turmeric, ginger, dhania, chilies, garlic,

methi, saunf and mangaraila, tubers (sweet potato), sugarcane etc.. It has been an

important sugarcane belt.

6.2.2 Northeast alluvial plains

The North East Alluvial Plain zones include the districts of Saharsa, Supaul,

Madhepura, Araria, Khagaria, Purnea, Katihar, Kishanganj and Bhagalpur

(Neugachhia sub-division). The zone occupies the north-eastern part of the state of

Bihar, north of river Ganga, and covers the flood plains of the rivers Kosi, Mahananda

and their tributaries. The Kosi and the Mahananda rivers are notorious for their

floods, high velocity currents and heavy sediment loads during their spates. As a

result, this part of the land has developed its own soil type. The soils have developed

from the coarse sediments of Kosi and Mahananda. In areas where water table is high

and drainage is poor, the problem of increasing salinity and alkalinity is in evidence.

Alkalinity has also developed particularly in areas where the soils are heavy and less

porous.

The soils, in general, are moderately acidic to neutral. Very acidic soils with pH of

near about 5 or even lower are found in the organic matter-rich but light textured soils

of north eastern Purnea and areas of very heavy rainfall and high permeability. Saline

Final Report


and alkaline patches are found in Madhepura, Saharsa, western part of Purnea and

southern portion of Katihar districts, mostly along the courses of channels. The soils

of this zone vary from excessively drained to poorly drained depending upon local

physiography and relief as well as water table depth. The heavy textured surface soils

have invariably sandy sub-stratum below the depth ranging from 40 to 100 cm.

Sandy to loamy soils, very highly permeable and strong acidic non-calcareous soils of

light texture, especially in northeastern part of Purnea dominate the land. The soils are

very poor in nitrogen (especially the very light textured ones), very poor to medium in

available phosphorous and potash. Deficiency of Zinc and Boron and toxicity of

manganese has been recognized in these areas. Heavy leaching of the soil has

increased soil acidity and caused nutritional problems, resulting in micro-nutrient

deficiency and in non-setting of seeds in cereals and pulses. Recurrence of floods in

large areas and consequent waterlogged areas to the extent of about 10.6 lakh ha

annually is a major constraint of agricultural production. Poor irrigation facility, to the

tune of only 21% of cropped area is available. Lack of suitable farming system for

different geographical situation such as flooded area between embankments and sandy

uplands having little irrigation facilities provide severe bottleneck for agricultural

production. Rice, jute, maize, summer pulses (moong), summer millets and sugarcane

are important crops in this sub-zone. There is a tremendous scope for exploiting

waterlogged area by growing winter (boro) rice. Maize is very high performing crop

in this sub-zone. In northeastern portion of the sub-zone, pineapple is an important

crop and southern portion is famous for banana cultivation.

The project area comprises of the Burhi-Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla, Kosi and

Mahananda basins located in the eastern part of North Bihar.

6.3 EXISTING CROPPING PATTERN

Cropping pattern in the area is variable and has evolved in response to agro-ecological

and farming situations (rainfall, land situation and water accumulation) prevailing in

the command area. There are five distinct farming situations viz. sandy uplands,

typical medium-lowlands, deep water areas, areas within Kosi embankments, and

diara lands. The sandy uplands are mono cropped (growing kharif crops) under

rainfed condition but double cropped (kharif and rabi crops) under irrigated condition.

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The medium-low lands have paddy as the dominant kharif crop while during rabi

season, wheat/barley/oilseeds are grown. In deep water areas, sowing of deep water

paddy mixed with moong, sorghum, sesame and also jute is done in February. In some

deep water areas, early maturing maize is also grown as forage/grain depending upon

flood condition. The areas within the embankments get flooded during the rainy

season. In sandy areas, water melon, musk melon, pointed gourd, pumpkin, sweet

potato, summer groundnut. etc are grown. In low-lying area, moong and deep water

paddy are grown. On diara lands, only rabi and summer crops such as wheat, gram,

lentil, maize, raya and mustard, linseed, black gram, safflower, sweet potato etc. are

grown.

Across the farming situations, the important crop rotations in normal and waterlogged

areas are as given below:

Normal areas: Paddy - Wheat

Paddy - Wheat-Summer maize

Paddy - Wheat-Summer moong

Paddy - Wheat-Sunflower

Maize - Potato-Onion

Jute+Paddy - Wheat-Moong

Maize - Sugarcane

Paddy - Paira Masur-Moong

Paddy - Paira Masur-Moong

Paddy - Mustrad/Raya-Moong

Groundnut - Wheat-Moong

Waterlogged area: Paddy+Maize+Moong

Paddy+Jute+Moong

Paddy+Maize-Summer Paddy/Maize

Between 1974-75 and 1997-98, the productivity of major cereal crops such as rice,

maize and wheat has increased more than two-fold. In pulse crops, only a modest

increase in productivity has been discernible.

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6.3.1 Existing Crop Coverage and Irrigation Intensities

Besides agro-climate, infra-structural development and marketing support at macro

level (district level) dictates the cropping pattern of an area. Cropping pattern

developed is the resultant of existing infrastructure support available at district / sub

district levels. The analysis of the existing cropping pattern would provide an insight

for future planning. Therefore, an attempt has been made to view the cropping pattern

from basin/district level because the advancement in transport sector, input

management, marketing infrastructure that take place at macro level plays an

important role in the evolution of the crop pattern.

6.3.1.1 The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)

The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994) has compiled the details of

crop coverage in the State as a whole both under irrigated and rainfed conditions as

collected from various sources. Accordingly, the details of the overall percentage of

gross cropped area and net sown area for the state as a whole is presented in the

Table 6.2.

Table 6.2Overall percentage of crop coverage in respect of Gross and

Net Cropped area in Bihar

Sl.No

Crop Season Crop Percentage ofgross croppedarea

Percentageof net sownarea

1. BHADAI Paddy 6.9 5.0(Autmn) Maize & Millets 4.2 3.0

Moong /Urd 0.7 0.5Til 0.1 0.1Vegetables 0.5 0.4

Subtotal 12.4 9.02. KHARIF Paddy HYV 21.7 15.8

Paddy general 35.6 25.9Maize HYV 0.3 0.2Maize general - -Millets 0.3 0.2Kharif Pulses 1.5 1.1Kharif oil seeds 0.6 0.4Vegetables 1.5 0.9Miscellaneous 1.2 1.1

Subtotal 62.7 45.6

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Sl.No

Crop Season Crop Percentage ofgross croppedarea

Percentageof net sownarea

3. RABI Wheat 27.5 20.0Barley 0.7 0.5Winter maize 2.8 2.0Rabi Pulses 9.1 6.6Rabi oil seeds 2.4 1.8Potato 1.6 1.2Winter vegetables 0.7 0.5Spices 0.2 0.2Miscellaneous 0.4 0.3

Subtotal 45.4 33.14. GARMA (ZAID) Paddy 4.3 3.1

Maize & Millets 4.4 3.2Moong/Urd 2.8 2.0Til 0.4 0.3Vegetables 3.2 2.4

Subtotal 15.1 11.0Sugarcane (Annual) 1.8 1.3Grand Total 137.4 100.0

(Source: Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission Vol-II, 1994)

Basinwise cropping pattern as percentage of net cultivated area is shown in Table 6.3

and basinwise percentage of net cultivated area under irrigated and rainfed conditions

in Bihar is given in Table 6.4.

Table 6.4Basinwise Percentage of Net Cultivated Area (1991-1992)

Si.No. Name of Basin

Intensity ofCultivation(Percentage)

Irrigated Rain-fed Total1A Ghaghra-Mahi-Western Gandak

Composite68.39 82.95 151.34

1B Upper Eastern Gandak-Upper BurhiGandak

55.29 78.7 133.99

1C Lower Eastern Gandak Baya-LowerBurhi Gandak

57.72 95.53 153.25

2 Bagmati-Adhwara 47.25 99.91 147.163 Kamala-Balan 41.79 123.37 165.164 Kosi 63.50 93.18 156.685 Mahananda 39.55 107.79 147.346 Karmnasa 95.18 29.21 124.397 Sone-Kanhar & Kao-Gangi Complex 100.01 32.26 140.278 North Koel 21.46 73.32 94.789 Punpun 84.96 36.37 121.33

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10 Harohar 74.28 37.84 112.1210A Kiul 39.50 62.23 101.7311 Badua-Belharna 59.30 58.84 118.1412 Bilasi-Chandan-Chir 54.10 56.22 110.3213 Main Ganga Stem 50.07 49.09 99.16

(Source: Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission Vol-II, 1994)

The cropping intensity in respect of Bagmati-Adwara, Kamla-Balan, Kosi and

Mahananda basins for irrigated and rainfed crops, as extracted from Table 6.4 is as

under:

Sl.No.

Basin Cropping Intensity (Percentage)

Irrigated Rainfed Total

1 Bagmati-Adwara 47.3 99.9 147.2

2 Kamla-Balan 41.8 123.4 165.23 Kosi 63.5 93.2 158.74 Mahananda 39.6 107.8 147.4

As per the above, the existing cropping intensity both for irrigated and rainfed

conditions ranges from 147.2% to 165.2%. The percentages of rainfed cropping

pattern is very high i.e. ranging from 93.2% to 123.4% while the same is very low

for irrigated crops ranging from 39.6% to 63.5% indicating thereby that there is a lot

of scope for increasing irrigation in all the above four basins.

6.3.1.2 Basin wise/Districtwise Trend of the Existing Cropping Pattern

Basinwise/districtwise trend of the cropping pattern in respect of Burhi Gandak,

Bagmati-Adwara, Kamla-Balan, Kosi and Mahananda basins has been studied from

the available statistics for the past three years, 2000-01, 2001-02 and 2002-03. The

details of the same have been worked out on prorata basis for each district lying in the

basin and are given at Annex 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 respectively while an abstract of the

same is given in Table 6.5. The average cropping pattern is depicted in Fig. 6.1.

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Table 6.5Basinwise Existing Cropping Pattern for the Project Area

(Burhi Gandak, Bagmati-Adwara, Kamla-Balan, Kosi and Mahananda Basins)

Sl.

No.

Crop % of Area Average

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

Cereals

1 Paddy 56.31 50.00 63.31 56.54

2 Wheat 22.79 27.49 20.19 23.49

3 Maize 9.44 10.91 7.97 9.44

4 Barley 0.94 0.06 0.01 0.34

Total Cereals 89.48 88.45 91.48 89.81

Pulses

5 Gram 0.24 0.05 0.04 0.11

6 Masoor 1.18 1.41 1.07 1.22

7 Arhar 0.32 0.31 0.17 0.27

8 Khesari 1.05 1.19 0.73 0.99

9 Peas 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.20

Total Pulses 2.97 3.20 2.20 2.79

Cash Crops

10 Sugarcane 0.68 0.82 0.58 0.69

11 Potato 3.01 2.34 1.85 2.40

12 Tobacco 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.15

13 Jute 3.71 4.99 3.74 4.15

14 Chillies 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02

Total Cash Crops 7.55 8.35 6.32 7.41

Grand Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

(Source: Bihar through Figures, 2003, Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation,Bihar)

It is clear from the above Table that cereals occupy the maximum area under

cultivation, around 90% of the total cropped area. Paddy is the main cereal crop in all

the basins in the order of about 50% to 63%. The cultivation of Maize is done in about

Final Report


9% of area with the highest percentage of 12.9% in Kosi Basin and the lowest of 2.4%

in Kamla Basin. It may thus be surmised that the cereals would continue to dominate

the cropping pattern.

The position of pulses is very dismal. Barely 2 to 3% of the total cropped area is

under pulses. From the sustainability aspects, the present cropping pattern is not

balanced. Masoor is the main pulse crop of the area, followed by Khesari. Among the

cash crops, occupying about 7.41% of the cropped area on an average , Jute is the

most favoured crop, with the maximum area of about 14% in Mahananda basin and

negligible towards Kamla, Bagmati and Burhi-Gandak.

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Fig. 6.1

Final Report


The average productivity levels of different crops in Bihar for the year 2000-01, 2001-

02 and 2002-03 are given in Table 6.6. Among cereals, maize has the highest

productivity, even higher than that of paddy. The productivity of pulses is in general

low.

Table 6.6The average productivity levels of different crops in Bihar for the

year 2000-01, 2001-02 and 2002-03

Sl.No.

Crop District wise Productivity kg / ha2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 Average

1 Autumn rice 1330 1240 1171 12472 Winter rice 1512 1493 1460 14883 Summer rice 1701 1933 1642 17594 Wheat 2147 2065 1894 20355 Bhadai maize 1748 1882 1679 17706 Rabi maize 2920 3194 2610 29087 Summer maize 2955 2651 2683 27638 Jowar 914 851 1010 9259 Bajra 1030 722 826 85910 Ragi 1099 850 688 87911 Gram 1034 959 1010 100112 Arhar 1350 1155 1140 121513 Masoor 986 799 872 88614 Caster 827 1050 968 94815 Linseed 682 716 760 71916 Sesamum Bhadai 462 554 853 62317 Rape Seeds & Mustard 870 838 688 79918 Sugarcane 42635 45938 42141 4357119 Tobacco 1163 1096 1124 112820 Potato (Aghani) 9960 8680 9820 948721 Potato (Rabi) 9530 10870 10050 10150

(Source: Bihar through Figures, 2003, Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation,Bihar)

6.3.1.3 Cropping pattern as developed under Eastern Kosi Canal System

The report of Kosi Project (KP) - 1953 indicates that while formulating cropping

pattern, the principal crops which were taken into consideration were mainly bhadai

paddy, aghani paddy, jute, sugarcane and wheat besides other minor crops grown in

the area. The intensity of principal crops as existing was 79.7% and that of minor

crops as 32.8%, making total cropping intensity of 112.5% during pre-project period.

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The cropping pattern in the Kosi command in the post-project period envisaged

increasing the intensity of principal crops from 79.7% to 115% and reducing intensity

of minor crops from 32.8% to 20%. The cropwise intensities are given in Table 6.7

and graphically depicted in Fig. 6.2.

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Fig. 6.2

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Table 6.7Cropping Pattern & Intensities as per Kosi Project – 1953

Sl.No.

Name of Crop Cropping Intensities as per Kosi Project - 1953Pre-Project Post-Project

1 Bhadai Paddy 10.6 12.0

2 Aghani Paddy 51.5 65.0

3 Wheat (Rabi) 9.3 20.0

4 Sugarcane 0.1 3.0

5 Jute 8.2 15.0

Sub Total 79.7 115.0

6 Other Minor Crops 32.8 20.0

Total 112.5 135.0

Kosi Irrigation Committee (KIC), 1975 reviewed the coverage percentage of different

principal crops in the command area for the years 1976-77 and 1985-86 which

indicated the following trend vis-à-vis the intensities proposed in KP 1953 as given in

Table 6.8.

Table 6.8Coverage Area of Different Crops in Eastern Kosi Canal System

Sl.No.

Name of Crop Percentage Intensities1976-77 1985-86

1 Bhadai Paddy 13.9 14.1

2 Aghani Paddy 52.1 57.6

3 Wheat (Rabi) 19.0 21.5

4 Sugarcane 0.02 0.1

5 Jute 8.5 9.5

Total 93.52 102.8

KIC, 1975 found that the area under Aghani Paddy has consistently increased from

52.1% in 1976-77 to 57.6% in 1985-86 against 65% as proposed during post- project

period. Similarly, area under wheat also increased from 19% in 1976-77 to 21.5% in

1985-86 against proposed 20%. Accordingly, it was recommended that there is

sufficient scope to increase the area under wheat.

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6.4 STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING IRRIGATION

The supply of irrigation water is most important and crucial input in enabling the

system to produce crops at a desired level of productivity. The water supply has to be

adequate for creating sufficient moisture in the soil root zone of the plants to satisfy

the water requirements of crops for their normal growth. When the supply of water is

deficient and the crop water requirements are not fully met, the soil moisture stress

develops that affects the crop growth. The impact of soil moisture stress is greatly

dependent on the crop species and the stage of crop growth. Generally, crops are more

sensitive to water deficiency during emergence, flowering and early grain formation

than they are during early vegetative and late growth periods.

Considering irrigation as the most productive input for agricultural development, the

Government of Bihar has been conscious for development of irrigation as well as for

holistic development of the command areas. The formulation of the Kosi Irrigation

Project bears a testimony to this concern. The Eastern Kosi Canal System under the

Kosi Irrigation Project had been completed and operationalised since 1964. The

Rajpur Branch Canal had also been included towards the end of Third Five Year Plan.

The originally planned GCA and CCA for both Eastern Kosi Canal and Rajpur

Branch Canal were 9.19 lakh ha ( 7.43+1.76) and 6.12 lakh ha (4.95+1.17)

respectively which were later revised by Kosi Irrigation Committee ( 1975) as 7.44

lakh ha ( 6.04 + 1.40) and 4.40 lakh ha (3.49 + 0.91). The ultimate irrigation potential

of both the system was assessed as 4.48 lakh ha (2.86 + 1.62). The performance of the

Eastern Kosi Canal System has been sub-optimal in respect of creation and utilization

of irrigation potential as well as crop productivity. Moreover, it has caused

degradation of the production resource base by way of waterlogging and concomitant

soil salinization. OFD works in the command have not been fully developed to utilize

the available water. Moreover, the distribution system has also dilapidated for want

of adequate O&M funds.

The committee also observed that the creation of potential has been slow to the extent

of 75% and that too, not being utilized. The Committee gave recommendations for

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development of full irrigation potential of Kosi canal system and its ultimate

utilization. Some of these recommendations are as follows:

i) Completion of residual works upto water courses.

ii) Construction of high dam in upper catchment to tackle siltation problem in thecanal as long term measure.

iii) Main canal and branches shall not run below 2/3rd of design capacity and thesystem lower down should either run full or be kept closed. Any surplus watermay be released through escapes.

iv) Canal reaches showing excessive water loss should be strengthened withlining in a phased manner.

v) Water course longer than 1.5 km, passing through sandy reaches should belined at first instance. Other water courses may also be lined in phasedmanner.

vi) Traditional varieties of paddy may be replaced by high yielding variety, asearly as possible in as large an area as practicable.

vii) Wheat cultivation may be encouraged and less water consuming crops such as‘moong’ etc. may be irrigated through alternative sources and popularizedduring hot weather.

viii) A properly designed surface drainage system should be provided.

ix) The work of consolidation of holdings, land leveling and shaping andconstruction of field channels and field drains may be completed on prioritybasis.

x) More attention should be given on maintenance and running of canal system.

xi) The present ‘Satta’ system may be replaced by a system of compulsory levyon land under assured irrigation to be collected along with the revenue.

The Government is conscious towards increasing agricultural productivity in the

existing command through the holistic development of the command area by way of

On-Farm Development works, suitable cropping pattern, conjunctive use of surface

and ground water, drainage provision, reclamation of problem soils (waterlogged /salt

affected soils), efficient operation and maintenance of the irrigation system and

agricultural extension so as to optimize the benefits of irrigation.

Considering the facts that the command areas under reference have high agricultural

potential, the need is to convert the potential into production through improved

irrigation management. To make that happen, the following imperatives are identified:

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i) Presently, the actual irrigated area is much less than the area commanded.Water deliveries rarely correspond in quantity and timing of crop waterdemands resulting in low cropping intensities and productivity levels. In viewof limited water resources, especially during lean season, crop intensificationmay not provide an optimal solution. On the other hand, extensive irrigationmay be a desirable option to cover larger areas to obtain economic optimawith the supplies as available. Less water better delivered may be the requiredreform method. Appropriate irrigation scheduling in terms of quantity andtiming may have to be worked out in consideration of sensitivity of cropgrowth stages to soil water stress. For this purpose, unit crop productivityshould be stabilized and improved through better water management practicesand introduction of new farming techniques.

ii) Paddy will continue to be the predominant kharif crop. No crop substitutionfor kharif paddy may be possible in view of the excessively high soil-waterregime. As canal water releases during the kharif season raise the water table,kharif season releases may have to be properly regulated so as to augmentwater supply during the rabi season and maintain ground water balance. Atthe same time, planted area should be increased by all-year-round irrigationsystem, thus maximizing the crop production

iii) The command areas present high scope for market-oriented cropdiversification, particularly during the rabi season. Shift in emphasis fromcereal production to pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables and other highvalue crops may be warranted. Such diversification will cause planting andwater needs to become more varied from field to field. These changes willplace new demands on the operational skills of water delivery organizations.For this purpose, reliability of water delivery becomes more significant.

iv) Farmers will be required to make higher investments in inputs such as HYVsof crops, chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, periodical seedreplacement, modern farm implements for field preparation, cropestablishment, harvesting, threshing, etc. Governmental support will bewarranted in establishment and strengthening of institutional mechanism formeeting the desired objectives, especially at field level agriculture extensionservices. Simultaneously, existing ayacut road conditions should be improvedand strengthened to stimulate and support allied agricultural activities.

v) Drainage conditions should be improved to ensure optimum crop productivityper unit of land under improved irrigation conditions.

6.5 PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN

Within the framework of the policy of the irrigation development for maximizing

agricultural production from the available land resource, the prospective cropping

pattern (the one that is possible to happen) is planned to be developed keeping in view

the internalized factors such as the agro-climatic conditions as also various external

factors viz. irrigation water availability, technology accessibility, market situations,

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policy instruments of the government, etc. It is presumed that storage-based reliable

and sufficient water supply will stimulate farmers to invest increasingly in agricultural

inputs and technologies. The cropping pattern will continue to be driven by the

imperative of meeting the stable food requirement, but it has to be increasingly

integrative with economic development that creates new opportunities for all strata of

the rural people. In the backdrop of the above preamble, further consideration is

given to the development of the prospective cropping pattern

6.5.1 Review of Past Reports

(i) The Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972)

The Second Irrigation Commission, Govt. of India has suggested the following policy

for deciding future cropping pattern and irrigation intensity.

i) Maximum production per unit of areaii) Maximum production per unit of water, andiii) Maximum area served

“The Indo-Gangetic Plain has a high density of population, good fertile soil andabundant surface and groundwater. In all these areas, water resources are adequatebut land is scarce and the aim should be to secure the maximum production per unitof area through multiple cropping, high yielding varieties and the latest technology”.

In view of the above recommendation, the policy of maximum production per unit of

cultivated area needs to be one of the major thrusts for the State of Bihar.

(ii) The National Commission on Agriculture (GOI, 1976)

The policy thrust for irrigation to achieve maximum production per unit area as

recommended by the Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972) was fully endorsed

by the National Commission on Agriculture.

(iii) The Committee on Agricultural Productivity in Eastern India (RBI, 1984)

The Committee studied the problems of agriculture prevailing in Eastern India

comprising West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar & Eastern UP and made important

observations and valuable recommendations which highlighted the potential for

development of agriculture in this region. The following extracts attest the potential

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for development of agriculture in Bihar and underpins the constraints that besiege the

harnessing of the potential.

“However, even after nearly two and half decades of this significant shift inproduction strategy, the process of intensification of agriculture through sciencebased and industry-linked farming has not spread uniformly in all parts of thecountry. Eastern India comprising West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and East UP is a casein point.

‘Eastern India presents a picture of the highest concentration of population and thelowest per capita food-grains production. Labour alone, obviously, is not enough fordeveloping intensive agriculture. It is only when labour along with thecomplementary inputs of capital and skills (irrigation, drainage, yield augmentinginputs, efficient implementation, research extension, etc.) are used intensively to makeup for the scarcity of land that conditions are created for sustained increase inproductivity.

“The application of fertilizers and use of HYV seeds in the Eastern Region (WestBengal, Orissa, Bihar and East UP) are still at a low level. Rate of fertilizersapplication in 1981-82 averaged around 25 kg/ha. Coverage of area under cerealswith HYV seeds has also been low, less than 40 percent. Raising the level ofapplication of these two inputs alone can considerably improve land productivity ofthe region”.

(iv) The Agro-Climatic Regional Planning, Planning Commission (1989)

According to the study conducted by the Planning Commission for Agro-Climatic

Regional Planning (1989), the State of Bihar, lies in Zone-IV i.e. Middle Gangetic

Plain. This zone has been further sub-divided into six sub-zones, each having

adequate agro-climatic homogentiy for detailed operational planning, according to

which the whole of Bihar falls under sub-zone-4., sub-zone-5 and sub-zone-6. Sub-

zone-5 comprises the basins of Bagmati, Kamala, Kosi and Mahananda located in the

eastern part of North Bihar. Zone-IV has been characterized by rich water and soil

resources, low productivity level, high population pressure on land and increased

proportion of problem soils. Rainfall in this region is high and irrigation is fairly

developed (39% of GCA) with cropping intensity of 142%. Cropping is cereal based

to the extent of 70% in Bihar plains. Apparently, the agro-climatic features bestow

high agricultural production potential to this region which remains to be realized.

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(v) The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)

The Commission studied in detail the land and water resources of the state and also

examined basin-wise existing cropping intensity as well as the future cropping

intensity in the light of available water and land resources and prevailing constraints.

After a great deal of deliberations, the Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission

arrived at the prospective cropping pattern for future based on constraints of available

water, land potential, scope for storage and diversion of water etc., which is given in

the Table 6.9.

Table 6.9Basinwise Prospective Cropping Pattern in North Bihar

Sl.No

No.

Name of the Basin Percentage of CultivableArea (NSA) to Croppedarea (%)

CroppingIntensity (%)

RainfedSituation

IrrigatedSituation

1. Ghaghra-Mechi-Western GandakComposite

46 151 197

2. Upper Eastern GandakUpper Burhi GandakComposite

49 142 191

3. Lower EasternGandak-Baya-LowerBurhi GandakComposite

65 139 204

4. Bagmati-Adhwara 59 136 1955. Kamla-Balan 59 143 2026. Kosi 43 162 2057. Mahananda 43 151 194

Total North Bihar 51 148 199

From the perusal of Table 6.9, it transpires that the Commission has suggested

cropping intensity of 195% (136% for irrigated & 59% for rainfed) for Bagmati,

205% (162% for irrigated & 43% for rainfed) for Kosi and 194% (151% for irrigated

and 43% for rainfed) for Mahananda basins.

This is to be noted that these recommendations are under the constraints that the

irrigation schemes are only run-of-the river schemes as no storage sites are available

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within the State. Thus, with only run-of-the river schemes, an average cropping

intensity of 199% for North Bihar and 182% for South Bihar has been

recommended. With proposal of creation of reservoirs by construction of dams on

major rivers like Kosi and Gandak, there will be considerable scope of increasing the

cropping and irrigation intensities over what has been proposed by the Second Bihar

State Irrigation Commission with only run-of-the schemes.

The important point to underscore is that the Commission foresees the possibility of

achieving high cropping intensity of around 200% which implies to approximate the

similar level of irrigation intensity whenever the water resource infrastructure gets so

developed.

(vi) The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development(1999)

The Commission has recommended that the basins with possible surplus water, near

saturation utilization of land and water has first to be aimed at, subject to the

condition that such utilization is not based on impractical engineering such as storage

requirements for which reservoir sites are not available or involve very high lifts or

wasteful use that may result in very low efficiency and excessive water application.

(vii) The DPR of Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal System, WAPCOS(2003)

The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal

System, a Project sponsored by the Planning Commission, Government of India has

been prepared by WAPCOS Ltd., a Government of India Undertaking. In this report,

WAPCOS has recommended an irrigation intensity of 228%. This has been possible,

as exploitation of ground water has been undertaken on large scale through

implementation of Million Shallow Tubewells in the area under a scheme undertaken

by the Planning Commission and which is still under implementation. According to

the Report prepared by WAPCOS, an irrigation intensity of 228% is feasible with

conjunctive use of surface and ground water. WAPCOS has proposed an irrigation

intensity of 90% with ground water and 138% with surface water both to be used

conjunctively.

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It is very pertinent to note that the above irrigation intensity as adopted by

WAPCOS is also based on run-of-the river scheme and is not supported by any

reservoir. With the proposal of' creation of reservoirs by constructing dam on river

Gandak, there is scope of increasing the irrigation intensity further.

(viii) The Expert Committee on Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar(2003)

Taking into consideration available surface and ground water, the soil and climatic

characteristics as well as other socio-agro-economic factors, following

cropping/irrigation intensities have been proposed for different agro-climatic sub-

zones by the Expert Committee.

(Unit: Percentage)

Sl.

No.

Region Irrigation Intensity

Kharif Rabi H.W. Total

1 Sub-Zone -4 North Bihar (West) 80 95 75 250

2 Sub-Zone -5 North Bihar (East) 75 95 80 250

3 Sub-Zone -6(a) South Bihar (West) 95 95 50 240

4 Sub-Zone -6(b) South Bihar (East) 95 95 45 230

6.5.2 Emerging Insights

The insights emerging from the appraisal of the past reports are the following:

i) Maximizing crop production per unit of land area needs to be the major thrustfor crop planning in the project area.

ii) For reasons of agro-climatic conditions and guided by the need for staple foodproduction, primacy has to be given to the cultivation of cereal crops such asrice, wheat and maize. These are the crops in which technological breakthrough has imbibed high yield potential.

iii) The storage-based water supply will enhance water availability during rabi andsummer seasons. There will be a necessity for diversified cropping patternduring these seasons. The major crops may include, besides wheat, wintermaize, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and spices, plantation crops (dwarf banana,coconut, pineapple etc.), perennial crops and others. Such diversification willopen up the opportunities for an all- round rural development.

iv) In commanding maximum possible area with the available irrigation watersupply and for achieving highest possible yield level, it will be necessary to

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increasingly adopt the practices of efficient water application and irrigationscheduling as per the crop growth stage sensitivity for soil water stress. It willbe highly prudent to adopt the principle of better delivered less water use.

From the above view, it could be construed that storage-based water supply may

enable to achieve a high irrigation intensity of around 200% which can be further

enhanced to a significantly higher level in conjunction with ground water

development.

6.5.3 Proposition

It is amply authenticated that there is enormous potential for development of

agriculture in Bihar, which is located in the middle reach of Gangetic plain, endowed

with plenty of plain and fertile land and vast water resources both surface and ground

water. The following points are therefore, very relevant and would be kept in view

while deciding the cropping / irrigation intensities:

i) Maximum production for unit area of land (i.e. no constraints on utilization ofwater) as recommended by the Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972)and endorsed by the National Commission on Agriculture (GOI, 1976).

ii) Inherent potential for development of agriculture in Eastern India as revealedin the report of the Committee on Agricultural Productivity constituted by theReserve Bank of India (1984).

iii) The stress on development of agriculture in the middle Gangetic Plain zone asproposed by the report on Agro-Climatic Regional Planning by the PlanningCommission (GOI, 1989). The cropping irrigation intensities as suggested bythe Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994).

iv) The proposed cropping / irrigation intensity as suggested by WAPCOS in theDPR for Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal Scheme (2003).

Since the assured irrigation in the form of regulated release from Sapt Kosi High dam

would be available during kharif and rabi seasons, much of the effort would be

required for maximizing crop production in Kharif and Rabi seasons. During this

period when rainfall is occurring, soils are recharged of moisture for most of time,

except for long dry spells witnessed between rainfall events. Kharif crops, being

grown during rainy season, have low irrigation requirements, and irrigation demand is

generated or increasingly felt mainly from the beginning of Rabi season. During Rabi

season, when irrigation is intensively required, the surface water availability reduces.

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This situation warrants a concrete strategy for full utilisation of land and water

resources as stipulated below:

a) Maximum Kharif area by increasing irrigation intensity during Kharif

The attempt will have to be to utilize maximum water during Kharif season.

The coverage of irrigation in Kharif season will spread to almost the whole of

the available command area. This will not only stabilize the production of

Kharif crops in the command but also to maximize it given the lower water

requirements.

b) Providing supplementary irrigation to paddy crop grown in low lying wetlands

There is significant proportion of low lying area available in the command

area. In these areas, no crop other than paddy may come up very well and

provide greater economic returns. Because of uneven distribution of rains,

irrigation is required necessarily. Moreover, paddy is the most preferred crop

of the area and also meets particular requirement of food and fodder. The yield

level of paddy crop is also significantly higher than any other irrigated crop

and so it increases the net returns. Moreover, as it is an established crop of the

area, farmers are well versed with the farm-crop practices. However, extension

support would be required to cover area under hybrids and improved varieties

and promote intensive plant protection measures and effective use of input.

c) Allocating larger area to crops highly responding to irrigation duringKharif season in order to maximize the use of available water

The crops like maize are highly responsive to irrigation, even during Kharif

season. Therefore, larger area may be allotted to them and wherever possible

advance planting of these crops could be attempted with conjunctive use of

ground water, so that by the time rains occur the crop stand is established. The

standing crop may have higher water / irrigation requirement as compared to a

crop undergoing germination stage; relatively larger quantity of irrigation

water would be consumed by the standing crop.

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6.5.4 Selection of Crops

Selection of crops for the proposed cropping pattern is based on consideration of

farmers’ preference as evident from the prevailing practices, natural resource

conditions such as type of soil, availability of land and water and local economic

needs.

Based upon all the assumptions as stated above, the proven performance of the

selective crops under different farming situations and having considered agro-climate,

soils, socio-economic acceptability and other factors, the following crops have been

identified:

(a) Kharif Paddy

Because of typical condition of the availability of irrigation water during rainy

season and existing coverage of a large chunk of area, there is no crop other

than paddy that may come up very well and provide greater economic returns.

The development of salinity in the traditional paddy fields is another factor to

consider cultivation of paddy in rainy season. Therefore, there appears a

possibility of covering larger area under paddy crop during rainy season.

However, traditional varieties may be replaced as early as possible with high

yielding varieties in as greater an area as possible, which may be harvested by

end of October so that field may be available for wheat cultivation which may

be sown by end of November or first week of December to get the best results.

(b) Wheat

The main hurdles which stand in the way of increasing the acreage under

wheat are as under:

i) The fields under Aghani paddy are not free till the middle orend of December and it becomes late for wheat cultivation. If thetraditional varieties of Aghani paddy are replaced by High YieldingVarieties of early paddy as far as possible, it will go a long way inincreasing the acreage under wheat.

ii) The non-availability of seeds, fertilizers, etc (inputs) in time also stands inthe way of increasing wheat cultivation.

iii) The cost of wheat cultivation being high, sometimes the cultivatorsare not able to invest the required amount. Thus, if loans are

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given to cultivators for wheat cultivation and recovered after harvesting, itwill help in increasing the acreage under wheat,

iv) Procurement policy of wheat levy has also made the cultivators shy ofwheat cultivation. Necessary irritants in this respect should be adequatelyaddressed,

v) Additional difficulty in wheat irrigation is that field to field irrigation isnot possible as in the case of rice cultivation. Construction of fieldchannels and field drains in addition to leveling and shaping of land willhelp much in increasing the irrigated wheat acreage.

In spite of above, wheat cultivation has been of the order of 20% as envisaged

in the Eastern Kosi project. Under the proposed project utilizing the regulated

releases from Sapt Kosi High dam, it is envisaged to substantially increase the

area under rabi cultivation, as has also been recommended by KIC, 1975 (to

the level of 38.7%) with the earnest and sustained efforts on the part of WRD,

AD and CADA, supported with sound water management and agronomical

practices. The increase in wheat area is also substantiated by the fact that

there would be adequate quantity of water available during non-monsoon

season due to regulated releases from dam.

(c) Maize

Maize crop is one of the established crops of very high yielding potential. This

crop is not only very well known for Kharif season but also known for its very

high productivity in hot weather season. The advanced planting of Kharif

season Maize in the month of May, may be considered with an additive benefit

to the production; by the time rains occur the crop stand gets stout to bear the

vagaries of nature.

(d) Other crops

The other crops include oilseeds, pulses, vegetables and spices, plantation and

fiber crops etc. These crops have high economic potential and some of these,

being quite labour intensive, may provide rural employment opportunities.

They have to be brought in the cropping pattern on incremental basis over a

period of time. The necessity of diversified cropping is amply borne from the

standpoints of soil health sustainability, water use economy, maximizing

economic returns, and overall rural welfare.

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6.5.5 Crop Calendar

Broad crop calendar for the crops suited for North Bihar region is given in Table 6.10.

This Table provides a very wide range of periods for the key events of crop

cultivation such as sowing, transplanting and harvesting. In order to compute crop

water requirement for selected crops, a specific crop calendar has been traced out for

the Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda basins and is given in Table 6.10.

TABLE 6.10Broad Crop Calendar for North Bihar Region

SI.No.

Crop / Variety CropDurationin days

StagesSeeding / Sowing Transplanting Harvesting

I Kharif1 Paddy

(i) Early Paddy 75 - 120 20 Jun to 10 Jul 12 Jul to 01Aug

03 Sep to07 Nov

(ii) Mid EarlyPaddy

130 - 140 10 Jun to 20 Jun 25 Jun to 5 July 18 Oct to28 Oct

(iii)Long Duration 140 - 160 15 May to 10 Jun 05 Jun to 25 Jun 28 Oct to20 Oct

(iv) PhotoSensitive tallvariety (Improved)

05 Jun to 10 Jul 05 Jul to 12 Jul

2 Maize

(i) Hybrid (HYV) 160 - 165 01 May to 30 May - 07 Oct to06 Nov

(ii) Composite 135 - 160 01 May - 30 May - 22 Sep - 07Oct

3 Green Manure 40 -45 01 May to 30 May - 10 Jun to15 Jun

4 Jute 125 - 130 10 Jun to 30 Jun - 15 Oct to25 Oct

II Rabi5 Wheat

(i) Long Duration 125 - 130 15 Nov - 10 Dec - 25 Mar to15 Apr

(ii) Mid Duration 105 - 115 10 Dec to 30 dec - 01 Apr to30 Apr

(iii)Short Duration 100 - 105 01 Jan to 15 Jan - 15 Apr to30 Apr

6 Burseem(Green fodder)

90 - 122 15 Oct to 15 Dec - 15 Jan to15 Apr

7 Winter Maize 92 - 96 15 Nov to 10 Dec - 15 Feb to15 Mar

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8 AutumSugarcane

15 Oct to 30 Nov - 15 Dec to30 Mar

9 Potato 100 - 120 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 1 Feb to 28Feb

10 Oil Seeds(i) YellowMustard

130 -135 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 30 Dec to28 Feb

(ii) Sunflower 125 - 140 15 Oct - 15 Nov - 1 Mar - 30Mar

(iii)Linseed 160 - 165 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 15 Apr to15 May

(iv)Safflower(Kusum)

160 - 165 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 15 Apr to15 May

11 Pulses(i) Gram 130 - 135 15 Oct - 15 Nov - 15 Apr - 15

May(ii) Green Gram(Moong)

130 - 135 15 Oct - 15 Nov - 15 Apr - 15May

(iii)Chick Pea 130 - 135 15 Oct - 15 Nov - 15 Apr - 15May

(iv) Cow Pea 70 - 75 15 Oct to 15 Dec - 01 Dec to01 Feb

(v) Lintil 136 - 140 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 01 Mar to30 Mar

(vi) Peas 130 - 140 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 15 Jan to15 Feb

(v) Razma 130 - 140 15 Nov to 15 Dec - 15 Feb to15 Mar

12 Vegetables 110 - 120 20 Oct to 10 Nov - 10 Feb to28 Feb

III Hot Weather13 Maize 90 - 95 10 Mar to 25 Mar - 20 Jun to

30 Jun14 Moong (Green

Gram)80 - 90 15 Mar - 10 Apr - 05 Jun - 12

July15 Vegetables 90 - 95 15 Mar to 31 Mar - 15 Jun to

30 Jun16 Boro Paddy 135 - 140 15 Dec to 30 Jan 30 Jan to 15

Mar30 Apr to05 Jun

17 Urad (BlackGram)

75 - 80 20 Mar to 30 Apr - 25 May to20 Jul

18 China (commonmillet)

80 - 85 01 Feb to 30 Mar - 20 Apr to25 Jun

IV Perennial19 Sugarcane 302 - 365 01 Feb - 30 Mar - 01 Dec - 31

Mar

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Table 6.11Specific Crop Calendar for Selected Crops Proposed in

Burhi Gandak - Bagmati and Mahananda Basins

SI.No.

Name ofCrop

CropDurationin Days

Date ofSowing

Date ofTransplantation

Date ofHarvest

1 Kharif

i) Paddy-I 132 Jun 21-30 Jul 01-20Oct 31-Nov 10

ii) Paddy-II 112 Jul 1 - 10 Jul 21 - 31Oct 21 -31

iii) Maize 123 May 11-20 Sep 11-20

iv) Jute 123 Jun 21-25Oct 15 -20

2 Rabii) Wheat 130 Nov 11-20 Mar 21-31ii) Maize 92 Nov 11-20 Feb 10-20

iii) Oilseeds 128 Oct 11-20 Feb 16-25iv) Pulses 128 Oct 11-20 Feb 16-25

v) Vegetables 110 Nov 11-20 Mar 1-103 Hot Weatheri) Maize 92 Mar 11-20 Jun 10-20ii) Green Gram 82 Mar 25-31 Jun 11-20

iii) Vegetables 94 Feb 11-20May 16-25

4 Perenniali) Sugarcane 334 Feb 21-28 Jan 21-31

6.5.6 Summing Up

The climatological data pertaining to the respective basins indicates that the

climatology of the Burhi Gandak and Bagmati basins is nearly same. Therefore, both

these basins have been clubbed together for carrying out agronomical studies. The

Mahananda basin, on the other hand, receives comparatively more rainfall than the

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin. The agronomical studies of the Mahananda basin have,

therefore been taken up separately.

Final Report


From the present study, prospective cropping pattern need to be evolved for Burhi

Gandak-Bagmati Basin on the western side and western fringe of Mahanandi Basin

(upto Mechi River) on the eastern side of project area.

For this purpose, cropping pattern and irrigation intensities as planned under existing/

ongoing projects, as proposed under various projects and as recommended by various

agencies have been taken into consideration. The same is given in Table 6.12. Based

on this, proposed irrigation intensities have been derived for both Burhi-Gandak-

Bagmati and Mahananda Basins separately as given in Table 6.13.

Final Report


Table 6.12Cropping Pattern and Irrigation Intensities as planned, proposed and recommended

As Planned in Existing/Ongoing Projects As Proposed in various projects As Recommended bydifferent Agencies

Eastern Kosi Canal (KosiProject 1953)

Western Kosi Canal Gandak Restoration Bagmati(Ph-I) Gandak(Ph-II) 2nd BiharIrrigation

Commission(1994)

ExpertCommittee

(2003)

Crop Intensity(%)

Crop Intensity(%)

Crop Intensity(%)

Crop Intensity(%)

Crop Intensity(%)

Intensity(%)

Intensity(%)

KharifPaddy 77 Paddy 61 Paddy 71 Paddy 57 Paddy 51Jute 15 Jute 12 Maize 15 Maize 38 Maize 15

Sub Total 92 73 86 95 66 85 75Rabi

Wheat 20 Wheat 30 Wheat 50 Wheat 20 Wheat 63Oil Seeds 2.5 Oil Seeds 10 Oil Seeds 10 Oil Seeds 11

Pulses 2.5 Pulses 10 Pulses 10 Pulses 10Vegetables 5 Vegetables 6 Vegetables 10 Vegetables 10

Sub Total 20 40 76 50 94 78 95

Hot Weather Maize 43 Maize 11 Maize 15G.Gram 10 G.Gram 6

Vegetables 8 Vegetables 2Sub Total 61 11 23 42 80PerennialSugarcane 3 2.5 Sugarcane 5 Sugarcane 4 Sugarcane 4Sub Total 3 2.5 5 4 4

Grand Total 115 115.5 228* 160 187 205 250

* including conjunctive use.

Final Report


Table 6.13Proposed Irrigation Intensity for Burhi Gandak- Bagmati Basin and

Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin (Upto Mechi River)

Sl.No.

Crop Irrigation Intensity (%)

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin Mahananda Basin

Kharif1 Paddy 1 40 40

2 Paddy II 30 25

3 Maize 20 10

4 Jute 15

Sub Total 90 90

Rabi

5 Wheat 45 45

6 Maize 8 8

7 Oil Seeds 10 10

8 Pulses 10 10

9 Vegetables 7 7

Sub Total 80 80Hot Weather

10 Maize 20 15

11 G.Gram 10 10

12 Vegetables 3 3

Sub Total 33 28

Perennial

13 Sugarcane 5 -

Sub Total 5 -

Grand Total 208 198

The above cropping patterns for Burhi Gandak-Bagmati & Mahananda basins are

graphically depicted in Fig. 6.3 and 6.4.

Si. No. Dist / Basin Rice Wheat Maize Barley Gram Massor Arhar Khesari Peas Su.Cane Potato Tobacco Jute Chillies1

(i) Supaul 122016 53568 9920 185504 1984 4960 992 7936 4960 10912 15872 209312(i) Saharsa 94245 86010 25620 205874 915 3660 915 5490 915 915 212279(iii) Madhepura 85000 52000 44000 181000 2000 3000 1000 6000 4000 11000 15000 202000(iv) Madhubani 32049 11578 336 43962 1342 168 503 2014 168 1007 1175 47150(v)Purnia 73807 33374 26314 133495 2567 1284 3851 26314 13478 39792 177137(vi)Araria 62321 22082 8833 93236 2944 1472 1472 2454 491 8833 491 2944 15212 18647 120716(vii)Katihar 43327 14904 7626 65857 347 347 693 2426 11785 14211 80761(viii)Bhagalpur 4759 4345 4552 207 13862 414 310 103 310 207 1345 207 310 517 15724(ix)Khagaria 4900 7056 8820 20776 196 196 196 588 196 196 21560(x)Darbhanga 303 204 31 538 10 3 10 24 3 10 14 575

522726 285121 136050 207 944105 3358 11144 1747 16724 3801 36773 869 43083 0 62387 0 106339 108721748.08 26.22 12.51 0.02 86.84 0.31 1.02 0.16 1.54 0.35 3.38 0.08 3.96 0.00 5.74 0.00 9.78 100.00

2(i)Purnia 34368 15540 12253 62162 1195 598 1793 12253 6276 18529 82484(ii)Katihar 43793 15065 7708 66565 350 350 701 2452 11912 14364 81630(iii)Araria 61660 21848 8739 92247 2913 1457 1457 2428 486 8739 486 2913 15051 18449 119436(iv)Kishanganj 48283 11109 427 59820 427 427 427 1282 1282 13246 14528 75629

188104 63563 29127 0 280794 3340 3430 1457 3803 486 12515 486 18900 0 46484 0 65870 35917952.37 17.70 8.11 0.00 78.18 0.93 0.95 0.41 1.06 0.14 3.48 0.14 5.26 0.00 12.94 0.00 18.34 100.00

3(i)Madhubani 108488 39192 1136 148816 4544 568 1704 6816 568 3408 3976 159608

% Area

% Area

TotalPulses

Total CashCrops

CEARELS PULSES CASH CROPSTotalCearels

DistrictTotal

KAMLA BALAN

MAHANANDA

KOSI

CROPPED AREA UNDER VARIOUS CROPS IN THE PROJECT AREA - YEAR 2000-01Annex- 6.1

Basin Total

Basin Total

(i)Madhubani 108488 39192 1136 148816 4544 568 1704 6816 568 3408 3976 159608(ii)Darbhanga 61588 41520 6228 109336 2076 692 2076 4844 692 2076 2768 116948(iii) Saharsaincluding Supaul 4439 2907 746 8092 59 177 39 275 118 216 334 8701(iv) Khagaria 2097 3020 3775 8893 84 84 84 252 84 84 9229(v) Samastipur 19253 12033 10283 9408 50976 438 438 219 1094 656 2407 1313 4376 56445

195865 98672 22168 9408 326113 0 7200 1698 4259 123 13281 1916 8092 1313 216 0 11537 35093155.81 28.12 6.32 2.68 92.93 0.00 2.05 0.48 1.21 0.04 3.78 0.55 2.31 0.37 0.06 0.00 3.29 100.00

4

(i)East Champaran 28523 8195 1222 72 38011 503 288 72 863 503 503 1006 39880(ii) Muzaffarpur 98907 26816 10913 136636 624 624 312 1559 0 1871 312 2183 140378(iii)Samastipur 57025 10800 9229 8444 85498 393 393 196 982 589 2160 1178 3927 90407(iv)Begusarai 30476 9693 11758 51927 159 159 159 159 636 318 477 159 953 53516(v)Khagaria 43747 10598 13248 67593 294 294 294 883 294 294 68771(vi)Darbhanga 69510 20786 3118 93414 1039 346 1039 2425 346 1039 1386 97224(vii)Madhubani 92366 18204 528 111098 2111 264 791 3166 264 1583 1847 116110(vii) Sitamari 229400 50828 4795 285023 3836 2877 6713 5754 4795 10549 302286

649954 155920 54811 8516 869200 159 8959 2073 5582 453 17226 7774 12723 1490 159 22146 90857371.54 17.16 6.03 0.94 95.67 0.02 0.99 0.23 0.61 0.05 1.90 0.86 1.40 0.16 0.00 0.02 2.44 100.00

2(i) East & WestChamparam 62151 32391 4933 329 99803 0 3124 1644 164 164 5097 7892 2137 0 0 0 10030 114929(ii) Samastipur 18576 11610 9921 9077 49184 0 422 422 211 0 1055 633 2322 1267 0 0 4222 54461(iii) Begusarai 5096 13517 16397 0 35010 222 222 222 0 222 886 443 665 0 0 222 1330 37226(iv) Muzaffarpur 15041 9950 4049 0 29041 0 231 231 116 0 578 0 694 116 0 0 810 30429(v) Khagaria 219 315 394 0 929 0 9 0 9 9 26 0 9 0 0 0 9 964

101083 67783 35695 9406 213966 222 4008 2519 500 395 7644 8969 5827 1382 0 222 16400 23800942.47 28.48 15.00 3.95 89.90 0.09 1.68 1.06 0.21 0.17 3.21 3.77 2.45 0.58 0.00 0.09 6.89 100.00

1657732 671058 277852 27536 2634178 7079 34741 9493 30868 5257 87439 20014 88625 4185 109087 380 222292 294390856.31 22.79 9.44 0.94 89.48 0.24 1.18 0.32 1.05 0.18 2.97 0.68 3.01 0.14 3.71 0.01 7.55 100.00

% Area

BURHI GANDAK

Grand Total% Area

% Area

% Area Basin Total

Basin Total

Basin Total

BAGMATI-ADHWARA

Si. No. Dist / Basin Rice Wheat Maize Barley Gram Masoor Arhar Khesari Peas Su.Cane Potato Tobacco Jute Chillies1 KOSI

(i) Supaul 108128 55552 11904 175584 1984 4960 992 7936 4960 15872 20832 204352(i) Saharsa 84180 45750 23790 153720 915 2745 915 4575 915 915 159209(iii) Madhepura 89000 52000 39000 180000 2000 4000 1000 7000 4000 16000 20000 207000(iv) Madhubani 29867 12081 168 42117 1342 168 503 2014 168 839 1007 45137(v)Purnia 75091 37866 25672 138629 2567 1284 642 4493 7702 13478 21179 164301(vi)Araria 59868 29443 9814 99125 1472 1963 491 3926 1963 16684 18647 121698(vii)Katihar 42980 14904 8665 66550 347 347 347 1040 2773 12132 14904 82494(viii)Bhagalpur 4759 4759 4655 207 14379 414 414 103 310 207 1448 207 207 414 16241(ix)Khagaria 5488 8232 8624 22344 196 196 196 588 196 196 23128(x)Darbhanga 249 201 31 480 10 3 10 24 10 10 514

499609 260789 132323 207 892928 760 11247 275 16318 4442 33043 375 23564 0 74166 0 98105 102407648.79 25.47 12.92 0.02 87.19 0.07 1.10 0.03 1.59 0.43 3.23 0.04 2.30 0.00 7.24 0.00 9.58 100.00

2 MAHANANDA

(i)Purnia 34966 17632 11954 64552 1195 598 299 2092 3586 6276 9862 76507(ii)Katihar 43443 15065 8759 67266 350 350 350 1051 2803 12262 15065 83382(iii)Araria 59233 29131 9710 98073 1457 1942 486 3884 1942 16507 18449 120407(iv)Kishanganj 41019 11964 427 53410 427 427 1709 13246 14955 68792

Total Cash Crops

Basin Total

% Area

Annex - 6.2

CEARELS PULSES CASH CROPS

CROPPED AREA UNDER VARIOUS CROPS IN THE PROJECT AREA - YEAR 2001-02

TotalPulses

(Unit: ha)District TotalTotal Cearels

Basin Total

(iv)Kishanganj 41019 11964 427 53410 427 427 1709 13246 14955 68792178660 73792 30850 0 283302 350 3430 0 2890 784 7454 0 10040 0 48291 0 58331 349088

51.18 21.14 8.84 0.00 81.15 0.10 0.98 0.00 0.83 0.22 2.14 0.00 2.88 0.00 13.83 0.00 16.71 100.003 KAMLA BALAN

(i)Madhubani 101104 40896 568 142568 4544 568 1704 6816 568 2840 3408 152792(ii)Darbhanga 50516 40828 6228 97572 2076 692 2076 4844 2076 2076 104492(iii) Saharsa includingSupaul

3948 2082 746 6776

59 157 39 255 118 314 432 7463(iv) Khagaria 2349 3524 3691 9564 84 84 84 252 84 84 9900(v) Samastipur 18596 12033 9845 40474 438 438 219 1094 438 2188 1313 3938 45506

176513 99363 21079 0 296955 0 7200 1698 4240 123 13261 1006 7306 1313 314 0 9938 32015455.13 31.04 6.58 0.00 92.75 0.00 2.25 0.53 1.32 0.04 4.14 0.31 2.28 0.41 0.10 0.00 3.10 100.00

4

(i)East Champaran 14448 8554 1222 71.88256048 24296 503 288 791 431 503 934 26021(ii) Muzaffarpur 41783 26816 10913 311.8127364 79824 312 624 312 1247 312 1871 312 2495 83566(iii)Samastipur 16691 10800 8837 0 36328 393 393 196 982 393 1964 1178 3535 40844(iv)Begusarai 4449 8898 9851 158.894682 23358 159 159 159 477 477 477 159 1112 24946(v)Khagaria 8243 12365 12953 33561 294 294 294 883 294 294 34739(vi)Darbhanga 25289 20439 3118 48846 1039 346 1039 2425 1039 1039 52311(vii)Madhubani 46961 18996 264 66221 2111 264 791 3166 264 1319 1583 70970(vii) Sitamari 117960 68091 3836 189887 3836 959 2877 7672 4795 3836 8631 206190

275825 174958 50995 543 502320 0 8647 3032 5510 453 17643 6671 11303 1490 0 159 19624 53958751.12 32.42 9.45 0.10 93.09 0.00 1.60 0.56 1.02 0.08 3.27 1.24 2.09 0.28 0.00 0.03 3.64 100.00

2 BURHI GANDAK(i) East & WestChamparam 59191 32719 5261 329 97501 0 3288 1644 0 164 5097 10852 1973 0 0 164 12989 115587(ii) Samastipur 17942 11610 9499 0 39051 0 422 422 211 0 1055 422 2111 1267 0 0 3800 43906(iii) Begusarai 6204 12409 13738 222 32573 0 222 222 0 222 665 665 665 0 0 222 1551 34789(iv) Muzaffarpur 15504 9950 4049 116 29619 0 116 231 116 0 463 116 694 116 0 0 926 31008(v) Khagaria 245 368 385 0 999 0 9 0 9 9 26 0 9 0 0 0 9 1034

99087 67056 32934 666 199743 0 4057 2519 336 395 7306 12054 5452 1382 0 386 19274 22632343.78 29.63 14.55 0.29 88.26 0.00 1.79 1.11 0.15 0.17 3.23 5.33 2.41 0.61 0.00 0.17 8.52 100.00

1229695 675957 268181 1416 2175248 1111 34581 7524 29294 6198 78707 20106 57665 4185 122771 545 205272 245922850.00 27.49 10.91 0.06 88.45 0.05 1.41 0.31 1.19 0.25 3.20 0.82 2.34 0.17 4.99 0.02 8.35 100.00

Grand Total

Basin Total

% Area

% Area

% Area

BAGMATI-ADHWARA

% Area

Basin Total

Basin Total

Basin Total% Area

Si. No. Dist / Basin Rice Wheat Maize Barley Gram Masoor Arhar Khesari Peas Su.Cane Potato Tobacco Jute Chillies1

(i) Supaul 106144 55552 13888 175584 1984 2976 992 5952 5952 15872 21824 203360(i) Saharsa 86925 45750 26535 159209 915 2745 915 4575 1830 1830 165614(iii) Madhepura 87000 50000 36000 173000 2000 3000 1000 6000 1000 4000 16000 21000 200000(iv) Madhubani 30706 14598 336 45640 1342 168 336 1846 168 1342 1510 48996(v)Purnia 78942 36583 25030 140555 3209 1284 642 5134 5776 18612 24388 170078(vi)Araria 59868 27480 6870 94218 491 1472 1963 491 4416 2944 14231 17175 115809(vii)Katihar 45406 14904 9012 69323 347 347 693 2426 12132 14558 84574(viii)Bhagalpur 4759 4345 4759 207 14069 310 310 103 310 103 1138 207 207 414 15621(ix)Khagaria 5096 8036 9408 22540 196 196 196 588 196 196 23324(x)Darbhanga 3201 225 34 3459 10 7 17 3 10 14 3490

508046 257473 131872 207 897598 801 11786 271 13163 4339 30360 1378 24684 0 76847 0 102909 103086749.28 24.98 12.79 0.02 87.07 0.08 1.14 0.03 1.28 0.42 2.95 0.13 2.39 0.00 7.45 0.00 9.98 100.00

2

(i)Purnia 36759 17035 11655 65449 1494 598 299 2391 2690 8667 11356 79196(ii)Katihar 45895 15065 9109 70069 350 350 701 2452 12262 14714 85484(iii)Araria 59233 27189 6797 93218 486 1457 1942 486 4370 2913 14080 16993 114581(iv)Kishanganj 37174 12391 855 50419 427 427 855 1282 13673 14955 66229

179060 71679 28416 0 279155 486 3728 0 3317 784 8316 0 9337 0 48682 0 58019 345490

MAHANANDA

KOSI

Basin Total

CASH CROPSPULSESTotalCereals

Total PulsesCEREALS

% Area

% Area

Annex - 6.3

District Total

Basin Total

CROPPED AREA UNDER VARIOUS CROPS IN THE PROJECT AREA - YEAR 2002-03(Unit: ha)

Total Cash Crops

179060 71679 28416 0 279155 486 3728 0 3317 784 8316 0 9337 0 48682 0 58019 34549051.83 20.75 8.22 0.00 80.80 0.14 1.08 0.00 0.96 0.23 2.41 0.00 2.70 0.00 14.09 0.00 16.79 100.00

3

(i)Madhubani 103944 49416 1136 154496 4544 568 1136 6248 568 4544 5112 165856(ii)Darbhanga 650481 45672 6920 703073 2076 1384 0 3460 692 2076 2768 709301(iii) Saharsa includingSupaul

3967 2082 845 6894 59 118 39 216157 314 471 7581

(iv) Khagaria 2181 3440 4027 9648 84 84 84 252 84 84 9984(v) Samastipur 18596 11377 9845 39818 438 438 219 1094 656 2844 1531 5032 45944

779170 111986 22773 0 913929 0 7200 1006 2941 123 11270 1916 9705 1531 314 0 13467 93866683.01 11.93 2.43 0.00 97.36 0.00 0.77 0.11 0.31 0.01 1.20 0.20 1.03 0.16 0.03 0.00 1.43 100.00

4

(i)East Champaran 13658 5822 1294 20774 575 216 0 791 503 503 1006 22571(ii) Muzaffarpur 45836 27128 10290 83254 624 312 312 1247 1871 1871 86372(iii)Samastipur 16691 10211 8837 35739 393 393 196 982 589 2553 1375 4516 41237(iv)Begusarai 4608 8898 9851 23358 159 159 0 159 477 477 636 159 1271 25105(v)Khagaria 7654 12070 14131 33855 294 294 294 883 294 294 35033(vi)Darbhanga 325643 22864 3464 351971 1039 693 1732 346 1039 1386 355089(vii)Madhubani 48280 22953 528 71761 2111 264 528 2902 264 2111 2374 77038(vii) Sitamari 102616 68091 3836 174542 3836 959 2877 7672 2877 2877 5754 187969

564986 178037 52231 0 795254 0 9031 2302 4900 453 16686 5056 11884 1375 0 159 18474 83041468.04 21.44 6.29 0.00 95.77 0.00 1.09 0.28 0.59 0.05 2.01 0.61 1.43 0.17 0.00 0.02 2.22 100.00

2 BURHI GANDAK(i) East & WestChamparam 57711 26472 5426 0 89609 0 3453 1480 0 164 5097 10030 2302 0 0 164 12496 107201(ii) Samastipur 17942 10977 9499 0 38418 0 422 422 211 0 1055 633 2744 1478 0 0 4855 44329(iii) Begusarai 6426 12409 13738 0 32573 0 222 222 0 222 665 665 886 0 0 222 1773 35010(iv) Muzaffarpur 17008 10066 3818 0 30892 0 231 116 116 0 463 0 694 0 0 0 694 32049(v) Khagaria 228 359 421 0 1008 0 9 0 9 9 26 0 9 0 0 0 9 1043

99315 60282 32902 0 192499 0 4337 2239 336 395 7306 11328 6635 1478 0 386 19827 21963245.22 27.45 14.98 0.00 87.65 0.00 1.97 1.02 0.15 0.18 3.33 5.16 3.02 0.67 0.00 0.18 9.03 100.00

2130578 679458 268193 207 3078435 1287 36082 5818 24656 6095 73938 19678 62246 4384 125843 545 212695 336506863.31 20.19 7.97 0.01 91.48 0.04 1.07 0.17 0.73 0.18 2.20 0.58 1.85 0.13 3.74 0.02 6.32 100.00

BAGMATI-ADHWARA

KAMLA BALAN

Basin Total

Basin Total

Basin Total

% Area

% Area

% Area

Basin Total% Area

Grand Total% Area

Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total

1AGhaghra-Mahi-Western GandakComposite

482423 1.56 18.35 19.91 0.92 34.62 35.54 63.57 8.64 72.21 2.02 14.98 17.00 0.32 6.36 6.68 68.39 82.95 151.34

1BUpper Eastern Gandak UpperBurhi Gandak

547355 1.37 13.16 14.53 16.25 30.95 47.20 27.14 17.10 44.24 10.13 7.22 17.35 0.40 10.27 10.67 55.29 78.70 133.99

1CLower Eastern gandak Baya-Lower Burhi Gandak

459916 1.60 20.91 22.51 3.79 36.87 40.66 48.21 14.42 62.63 4.10 22.14 26.24 0.02 1.19 1.21 57.72 95.53 153.25

2 Bagmati-Adhwara 431852 3.01 17.66 20.67 5.94 59.46 65.40 34.86 14.06 48.92 3.33 6.71 10.04 0.12 2.02 2.14 47.25 99.91 147.16

3 Kamla-Balan 279401 1.95 16.32 18.27 8.44 79.40 87.84 29.10 15.12 44.22 2.30 12.10 14.40 0.00 0.43 0.43 41.79 123.37 165.16

4 Kosi 709209 0.14 2.02 2.16 17.79 43.80 61.59 32.81 14.11 46.92 12.71 32.89 45.60 0.05 0.36 0.41 63.50 93.18 156.68

5 Mahananda 365766 1.25 17.59 18.84 5.26 65.13 70.39 21.28 13.84 35.12 11.76 11.01 22.77 0.00 0.22 0.22 39.55 107.79 147.34

6 Karnasa 289955 0.02 0.61 0.63 58.34 3.61 61.95 35.52 24.47 59.99 0.72 0.52 1.24 0.58 0.00 0.58 95.18 29.21 124.39

7Sone-Kankhar & Kao GangiComposite

522440 0.07 2.57 2.64 67.08 3.01 70.09 39.62 25.03 64.65 0.73 1.60 2.33 0.51 0.05 0.56 100.01 32.26 132.27

8 North Koel 205829 0.14 28.89 29.03 14.43 29.02 43.45 5.68 14.84 20.52 0.83 0.56 1.39 0.38 0.01 0.39 21.46 73.32 94.78

9 Punpun 466894 0.26 2.21 2.47 62.01 1.92 63.93 20.93 31.95 52.88 1.01 0.12 1.13 0.75 0.12 0.87 84.96 36.37 121.33

GARMA AGHANI GRAND TOTALNetCultivated

Table - 6.3BASINWISE PERCENT CROPPING PATTERN AS PERCENTAGE OF NET CULTIVATED AREA (1991-92 DATA)

Name of BasinSI. No. BHADAI KHARIF RABI

9 Punpun 466894 0.26 2.21 2.47 62.01 1.92 63.93 20.93 31.95 52.88 1.01 0.12 1.13 0.75 0.12 0.87 84.96 36.37 121.33

10 Harohar 665156 0.58 3.96 4.54 45.37 8.46 53.83 27.08 24.79 51.87 0.92 0.62 1.54 0.33 0.01 0.34 74.28 37.84 112.12

10A Kiul 81481 0.21 11.00 11.21 22.60 30.28 52.88 15.48 20.55 36.03 0.89 0.35 1.24 0.32 0.05 0.37 39.50 62.23 101.73

11 Badua-Belharna 98781 0.53 8.72 9.25 40.50 32.41 72.91 16.59 16.21 32.80 1.41 1.43 2.84 0.27 0.07 0.34 59.30 58.84 118.14

12 Bilasi-Chandan-Chair 167509 0.39 8.22 8.61 40.77 34.05 74.82 11.37 13.09 24.46 1.14 0.82 1.96 0.43 0.04 0.47 54.10 56.22 110.32

13 Ganga Stem 300289 0.05 2.94 2.99 12.64 13.04 25.68 33.85 26.28 60.13 3.47 6.77 10.24 0.06 0.06 0.12 50.07 49.09 99.16

14 Gumani & Koa-Bhena 144640 0.12 9.90 10.02 4.20 47.59 51.79 6.86 13.53 20.39 1.02 1.75 2.77 0.00 0.01 0.01 12.20 72.78 84.98

15 Mayurkshi and Others 175830 0.22 13.25 13.47 1.76 89.03 90.79 4.85 6.06 10.91 0.53 1.06 1.59 0.00 0.03 0.03 7.36 109.43 116.79

16Small Streams DrainingIndependently Outside the State

46098 0.07 13.27 13.34 0.97 91.25 92.22 1.08 2.17 3.25 0.76 1.00 1.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 107.69 110.57

17 Ajay 109557 0.01 6.30 6.31 1.80 76.70 78.50 5.53 0.48 6.01 0.33 0.08 0.41 0.01 0.02 0.03 7.68 83.58 91.26

18 Sankh 122914 0.00 42.62 42.62 0.64 53.19 53.83 1.82 1.60 3.42 0.54 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.01 97.41 100.42

19 South Koel 317139 0.00 39.61 39.61 1.42 63.03 64.45 3.18 1.72 4.90 0.68 0.58 1.26 0.01 0.06 0.07 5.29 105.00 110.29

20 Damodar 199813 0.02 22.80 22.82 3.64 71.67 75.31 5.03 2.55 7.58 0.89 0.27 1.16 0.02 0.00 0.02 9.60 97.29 106.89

20A Barakar 138334 0.11 17.17 17.28 3.43 86.37 89.80 6.66 1.91 8.57 0.72 1.23 1.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.92 105.65 116.57

21 Subernarekha 255791 0.03 16.83 16.86 2.90 66.38 69.28 2.12 1.64 3.76 0.91 0.49 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.96 85.68 91.64

21A Kharkai 109260 0.00 5.13 5.13 5.19 94.43 99.62 0.46 2.63 3.09 0.09 0.14 0.23 0.02 0.00 0.02 5.76 102.33 108.09

(Source : Second Bihar Irrigation Commission Report)

Final Report

1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII

CHAPTER-VII

WATER AVAILABILITY STUDIES

7.1 GENERAL

Hydrological analysis is the most important component of the planning process for any

water resources development scheme. As a matter of fact, the hydrological studies are

required at all the stages of the water resources project viz., a) pre-feasibility stage; b)

preparation of feasibility report; c) planning and design of the project; d) execution of the

project; and e) operation and maintenance of the project.

The reasonable estimate of the available water resources of the river at identified

locations is the basic information required at the feasibility stage. Once the project is

identified, the most important step in the planning is to have an accurate estimate of the

available water resources, its time distribution both on long term and short term basis, as

well as other important features such as extreme values of discharges and critical time

periods both for high and low flow conditions.

7.2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH

For irrigation projects, 75 % dependable water availability at the project site is required.

Following procedure is generally employed to obtain water availability at different levels

of confidence.

Scan and process all the observed hydrometeorological data of the basin/adjoining

basin having hydrometeorological characteristics similar to the project catchment.

Apply standard consistency checks on the quality of data.

Based on the processed data, obtain the site-specific runoff series of appropriate

period using observed data series at the project site (10-years in case of diversion

Final Report


project and 40 years for over-the-year storage project) or generate the site-specific

runoff series using Rainfall-Runoff Model.

Work out dependable water availability as per standard methodology.

7.3 WATER AVAILABILITY OF RIVER BURHI GANDAK

WAPCOS has carried out detailed water availability studies of river BurhiGandak at

Chanpatia and Lalbhagiaghat G & D sites. The details of these studies are given below.

For working out yield of the catchment at different levels of confidence, sufficient long-

term site-specific runoff data (based on the observed runoff data or generated runoff data

using rainfall-runoff relations) is required. The availability of discharge data for carrying

out water availability studies of river BurhiGandak is given in Table 7.1.

Table - 7.1

Availability of Discharge Data of BurhiGandak

Sl.

No

G & D Site Catchment

Area (sq. km)

Period

From To

1 Chanpatia 1464 1979 2004

2 Lalbagiaghat 6900 1979 2004

Based on this data, water availability studies have been carried out at the above G & D

sites, as per details given below.

7.3.1 Water Availability at Chanpatia

The G& D data of river Burhi-Gandak at ChanpatiaGhat had some data-gaps. These data-

gaps were filled by developing month-wise runoff-runoff relations between the

concurrent monthly runoff data of Lalbagiaghat (X) and corresponding monthly runoff

Final Report


data of ChanpatiaGhat (Y) for each month of rainy season (June to October). For filling

data-gaps during the lean season (November to May), average values (computed on the

basis of observed data) were considered. Details of the runoff – runoff relationships are

given inAnnex 7.1. The runoff series for the period 1979-80 to 2004-05, used for

carrying out water availability studies is given in Annex 7.2. Based on the runoff series,

the annual average and 75% dependable flow has been worked out as 1548 MCM and

1213 MCM respectively.

7.3.2 Water Availability at Lalbagiaghat

The observed runoff series for the period 1979-80 to 2004-05 at Lalbagiaghat G & D site

is given in Annex 7.3. Based on this series, the annual average and 75% dependable flow

has been worked out as 6246 MCM and 4093 MCM respectively.

7.4 WATER AVAILABILITY OF RIVER BAGMATI

WAPCOS has carried out water availability studies of river Bagmati at the proposed

barrage at Ramnagar under Bagmati Irrigation and Drainage Project Phase-I. For this

purpose, the observed flow series of Dheng Bridge G&D site (CA 3790 sq.km, located at

about 3 km. upstream of the proposed site) has been considered as in-situ flow series at

the proposed barrage. The data for the period 1980-2006 was available for carrying out

the studies. The study was divided into three parts; viz: study using the flow series from

1980-1991(pre-Karmaiya barrage period), flow series from 1993-2006 (post-Karmaiya

period) and 1980-2006 (complete flow series).

Based on the available flow data, 10-daily flow for each month was worked out for each

year. Total annual flow series was ranked to work out annual 75% dependable flow for

each period. The results are summarized in Table 7.2.

Final Report


Table – 7.2

75 % dependable Flow at DhengBridge on River Bagmati

(Unit: MCM)

Season Period of Data Used

1980-1991 1993-

2006

1980-

2006

Jun - Oct 3781 4633 4217

Nov - May 503 553 552

Total 4284 5186 4769

The details of flow series are given in Annex - 7.4(a), 7.4 (b) and 7.4 (c)respectively.

Following inferences have been drawn from the above studies.

(a) Effect of Noonthore Dam on d/s Flows

The water availability study has been carried out without considering the effect of

proposed Noonthore Dam in Nepal, which may come up at a later stage. In case the

proposed high dam is taken up for construction, it will ensure regulated releases from the

dam and thereby increasing the lean season flows.

(b) Effect of Karmaiya Barrage on d/s Flows

Karmaiya barrage (in Nepal) came into existence during the year 1992. In order to study

the effect of the Karmaiya Barrage on the downstream flows in Indian territory, the data

series at Dheng bridge for the period 1980 to 2006 was divided into two parts, viz., series

for the period 1980-1991 (pre-Karmaiya barrage period) and series for the period 1993-

2006 (post-Karmaiya barrage period). Accordingly 75 % dependable flow has been

Final Report


worked out using data series from 1980 to 2006, and 1980-1991 and 1993-2006 and is

given in Table 7.2.

It can be seen from Table 5.2 that the 75% dependable flow during both the seasons is

comparatively higher during the post- Karmaiya barrage period (1993-2006) than the pre

-Karmaiya barrage period (1980-91) and also with respect to the total period considered

from 1980-2006.

The salient features of the proposed Noonthore dam, Karmaiya Barrage and the proposed

Barrage at Ramnagar are given in Annex 7.5, 7.6 and 7.7 respectively.

In case of an unrealistic estimate of the water resources, the project may become a curse

rather than a boon. A higher estimate of the available water resources may lead to future

problems and the project may not fulfill its envisaged objectivities. On the other hand, a

lower estimate of the water resources may render the project unfeasible and the scarce

water resources may not be utilized efficiently.

7.5 WATER AVAILABILITYOF RIVER SUN-KOSI, CWC (2006)

The dam on the river Sun-Kosi, a tributary of the Sapt-Kosi, under Sun Kosi Diversion-

cum-Storage Scheme is proposed to be located at Kurule (catchment area: 19000 sq km).

There is one G&D Site No. 680, upstream of the proposed dam site having catchment

area of 17600 sq.km. The data available at this site is from 1966 to 1985. This series has

been extended upto 2003 by developing regression with another Site No. 630 on the river

Sun Kosi. The consistency of the data has also been established. The series at G&D Site

No. 680 has been transposed to the Dam Site on catchment area proportional basis

(19000/17600). The transposed flow series is given at Annex-7.8.

The annual yield of river Sun-Kosi for different dependabilities at the proposed dam site

is given below:

Final Report


Annual Mean : 24824 MCM

50 % Dependable Yield : 25179 MCM



7.6 WATER AVAILABILITYOF RIVER SAPTA KOSI

No G&D data was recorded on the river Sapt-Kosi prior to 1947, when investigation for

Kosi High Dam at Barahkshetra was taken up. From 1947 onwards, G&D sites were

established, one at the Chatra Gorge and one each at the Sun-Kosi, the Arun and the

Taimur. Daily discharge data are available from 1947 onwards in respect of these G&D

sites.

Water availability studies for the Sapt-Kosi basin have been attempted by Central Water

Commission (CWC), National Water Development Agency (NWDA) and Japan

International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The results of these studies are summarized

below:

7.6.1 CWC Studies (1981)

A Feasibility Report for the construction of SaptaKosi High Dam was prepared by CWC

in 1981. Water availability studies at dam site were based on the G&D data observed

from 1947 to 1977 and annual average yield was worked out as 51182 MCM. Ten-daily

inflow series on an average basis, 75% and 90% dependability is given at Annex-7.9.

CWC has developed Working Tablesforgeneration of power at Chatra Power House, in

which following month-wise irrigation requirements have been taken into consideration,

as given in Table 7.3.

Final Report


Table – 7.3Total irrigation requirement of Chatra Canals

Month cumec MCMJanuary 203.23 544.33

February 203.23 491.65

March 198.67 532.12

April 80.62 208.96

May 185.05 495.64

June 356.51 924.07

July 625.55 1675.46

August 664.14 1778.84

September 664.14 1721.46

October 737.96 1976.56

November 188.45 488.46

December 188.45 504.74

7.6.2 JICA Master Plan Study (1985)

A Master Plan Study on the Kosi River Water Resources Development was carried

out by JICA. The JICA team collected meteorological data of 107 meteorological

stations in the Kosi basin, and on the basis of the same, carried out water availability

studies. The annual average yield worked out by JICA for different sub-basins of

SaptaKosi Basin are given in Table7.4.

Table –7.4Annual Average Yield of SaptaKosiBasin as per JICA Report

River Catchment Area(sq. km)

Annual Average Yield(MCM)

SaptaKosi 61000 50900

Sun Kosi 19000 22400

Arun 36000 18300

Taimur 6000 10200

Final Report


7.6.3 NWDA Studies (1997)

The NWDA has also assessed the water availability at Barahkshetra G&D site located in

Nepal. The study is based on the monthly flow data of Barahkshetra G&D site from 1947

onwards. The 50% and 75% dependable flow has been worked out as 52020 MCM and

46727 MCM respectively

The inflow series is given in Annex 7.10.

7.6.4 CWC Studies (2007)

Water availability studies for SaptaKosi High Dam Multipurpose Project were again

taken up by CWC during the year 2007. These studies were based on the runoff data

observed at Chatara-Kothu (Site no. 695, CA 59539 sq. km.) which is located at the

proposed dam site. Long term discharge data is available at this site for the period 1947–

48 to 2002-03. On analyzing the observed data, it was found that the observed monsoon

runoff during the period 1978-79 to 2002-03 are under-observed, compared to the

observed runoff for the period 1947-48 to 1977-78. In view of the non-homogeneity in

the two data- series, it was decided to generate the data series for the period 1978-79 to

2002-03, using the monthly rainfall-runoff relationships. The monthly rainfall-runoff

relationships used to generate the data series are given in Table 7.5.

Table – 7.5Monthly Rainfall – Runoff Relationships

Month 26 Stns V/s 55 Stns 38 Stns V/s 55 Stns

January Y = 1.0192 X + 0.8497 Y = 0.9698 X + 0.1319

February Y = 0.9591 X + 2.1357 Y = 0.9469 X + 0.165

March Y = 1.0177 X + 1.124 Y = 0.9974 X - 1.6244

April Y = 1.0714 X - 3.5911 Y = 0.9859 X - 3.6283

May Y = 0.962 X + 13.008 Y = 0.9725 X -1.6308

June Y = 0.9251 X + 45.267 Y = 0.9863 X + 1.6833

Final Report


Month 26 Stns V/s 55 Stns 38 Stns V/s 55 Stns

July Y = 0.8984 X + 84.924 Y = 0.9345 X + 29.594

August Y = 0.8623 X + 90.109 Y = 0.98786 X + 55.443

September Y = 0.9557 X + 28.545 Y = 0.9201 X + 19.988

October Y = 1.0337 X + 0.3611 Y = 1.0023 X - 4.005

November Y = 0.8187 X + 1.8454 Y = 0.9554X + 0.1883

December Y = 0.9855 X + 0.6986 Y = 0.9846X + 0.0537

Where Y = Mean monthly rainfall for 55 stationsX = Mean monthly rainfall for 26 or 38 stations

The non-monsoon data series for the period 1947-48 to 2002-03 periods was found to be

homogeneous. Therefore, the observed non-monsoon data series for the period 1947-48

to 2002-03 has been retained. The data series thus developed is given in Annex 7.11.

Using the data series given in Annex 7.11, the yields at different levels of confidence

have been worked out, as per details given in Table 7.6.

Table 7.6Annual Yield at SaptaKosi Dam Project

Dependability Annual Yield (MCM)

Average Annual Yield 50199.30

50% Dependable Yield 50598.66



7.7 SUMMARY

Yield at SaptaKosi High Dam, as worked out by various agencies is summarized in Table

7.7

Final Report


Table 7.7Yield at SaptaKosi High Dam by various agencies

(Unit MCM)

Sl.

No

Dependability Feasibility

Report CWC

1981

JICA NWDA CWC

2007

1 Annual average 51182 5000 - 50199

2 50 % dependability - - 52020 50599

3 75 % dependability - - 46727 44688

4 90 % dependability - - - 40454

XY

Year X Y1979 120 541980 404 1441981 124 481982 289 1191983 61 261984 708 1721985 266 1181986 141 671987 98 701988 79 471989 87 521990 59 181991 203 721992 34 131993 42 301994 92 341995 228 561996 55 221997 80 221998 199 53

Annex 7.1

Monthly flow at Lalbagiaghat (MCM)Monthly flow at Chanpatia (MCM)June

Regression Equation Between Monthly Flow at Lalbagiaghat & Chanpatia

y = 0.244x + 20.65R² = 0.853

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000

y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Y

0

200

400

600

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

y = 0.268x + 14.46R² = 0.715

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

y = 0.167x + 45.38R² = 0.634

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 500 1000 1500

1998 199 532001 171 59 X Y2002 136 48 Avr 185 662003 642 164 % 35.592004 198 1022005 101 31

Year X Y1980 1226 3181983 787.8 2941986 939.3 3011987 831.6 2761988 670.8 3091990 302.5 1211991 567.7 2181992 509.9 1981993 692.8 1231994 176 1181995 949.9 1351996 2245 2821998 3257 4822001 316 203 X Y2004 3159 427 Avr 1062 2492005 354.4 181 % 23.47

July

y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Y

0

200

400

600

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

y = 0.268x + 14.46R² = 0.715

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

y = 0.167x + 45.38R² = 0.634

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 500 1000 1500

y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Year X Y1979 1195 2961980 1370 4171981 1995 5341982 585 2171983 938 1981984 2332 3361985 1343 2011987 5075 11181989 830.7 2661990 630.4 3491991 1117 2931992 505.9 2011993 1419 5851994 864 3021995 2487 2281996 1164 1821997 1170 1052001 2804 7922002 1485 4882003 2294 525 X Y2004 408 77 Avr 1543 3732005 1942 505 % 24.19

August

y = 0.244x + 20.65R² = 0.853

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000

y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Y

y = 0.193x + 74.85R² = 0.694

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

0

0 500 1000 1500

y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year X Y1979 534.9 1311980 704.8 2641981 1963 4761982 964.5 5401983 649.5 2171984 2028 5111985 3296 6281986 2279 9071987 886.4 2221988 1760 4581989 703.5 2041990 735.9 3761991 628.6 2031992 239 1021993 1013 2441994 2485 8851995 1053 1551996 942.6 1461997 647.2 722001 3175 10212002 743 3262003 1418 235 X Y2004 690.4 182 Avr 1288 3612005 1379 156 % 28.01

September

y = 0.244x + 20.65R² = 0.853

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000

y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Y

y = 0.268x + 14.46R² = 0.715

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

y = 0.167x + 45.38R² = 0.634

0

250

300

350

0 500 1000 1500

y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year X Y1979 545.4 1351980 364.7 1231981 353.4 1151982 157.9 751983 421.9 1431984 338.7 721985 1216 3221986 387.4 1221988 242.4 901989 622.3 1121990 610.3 1861991 195 891992 594.1 2011993 317.5 551994 508.9 551995 305.3 1001996 824.2 1401998 1112 2102002 462.4 1072003 1032 161 X Y2004 664.1 201 Avr 522.6 1332005 222 105 % 25.39

October

y = 0.244x + 20.65R² = 0.853

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000

y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Y

y = 0.193x + 74.85R² = 0.694

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

y = 0.268x + 14.46R² = 0.715

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

y = 0.167x + 45.38R² = 0.634

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 500 1000 1500

y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Total Z to A RankI II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II I II III I II III

1 79-80 4.8 13.1 36.0 53.4 133.6 456.1 73.0 133.0 90.4 64.6 46.4 19.9 46.3 66.0 22.2 7.1 6.0 5.2 6.3 4.8 6.3 16.8 15.6 9.2 12.6 8.3 5.6 6.7 5.2 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.7 5.2 8.5 1394.58 2690.07 0.04

2 80-81 59.5 46.4 38.5 50.2 120.1 147.3 75.7 218.4 123.3 171.1 54.5 38.5 65.3 38.1 19.2 8.6 6.8 5.5 4.6 3.9 3.7 13.9 8.8 11.5 8.0 5.1 3.7 5.2 4.5 2.0 2.0 1.7 9.2 10.6 10.1 1395.51 2413.02 0.07

3 81-82 6.8 4.8 36.6 104.8 142.4 198.3 209.3 30.5 293.9 169.7 215.6 90.2 55.5 26.0 33.3 26.9 10.5 6.4 6.4 5.6 5.9 13.1 6.2 8.2 8.6 7.3 5.3 7.5 5.8 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.7 2.8 4.3 1756.90 2301.71 0.11

4 82-83 6.0 58.9 54.3 34.3 176.6 219.6 121.6 39.3 56.2 39.7 422.7 77.6 22.7 24.0 28.7 13.1 10.8 7.9 5.3 5.6 6.5 6.2 7.0 8.8 13.1 7.9 5.6 6.6 6.4 2.3 2.1 2.0 4.7 8.2 17.9 1530.34 2175.97 0.15

5 83-84 7.3 7.8 11.2 84.6 40.8 168.9 92.9 29.9 75.2 54.1 58.6 104.5 44.3 60.7 38.3 12.3 7.3 5.2 4.7 3.8 5.1 10.5 14.8 22.9 13.6 8.4 10.4 7.3 6.7 2.1 1.7 1.7 5.8 5.8 15.6 1044.82 2170.59 0.19

6 84-85 27.0 74.1 71.0 101.3 260.0 606.1 213.8 27.6 94.2 221.1 197.2 92.2 18.7 27.4 25.9 8.1 5.9 5.3 4.5 4.5 4.3 6.6 6.7 10.3 7.6 8.3 8.5 5.9 4.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.2 4.4 9.1 2167.54 2041.98 0.22

7 85-86 27.0 36.5 54.3 150.4 135.5 293.3 65.1 31.7 103.9 264.5 163.6 200.0 76.0 201.3 44.7 12.8 9.3 7.2 5.9 5.0 6.4 5.7 4.7 8.1 10.9 10.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 2.3 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.7 4.8 1964.60 2023.51 0.26

8 86-87 7.5 10.0 49.8 89.0 150.1 61.8 221.0 54.1 898.6 65.6 795.2 45.8 56.4 46.7 18.8 10.2 7.5 6.6 6.2 7.3 8.3 5.1 4.6 4.0 4.0 5.4 6.7 15.0 14.0 2.0 1.4 1.6 2.1 1.6 1.0 2685.07 1971.10 0.30

9 87-88 16.3 19.1 34.9 63.2 52.8 159.9 545.4 518.4 54.5 69.8 43.9 107.9 43.5 93.8 191.5 14.4 8.8 6.7 6.1 8.0 9.1 10.2 8.7 15.1 8.2 9.2 15.6 13.1 3.7 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.3 3.7 11.3 2172.81 1872.56 0.33

10 88-89 14.2 13.6 19.1 182.0 77.5 49.5 104.7 491.4 410.0 311.8 120.5 26.0 30.2 32.8 27.4 6.7 4.8 4.1 3.8 3.4 4.4 4.2 6.5 7.0 21.2 23.1 8.0 3.3 2.3 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.9 3.0 7.3 2028.38 1760.14 0.37

11 89-90 10.7 18.6 22.6 33.3 263.0 138.2 172.6 54.2 39.1 59.8 59.8 84.4 75.3 24.0 13.0 6.9 5.2 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.1 3.8 9.1 13.8 19.1 19.0 5.8 11.3 4.6 2.5 1.6 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.5 1194.98 1622.41 0.41

12 90-91 2.7 3.7 11.6 16.1 49.0 55.8 59.5 187.7 101.6 46.3 72.6 256.5 121.7 39.5 24.6 10.1 11.6 6.0 5.1 3.7 3.2 4.0 15.3 20.0 19.0 17.2 13.8 15.3 13.5 5.5 2.6 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1219.44 1620.01 0.44

13 91-92 2.4 34.2 34.9 63.4 121.3 33.4 90.5 102.1 100.0 93.6 68.4 41.4 27.7 24.2 36.9 28.1 12.6 5.5 4.2 7.9 5.9 3.3 11.4 13.4 15.8 20.2 14.4 11.0 11.3 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.8 1046.95 1535.85 0.48

14 92-93 2.0 3.8 7.0 6.5 129.0 62.5 94.3 29.7 77.1 47.7 22.2 32.3 62.3 87.7 51.3 14.6 10.4 6.1 3.7 2.8 2.3 1.8 1.6 2.1 3.7 16.4 12.3 11.8 13.0 8.5 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.4 3.5 836.45 1517.10 0.52

15 93-94 8.8 5.8 15.7 53.2 32.3 37.9 86.4 305.5 192.9 132.2 74.3 37.6 23.0 18.7 13.3 6.8 6.7 5.7 4.9 4.0 6.2 5.9 9.6 19.2 12.1 13.0 9.8 7.0 4.7 2.5 1.8 1.5 1.9 2.5 10.8 1174.09 1398.26 0.56

16 94-95 7.8 11.5 14.7 40.7 12.7 64.8 45.2 159.2 97.5 33.6 694.5 156.6 33.8 16.6 5.1 4.6 7.8 5.5 5.4 5.8 7.0 6.9 4.7 6.1 7.3 8.6 7.8 6.4 5.5 3.8 3.2 4.7 5.2 5.3 6.1 1512.21 1397.50 0.59

17 95-96 5.2 22.2 29.0 27.4 86.5 20.6 26.9 145.8 54.9 30.2 34.9 90.1 48.9 26.6 24.4 8.2 13.6 8.4 6.9 4.8 5.1 3.7 9.0 11.2 4.7 9.3 7.8 6.4 5.8 1.8 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 789.43 1228.61 0.63

18 96-97 3.1 6.9 12.5 9.9 150.4 122.1 43.0 77.8 61.4 64.0 35.3 47.0 94.8 30.9 14.6 7.3 5.9 5.0 4.7 3.7 3.6 2.5 4.1 9.8 7.4 4.2 3.1 4.2 4.1 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 2.5 852.35 1215.98 0.67

19 97-98 4.5 5.6 12.2 67.6 71.7 33.6 16.1 56.3 32.7 8.5 24.2 39.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 4.1 3.6 3.5 8.2 4.2 8.5 7.6 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.4 5.5 4.4 4.2 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 448.15 1197.96 0.70

20 98-99 8.1 6.1 38.8 40.3 154.6 287.1 211.9 231.6 249.1 189.7 55.5 43.7 131.9 43.0 34.7 13.5 10.5 8.0 7.1 6.6 6.4 7.4 8.2 10.7 10.4 9.9 7.6 8.0 6.4 2.9 2.1 2.1 2.8 3.4 6.7 1866.95 1180.75 0.74

21 99-00 14.2 24.6 45.5 97.6 151.6 196.4 214.6 212.9 262.3 256.7 286.4 165.6 142.0 110.3 85.8 13.5 10.5 8.0 7.1 6.6 6.4 7.4 8.2 10.7 10.4 9.9 7.6 8.0 6.4 2.9 2.1 2.1 2.8 3.4 6.7 2407.41 1052.42 0.78

22 00-01 41.3 71.8 132.9 75.6 117.4 152.1 127.3 126.3 155.6 131.8 147.0 85.0 46.0 35.7 27.8 13.5 10.5 8.0 7.1 6.6 6.4 7.4 8.2 10.7 10.4 9.9 7.6 8.0 6.4 2.9 2.1 2.1 2.8 3.4 8.9 1616.80 1052.16 0.81

23 01-02 10.4 14.2 34.6 18.0 85.8 99.3 397.7 97.4 296.8 778.7 147.5 94.6 95.7 21.3 14.3 9.4 6.9 5.4 4.5 5.1 5.4 4.7 4.4 7.8 7.8 5.5 3.6 4.3 3.8 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.5 4.3 2298.96 854.54 0.85

24 02-03 6.0 12.8 29.8 180.1 33.2 305.8 190.3 190.2 107.7 88.5 92.4 145.2 43.2 34.0 30.2 14.7 15.3 11.9 8.9 5.0 4.7 10.6 5.4 5.2 12.1 5.8 6.0 4.4 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 1616.23 850.33 0.89

25 03-04 2.6 18.7 142.4 349.9 214.4 99.9 220.0 126.7 178.8 65.6 32.5 137.3 83.5 39.6 37.5 29.3 29.1 29.1 27.5 21.0 10.9 9.0 10.1 13.1 11.8 8.7 8.3 9.2 8.5 5.9 3.7 2.9 2.7 2.4 21.8 2014.17 792.29 0.93

26 04-05 18.7 22.8 60.4 93.8 242.7 90.8 27.2 14.9 34.4 61.3 62.6 58.3 97.3 62.7 40.8 21.7 19.3 16.9 16.3 15.1 15.7 14.2 13.2 15.9 14.3 11.2 7.6 10.2 7.0 4.0 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 4.5 1209.72 456.42 0.96

MCM 1547.88 MCM

SI.No.

Period APR MAY

Annex 7.2

Unit: MCMJUN JUL NOVSEP

75% Dependable Flow of River Burhi Gandak at Chanpatia, CA 1464 sq km

AUG OCT

Average75 % dependable flow: 1212.8

DEC JAN FEB MAR

Sl.No Period

I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III Total Z to A Rank

1 1979-80 7.16 17.57 94.9 138.8 242.09 791.7 503.3 340.85 350.4 243.66 196.3 95.017 227.83 216.1 101.5 49.6 41.36 39.41 38.26 30.82 32.92 43 36 38 34 34 27 37 32 20 11 9 8 10 20 25 4185 13904 0.04

2 1980-81 91.5 191.7 121 95.35 380.02 750.9 288.7 507.1 574.7 394.04 204.5 106.28 147.52 121.6 95.55 51.4 40.18 35.29 27.2 21.3 25.34 37 45 53 52 45 24 23 24 19 14 19 15 23 27 33 4723 11674 0.07

3 1981-82 29.4 25.85 68.9 572.2 330.12 839 1015 184.04 795.4 595.41 945.6 422.01 189.79 102.6 61.09 58.4 32.33 25.86 21.47 25.92 33.71 35 29 33 47 40 31 36 31 25 10 7 12 9 15 16 6749 9497 0.11

4 1982-83 18.1 156.9 114 81.65 427.08 693.5 376.5 92.854 115.7 108.97 469.2 386.33 51.019 48.16 58.76 47.9 41.83 27.14 26.21 26.95 31.51 34 33 34 56 51 24 31 30 24 12 11 11 21 35 54 3861 9436 0.15

5 1983-84 24.3 20.78 15.9 254.2 168.98 364.7 313.9 150.46 473.7 233.04 163.4 253.1 160.65 145 116.3 59 36.24 31.62 28.11 22.94 30.38 40 50 76 48 35 44 44 35 28 14 9 8 10 19 22 3548 8549 0.19

6 1984-85 55.5 204.6 448 289.1 878.19 1157 1247 549.33 536 474.28 877.4 676.82 152.36 105 81.34 41.1 26.35 24.95 25.11 21.72 24.23 23 25 37 51 47 35 37 33 22 12 7 5 3 13 30 8276 8276 0.22

7 1985-86 79.6 102.8 83.6 212.5 342.09 728.8 774.3 161.85 406.4 1129.1 1183 983.26 441.72 516.3 257.5 65.4 29.93 39.06 32.95 42.3 48.38 43 38 43 42 59 40 52 48 40 20 15 16 14 19 35 8183 8183 0.26

8 1986-87 21.2 21.02 98.4 284.6 364.32 290.4 624.2 160.59 1832 279.96 1488 511.27 150.21 152.5 84.67 49.5 38.8 53.72 50.45 54.29 61.52 47 37 39 36 52 34 42 42 31 16 12 14 34 21 13 7142 7144 0.30

9 1987-88 24.9 31.18 41.5 174.1 108.66 548.8 2264 2459.1 352 390.17 239.1 257.15 154.4 152.8 581.8 111 65.8 51.09 42.92 39.54 34.76 27 32 35 35 37 39 40 29 33 17 15 20 17 14 34 8549 7142 0.33

10 1988-89 30.3 20.93 28.2 336.2 215.65 118.9 237.2 570.07 930.5 861.18 730.7 168.31 95.898 78.6 67.91 48.7 45 36.8 30.54 23.84 28.98 31 28 24 50 50 40 19 15 19 10 7 5 5 6 15 5027 6749 0.37

11 1989-90 34.3 25.51 27.5 75.17 383.5 301.2 479.8 165.92 185 226.38 192.4 284.71 428.44 126.2 67.63 51.3 41.07 36.18 31.38 25.96 25.46 21 27 31 35 38 26 34 22 19 14 10 8 13 11 23 3548 6198 0.41

12 1990-91 17.1 16.93 24.8 26.92 117.16 158.5 127 317.69 185.7 101.43 203.1 431.31 420.34 117.4 72.59 45.7 37.5 27.35 26.45 23.67 20.69 28 36 36 30 28 23 33 27 22 14 10 8 8 6 6 2835 6021 0.44

13 1991-92 8.53 108.2 86.6 149.5 329.1 89.16 358 532.05 226.8 263.52 244.3 120.7 73.872 58.53 62.6 53.2 32.73 29.76 26.81 28.06 31.22 26 32 33 34 39 29 31 24 19 13 11 9 9 8 11 3242 5826 0.48

14 1992-93 8.45 13.32 12.6 22.71 293.93 193.3 201.3 76.62 228 104.03 75.19 59.78 136.6 275.4 182.1 60.5 42.62 37.02 29.93 24.73 23.54 20 19 20 22 35 27 43 37 42 27 16 13 11 9 11 2455 5801 0.52

15 1993-94 10.5 14.08 17.3 201.7 142.04 349.1 251.7 578.88 588.5 604.71 259.3 148.52 125.02 103.1 89.42 69.1 54.77 48.2 39.2 31.11 34.15 30 36 45 35 39 39 39 28 27 17 12 12 14 13 26 4171 5598 0.56

16 1994-95 30.4 33.64 27.7 48.44 50.674 76.84 114.9 345.17 403.9 65.837 717.3 1701.6 292.2 106.7 110 101 95.13 45.56 30.15 30.05 31.34 34 33 32 30 37 29 30 23 18 11 9 13 15 16 19 4807 5027 0.59

17 1995-96 16.3 92.62 119 197.9 571.97 180.1 145.1 1114.8 1228 521.51 316.7 214.27 136.94 86.22 82.18 59 59.11 48.21 44.9 41.65 45.16 39 23 27 20 21 18 20 20 20 15 13 12 9 9 10 5598 4807 0.63

18 1996-97 9.36 7.31 38.8 77.47 907.63 1260 270.7 427.51 466.3 377.65 312.4 252.55 351.13 306.1 166.9 49.2 37.88 33.96 32.13 29.26 30.05 21 21 46 47 38 17 35 35 19 13 14 20 21 17 19 5826 4723 0.67

19 1997-98 17.9 18.07 44.1 524.9 632.71 231.3 232.7 484.27 453.4 264.64 162.5 220.06 249.44 193.5 170.6 127 91.84 82.6 76.14 96.25 90.98 89 84 81 103 107 88 110 111 114 108 100 100 96 29 16 5801 4185 0.70

20 1998-99 16.6 12.21 170 127.6 387.47 2742 1859 1182.2 2401 1709.5 754.3 640.28 714.23 271.2 126.7 72.6 56.61 62.76 58.57 47.96 50.1 35 30 36 40 40 31 40 32 30 24 19 16 14 20 34 13904 4171 0.74

21 1999-00 24.4 31.9 204 998.1 1197.2 891.9 814.1 1104.6 1262 1292.7 798.7 488.1 1333.1 423 103.9 66.8 56.23 52.71 47.22 38.6 40.41 39 39 38 36 30 25 24 22 23 18 17 20 21 24 28 11674 3861 0.78

22 2000-01 79.1 253.5 591 867.5 775.03 387 690.8 620.34 418.3 636.28 422.3 239.41 211.66 95.54 73.95 55.9 53.15 45.3 42.31 30.24 26.57 41 47 49 40 35 26 33 31 33 30 30 30 30 33 42 7144 3548 0.81

23 2001-02 58.2 39.12 73.7 54.61 145.01 116.4 1091 595.34 1117 1287.4 1214 673.83 744.68 546.7 495.2 287 63.09 57.59 51.96 47.68 50.06 41 40 53 45 43 35 44 42 44 40 37 36 38 41 49 9436 3548 0.85

24 2002-03 42.5 40.69 52.7 548.7 200.53 1211 729.7 519.35 236 179.02 209.4 354.5 217.73 120.4 124.3 97.5 92.45 73.53 59.34 50.89 51.47 64 77 81 75 68 51 59 57 60 39 37 33 35 35 38 6021 3242 0.89

25 2003-04 35.8 37.34 569 1238 1008.6 429.9 794.9 446.08 1053 554.34 340.6 522.89 527.21 333.2 171.6 131 113.4 96.34 88.73 80.4 76.78 66 68 83 80 67 56 59 56 57 48 48 46 38 36 41 9497 2835 0.93

26 2004-05 41.7 53.47 103 692.8 1632.6 833.7 122.3 103.59 182.1 306.46 213.2 170.7 249.64 226.4 188.1 141 11.72 113.9 101.1 54.26 45.54 47 49 61 60 47 35 41 37 41 34 30 30 31 33 36 6198 2455 0.96

32 61.19 126 318.9 470.48 605.2 612.6 530.41 653.9 507.89 497.4 399.33 307.06 193.4 145.9 78.8 51.43 48.3 42.67 38.09 39.43 38.49 39.12 44.65 45.38 44.67 34.3 39.9 35.4 32.61 23 20 20 21.1 20.4 26.4 6246

0.51 0.98 2.02 5.105 7.5323 9.689 9.808 8.4918 10.47 8.1313 7.964 6.3933 4.9161 3.096 2.336 1.26 0.823 0.773 0.683 0.61 0.631 0.616 0.626 0.715 0.727 0.715 0.55 0.64 0.57 0.522 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.34 0.33 0.42 100

Annex 7.3

Unit: Mcum

JUNE JULY AUG DEC JAN

75% Dependable Flow : 4093.22 MCMAverage Flow : 6246 MCM

75 % dependable yield at Lalbagiaghat (CA 6900 sq.km) on River Burhi-Gandak

% over Annual

Average yield

FEB MAR APR MAYOCT NOVSEPT

Annex 7.4 (a)

Annual Des. Order Rank 75%

I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III Total Flow Flow

1 1980 36.52 30.70 23.42 17.03 15.96 16.07 17.10 16.02 16.20 19.17 14.93 12.18 7.61 21.23 20.65 102.31 140.82 186.14 219.50 449.15 344.65 398.07 328.01 351.08 448.21 251.40 131.80 111.16 77.88 69.81 40.82 33.69 30.99 29.73 22.97 22.16 4075.15 6159.81 0.08

2 1981 20.97 21.18 19.93 15.92 12.43 8.88 9.86 9.21 9.88 13.88 18.34 15.92 19.49 20.39 47.67 30.22 18.41 120.11 235.23 273.50 287.46 446.10 241.95 365.88 160.96 258.37 223.64 217.64 154.08 66.14 44.29 40.99 39.17 27.09 26.42 18.24 3559.85 6152.30 0.15

3 1982 15.03 16.13 20.33 16.75 22.63 9.02 13.30 11.61 10.32 9.37 14.80 18.85 12.62 13.70 10.90 7.95 145.36 200.38 162.53 277.07 313.65 281.44 255.30 325.81 224.20 286.10 261.76 106.76 59.90 46.22 34.70 39.14 32.15 26.79 22.79 20.23 3345.60 5913.27 0.23

4 1983 17.05 14.80 16.52 22.62 15.04 9.42 9.57 7.86 9.00 6.86 6.08 7.34 14.95 34.34 50.90 26.92 19.47 31.99 358.36 287.57 609.36 438.52 262.55 513.21 283.73 394.14 480.75 282.23 245.33 141.46 85.14 61.28 48.69 38.64 29.82 29.39 4910.91 5743.28 0.31

5 1984 24.48 23.13 27.23 19.49 16.04 14.82 13.35 11.83 10.84 7.72 8.62 11.16 39.64 92.27 55.21 95.86 187.67 287.23 387.25 435.42 679.16 384.03 244.27 357.76 711.86 1029.38 331.91 92.98 74.07 59.12 39.52 34.57 29.50 26.93 24.82 24.15 5913.27 5542.48 0.38

6 1985 18.76 17.92 21.14 15.25 13.68 9.69 11.14 9.99 12.05 10.73 9.06 8.22 13.70 24.15 24.19 35.50 45.30 57.20 226.79 330.57 736.75 397.05 464.30 717.82 682.95 502.84 332.94 261.60 252.62 139.64 77.31 66.82 57.56 55.84 35.28 46.92 5743.28 5483.56 0.46

7 1986 47.39 30.01 25.95 19.58 27.53 15.13 16.33 15.37 13.19 10.63 10.53 15.51 20.40 33.01 38.43 27.63 26.92 218.72 269.67 210.48 401.76 488.21 265.77 582.99 590.72 514.76 389.25 311.50 306.20 145.89 90.46 64.71 44.19 35.51 42.33 41.24 5407.92 5407.92 0.54

8 1987 31.29 28.40 24.88 25.89 24.70 15.49 15.15 13.18 16.03 12.22 10.47 9.78 26.10 11.86 9.93 18.21 26.87 27.13 327.81 249.01 584.37 467.39 580.29 354.99 459.47 313.70 270.90 242.61 194.31 248.42 116.65 60.40 47.14 41.81 34.15 33.07 4974.08 4974.08 0.62

9 1988 28.41 25.65 24.70 21.90 23.05 19.35 20.46 26.29 27.21 14.84 18.34 25.53 23.76 22.41 35.85 44.79 71.94 144.90 390.61 343.10 461.33 539.96 601.04 783.77 670.00 391.82 148.16 146.34 98.71 76.29 65.31 51.93 40.99 36.11 32.30 45.33 5542.48 4910.91 0.69

10 1989 45.79 58.39 45.43 47.91 41.48 39.25 44.00 44.42 42.95 32.24 26.28 26.04 22.45 27.13 81.30 97.84 100.64 77.23 254.99 333.53 398.21 335.30 305.36 286.57 520.06 483.86 470.38 406.30 243.92 156.98 97.12 73.21 65.04 62.97 45.59 43.40 5483.56 4075.15 0.77 4284.09

11 1990 26.96 20.81 20.90 15.62 20.54 16.09 17.57 19.61 15.88 13.21 14.31 16.03 29.05 41.86 83.59 84.54 46.09 186.97 331.95 387.94 650.42 508.38 560.56 605.75 267.15 413.42 473.73 420.34 298.25 178.24 95.04 98.50 70.74 40.49 36.86 32.42 6159.81 3559.85 0.85

12 1991 39.10 31.16 27.11 23.32 22.08 14.28 17.68 15.63 14.40 24.29 18.69 11.08 19.55 14.74 29.45 37.19 229.13 199.67 409.10 521.42 512.96 545.27 555.38 505.44 619.32 593.91 483.49 179.37 103.51 83.11 53.47 45.33 38.85 34.81 34.74 44.26 6152.30 3345.60 0.92

29.31 26.52 24.80 21.77 21.26 15.62 17.13 16.75 16.50 14.60 14.20 14.80 20.78 29.76 40.67 50.75 88.22 144.81 297.82 341.56 498.34 435.81 388.73 479.26 469.89 452.81 333.23 231.57 175.73 117.61 69.99 55.88 45.42 38.06 32.34 33.40 5105.68 5105.68

0.57 0.52 0.49 0.43 0.42 0.31 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.41 0.58 0.80 0.99 1.73 2.84 5.83 6.69 9.76 8.54 7.61 9.39 9.20 8.87 6.53 4.54 3.44 2.30 1.37 1.09 0.89 0.75 0.63 0.65 100 100.00

24.60 22.25 20.81 18.27 17.84 13.11 14.37 14.06 13.84 12.25 11.92 12.42 17.43 24.97 34.13 42.58 74.02 121.50 249.89 286.60 418.15 365.68 326.18 402.13 394.27 379.94 279.60 194.30 147.45 98.68 58.72 46.89 38.11 31.94 27.14 28.03 4284.09

88.26 %

3781.01 MCM

% Non.Mon.Fl 11.74 %

75%N.M. Fl 503.08 MCM

NovemberSeptember

Av. Flow

July August

75 % Mon. Fl

April May

% of An. Av. Fl

75 % depend.flow

% Mon. Flow

Computation of 75 % Dependable Flow of River Bagmati (Pre-Karmaiya Period - 1980 to 1991)

(Unit: MCM)Sl.No

YearJanuary February March DecemberJune October

SI.NO Year Total Total Rank

I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III (Z to A)

1 1993 21.87 19.79 18.73 15.11 14.85 11.06 14.28 12.82 27.86 16.55 22.73 39.61 20.97 29.41 46.80 50.85 67.66 94.84 153.36 287.71 957.31 562.81 678.67 516.41 565.57 321.41 334.11 282.36 141.00 89.25 55.87 52.88 46.35 43.13 48.56 52.29 5734.85 7731.44 0.07

2 1994 35.26 34.78 30.61 22.30 21.95 14.48 15.23 12.23 14.63 14.71 10.48 9.95 9.56 9.48 42.53 27.76 71.73 95.38 276.90 230.03 559.28 504.38 542.77 445.34 310.96 665.19 348.78 103.66 64.30 50.58 38.80 33.98 30.31 26.83 23.24 20.26 4768.64 7129.65 0.13

3 1995 16.54 15.79 16.03 13.28 13.13 10.98 12.15 11.25 10.12 7.68 7.10 5.20 3.58 55.43 73.25 55.54 147.05 381.46 603.94 734.49 537.58 673.89 96.60 680.75 341.71 213.58 405.91 249.00 172.90 145.57 61.43 88.73 51.03 29.53 35.16 40.39 6017.73 6805.72 0.20

4 1996 32.36 23.79 37.12 18.33 17.63 14.88 15.55 11.40 10.84 7.39 5.04 3.91 9.27 21.14 9.72 27.06 48.94 314.19 41.92 906.26 541.30 433.90 552.96 517.80 649.21 318.21 350.09 332.55 138.59 63.41 43.67 49.53 45.50 42.93 39.99 37.90 5734.29 6711.07 0.27

5 1997 30.84 31.98 40.37 32.94 35.15 25.77 24.83 14.94 14.60 19.66 20.63 18.07 19.91 11.64 17.06 13.79 19.55 183.43 561.43 607.82 627.59 577.15 789.00 569.38 385.69 435.63 476.93 346.38 225.07 162.47 58.38 32.63 29.48 29.15 51.22 32.64 6573.19 6678.12 0.33

6 1998 22.81 21.47 16.49 14.76 12.34 9.42 12.77 12.67 11.62 19.13 12.15 16.06 32.69 20.68 34.78 17.06 7.38 72.09 512.00 567.23 1066.31 614.81 589.89 590.81 687.48 343.67 438.00 330.96 127.41 157.53 79.18 57.24 50.32 37.73 32.02 29.16 6678.12 6573.19 0.40

7 1999 21.42 20.96 22.43 16.17 13.22 8.74 10.15 8.56 7.94 5.07 5.33 3.59 3.38 20.07 78.00 43.39 197.94 427.87 1065.05 571.54 510.94 404.22 469.52 1071.54 495.62 411.15 347.28 427.14 269.67 405.29 163.39 61.14 43.71 36.26 37.44 26.31 7731.44 6017.73 0.47

8 2000 24.39 22.89 24.13 24.01 29.18 16.56 16.03 13.62 12.34 9.27 9.17 16.23 23.00 33.70 124.47 167.67 158.33 378.10 501.56 546.64 577.02 1231.08 639.07 562.74 510.99 406.19 299.69 102.52 67.48 65.35 44.87 44.05 30.86 27.93 22.46 22.12 6805.72 5818.96 0.53

9 2001 23.08 21.31 22.88 23.82 20.64 12.35 15.32 13.88 11.84 8.92 13.31 10.13 29.55 32.89 53.35 127.17 149.84 229.74 173.66 271.99 432.69 429.84 551.32 573.00 431.22 456.11 352.60 280.11 152.84 104.20 78.64 57.02 57.08 55.42 41.96 33.51 5353.23 5734.85 0.60

10 2002 35.98 31.96 41.62 34.15 33.81 21.97 26.87 22.54 17.39 18.41 17.45 23.87 25.54 50.76 87.87 79.82 166.75 132.71 344.56 332.90 1262.91 613.35 564.97 597.02 426.30 305.25 273.63 255.57 195.09 116.12 75.99 57.58 48.90 36.96 34.30 34.88 6445.75 5734.29 0.67

11 2003 30.84 34.77 45.48 50.98 35.64 28.23 26.57 27.19 35.40 37.26 33.02 36.22 46.67 41.07 43.99 49.24 69.48 228.53 502.16 495.76 670.55 624.33 636.51 750.82 424.66 296.78 481.33 339.03 139.02 99.01 84.79 73.27 56.51 49.45 43.42 43.10 6711.07 5353.23 0.73

12 2004 37.42 38.86 57.73 38.46 22.66 17.38 18.18 21.38 17.59 10.38 12.48 45.14 40.56 14.12 78.11 147.92 159.93 178.85 719.02 928.80 566.78 280.28 271.38 381.72 412.85 326.45 202.07 248.75 166.67 94.50 53.35 46.26 55.71 46.18 35.41 25.63 5818.96 4768.64 0.80

13 2005 18.19 22.29 32.84 32.11 31.38 20.10 16.39 17.07 19.80 14.93 12.16 9.17 19.27 19.81 16.14 9.98 14.94 128.27 127.34 330.16 210.56 355.12 483.62 640.98 272.14 138.08 174.95 170.12 83.63 124.44 70.98 57.00 49.77 45.40 37.50 29.69 3856.31 3856.31 0.87

14 2006 22.48 25.87 23.90 21.75 19.85 14.33 17.25 18.80 13.81 10.54 26.52 31.17 15.20 59.85 49.92 131.99 153.96 277.95 281.59 299.96 296.64 227.39 115.49 227.03 243.86 589.46 405.53 219.29 118.27 136.54 71.79 43.40 39.64 36.52 37.82 25.47 4350.81 4350.81 0.93

26.68 26.18 30.74 25.58 22.96 16.16 17.26 15.60 16.13 14.28 14.83 19.17 21.37 30.00 54.00 67.80 102.39 223.10 418.89 507.95 629.82 538.04 498.70 580.38 439.88 373.37 349.35 263.39 147.28 129.59 70.08 53.91 45.37 38.82 37.18 32.38 5898.58

0.45 0.44 0.52 0.43 0.39 0.27 0.29 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.25 0.32 0.36 0.51 0.92 1.15 1.74 3.78 7.10 8.61 10.68 9.12 8.45 9.84 7.46 6.33 5.92 4.47 2.50 2.20 1.19 0.91 0.77 0.66 0.63 0.55 100

23.45 23.02 27.03 22.49 20.19 14.21 15.17 13.71 14.18 12.55 13.04 16.85 18.79 26.38 47.48 59.61 90.03 196.16 368.30 446.60 553.76 473.06 438.47 510.29 386.75 328.28 307.16 231.58 129.49 113.94 61.62 47.40 39.89 34.13 32.69 28.47 5186.21

89.34 %

4633.48 Mcum


75%N.M. Fl 552.73 Mcum

75% Dep.Flow(Mm3)

% Mon. Flow

75 % Mon. Fl

December

Average Flow

% of Ann Flow

August September October November

Annex 7.4 (b)

Computation of 75 % Dependable Flow of River Bagmati at Dheng Bridge (Post-Karmaiya Period - 1993 to 2006)

Unit: - MCM

January February March April May June July

I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II IIITotal Des. Order

1 1980 36.52 30.70 23.42 17.03 15.96 16.07 17.10 16.02 16.20 19.17 14.93 12.18 7.61 21.23 20.65 102.31 140.82 186.14 219.50 449.15 344.65 398.07 328.01 351.08 448.21 251.40 131.80 111.16 77.88 69.81 40.82 33.69 30.99 29.73 22.97 22.16 4075.15 7731.48 0.04

2 1981 20.97 21.18 19.93 15.92 12.43 8.88 9.86 9.21 9.88 13.88 18.34 15.92 19.49 20.39 47.67 30.22 18.41 120.11 235.23 273.50 287.46 446.10 241.95 365.88 160.96 258.37 223.64 217.64 154.08 66.14 44.29 40.99 39.17 27.09 26.42 18.24 3559.85 7129.67 0.07

3 1982 15.03 16.13 20.33 16.75 22.63 9.02 13.30 11.61 10.32 9.37 14.80 18.85 12.62 13.70 10.90 7.95 145.36 200.38 162.53 277.07 313.65 281.44 255.30 325.81 224.20 286.10 261.76 106.76 59.90 46.22 34.70 39.14 32.15 26.79 22.79 20.23 3345.60 6805.73 0.11

4 1983 17.05 14.80 16.52 22.62 15.04 9.42 9.57 7.86 9.00 6.86 6.08 7.34 14.95 34.34 50.90 26.92 19.47 31.99 358.36 287.57 609.36 438.52 262.55 513.21 283.73 394.14 480.75 282.23 245.33 141.46 85.14 61.28 48.69 38.64 29.82 29.39 4910.91 6711.05 0.14

5 1984 24.48 23.13 27.23 19.49 16.04 14.82 13.35 11.83 10.84 7.72 8.62 11.16 39.64 92.27 55.21 95.86 187.67 287.23 387.25 435.42 679.16 384.03 244.27 357.76 711.86 1029.38 331.91 92.98 74.07 59.12 39.52 34.57 29.50 26.93 24.82 24.15 5913.27 6678.13 0.18

6 1985 18.76 17.92 21.14 15.25 13.68 9.69 11.14 9.99 12.05 10.73 9.06 8.22 13.70 24.15 24.19 35.50 45.30 57.20 226.79 330.57 736.75 397.05 464.30 717.82 682.95 502.84 332.94 261.60 252.62 139.64 77.31 66.82 57.56 55.84 35.28 46.92 5743.28 6573.19 0.21

7 1986 47.39 30.01 25.95 19.58 27.53 15.13 16.33 15.37 13.19 10.63 10.53 15.51 20.40 33.01 38.43 27.63 26.92 218.72 269.67 210.48 401.76 488.21 265.77 582.99 590.72 514.76 389.25 311.50 306.20 145.89 90.46 64.71 44.19 35.51 42.33 41.24 5407.92 6159.81 0.25

8 1987 31.29 28.40 24.88 25.89 24.70 15.49 15.15 13.18 16.03 12.22 10.47 9.78 26.10 11.86 9.93 18.21 26.87 27.13 327.81 249.01 584.37 467.39 580.29 354.99 459.47 313.70 270.90 242.61 194.31 248.42 116.65 60.40 47.14 41.81 34.15 33.07 4974.08 6152.30 0.29

9 1988 28.41 25.65 24.70 21.90 23.05 19.35 20.46 26.29 27.21 14.84 18.34 25.53 23.76 22.41 35.85 44.79 71.94 144.90 390.61 343.10 461.33 539.96 601.04 783.77 670.00 391.82 148.16 146.34 98.71 76.29 65.31 51.93 40.99 36.11 32.30 45.33 5542.48 6017.73 0.32

10 1989 45.79 58.39 45.43 47.91 41.48 39.25 44.00 44.42 42.95 32.24 26.28 26.04 22.45 27.13 81.30 97.84 100.64 77.23 254.99 333.53 398.21 335.30 305.36 286.57 520.06 483.86 470.38 406.30 243.92 156.98 97.12 73.21 65.04 62.97 45.59 43.40 5483.56 5913.27 0.36

11 1990 26.96 20.81 20.90 15.62 20.54 16.09 17.57 19.61 15.88 13.21 14.31 16.03 29.05 41.86 83.59 84.54 46.09 186.97 331.95 387.94 650.42 508.38 560.56 605.75 267.15 413.42 473.73 420.34 298.25 178.24 95.04 98.50 70.74 40.49 36.86 32.42 6159.81 5818.92 0.39

12 1991 39.10 31.16 27.11 23.32 22.08 14.28 17.68 15.63 14.40 24.29 18.69 11.08 19.55 14.74 29.45 37.19 229.13 199.67 409.10 521.42 512.96 545.27 555.38 505.44 619.32 593.91 483.49 179.37 103.51 83.11 53.47 45.33 38.85 34.81 34.74 44.26 6152.30 5743.28 0.43

13 1992 28.83 20.53 20.59 21.42 22.58 17.18 14.64 13.24 13.76 11.40 10.45 8.83 16.42 16.96 19.37 17.01 27.31 109.73 136.34 259.63 247.71 361.15 321.32 474.60 369.62 343.87 255.14 183.17 312.77 123.03 65.09 52.67 39.10 34.23 30.53 29.04 4049.26 5734.88 0.46

14 1993 21.87 19.79 18.73 15.11 14.85 11.06 14.28 12.82 27.86 16.55 22.73 39.61 20.97 29.41 46.80 50.85 67.66 94.84 153.36 287.71 957.31 562.81 678.67 516.41 565.57 321.41 334.11 282.36 141.00 89.25 55.87 52.88 46.35 43.13 48.56 52.29 5734.88 5734.28 0.50

15 1994 35.26 34.78 30.61 22.30 21.95 14.48 15.23 12.23 14.63 14.71 10.48 9.95 9.56 9.48 42.53 27.76 71.73 95.38 276.90 230.03 559.28 504.38 542.77 445.34 310.96 665.19 348.78 103.66 64.30 50.58 38.80 33.98 30.31 26.83 23.24 20.26 4768.65 5542.48 0.54

16 1995 16.54 15.79 16.03 13.28 13.13 10.98 12.15 11.25 10.12 7.68 7.10 5.20 3.58 55.43 73.25 55.54 147.05 381.46 603.94 734.49 537.58 673.89 96.60 680.75 341.71 213.58 405.91 249.00 172.90 145.57 61.43 88.73 51.03 29.53 35.16 40.39 6017.73 5483.56 0.57

17 1996 32.36 23.79 37.12 18.33 17.63 14.88 15.55 11.40 10.84 7.39 5.04 3.91 9.27 21.14 9.72 27.06 48.94 314.19 41.92 906.26 541.30 433.90 552.96 517.80 649.21 318.21 350.09 332.55 138.59 63.41 43.67 49.53 45.50 42.93 39.99 37.90 5734.28 5407.92 0.61

18 1997 30.84 31.98 40.37 32.94 35.15 25.77 24.83 14.94 14.60 19.66 20.63 18.07 19.91 11.64 17.06 13.79 19.55 183.43 561.43 607.82 627.59 577.15 789.00 569.38 385.69 435.63 476.93 346.38 225.07 162.47 58.38 32.63 29.48 29.15 51.22 32.64 6573.19 5353.23 0.64

19 1998 22.81 21.47 16.49 14.76 12.34 9.42 12.77 12.67 11.62 19.13 12.15 16.06 32.69 20.68 34.78 17.06 7.38 72.09 512.00 567.23 1066.31 614.81 589.89 590.81 687.48 343.67 438.00 330.96 127.41 157.53 79.18 57.24 50.32 37.73 32.02 29.16 6678.13 4974.08 0.68

20 1999 21.42 20.96 22.43 16.17 13.22 8.74 10.15 8.56 7.94 5.07 5.33 3.59 3.38 20.07 78.00 43.39 197.94 427.87 1065.05 571.54 510.94 404.22 469.52 1071.54 495.62 411.15 347.28 427.14 269.67 405.29 163.39 61.14 43.71 36.26 37.44 26.31 7731.48 4910.91 0.71

21 2000 24.39 22.89 24.13 24.01 29.18 16.56 16.03 13.62 12.34 9.27 9.17 16.23 23.00 33.70 124.47 167.67 158.33 378.10 501.56 546.64 577.02 1231.08 639.07 562.74 510.99 406.19 299.69 102.52 67.48 65.35 44.87 44.05 30.86 27.93 22.46 22.12 6805.73 4768.65 0.75

22 2001 23.08 21.31 22.88 23.82 20.64 12.35 15.32 13.88 11.84 8.92 13.31 10.13 29.55 32.89 53.35 127.17 149.84 229.74 173.66 271.99 432.69 429.84 551.32 573.00 431.22 456.11 352.60 280.11 152.84 104.20 78.64 57.02 57.08 55.42 41.96 33.51 5353.23 4350.80 0.79

23 2002 35.98 31.96 41.62 34.15 33.81 21.97 26.87 22.54 17.39 18.41 17.45 23.87 25.54 50.76 87.87 79.82 166.75 132.71 344.56 332.90 1262.91 613.35 564.97 597.02 426.30 305.25 273.63 255.57 195.09 116.12 0.00 57.58 48.90 36.96 34.30 34.88 7129.67 4075.15 0.82

24 2003 30.84 34.77 45.48 50.98 35.64 28.23 26.57 27.19 35.40 37.26 33.02 36.22 46.67 41.07 43.99 49.24 69.48 228.53 502.16 495.76 670.55 624.33 636.51 750.82 424.66 296.78 481.33 339.03 139.02 99.01 84.79 73.27 56.51 49.45 43.42 43.10 6711.05 4049.26 0.86

25 2004 37.42 38.86 57.73 38.46 22.66 17.38 18.18 21.38 17.59 10.38 12.48 45.14 40.56 14.12 78.11 147.92 159.93 178.85 719.02 928.80 566.78 280.28 271.38 381.72 412.85 326.45 202.07 248.75 166.67 94.50 53.35 46.26 55.71 46.18 35.41 25.63 5818.92 3856.32 0.89

26 2005 18.19 22.29 32.84 32.11 31.38 20.10 16.39 17.07 19.80 14.93 12.16 9.17 19.27 19.81 16.14 9.98 14.94 128.27 127.34 330.16 210.56 355.12 483.62 640.98 272.14 138.08 174.95 170.12 83.63 124.44 70.98 57.00 49.77 45.40 37.50 29.69 3856.32 3559.85 0.93

27 2006 22.48 25.87 23.90 21.75 19.85 14.33 17.25 18.80 13.81 10.54 26.52 31.17 15.20 59.85 49.92 131.99 153.96 277.95 281.59 299.96 296.64 227.39 115.49 227.03 243.86 589.46 405.53 219.29 118.27 136.54 71.79 43.40 39.64 36.52 37.82 25.47 4350.80 3345.60 0.96

27.93 26.12 27.72 23.74 22.19 15.96 17.10 16.02 16.20 14.31 14.39 16.84 20.92 29.41 46.79 58.34 93.31 184.10 354.62 424.80 557.23 486.05 443.26 531.52 450.61 407.58 338.69 246.28 166.05 124.02 67.04 54.74 45.16 38.31 34.78 32.71 5503.02

0.51 0.47 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.26 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.53 0.85 1.06 1.70 3.35 6.44 7.72 10.13 8.83 8.05 9.66 8.19 7.41 6.15 4.48 3.02 2.25 1.22 0.99 0.82 0.70 0.63 0.59 100.00

24.20 22.64 24.02 20.57 19.23 13.83 14.82 13.88 14.04 12.40 12.47 14.60 18.13 25.49 40.55 50.56 80.86 159.54 307.29 368.11 482.87 421.19 384.10 460.59 390.48 353.19 293.50 213.41 143.90 107.47 58.09 47.43 39.13 33.20 30.14 28.35 4768.65

88.44 %

4217.39 MCM


75%N.M. Fl 551.26 MCM

75 % depend.flow

% Mon. Flow

Annual Flow

75 % Mon. Fl

November December

Average flow

% of annual flow

Computation of 75% Dependable Flow of River Bagmati at Dheng Bridge (1980 to 2006)

Unit: MCMSl.No

YearJuly

Annex 7.4 (C)

January February March AprilRank

May June August September October

Annex- 7.5

Salient Features of Proposed Noonthore Dam on River Bagmati (Nepal)

1. Location 1 km u/s of Karmaiya Barragein Nepal

2. Longitude/Latitude Lat. 270-8’-45” NLong. 850-29’-30” E

3. Catchment area 2706 sq km (1057 sq miles)

4. Mean annual runoff 1245 mm (49”)5. Maximum rainfall 3580 mm (140”)6. Minimum rainfall 1524 mm (60”)7. Average rainfall 1880 mm ( 74”)8. Average runoff 1245 mm (49”)9. 75% dependable runoff 737 mm (29”)10. Top level of dam 252.98 m

11. FRL 243.84 m

12. DSL 205.74 m

13 Gross storage capacity 174.3 MCM (21500 Ac ft)

14. Live storage capacity 153.5 MCM ( 189300 Ac ft)

15. Dead storage capacity 20.8 MCM (25700 Ac ft)

16. Maximum height of dam 115.82 m

17. Free board 9.144 m

18. Bed level 137.16 m

19. Width of dam at top 12.2 m

20. Road way on dam top Double

21. Crest level of spillway 243.84 m

22. Power plant capacity 24 MW

23. Number of units proposed 4 Nos

24. Total cost of dam Rs. 9784.78 lakh

25. Tail race water level 140.208 m

26. Water for irrigation (capacity at outlet) 99 cumec (3500 cusec)

(Source: Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission, 1994, Volume V, Part-1)

Annex- 7.6

Salient Features of Existing Karmaiya Barrage on River Bagmati (Nepal)

A Barrage

1 Location 3 km upstream of Mahendra Raj Margcrossing near village North Karmahiya(Satchi)

2 Length of barrage 400 m3 Design discharge 7600 cumec4 Sluice gate 6 spans (9 m X 6 m)5 Barrage gate 30 spans (9 9 m X 3 m)6 Pond level 123.35 m

B Head regulator Eastern Western Total

1 Discharge 64.4 cumec 48.2 cumec 112.6cumec

2 Width 37 m 26 m3 Gates 7 Nos (4m X 2 m) 5 Nos ( 4 m X 2 m)4 Bed level of canal 125.21 m 125.61m5 crest level - 126.50 m

C. Canal details

1 Irrigation area (CCA) 68000ha2 Item Main eastern canal Main western canal

Length (km) 21 54Capacity (cumec) 15 48.2Branch (km) 53 120Distributaries (km) 53 68

(Source: Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission, 1994, Volume V, Part-1)

Annex- 7.7

Salient Features of the Proposed Bagmati Barrage Project at Ramnagar on River

Bagmati (India)

1. State: : Bihar

2. District: : Sitamarhi

3. Type of structure : Barrage

4. River : Bagmati

5. Location : Latitude: 26o- 42’- NLongitude 85o- 20’- EAt Ramnagar, about 3 km d/s of DhengRailway Bridge on Darbhanga-Narkatiyaganj section of N-E Railway(Dheng bridge is 3 km d/s of Indo-Nepalborder)

6. Catchment area upto project :3835 sq.km

7. Designed discharge at the barrage :7575 cumec (100-year return period flood)

8. 75% annual dependable flow :4769 MCM

9. Overall length of waterway : 456 m

10. Crest level : + 68.70 m

11. Pond level : + 71 m

12. High flood level(before construction): + 74 m

13. Permissible Afflux : 0.4 m

14. Free Board : 1.5 m

15. Top level of protection works : + 75.90 m ( 74 +0.4+ 1.5 FB)

16. Gross command area :148115 ha

17. Culturable command area :Left bank = 71225 ha:Right bank = 32375 haTotal = 103600 ha (70 % of GCA)

18. Intensity of cultivation : 160% of CCA

19. Annual Irrigation : 165760 ha

20. Main canals : Left Bank Main Canal- Length – 35 km- Design discharge 56.64 cumec

(2000 cusec)Right Bank Main Canal

- Length – 27.74 km- Design discharge – 28.32 cumec

(1000 cusec)

21. Districts benefited : Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi & EastChamaparan

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1966 209 184 159 166 220 639 2008 3109 1846 499 320 222 798 25179

1967 174 152 149 167 221 450 1695 2159 1349 580 312 248 638 20123

1968 177 155 153 153 196 657 2407 3120 2073 1533 450 309 949 29919

1969 188 163 154 153 190 453 1673 2073 1565 558 320 264 646 20381

1970 228 214 203 206 245 610 2407 3088 1371 678 335 230 818 25792

1971 194 176 168 201 258 1716 2245 2483 1295 776 327 218 838 26436

1972 166 141 138 137 231 461 1738 2008 1447 537 307 212 627 19769

1973 171 143 148 159 234 1024 1576 2321 1835 1090 465 298 789 24872

1974 239 199 181 207 256 552 2040 2623 1760 758 371 254 787 24807

1975 205 177 153 175 234 744 2062 2073 2094 1112 430 262 810 25548

1976 215 184 152 162 229 827 1781 2267 1609 605 331 227 716 22569

1977 182 154 139 174 206 418 1803 2397 1306 637 320 209 662 20881

1978 163 132 132 158 350 1090 2375 2645 1468 872 342 215 828 26126

1979 173 176 145 159 203 460 2170 2958 1986 846 383 244 825 26024

1980 175 147 139 145 180 860 3152 3390 2505 927 394 264 1023 32269

1981 209 177 157 173 241 766 2915 3401 2213 852 401 270 981 30941

1982 220 196 185 209 220 850 2386 2882 1878 668 416 311 868 27389

1983 242 205 196 202 323 498 2235 2688 2332 1220 460 290 908 28620

1984 220 184 157 148 258 904 2936 2310 2828 949 445 309 971 30609

1985 240 209 195 191 241 725 2980 2656 2537 1134 458 247 984 31043

1986 217 175 151 180 195 805 2021 1871 1775 823 391 254 738 23276

1987 182 149 133 168 203 477 2427 2613 1762 814 396 269 799 25210

1988 192 152 169 182 413 926 2342 3226 1568 659 416 322 881 27768

1989 289 250 254 268 555 1047 1971 2784 1960 901 416 289 915 28869

1990 234 216 236 269 510 1083 2299 2085 1646 783 388 267 835 26322

1991 219 176 176 184 297 655 1400 2445 1696 541 315 230 695 21902

Source: Water Availability Studies of River Sun-Kosi, CWC (2006)

Aug SepYear Jan Feb Mar Apr May Oct NovJun Jul

Annex - 7.8

Dec AnnualAverage( Cumec)

Annual(MCM)

Average Monthly Flow Series at Sun - Kosi Diversion-cum-Storage Dam

Annex - 7.9

Unit: cumecMonth Period Average Flow 75 %

Dependable Flow90%

Dependable FlowI 420.4 403.3 375.3II 403.0 373.1 346.0III 381.5 358.8 314.0I 362.2 342.2 313.2II 353.6 331.9 306.7III 345.0 334.5 316.3I 340.4 325.4 307.9II 351.1 315.3 299.0III 350.0 324.5 299.7I 385.0 336.1 321.3II 413.3 356.6 325.4III 468.6 403.2 354.8I 568.7 479.2 381.6II 650.5 510.9 456.7III 828.7 679.9 593.3I 1750.0 917.7 767.4II 2169.8 1487.5 1036.0III 2644.2 2108.0 1833.6I 3377.8 2800.1 2380.4II 3836.6 2933.6 2783.2III 4594.2 3612.8 2962.0I 4793.2 3869.9 3083.7II 4719.2 3977.1 3199.3III 4575.6 3658.7 2911.4I 3768.4 3168.8 2960.6II 3294.5 2947.7 2693.3III 2980.0 2395.5 1835.6I 2629.5 1853.8 1561.4II 1739.0 1448.8 1224.7III 1244.0 1029.2 953.5I 993.4 880.7 772.0II 815.5 743.7 626.0III 690.8 648.7 588.9I 605.2 552.9 498.0II 528.0 498.6 466.6III 476.7 440.7 426.7

Oct

Source: Feasibility Report of Kosi High Dam Project, CWC Report - 1981.

Nov

Dec

AVERAGE, 75 % & 90 % DEPENDABLE FLOW AT SAPTA KOSI HIGH DAM

Jul

Aug

Sep

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Annex - 7.10

Unit: MCM

S.No. Year Annual Yield

1 1971-72 65524

2 1976-77 64854

3 1985-86 63511

4 1984-85 63443

5 1970-71 63340

6 1948-49 60209

7 1968-69 60151

8 1954-55 59882

9 1987-88 58284

10 1974-75 58053

11 1980-81 57867

12 1949-50 55835

13 1949-50 55629

14 1988-89 54892

15 1975-76 54567

16 1962-63 54249

17 1973-74 53791

18 1963-64 53136

19 1947-48 53076

20 1979-80 52250

21 1950-51 52040

22 1983-84 52020

23 1976-77 51740

24 1969-70 51739

25 1964-65 50716

26 1966-67 50453

27 1967-68 49699

28 1972-73 49355

29 1958-59 49447

30 1989-90 48799

31 1981-82 48605

32 1961-62 48294

33 1986-87 46727

34 1969-70 44977

35 1959-60 44845

36 1955-56 43674

37 1952-53 42783

38 1965-66 42477

39 1953-54 41661

40 1957-58 41327

41 1956-57 40463

42 1982-83 40003

43 1951-52 37121

Source: Water Availability Studies at Barakshetra G&D Site on river Sapta Kosi in Nepal, NWDA (1997)

Annual Yield Series of Kosi River at Barahkshetra G&D Site

Year June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Monsoon Non-Mon Annual1947-48 4494.73 12442.69 13505.42 6654.74 6354.86 2125.18 1492.86 1077.45 817.29 842.71 1091.61 2167.09 43452.44 9614.19 53066.64

1948-49 3542.43 12439.01 13777.27 12068.63 6718.73 2583.34 1757.63 1279.64 1094.86 1042.34 1415.56 2472.06 48546.07 11645.43 60191.5

1949-50 5573.88 11650.96 13697.41 10425.40 5101.56 2378.33 1496.83 1153.63 880.44 875.27 893.40 1495.41 46449.21 9173.30 55622.511950-51 5233.80 9620.92 14937.41 10276.46 943.10 1863.81 1244.52 967.59 775.47 850.64 802.50 1862.96 41011.68 8367.49 49379.17

1951-52 4640.28 6459.63 7349.35 6369.30 3172.33 1981.04 1322.40 992.79 840.58 916.90 1074.06 1996.62 27990.89 9124.39 37115.28

1952-53 2414.58 8175.35 9832.17 9300.66 1052.65 2062.88 1424.34 1033.00 803.26 1067.26 973.82 1667.86 30775.40 9032.41 39807.81

1953-54 3902.62 9305.19 8818.99 7541.34 1062.18 1837.48 1285.30 945.50 749.65 791.74 993.64 1819.92 30630.32 8423.22 39053.54

1954-55 6896.84 14690.77 16124.73 9677.84 1262.23 1953.58 1339.39 920.58 897.56 986.27 893.96 1434.81 48652.41 8426.15 57078.56

1955-56 3932.64 9127.64 9541.07 6703.16 2472.06 2031.45 1444.16 1130.12 865.00 922.56 1034.70 2742.20 31776.57 10170.19 41946.76

1956-57 5419.27 6849.56 8391.97 6438.68 3978.23 2155.19 1522.60 1292.38 927.31 985.43 1033.00 1460.58 31077.71 9376.48 40454.19

1957-58 3208.30 8469.84 11587.53 6453.97 3401.98 1772.07 1288.70 1025.35 759.47 834.21 1048.29 1754.51 33121.62 8482.60 41604.22

1958-59 3805.50 8481.17 13936.12 8664.10 3010.29 2133.67 1467.09 1066.69 842.55 992.50 1151.08 1707.79 37897.18 9361.38 47258.56

1959-60 4296.51 7888.50 9421.01 8029.52 5729.63 2479.14 1408.76 1079.72 909.07 956.26 922.28 1714.58 35365.16 9469.81 44834.97

1960-61 5273.72 9706.16 11387.61 9627.15 5407.95 2359.92 1645.21 1161.84 951.16 1089.91 1261.23 1858.15 41402.59 10327.43 51730.02

1961-62 5388.97 7558.61 11665.68 8068.59 5100.43 2400.98 1488.62 1125.59 963.23 1208.85 1268.31 2045.89 37782.28 10501.47 48283.75

1962-63 7737.00 9131.32 14389.19 9647.26 2052.90 2177.85 1423.77 1078.59 793.43 925.96 1029.88 1747.43 42957.68 9176.91 52134.59

1963-64 6455.39 11628.59 13292.20 8115.88 4731.74 2333.59 1287.28 1024.79 817.85 807.60 987.12 1649.17 44223.79 8907.40 53131.19

1964-65 4236.20 10070.03 12290.63 11029.97 3548.66 2225.42 1501.64 1070.66 873.42 900.19 1166.65 1794.44 41175.49 9532.42 50707.91

1965-66 4376.65 7433.45 11050.92 6633.50 3779.73 2323.40 1330.61 978.06 912.71 891.98 982.31 1775.46 33274.25 9194.53 42468.78

1966-67 4176.73 10361.12 14097.81 9765.90 2262.48 1728.46 1194.40 965.32 869.77 1020.26 1185.06 1775.46 40664.05 8738.73 49402.79

1967-68 4551.93 9551.26 11074.99 8462.48 843.07 2246.37 1600.18 1171.18 1481.05 2033.71 1206.01 1873.44 34483.74 11611.96 46095.70

1968-69 5161.02 13455.02 12248.44 8555.64 8811.34 1531.66 1413.29 1153.34 956.22 1016.01 1067.26 1945.93 48231.47 9083.71 57315.18

1969-70 3632.20 11230.73 10415.78 8549.98 2381.44 2051.55 1241.13 949.46 755.54 871.31 1062.45 1832.66 36210.13 8764.11 44974.24

1970-71 5159.61 18130.69 18697.31 9234.68 2043.38 1590.27 1260.95 901.32 636.82 733.69 1011.48 1441.04 53265.67 7575.58 60841.25

1971-72 10351.78 14202.30 16811.98 8084.74 6262.83 1790.19 1256.70 1159.01 936.01 1047.16 1125.03 2487.63 55713.63 9801.72 65515.35

1972-73 4803.95 11937.24 11428.10 8556.21 3374.23 1949.33 1324.38 1038.38 802.97 962.77 1113.98 2057.50 40099.73 9249.32 49349.05

1973-74 4798.57 9125.10 13635.12 11005.33 6652.75 2336.70 1559.97 1175.71 832.16 862.25 1194.40 2020.69 45216.86 9981.89 55198.76

1974-75 4568.92 13507.69 15326.76 10139.12 5510.45 2158.02 1388.94 1014.31 826.27 866.49 1003.55 1734.41 49052.94 8991.99 58044.94

1975-76 5478.46 12790.99 10331.96 12457.70 3661.08 2305.27 1433.11 1097.84 968.28 933.04 1041.78 2083.83 44720.19 9863.16 54583.35

1976-77 8426.24 13626.62 16234.32 11023.74 3076.98 2682.17 1617.17 1012.33 799.05 844.12 1283.60 2224.29 52387.89 10462.73 62850.61

1977-78 4037.98 10411.53 13849.76 7554.93 4912.97 2403.53 1527.41 1083.97 770.70 937.57 1154.76 3069.83 40767.16 10947.76 51714.92

1978-79 7775.61 14146.59 15211.62 8453.15 3215.11 2166.91 1424.91 1033.86 812.85 771.38 959.04 1620.43 48802.07 8789.39 57591.46

1979-80 5525.88 11763.01 13065.08 8029.86 6115.69 1829.95 1384.73 961.55 754.79 905.30 1124.93 1765.07 44499.52 8726.31 53225.83

1980-81 5784.15 10381.52 11635.01 8913.70 2810.24 2485.73 1406.16 1001.72 938.65 985.65 1461.89 1885.59 39524.61 10165.39 49690.01

Annex - 7.11

Water Availability Series For Sapta Kosi Dam(Unit-MCM)

Year June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr . May Monsoon Non-Mon Annual1981-82 4676.36 10772.97 12016.51 8022.41 538.23 2268.00 1288.31 958.87 817.69 956.19 1272.67 1698.11 36026.48 9259.83 45286.32

1982-83 4704.11 7829.82 8374.78 7874.86 2691.16 1552.61 1183.85 803.52 597.54 709.78 850.18 1960.59 31474.72 7658.06 39132.78

1983-84 4247.33 12961.97 12375.61 8649.89 5081.74 2089.15 1336.52 999.04 706.41 779.41 899.42 1660.61 43316.53 8470.57 51787.10

1984-85 6219.58 15162.59 14445.08 10906.42 1848.09 1692.58 1218.67 907.98 733.02 878.52 850.18 1486.51 48581.76 7667.45 56349.21

1985-86 4593.12 12152.81 12519.61 9599.30 6503.68 2444.26 1323.13 1012.44 786.24 749.95 878.69 1202.60 45368.51 8397.30 53765.81

1986-87 4366.86 7909.96 8994.44 9083.61 5399.73 1467.07 1052.61 677.64 481.42 549.07 775.01 1151.71 35754.60 6154.53 41909.13

1987-88 4185.43 8985.53 12011.65 9837.77 6545.68 1936.22 1446.34 1106.18 841.88 1009.76 1031.62 1660.61 41566.0 9032.60 50598.66

1988-89 3592.05 9475.93 13023.23 7651.29 1305.09 2078.78 1708.82 1537.40 1248.31 1384.73 1402.27 2367.71 35047.60 11728.02 46775.62

1989-90 5158.75 10790.18 11877.38 9819.89 2433.95 2006.21 1497.23 1205.28 1028.16 1183.85 1353.02 2498.95 40080.14 10772.70 50852.84

1990-91 6255.87 10222.41 12308.22 8784.03 2915.03 2013.98 1465.08 1221.35 960.42 1079.40 1132.70 1826.67 40485.55 9699.61 50185.16

1991-92 7903.68 10199.67 14469.15 9119.38 1476.57 1749.60 1323.13 1079.40 885.43 999.04 987.55 1331.16 43168.43 8355.31 51523.75

1992-93 3792.69 8807.18 9567.12 8064.14 5491.72 1632.96 1138.32 894.59 737.86 736.56 920.16 1703.46 35722.85 7763.90 43486.75

1993-94 4172.63 8008.61 10927.60 8548.54 5095.74 1726.27 1189.21 964.22 766.89 921.37 909.79 1553.47 36753.11 8031.23 44784.33

1994-95 5397.81 8489.58 11093.82 7885.29 957.39 1568.16 1253.49 1060.65 948.33 1039.22 1202.69 2504.30 33823.89 9576.84 43400.72

1995-96 7342.31 13319.18 15259.78 7827.16 3076.98 2112.48 1411.52 1307.06 958.00 1130.28 1163.81 2488.23 46825.41 10571.39 57396.79

1996-97 7109.65 15205.34 16709.49 8527.67 2886.45 1936.22 1325.81 1060.65 856.40 991.01 1078.27 1524.01 50438.61 8772.36 59210.97

1997-98 5442.63 8418.91 10932.04 9393.62 1443.23 1586.30 1293.67 956.19 754.79 910.66 1220.83 2335.56 35630.43 9058.00 44688.44

1998-99 5092.58 11595.08 15099.58 8523.20 3448.50 1809.22 1280.28 999.04 812.85 811.56 927.94 1976.66 43758.94 8617.54 52376.48

1999-2000 7094.71 13192.90 15585.59 8733.35 6615.67 2050.27 1331.16 996.36 781.40 827.63 1117.15 2008.80 51222.22 9112.78 60335.00

2000-01 5694.50 10469.07 13723.61 7622.97 2067.19 1578.53 1240.10 1023.15 844.30 916.01 1013.47 1799.88 39577.34 8415.45 47992.79

2001-02 5444.77 6488.18 10079.82 9092.55 6491.68 1653.70 1205.28 972.26 817.69 891.91 1029.02 1657.93 37596.99 8227.79 45824.78

2002-03 4272.95 14131.78 14539.73 7530.57 1933.83 1511.14 1215.99 1052.61 916.88 993.69 1174.18 1960.59 42408.85 8825.07 51233.92

Average 5211.12 10720.36 12589.19 8778.77 3697.55 2016.04 1373.82 1052.13 855.31 948.73 1075.16 1881.12 40996.99 9202.31 50199.30

Std. Dev. 1451.43 2552.16 2443.12 1362.48 1991.64 309.28 143.81 131.37 144.64 200.22 154.41 376.20 6514.91 1058.10 6628.81% ofMonsoon

Total 12.71 26.15 30.71 21.41 9.02 4.92 3.35 2.57 2.09 2.31 2.62 4.59 100.00 22.45 122.45

% of

Annual

Total 10.38 21.36 25.08 17.49 7.37 4.02 2.74 2.10 1.70 1.89 2.14 3.75 81.67 18.33 100.00

Note: 1947-48 to 1977-781978-79 to 2002-03

:Observed Series (Non-monsoon period):Computed Series from rainfall- runoff relationship (Monsoon period): Observed Series (Monsoon & Non monsoon period)

Final Report

1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII

Chapter-VIII

WATER DEMAND

8.1 GENERAL

Development of irrigated agriculture is directed towards achieving the desired

objective through optimal and efficient use of available resources in harmony with the

environment to ensure sustainability.

It is accordingly necessary to carry out various agronomical studies covering the

present status of agriculture development, trend of development, cultivated land, crop

yields, marketing facilities and willingness of farmers to adopt improved methods and

practices, viability of introduction of high value crops, Efficient water, soil and crop

management, assessment of 10 daily irrigation water requirement for the design

cropping pattern etc.

The command areas of all the basins i.e. Bagmati-Adhwara, Kamla-Balan, Kosi,

Mahananda and Burhi-Gandak lie in North Bihar and as per classification of

agroclimatologial zones, the entire North Bihar lies in one particular agroclimatic

zone i.e. zone IV and sub zone -5. Based on the type of soil and sustainability of

different types of crops, inputs required mainly in the form of irrigation water at

different periods of crop growth are assessed for the command as a whole as well as

for the sub-commands. Review of pre and post project crop yield provides a

perspective of likely irrigation benefits that can be generated from the project.

The agronomical studies also include assessment of the quantity of water required for

various crops included in the crop pattern during different stages of their

development. The water requirement of a crop is first met by the effective rainfall (i.e.

net rainfall which actually contributes towards the crop development) in the command

area. The balance water requirement, if any, is met by the surface water available in

the river system through irrigation canal network which conveys the surface water

from the headworks to the field. However, all the water available at the canal head is

not available for the crop growth, as part of it may get lost in transit from canal head

to the field and part through water application process. Therefore, conveyance and

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field application efficiencies have to be assessed for ponded and non-ponded crops

separately to account for such water loss.

8.2 METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS

The details of various meteorological parameters like Rainfall, Temprature, Relative

Humidity, Wind Speed & Cloud Cover are given in Chapter-II (Para 2.3).

8.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY

A large quantity of water diverted at the head works of a canal system is lost through

seepage and surface evaporation of the conveyance system while flowing from the

canal head works to the field. Again, in field also there are losses of water in form of

percolation losses below root zone of crops in water handling process by the farmers.

The loss of water through the conveyance system is termed as conveyance losses. The

conveyance system comprises of main canals, branches, distributaries, minors and

water courses. The loss of water in the field is termed as field application losses.

88..33..11 CCoonnvveeyyaannccee EEffffiicciieennccyy

Conveyance efficiency accounts for the losses in the conveyance system. The losses in

the conveyance system primarily depend on the type of materials used in construction

of the channel and its wetted perimeter. Lesser the perimeter, lesser will be the losses

and higher the efficiency and vice versa. The lined system offers leser conveyance

loss, consequently higher efficiency compared to the unlined one. If Ec be the

conveyance efficiency of the system, then Ec can be represented by

EEcc == EEffcc xx EEwwcc xx EEmmii xx EEddiissttyy xx EEbbcc xx EEmmcc

Here, E represents the efficiency and the subscripts c, fc, wc, mi, disty, bc & mc

represent conveyance, field channel, water course, minor, distributary, branch canal

and main canal respectively.

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Since field channels, water courses and minors are of smaller length with smaller area

of cross section, the conveyance and regulation losses through them are considered as

0.95 for each component i.e. Efc = Ewe = Emi = 0.95.

Distributaries, branches and main canal have got larger wetted perimeter. Hence the

conveyance losses in these components would be higher than that of minors and water

courses. The theoretical value of seepage through main canal is taken as generally 10

percent of head discharge, which gives as efficiency of 90 percent. The efficiency of

the branch canal (Ebc) and distributaries (Edisty) are also taken same as that of the

main canal. Thus,

EEddiisstt == EEbbcc == EEmmcc == 00..9900..

88..33..22 FFiieelldd AApppplliiccaattiioonn EEffffiicciieennccyy

The field application efficiency, Ea, depends upon method of agricultural practices,

whether ponded or non-ponded. For ponded crops, it is generally taken as 0.85 and for

non-ponded crops as 0.65. Since sugarcane is a non-ponded crop, hence field

application efficiency for this crop would be same and equal to 0.65 throughout the

crop period.

88..33..33 PPrroojjeecctt EEffffiicciieennccyy

Taking the above parameters, the efficiency of the canal system have been computed

as shown below:-

For ponded crops, project efficiency, E

= Ea x Efc x Ewc x Emi x Edisty x Ebc x Emc .

= 0.85 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.90 x 0.90 x 0.90

= 0.53

For non-ponded crops, project efficiency Ep

= Ea x Efc x Ewc x Emi x Edisty x Ebc x Emc.

= 0.65 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.90 x 0.90 x 0.90

= 0.41

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The gross irrigation requirement at the head works of main canal would be

considering the project efficiency as 0.53 for ponded crop and that as 0.41 for non-

ponded crops.

8.4 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT

The requirement of water for a particular crop in the command area depends upon a

number of factors such as climate, type of soil, cropping pattern, culturable command

area (CCA), intensity of irrigation etc. Apart from CCA, cropping pattern, intensity of

irrigation and project efficiency, all the other factors which have a bearing on water

demand of the crops are accounted for by following four parameters:

Reference Potential Evapotranspiration (ETo) Crop Coefficient ( Kc) Effective rainfall (ER) Special Water Requirement viz , Percolation Loss (PL) and Pre-Sowing

Requirement (PSR)

(a) Reference Potential Evapo-transpiration (ETo)

ETo is the reference potential evapo-transpiration. It is the rate of evapo-transpiration

from an extensive grass surface of 8 to 15 cm tall green cover of uniform height,

actively growing, completely shading the ground and not short of water. The well

accepted methodology of estimation of ETo in this country and most part of the World

is Modified Penman Method. Based on this methodology, the Penman-Montieth

Model has been used for the computation of ETo.

ETo values for each month have been worked out separately for Burhi Gandak-

Bagmati basin and Mahananda basin. For Burhi Gandak -Bagmati basin,

meteorological data of Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga Observatories have been taken

into consideration while for Mahananda basin, Purnea has been identified as the

representative Observatory. The Software “CROPWAT” has been used to work out

ETo values. This Software requires monthly values of following meteorological data

as input.

Average temperature (oC) Humidity (%) Windspeed (km/day) Sunshine hours (hour)

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Based on the above meteorological data of Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Purnea

Observatories, the ETo values at these Observatories have been worked out.

For Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin, monthly values of ETo have been computed for

Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga Observatories and an average of the same has been

considered for working out the water demand . The monthly ETo values of

Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga Observatories are given in Tables 8.1 and 8.2

respectively. The average ETo values to be used for Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin are

given in Table 8.3.

Table-8.1Computation of Evapotranspiration (ETo)

Station : Muzaffarpur

Latitude :26o07'N

Longitude: 85o24'E

Month Avg. Temp.(oC)

Humidity(%)

Wind Speed(km/d)

Sunshine(hr's)

Sol. Radiation(MJ/m2/d)

Eto

(mm/d)

Jan 15.95 77 79.00 8.37 15.10 1.95

Feb 18.60 64 106.00 9.07 18.20 2.85

Mar 23.73 51 142.00 10.20 22.50 4.54

Apr 28.48 50 173.00 10.28 24.60 5.97

May 30.36 58 174.00 10.72 26.10 6.47

Jun 30.33 73 176.00 7.59 21.50 5.33

Jul 29.49 83 175.00 5.17 17.70 4.22

Aug 29.17 83 176.00 5.33 17.40 4.08

Sep 27.90 82 131.00 6.64 18.00 3.94

Oct 25.67 77 73.00 9.28 19.30 3.66

Nov 21.27 74 61.00 8.10 15.30 2.55

Dec 17.43 76 55.00 8.93 15.00 2.02

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Table-8.2Computation of Evapotranspiration (ETo)

Station : Darbhanga

Latitude : 25o59'N

Longitude : 85o40'E

Month Avg.Temp.(oC)

Humidity(%)

Wind Speed(km/d)

Sunshine(hr's)


Eto

(mm/d)

Jan 16.04 69 41.16 8.37 15.10 1.88Feb 18.75 61 58.44 9.07 18.20 2.64Mar 22.95 50 70.44 10.2 22.60 3.90Apr 28.24 46 122.28 10.28 24.60 5.52May 29.72 59 142.80 10.72 26.10 6.14Jun 29.76 71 145.44 7.59 21.50 5.19Jul 28.74 80 138.72 5.17 17.70 4.19Aug 29.03 80.5 126.96 5.33 17.40 4.03Sep 17.03 76 120.24 6.64 18.00 3.33Oct 27.03 74 52.92 9.28 19.30 3.25Nov 22.19 67 35.04 8.1 15.30 2.53Dec 6.84 70 24.84 8.93 15.10 1.66

Table-8.3Computation of Average Evapotranspiration (ETo)

Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinUnit: mm/day

Month Darbhanga * Muzaffarpur * AverageJan 1.88 1.95 1.91Feb 2.64 2.85 2.74Mar 3.9 4.54 4.22Apr 5.52 5.97 5.74May 6.14 6.47 6.30Jun 5.19 5.33 5.26Jul 4.19 4.22 4.20Aug 4.03 4.08 4.05Sep 3.33 3.94 3.63Oct 3.25 3.66 3.45Nov 2.53 2.55 2.54Dec 1.66 2.02 1.84

Note: * Refer Tables- 8.16 & 8.17

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The monthly ETo values, worked out on the basis of the meteorological data of Purnea

Observatory have been considered for Mahananda basin and the same are given in

Table 8.4.

Table-8.4Computation of Evapotranspiration (ETo) - Mahananda Basin

Station : PurneaLatitude : 25059'NLongitude : 85040'E

Month Avg. Temp.(oC)

Humidity(%)

Wind Speed(Km/d)

Sunshine(hr's)


Eto

(mm/d)

Jan 15.90 72 71 8.40 15.20 1.99

Feb 18.80 59 106 9.10 18.30 2.95

Mar 23.50 48 135 10.20 22.60 4.54

Apr 27.80 49 169 10.30 24.70 5.88

May 28.70 64 179 10.70 26.10 6.08

Jun 28.90 78 155 7.60 21.50 4.91

Jul 28.40 85 130 5.20 17.70 3.99

Aug 28.60 69 143 5.30 17.40 4.39

Sep 28.20 82 116 6.60 18.00 3.91

Oct 26.10 78 70 9.30 19.30 3.71

Nov 21.30 74 52 8.10 15.40 2.55

Dec 17.10 74 62 8.90 15.10 2.06

(b) Crop Coefficient ( Kc)

The crop coefficient is the ratio of ETc / ETo, where, ETc is the crop

evapotranspiration of a crop and ETo is the reference evapotranspiration of grass crop.

Kc is defined as the canopy coverage factor, which is influenced by following factors:

(i) Type of Crop(ii) Growth stage of the crop(iii) Climate and(iv) Surface moisture condition of the field

The Kc values for each of the four stages of the crop development have been finalized

in consultation with the Scientists of Rajendra Agriculture University, Pusa,

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Samastipur and with reference to FAO Publication No. 24 and the same are given in

Table 8.5.

Table 8.5Duration of Crop Stages and Crop Coefficient, Kc, in the Project Area

SlN.

Name ofcrop

Duration Crop Coefficient

Total I II III IV I II III IV

Initial Develop-ment

Midseason

LateSeason

Initial Develop-ment

Midseason

LateSeason

1 Kharif

Paddy-I 132 20+6 40 40 26 0.85 1.05 1.05 0.90

Paddy -II 112 20 30 40 22 0.85 1.05 1.05 0.90

Maize 123 20 35 35 33 0.6 => 1.00 => 0.55

Jute 123 16 61 31 15 0.89 1.20 1.14 0.63

2 Rabi

Wheat 130 20 40 40 30 0.4 0.70 1.10 =>0.20

Maize 92 15 25 30 22 0.65 => 1.10 =>0.55

Oilseed 128 20 40 40 285 0.55 => 1.10 0.40

Pulses 128 20 40 40 28 0.3 0.70 1.05 0.30

Vegetables 110 20 25 35 30 0.35 0.65 0.95 0.80

3 Hotweather

Maize 87 14 24 30 19 0.65 => 1.10 => 0.55

GreenGram

82 15 25 25 17 0.45 => 1.15 => 0.60

Vegetables 94 20 25 30 19 0.30 0.95 1.05 0.90

4 Perennial

Sugarcane 334 80 80 90 84 0.35 => 0.95 =>0.50

(c) Effective Rainfall (ER)

The crop requirement can be fully or partly met by the rainfall. However, all the

rainfall is not effective as part of it gets lost by surface runoff, deep percolation and

evaporation. The effective rainfall (ER) is that part of rainfall which is actually

available to the crop for its growth. The effectiveness of the rainfall depends on a

number of factors such as rainfall intensity and duration, land slope, ground water

condition, soil characteristics, vegetative cover, temperature, field management

practices etc.

In the present study, the effective rainfall has been computed on the basis of the

monthly normal rainfall of the respective districts in which the basin area is located.

From the district-wise rainfall values, as given in Table 2.28, weighted average

rainfall values of Burhi Gandak- Bagmati and Mahananda basin have been separately

Final Report


worked out. The weighted average rainfall of the Burhi Gandak- Bagmati basin has

been worked out considering part areas of east & west Champaran, Samstipur,

Begusarai, Muzaffarpur, Khagaria, Madhubani and Sitamarhi districts lying in the

basin while that for Mahananda basin, district rainfall of the Purnea (including Araria

and Kishanganj districts) and Katihar districts has been considered. The weighted

average rainfall has been computed by the following expression:

Weighted average rainfall =

Where :Wi = District area falling in the basinXi = District rainfalln = Number of districts

The weighted average rainfall thus worked out is given in Tables 8.6 and 8.7respectively.

Table-8.6Weighted Average Rainfall – Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total(mm)District Basin

Area(W) in'sq.km'

Rain fall (X) in 'mm'

E&WChamparan 1797 16.00 11.70 12.20 17.00 51.30 207.70 351.00 325.20 223.60 54.80 4.80 3.20 1278.50

Samastipur 1183 14.30 13.20 8.70 12.90 41.30 153.80 286.70 291.30 232.30 78.00 6.70 2.80 1142.00

Begusarai 730 11.80 12.30 10.70 17.30 41.50 144.20 256.80 289.20 198.80 79.10 40.80 2.20 1104.70

Muzaffarpur 1356 14.40 13.20 7.70 11.80 47.80 164.10 304.80 292.70 208.80 61.70 5.80 2.40 1135.20

Khagaria 536 14.80 15.50 10.90 16.50 47.90 186.20 278.30 300.70 217.20 70.50 9.30 2.40 1170.20

Darbhanga 695 13.10 11.50 9.90 18.50 59.30 180.10 286.50 280.30 212.90 60.00 8.20 1.80 1142.10

Madhu bani 924 13.10 10.30 12.10 24.60 72.80 212.20 234.80 303.40 222.90 73.40 7.70 1.90 1189.20

Sitamarhi 2294 15.00 14.30 13.30 19.20 68.00 215.70 339.70 307.00 222.10 57.00 6.10 2.60 1280.00

Wt. Avg. Rainfall 14.44 12.84 11.02 17.12 55.31 189.05 306.38 302.43 219.10 64.13 9.04 2.54 1203.40

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Table-8.7Weighted Average Rainfall – Mahananda Basin

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total(mm)

District BasinArea

(W) in'sq.km'

Rainfall (X) in 'mm'

Purnea * 3144 13.70 12.20 16.00 43.70 116.70 316.50 442.10 371.90 296.00 88.20 7.60 2.10 1726.70

Katihar 1071 9.60 12.10 11.60 23.10 82.90 220.00 307.20 291.50 241.10 98.10 7.30 1.30 1305.80

Wt. Avg. Rainfall 12.66 12.17 14.88 38.47 108.11 291.98 407.82 351.47 282.05 90.72 7.52 1.90 1619.75

Note: District Purnea includes districts Araria and Kisanganj

From the weighted average rainfall, the month-wise effective rainfall has been

computed using the method recommended by the United States Bureau of

Reclamation (USBR). This method prescribes following two equations to compute

effective rainfall.

The month-wise effective rainfall thus worked out is given in Tables 8.8 and 8.9 for

Burhi Gandak and Mahananda Basins respectively.

Table- 8.8Effective Rainfall - Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin

(Unit: mm)

Sl.No

Month Weighted Avg.Rainfall*

Eff. Rainfall(ER)

ER/day

1 Jan 14.44 14.10 0.45

2 Feb 12.84 12.60 0.45

3 Mar 11.02 10.80 0.35

4 Apr 17.12 16.70 0.56

5 May 55.31 50.40 1.63

if, rainfall > 125 mm; → Effective rainfall = 125 + (0.1 * Avg.RF)

rainfall < 125 mm; → Effective rainfall = Avg. RF / [125* (125-0.2*avg RF)]

Final Report


Sl.No

Month Weighted Avg.Rainfall*

Eff. Rainfall(ER)

ER/day

6 Jun 189.05 130.90 4.36

7 Jul 306.38 155.60 5.02

8 Aug 302.43 155.20 5.01

9 Sep 219.10 142.30 4.74

10 Oct 64.13 57.50 1.85

11 Nov 9.04 8.90 0.30

12 Dec 2.54 2.50 0.08

Table-8.9Effective Rainfall - Mahananda Basin

(Unit: mm)Sl.No.

Month WeightedAvg. Rainfall*

Eff. Rainfall(ER)

ER/day

1 Jan 12.66 12.40 0.40

2 Feb 12.17 11.94 0.41

3 Mar 14.88 14.53 0.47

4 Apr 38.47 36.10 1.20

5 May 108.11 89.41 2.98

6 Jun 291.98 154.20 5.14

7 Jul 407.82 165.78 5.35

8 Aug 351.47 160.15 5.17

9 Sep 282.05 153.21 5.11

10 Oct 90.72 77.55 2.50

11 Nov 7.52 7.43 0.25

12 Dec 1.90 1.89 0.06

(d) Special Water Requirement

Percolation Loss (PL)

Paddy crop being a water loving crop needs some standing water in the field, which

increases the percolation loss. Percolation loss in the paddy field depends on several

factors such as;

Final Report


Physical and chemical characteristics of soil Slope of land Depth of soil Depth of ground water table Nature of drainage Hudraulic conductivity of soil

In case of heavy soil and shallow depth of water table, percolation rate is generally

low, being of the order of about 1 to 2 mm / day, whereas it is as high as 10 mm/day

or more in case of course – textured soils and for deeper depth of water (about 2.0

meter or more). However, according to Second Irrigation Commission, GOI, (1972)

field having percolation loss more than 5 mm per day should not be considered

suitable for paddy cultivation. Following guidelines, as given in Table 8.10 are

generally adopted for considering the appropriate value of percolation loss:

Table 8.10Percolation Loss

Sl. No. Type of Soil Percolation Lossmm/day

1 Clay 1.0 to 1.5

2 Silty Clay 1.5 to 2.0

3 Clay loam, Silty Clay loam 2.0 to 2.5

4 Sandy Clay Loam 2.5 to 3.0

5 Sandy Loam 3.0 to 3.5

For the command area under study, the percolation loss has been considered as 3 mm

per day. The percolation loss has been considered only after transplanting operation of

paddy right upto the period of maturity and not during nursery stage.

Pre Sowing Requirement (PSR)

Land preparation of the field like puddling becomes necessary before transplantation

of the paddy seeding. Hence, an additional water supply is often required for this

purpose in addition to pre-sowing irrigation for the nursery bed which is taken into

account for 1/10th of actual cropped area. Therefore, an additional water requirement

of 125 mm has been considered for pre-sowing irrigation for nursery bed as well as

for transplantation while working out net irrigation requirement for the paddy crop.

Final Report


Since the soil moisture content in the area under study remains sufficiently enough, no

pre-sowing irrigation for other crops has been considered.

8.4.1 Computation of Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)

The climatological data pertaining to the respective basins indicates that the

climatology of the Burhi Gandak and Bagmati basins is nearly same. Therefore, both

these basins have been clubbed together for carrying out agronomical studies. The

Mahananda basin, on the other hand, receives comparatively more rainfall than the

Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin. The agronomical studies of the Mahananda basin have,

therefore been taken up separately.

The NIR is the total depth of water required for crop growth after deducting rainfall

contribution. Therefore, NIR can be expressed as:

NIR = CWR + PL + PSR – ER

Where:

NIR is the Net irrigation requirement.

CWR is the crop water requirement given by.

CWR = ETo x Kc

PL is Percolation loss.

PSR is Pre-sowing requirement.

ER is Effective rainfall.

In consideration with the values of Kc, ETo, PL, PSR and ER as discussed above and

the crop calendar given in the Table 8.11, Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) for

individual crop has been worked out on 10-daily basis, separately for Burhi Gandak-

Bagmati basin and Mahananda basin.

The 10-daily NIR values are given in Tables 8.12 to 8.35. The abstract of 10-daily

NIR values of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin and Mahananda basin are given in Tables

8.36 and 8.37 respectively.

Final Report


Table 8.11Crop Calendar for Selected Crops in

Burhi Gandak - Bagmati and Mahananda Basins

SI.No.

Name of Crop CropDurationin Days

Date ofSowing

Date ofTransplantation

Date ofHarvest

1 Kharif

i) Paddy-I 132 Jun 21-30 Jul 01-20Oct 31-Nov 10

ii) Paddy-II 112 Jul 1 - 10 Jul 21 - 31 Oct 21 - 31

iii) Maize 123 May 11-20 Sep 11-20

iv) Jute 123 Jun 21-25 Oct 15 - 20

2 Rabi

i) Wheat 130 Nov 11-20 Mar 21-31

ii) Maize 92 Nov 11-20 Feb 10-20

iii) Oilseeds 128 Oct 11-20 Feb 16-25

iv) Pulses 128 Oct 11-20 Feb 16-25

v) Vegetables 110 Nov 11-20 Mar 1-103 Hot Weather

i) Maize 92 Mar 11-20 Jun 10-20

ii) Green Gram 82 Mar 25-31 Jun 11-20

iii) Vegetables 94 Feb 11-20 May 16-25

4 Perennial

i) Sugarcane 334 Feb 21-28 Jan 21-31

Final Report


Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin

TABLE-8.12

NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR PADDY-I, KHARIFDuration 132 Days Date of Transplantation Jul 11

Date of Sowing Jun 21 Harvest Period Oct 31 to Nov 10

(Unit: mm)

Duration 10-daily Stage @ Days Eto/day* Eto Kc** CWR PL *** PSR $ ER/day # ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 = 4*5 7 8 = 7*6 9 10 11 12 =4*11 13 14

Nursery Period

June 21 to June 30 III

I

10 5.26 52.60 0.85 44.71 0 125.00 4.36 43.60 12.61 12.61

July 1 to July 10 I 10 4.20 42.00 0.85 35.70 0 0.00 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00

Cropping Period

July 11 to July 16 II 6 4.20 25.20 0.85 21.42 18 125.00 5.02 30.12 134.30143.86

July 17 to July 20 II

II

4 4.20 16.80 1.05 17.64 12 0.00 5.02 20.08 9.56

July 21 toJuly 31 III 11 4.20 46.20 1.05 48.51 33 0.00 5.02 55.22 26.29 26.29

Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.05 40.50 1.05 42.53 30 0.00 5.01 50.10 22.43 22.43

Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.05 40.50 1.05 42.53 30 0.00 5.01 50.10 22.43 22.43

Aug 21 to Aug 25 III 5 4.05 20.25 1.05 21.26 15 0.00 5.01 25.05 11.2124.67

Aug 26 to Aug 31 III

III

6 4.05 24.30 1.05 25.52 18 0.00 5.01 30.06 13.46

Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 3.63 36.30 1.05 38.12 30 0.00 4.74 47.40 20.72 20.72

Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.63 36.30 1.05 38.12 30 0.00 4.74 47.40 20.72 20.72

Sept 21 to Sept 30 III 10 3.63 36.30 1.05 38.12 30 0.00 4.74 47.40 20.72 20.72

Oct 1 to Oct 4 I 4 3.45 13.80 1.05 14.49 12 0.00 1.85 7.40 19.0944.62

Oct 5 to Oct 10 I

IV

6 3.45 20.70 0.90 18.63 18 0.00 1.85 11.10 25.53

Oct 11 to Oct 15 II 5 3.45 17.25 0.90 15.53 15 0.00 1.85 9.25 21.28 21.28

Oct16 to Oct 31 15 No irrigation, Dry out Period

Crop Duration 132 380.32 380.32Note:@ Stage I is of 26 days. Out of 26 days, 20 days are for nursery purpose during which area has been reduced to 1/10th.Remaining 6 days are for transplantation purpose.Eto/day (Evapotranspiration) values, refer Table-8.18Kc (Crop Coefficient) values , refer Table-8.20PL (Percolation Loss) has been considered @ 3 mm/day. No percolation loss has been considered during nursery period.$ PSR (Pre sowing requirement) has been considered as 125 mm# ER/day ( Effective Rainfall/day), refer Table-8.23

Final Report



Table-8.13NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR PADDY-II KHARIF

Duration 112 Days

Date of Sowing Jul 1

Date of Transplantation Jul 21

Harvest Period Oct 21 to Oct 31 (Unit: mm)

Duration10-

daily Stage @ Days Eto/day* Eto Kc** CWR PL *** PSR $ ER/day # ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 = 4*5 7 8 = 7*6 9 10 11 12 =4*11 13 14

Nursery Period


10 4.20 42.000.85

8.50 0.00 125.00 5.02 50.20 8.33 8.33

July 11 to July 20 II 10 4.20 42.00 8.50 0.00 0.00 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00

Cropping Period

July 21 to July 31 III

II

11 4.20 46.20

1.05

11.55 33.00 125.00 5.02 55.22 114.33 114.33

Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.05 40.50 10.50 30.00 0.00 5.01 50.10 0 0.00

Aug 11 to Aug 19II

9 4.05 36.45 9.45 27.00 0.00 5.01 45.09 00.00

Aug 20

III

1 4.05 4.05

1.05

1.05 3.00 0.00 5.01 5.01 0

Aug 21 to Aug31 III 11 4.05 44.55 11.55 33.00 0.00 5.01 55.11 0 0.00

Sep 1 to Sep 10 I 10 3.63 36.30 10.50 30.00 0.00 4.74 47.40 0 0.00

Sep 11 to Sep 20 III 10 3.63 36.30 10.50 30.00 0.00 4.74 47.40 0 0.00

Sept 21 to Sep 28II

8 3.63 29.04 8.40 24.00 0.00 4.74 37.92 00.00

Sept 29 to Sept 30

IV

2 3.63 7.26

0.90

1.80 6.00 0.00 4.74 9.48 0

Oct 1 to Oct 8 III 8 3.45 27.60 7.20 24.00 0.00 1.85 14.80 16.4 16.40

Oct 9 to Oct 10 I 2 3.45 6.90 1.80 6.00 0.00 1.85 3.70 4.1 4.10

Oct 11 to Oct 20 II 10 No irrigation, dry out periodI

Total Duration 112 143.16 143.16

Final Report


Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.14

NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR MAIZE-KHARIF

Duration 123 Days

Date of Sowing 11-May

Harvest Period Sept 11 to Sept 20

(Unit :mm)

Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 = 5*6 8 9=8*4 10 11

May 11 to May 20 III

10 6.30 63.00 0.60 37.80 1.63 16.30 21.50 21.50

May 21 to May 31 III 11 6.30 69.30 0.60 41.58 1.63 17.93 23.65 23.65

Jun 1 to Jun 10 I

II

10 5.26 52.60 0.80 42.08 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00

Jun 11 to Jun 20 II 10 5.26 52.60 0.80 42.08 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00

Jun 21 to Jun 30 III 10 5.26 52.60 0.80 42.08 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00

July 1 to July 4 I 4 4.20 16.80 0.80 13.44 5.02 20.08 0.000.00

July 5 to July 10 I

III

6 4.20 25.20 1.00 25.20 5.02 30.12 0.00

July 11 to July 20 II 10 4.20 42.00 1.00 42.00 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00

July 21 to July 31 III 11 4.20 46.20 1.00 46.20 5.02 55.22 0.00 0.00

Aug 1 to Aug 8 I 8 4.05 32.40 1.00 32.40 5.01 40.08 0.000.00

Aug 9 to Aug 10 I

IV

2 4.05 8.10 0.55 4.46 5.01 10.02 0.00

Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.05 40.50 0.55 22.28 5.01 50.10 0.00 0.00

Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.05 44.55 0.55 24.50 5.01 55.11 0.00 0.00

Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 No Irrigation, dry out period

Crop Duration 123 45.15 45.15

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR WHEAT-RABIDuration 130 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Mar 22 to Mar 31

(Unit: mm)

Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR10-D-aaNIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12Nov 11 to Nov 20 II

I10 2.54 25.40 0.40 10.16 0.30 3.00 7.16 7.16

Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 0.40 10.16 0.30 3.00 7.16 7.16

Dec 1 to Dec 10 I

II

10 1.84 18.40 0.70 12.88 0.08 0.80 12.08 12.08

Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 1.84 18.40 0.70 12.88 0.08 0.80 12.08 12.08

Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 1.84 20.24 0.70 14.17 0.08 0.88 13.29 13.29

Jan 1 to Jan 9 I 9 1.91 17.19 0.70 12.03 0.45 4.05 7.989.63

Jan 10 I

III

1 1.91 1.91 1.10 2.10 0.45 0.45 1.65

Jan 10 to Jan 20 II 10 1.91 19.10 1.10 21.01 0.45 4.50 16.51 16.51

Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.91 21.01 1.10 23.11 0.45 4.95 18.16 18.16

Feb 1 to Feb 10 I 10 2.74 27.40 1.10 30.14 0.45 4.50 25.64 25.64

Feb 11 to Feb 18 II 8 2.74 21.92 1.10 24.11 0.45 3.60 20.5120.71

Feb 19 to Feb 20 II

IV

2 2.74 5.48 0.20 1.10 0.45 0.90 0.20

Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.74 21.92 0.20 4.38 0.45 3.60 0.78 0.78

Mar 1 to Mar 5 I 5 4.22 21.10 0.20 4.22 0.35 1.75 2.47 2.47

Mar 6 to Mar 20 15 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 130 145.68 145.68

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT (NIR) FOR MAIZE-RABIDuration 92 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Feb 11 to Feb 20

(Unit :mm)Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12Nov 11 to Nov 20 II

I10 2.54 25.40 0.65 16.51 0.30 3.00 13.51 13.51

Nov 21 to Nov 25 III 5 2.54 12.70 0.65 8.26 0.30 1.50 6.7616.37

Nov 26 to Nov 30 IIIII

5 2.54 12.70 0.88 11.11 0.30 1.50 9.61

Dec 1 to Dec 10 I 10 1.84 18.40 0.88 16.10 0.08 0.80 15.30 15.30

Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 1.84 18.40 0.88 16.10 0.08 0.80 15.30 15.30

Dec 21 to Dec 31 IIIIII

11 1.84 20.24 1.10 22.26 0.08 0.88 21.38 21.38

Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.91 19.10 1.10 21.01 0.45 4.50 16.51 16.51

Jan 11 to Jan 19 II 9 1.91 17.19 1.10 18.91 0.45 4.05 14.8615.46

Jan 20 IIIV

1 1.91 1.91 0.55 1.05 0.45 0.45 0.60

Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.91 21.01 0.55 11.56 0.45 4.95 6.61 6.61

Feb 1 to Feb 6 I 6 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 92 120.44 120.44

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT (NIR) FOR OIL SEEDS- RABIDuration 128 DaysDate of Sowing 11-OctHarvest Period Feb 16 to Feb 25

(Unit : mm)

Duration10-

daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12

Oct 11 to Oct 20 III

10 3.45 34.50 0.55 18.98 1.85 18.50 0.48 0.48

Oct 21 to Oct 30 III 10 3.45 34.50 0.55 18.98 1.85 18.50 0.481.47

Oct 31 III

II

1 3.45 3.45 0.83 2.85 1.85 1.85 1.00

Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.54 25.40 0.83 20.96 0.30 3.00 17.96 17.96

Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.54 25.40 0.83 20.96 0.30 3.00 17.96 17.96

Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 0.83 20.96 0.30 3.00 17.96 17.96

Dec 1 to Dec 9 I 9 1.84 16.56 0.83 13.66 0.08 0.72 12.9414.89

Dec 10 I

III

1 1.84 1.84 1.10 2.02 0.08 0.08 1.94

Dec 11 to Dec 20 I 10 1.84 18.40 1.10 20.24 0.08 0.80 19.44 19.44

Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 1.84 20.24 1.10 22.26 0.08 0.88 21.38 21.38

Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.91 19.10 1.10 21.01 0.45 4.50 16.51 16.51

Jan 11 to Jan 18 II 8 1.91 15.28 1.10 16.81 0.45 3.60 13.2113.84

Jan 19 to Jan 20 IIIV

2 1.91 3.82 0.40 1.53 0.45 0.90 0.63

Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.91 21.01 0.40 8.40 0.45 4.95 3.45 3.45

Feb 1 to Feb 15 15 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 128 145.32 145.32

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT (NIR) FOR PULSES- RABIDuration 128 DaysDate of Sowing 11-OctHarvest Period Feb 16 to Feb 25

(Unit : mm)

Duration10-



10 3.45 34.50 0.30 10.35 1.85 18.50 0.00 0.00

Oct 21 to Oct 30 III 10 3.45 34.50 0.30 10.35 1.85 18.50 0.000.57

Oct 31 III

II

1 3.45 3.45 0.70 2.42 1.85 1.85 0.57

Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.54 25.40 0.70 17.78 0.30 3.00 14.78 14.78

Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.54 25.40 0.70 17.78 0.30 3.00 14.78 14.78

Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 0.70 17.78 0.30 3.00 14.78 14.78

Dec 1 to Dec 9 I 9 1.84 16.56 0.70 11.59 0.08 0.72 10.8712.72

Dec 10 I

III

1 1.84 1.84 1.05 1.93 0.08 0.08 1.85

Dec 11 to Dec 20 I 10 1.84 18.40 1.05 19.32 0.08 0.80 18.52 18.52

Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 1.84 20.24 1.05 21.25 0.08 0.88 20.37 20.37

Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.91 19.10 1.05 20.06 0.45 4.50 15.56 15.56

Jan 11 to Jan 18 II 8 1.91 15.28 1.05 16.04 0.45 3.60 12.4412.69


2 1.91 3.82 0.30 1.15 0.45 0.90 0.25

Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.91 21.01 0.30 6.30 0.45 4.95 1.35 1.35

Feb 1 to Feb 15 15 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 128 126.12 126.12

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT (NIR) FOR VEGETABLES- RABIDuration 110 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Mar 1 to Mar 10

(Unit :mm)

Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12

Nov 11 to Nov 20 III

10 2.54 25.40 0.35 8.89 0.30 3.00 5.89 5.89

Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 0.35 8.89 0.30 3.00 5.89 5.89

Dec 1 to Dec 10 III

10 1.84 18.40 0.65 11.96 0.08 0.80 11.16 11.16

Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 1.84 18.40 0.65 11.96 0.08 0.80 11.16 11.16

Dec 21 to Dec 25 III 5 1.84 9.20 0.65 5.98 0.08 0.40 5.5815.59

Dec 26 to Dec 31 III

III

6 1.84 11.04 0.95 10.49 0.08 0.48 10.01

Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.91 19.10 0.95 18.15 0.45 4.50 13.65 13.65

Jan 11 to Jan 20 II 10 1.91 19.10 0.95 18.15 0.45 4.50 13.65 13.65

Jan 21 to Jan 29 III 9 1.91 17.19 0.95 16.33 0.45 4.05 12.2814.44

Jan 30 to Jan 31 III

IV

2 1.91 3.82 0.80 3.06 0.45 0.90 2.16

Feb 1 to Feb 10 I 10 2.74 27.40 0.80 21.92 0.45 4.50 17.42 17.42

Feb 11 to Feb 20 II 10 2.74 27.40 0.80 21.92 0.45 4.50 17.42 17.42

Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.74 21.92 0.80 17.54 0.45 3.60 13.94 13.94

Crop Duration 110 140.19 140.19

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF MAIZE (HOT WEATHER)Duration 92 DaysDate of Sowing 11-Mar

Harvest Period Jun 10 to Jun 20(Unit : mm)

Duration10-


Mar 11 to Mar 20 III

10 4.22 42.20 0.65 27.43 0.35 3.50 23.93 23.93

Mar 21 to Mar 25 III 5 4.22 21.10 0.65 13.72 0.35 1.75 11.9732.02

Mar 26 to Mar 31 IIIII

6 4.22 25.32 0.88 22.16 0.35 2.10 20.06

Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.74 57.40 0.88 50.23 0.56 5.60 44.63 44.63

Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.74 57.40 0.88 50.23 0.56 5.60 44.63 44.63

Apr 21 to Apr 30 IIIII

10 5.74 57.40 1.10 63.14 0.56 5.60 57.54 57.54

May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.30 63.00 1.10 69.30 1.63 16.30 53.00 53.00

May 11 to May 20 II 10 6.30 63.00 1.10 69.30 1.63 16.30 53.00 53.00

May 21 to May 31 IIIIV

11 6.30 69.30 0.55 38.12 1.63 17.93 20.19 20.19

Jun 1 to Jun 4 I 4 5.26 21.04 0.55 11.57 4.36 4.36 7.21 7.21

Jun 5 to Jun 10 I 6 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 92 336.14 336.14

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF GREEN GRAM (HOT WEATHER)

Duration 82 DaysDate of Sowing 25-MarHarvest Period Jun 15 to Jun 20

(Unit :mm)


Mar 25 to Mar 31 IIII

7 4.22 29.54 0.45 13.29 0.35 2.45 10.84 10.84

Apr 1 to Apr 8 I 8 5.74 45.92 0.45 20.66 0.56 4.48 20.1028.73

Apr 9 to Apr 10 I

II

2 5.74 11.48 0.80 9.18 0.56 1.12 8.62

Apr11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.74 57.4 0.80 45.92 0.56 5.60 45.36 45.36

Apr 21 to Apr 30 III 10 5.74 57.4 0.80 45.92 0.56 5.60 45.36 45.36

May 1 to May 3 I 3 6.30 18.9 0.80 15.12 1.63 4.89 13.4962.58

May 4 to May10 I

III

7 6.30 44.1 1.15 50.72 1.63 11.41 49.09

May 11 to May 20 II 10 6.30 63 1.15 72.45 1.63 16.30 70.82 70.82

May 21 to May 28 III 8 6.30 50.4 1.15 57.96 1.63 13.04 56.3366.04


IV

3 6.30 18.9 0.60 11.34 1.63 4.89 9.71

Jun 1 to Jun 5 I 5 5.26 26.3 0.60 15.78 4.36 21.80 0.000.00

Jun 6 to Jun 10 I 5 5.26 26.3 0.60 15.78 4.36 21.80 0.00

Jun 11 to Jun 14 4 No Irrigation, dry out period


Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF VEGETABLES (HOT WEATHER)

Duration 94 DaysDate of Sowing 11-FebHarvest Period May 16 to May 25

(Unit :mm)


Feb 11 to Feb 20 II

I

10 2.74 27.40 0.30 8.22 0.45 4.50 3.72 3.72

Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.74 21.92 0.30 6.58 0.45 3.60 2.98 2.98

Mar 1 to Mar 2 I 2 4.22 8.44 0.30 2.53 0.35 0.70 1.8331.10

Mar 3 to Mar 10 I

II

8 4.22 33.76 0.95 32.07 0.35 2.80 29.27

Mar 11 to Mar 20 II 10 4.22 42.20 0.95 40.09 0.35 3.50 36.59 36.59

Mar21 to Mar 27 III 7 4.22 29.54 0.95 28.06 0.35 2.45 25.6141.94


III

4 4.22 16.88 1.05 17.72 0.35 1.40 16.32

Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.74 57.40 1.05 60.27 0.56 5.60 54.67 54.67

Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.74 57.40 1.05 60.27 0.56 5.60 54.67 54.67

Apr 21 to 26 III 6 5.74 34.44 1.05 36.16 0.56 3.36 32.8051.23

Apr 27 to Apr 30 III

IV

4 5.74 22.96 0.90 20.66 0.56 2.24 18.42

May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.30 63.00 0.90 56.70 1.63 16.30 40.40 40.40

May 11 to May 15 II 5 6.30 31.50 0.90 28.35 1.63 8.15 20.20 20.20


Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE (PERENNIAL)Duration 334 DaysDate of Sowing 21-FebHarvest Period Jan 20 to Jan 31

(Unit :mm)


Feb 21 to Feb 28 III

I

8 2.74 21.92

0.35

7.67 0.45 3.60 4.07 4.07

Mar 1 to Mar 10 I 10 4.22 42.20 14.77 0.35 3.50 11.27 11.27

Mar 11 to Mar 20 II 10 4.22 42.20 14.77 0.35 3.50 11.27 11.27

Mar 21 to Mar 31 III 11 4.22 46.42 16.25 0.35 3.85 12.40 12.40

Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.74 57.40 20.09 0.56 5.60 14.49 14.49

Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.74 57.40 20.09 0.56 5.60 14.49 14.49

Apr21 to Apr 30 III 10 5.74 57.40 20.09 0.56 5.60 14.49 14.49

May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.30 63.00 22.05 1.63 16.30 5.75 5.75

May 11 II 1 6.30 6.30 2.21 1.63 1.63 0.5822.76

May 12 to May 20 II

II

9 6.30 56.70

0.65

36.86 1.63 14.67 22.19

May 21 to May 31 III 11 6.30 69.30 45.05 1.63 17.93 27.12 27.12

Jun 1 to Jun 10 I 10 5.26 52.60 34.19 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00

Jun 11 to Jun 20 II 10 5.26 52.60 34.19 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00

Jun 21 to Jun 30 III 11 5.26 57.86 37.61 4.36 47.96 0.00 0.00

July 1 to July 10 I 10 4.20 42.00 27.30 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00

July 11 to July 20 II 10 4.20 42.00 27.30 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00

July 21 to July 29 III 9 4.20 37.80 24.57 5.02 45.18 0.000.00

July 30 to July 31 IIIIII

2 4.20 8.400.95

7.98 5.02 10.04 0.00

Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.05 40.50 38.48 5.01 50.10 0.00 0.00

Final Report



Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.05 40.50 38.48 5.01 50.10 0.00 0.00

Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.05 44.55 42.32 5.01 55.11 0.00 0.00

Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 3.63 36.30 34.49 4.74 47.40 0.00 0.00

Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.63 36.30 34.49 4.74 47.40 0.00 0.00

Sept 21 to Sept 30 III 10 3.63 36.30 34.49 4.74 47.40 0.00 0.00

Oct 1 to Oct 10 I 10 3.45 34.50 32.78 1.85 18.50 14.28 14.28

Oct 11 to Oct 20 II 10 3.45 34.50 32.78 1.85 18.50 14.28 14.28

Oct 21 to Oct 27 III 7 3.45 24.15 22.94 1.85 12.95 9.999.99


IV

4 3.45 13.80

0.50

6.90 1.85 7.40 0.00

Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.54 25.40 12.70 0.30 3.00 9.70 9.70

Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.54 25.40 12.70 0.30 3.00 9.70 9.70

Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 12.70 0.30 3.00 9.70 9.70

Dec 1 to Dec 10 I 10 1.84 18.40 9.20 0.08 0.80 8.40 8.40

Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 1.84 18.40 9.20 0.08 0.80 8.40 8.40

Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 1.84 20.24 10.12 0.08 0.88 9.24 9.24

Jan 1 to Jan 9 I 9 1.91 17.19 8.60 0.45 4.05 4.55 4.55

Jan 10 to Jan 19 II 10 No irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 334 236.33 236.33

Final Report


Mahananda Basin

Table-8.24NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR PADDY I -KHARIF

Duration 132 Days Date of Transplantation 11-Jul

Date of Sowing 21-Jun Harvest Period Oct 31 to Nov 10

(Unit: mm)

Duration 10-daily Stage @ Days Eto/day Eto * Kc ** CWR PL *** PSR $ ER/day # ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 = 4*5 7 8 = 7*6 9 10 11 12 =4*11 13 14

Nursery Period

June 21 to June 30 III

I

10 4.91 49.10 0.85 41.74 0 125.00 5.14 51.40 11.53 11.53

July 1 to July 10 I 10 3.99 39.90 0.85 33.92 0 0.00 5.35 53.50 0.00 0.00

Cropping Period

July 11 to July 16 II 6 3.99 23.94 0.85 20.35 18 125.00 5.35 32.10 131.25138.61


II

4 3.99 15.96 1.05 16.76 12 0.00 5.35 21.40 7.36

July 21 toJuly 31 III 11 3.99 43.89 1.05 46.08 33 0.00 5.35 58.85 20.23 20.23

Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.39 43.90 1.05 46.10 30 0.00 5.17 51.70 24.40 24.40

Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.39 43.90 1.05 46.10 30 0.00 5.17 51.70 24.40 24.40

Aug 21 to Aug 25 III 5 4.39 21.95 1.05 23.05 15 0.00 5.17 25.85 12.2026.83

Aug 26 to Aug 31 III

III

6 4.39 26.34 1.05 27.66 18 0.00 5.17 31.02 14.64

Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 3.91 39.10 1.05 41.06 30 0.00 5.11 51.10 19.96 19.96

Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.91 39.10 1.05 41.06 30 0.00 5.11 51.10 19.96 19.96

Sept 21 to Sept 30 III 10 3.91 39.10 1.05 41.06 30 0.00 5.11 51.10 19.96 19.96

Oct 1 to Oct 4 I 4 3.71 14.84 1.05 15.58 12 0.00 2.50 10.00 17.5840.62

Oct 5 to Oct 10 I

IV

6 3.71 22.26 0.90 20.03 18 0.00 2.50 15.00 23.03

Oct 11 to Oct 15 II 5 3.71 18.55 0.90 16.70 15 0.00 2.50 12.50 19.20 19.20

Oct16 to Oct 31 15 No irrigation, Dry out Period

Crop Duration 132 365.68 365.68

Note: @ Stage I is of 26 days. Out of 26 days, 20 days are for nursery purpose during which area has been reduced to 1/10th.Remaining 6 days are for transplantation purpose.

* Eto values, refer Table-8.19

** Kc value, refer Table-8.20

*** PL (Percolation Loss) has been considered @ 3 mm/day. No percolation loss has been considered during nursery period.$ PSR ( Pre Sowing requirement) has been considered as 125 mm# ER ( Effective Rainfall), refer Table-8.24

Final Report


Mahananda BasinTable-8.25

NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR PADDY-II KHARIFDuration 112 Days

Date of Sowing 1-Jul

Date of Transplantation 21-Jul

Harvest Period Oct 21 to Oct 31 (Unit: mm)

Duration 10-daily Stage @ Days Eto/day* Eto Kc** CWR PL *** PSR $ ER/day # ER NIR

10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 = 4*5 7 8 = 7*6 9 10 11 12 =4*11 13 14

Nursery Period

July 1 to July 10 I

I

10 3.99 39.90

0.85

8.50 0.00 125.00 5.35 53.50 8.00 8.00

July 11 to July 20 II 10 3.99 39.90 8.50 0.00 0.00 5.35 53.50 0.00 0.00

Cropping Period

July 21 To July 31 III

II

11 3.99 43.89

1.05

11.55 33.00 125.00 5.35 58.85 110.70 110.70

Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.39 43.90 10.50 30.00 0.00 5.17 51.70 0.00 0.00

Aug 11 to Aug 19II

9 4.39 39.51 9.45 27.00 0.00 5.17 46.53 0.000.00

Aug 20

III

1 4.39 4.39

1.05

1.05 3.00 0.00 5.17 5.17 0.00

Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.39 48.29 11.55 33.00 0.00 5.17 56.87 0.00 0.00

Sept 1 to Sep 10 I 10 3.91 39.10 10.50 30.00 0.00 5.11 51.10 0.00 0.00

Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.91 39.10 10.50 30.00 0.00 5.11 51.10 0.00 0.00

Sept 21 to Sept 28III

8 3.91 31.28 8.40 24.00 0.00 5.11 40.88 0.000.00

Sept 29 to Sept 30

IV

2 3.91 7.82

0.90

1.80 6.00 0.00 5.11 10.22 0.00

Oct 1 to Oct 8I

8 3.71 29.68 7.20 24.00 0.00 2.50 20.00 11.20 11.20

Oct 9 to Oct 10 2 3.71 7.42 1.80 6.00 0.00 2.50 5.00 0.00 0.00

Oct 11 to Oct 20 II 10 No irrigation, dry out period

Total 112 129.90 129.90

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR MAIZE-KHARIF

Duration 123 DaysDate of Sowing May 11Harvest Period Sept 11 to Sept 20

(Unit:mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 = 5*6 8 9=8*4 10 11


10 6.08 60.80 0.60 36.48 2.98 29.80 6.68 6.68

May 21 to May 31 III 11 6.08 66.88 0.60 40.13 2.98 32.78 7.34 7.34

Jun 1 to Jun 10 I

II

10 4.91 49.10 0.80 39.28 5.14 51.40 0.00 0.00

Jun 11 to Jun 20 II 10 4.91 49.10 0.80 39.28 5.14 51.40 0.00 0.00

Jun 21 to Jun 30 III 10 4.91 49.10 0.80 39.28 5.14 51.40 0.00 0.00

July 1 to July 4 I 4 3.99 15.96 0.80 12.77 5.35 21.40 0.000.00

July 5 to July 10 I

III

6 3.99 23.94 1.00 23.94 5.35 32.10 0.00

July 11 to July 20 II 10 3.99 39.90 1.00 39.90 5.35 53.50 0.00 0.00

July 21 to July 31 III 11 3.99 43.89 1.00 43.89 5.35 58.85 0.00 0.00

Aug 1 to Aug 8 I 8 4.39 35.12 1.00 35.12 5.17 41.36 0.000.00

Aug 9 to Aug 10 I

IV

2 4.39 8.78 0.55 4.83 5.17 10.34 0.00

Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.39 43.90 0.55 24.15 5.17 51.70 0.00 0.00

Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.39 48.29 0.55 26.56 5.17 56.87 0.00 0.00

Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 No Irrigation, Dry out periodCrop Duration 123 14.02 14.02

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR JUTE-KHARIFDuration 123 Days

Date of Sowing 21-JunHarvest Period Oct 17 to Oct 21


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12

Jun 21 to Jun 30 IIII

10 4.91 49.10 0.89 43.70 5.14 51.40 0.00 0.00

July 1 to July 6 I 6 3.99 23.94 0.89 21.31 5.35 32.10 0.000.00

July 7 to July 10 I

II

4 3.99 15.96 1.20 19.15 5.35 21.40 0.00

July 11 to July 20 II 10 3.99 39.90 1.20 47.88 5.35 53.50 0.00 0.00

July 21 to July 31 III 11 3.99 43.89 1.20 52.67 5.35 58.85 0.00 0.00

Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.39 43.90 1.20 52.68 5.17 51.70 0.98 0.98

Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.39 43.90 1.20 52.68 5.17 51.70 0.98 0.98

Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.39 48.29 1.20 57.95 5.17 56.87 1.08 1.08

Sept 1 to Sept 5 I 5 3.91 19.55 1.20 23.46 5.11 25.55 0.000.00

Sept 6 to Sept 10 I

III

5 3.91 19.55 1.14 22.29 5.11 25.55 0.00

Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.91 39.10 1.14 44.57 5.11 51.10 0.00 0.00

Sept 21 to Sept 30 III 10 3.91 39.10 1.14 44.57 5.11 51.10 0.00 0.00

Oct 1 to oct 6 I 6 3.71 22.26 1.14 25.38 2.50 15.00 10.3810.38

Oct 7 to oct 10 IIV

4 3.71 14.84 0.63 9.35 2.50 10.00 0.00

Oct 11 to Oct 16 II 6 3.71 22.26 0.63 14.02 2.50 15.00 0.00 0.00

Oct 17 to Oct 21 5 No Irrigation-dry outCrop Duration 123 13.41 13.41

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR WHEAT-RABI

Duration 130 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Mar 22 to Mar 31


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12


10 2.55 25.50 0.40 10.20 0.25 2.50 14.08 14.08

Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.55 25.50 0.40 10.20 0.25 2.50 7.70 7.70

Dec 1 to Dec 10 I

II

10 2.06 20.60 0.70 14.42 0.06 0.60 13.82 13.82

Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 2.06 20.60 0.70 14.42 0.06 0.60 13.82 13.82

Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 2.06 22.66 0.70 15.86 0.06 0.66 15.20 15.20

Jan 1 to Jan 9 I 9 1.99 17.91 0.70 12.54 0.40 3.60 8.9410.73

Jan 10 I

III

1 1.99 1.99 1.10 2.19 0.40 0.40 1.79

Jan 10 to Jan 20 II 10 1.99 19.90 1.10 21.89 0.40 4.00 17.89 17.89

Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.99 21.89 1.10 24.08 0.40 4.40 19.68 19.68

Feb 1 to Feb 10 I 10 2.95 29.50 1.10 32.45 0.41 4.10 28.35 28.35

Feb 11 to Feb 18 II 8 2.95 23.60 1.10 25.96 0.41 3.28 22.6823.04

Feb 19 to Feb 20 II

IV

2 2.95 5.90 0.20 1.18 0.41 0.82 0.36

Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.95 23.60 0.20 4.72 0.41 3.28 1.44 1.44

Mar 1 to Mar 5 I 5 4.54 22.70 0.20 4.54 0.47 2.35 2.19 2.19

Mar 6 to Mar 20 15 No Irrigation-dry out periodCrop Duration 130 167.93 167.93

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR MAIZE-RABI

Duration 92 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Feb 7 to Feb 20


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12


10 2.55 25.50 0.65 16.58 0.25 2.50 14.08 14.08

Nov 21 to Nov 25 III 5 2.55 12.75 0.65 8.29 0.25 1.25 7.0416.94


II

5 2.55 12.75 0.88 11.16 0.25 1.25 9.91

Dec 1 to Dec 10 I 10 2.06 20.60 0.88 18.03 0.06 0.60 17.43 17.43

Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 2.06 20.60 0.88 18.03 0.06 0.60 17.43 17.43


III

11 2.06 22.66 1.10 24.93 0.06 0.66 24.27 24.27

Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.99 19.90 1.10 21.89 0.40 4.00 17.89 17.89

Jan 11 to Jan 19 II 9 1.99 17.91 1.10 19.70 0.40 3.60 16.1016.79

Jan 20 II

IV

1 1.99 1.99 0.55 1.09 0.40 0.40 0.69

Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.99 21.89 0.55 12.04 0.40 4.40 7.64 7.64

Feb 1 to Feb 6 I 6 No Irrigation-dry out period


Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR OIL SEEDS- RABIDuration 128 DaysDate of Sowing 11-OctHarvest Period Feb 16 to Feb 25

(Unit: mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12


10 3.71 37.10 0.55 20.41 2.50 25.00 0.00 0.00

Oct 21 to Oct 30 III 10 3.71 37.10 0.55 20.41 2.50 25.00 0.000.56

Oct 31 III

II

1 3.71 3.71 0.83 3.06 2.50 2.50 0.56

Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.55 25.50 0.83 21.04 0.25 2.50 18.54 18.54

Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.55 25.50 0.83 21.04 0.25 2.50 18.54 18.54

Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.55 25.50 0.83 21.04 0.25 2.50 18.54 18.54

Dec 1 to Dec 9 I 9 2.06 18.54 0.83 15.30 0.06 0.54 14.7616.96

Dec 10 I

III

1 2.06 2.06 1.10 2.27 0.06 0.06 2.21

Dec 11 to Dec 20 I 10 2.06 20.60 1.10 22.66 0.06 0.60 22.06 22.06

Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 2.06 22.66 1.10 24.93 0.06 0.66 24.27 24.27

Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.99 19.90 1.10 21.89 0.40 4.00 17.89 17.89

Jan 11 to Jan 18 II 8 1.99 15.92 1.10 17.51 0.40 3.20 14.3115.10


2 1.99 3.98 0.40 1.59 0.40 0.80 0.79

Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.99 21.89 0.40 8.76 0.40 4.40 4.36 4.36

Feb 1 to Feb 15 15 No Irrigation-dry out periodCrop Duration 128 156.81 156.81

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR PULSES- RABIDuration 128 Days

Date of Sowing 11-Oct

Harvest Period Feb 16 to Feb 25

(Unit :mm)

Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12


10 3.71 37.10 0.30 11.13 2.50 25.00 0.00 0.00

Oct 21 to Oct 30 III 10 3.71 37.10 0.30 11.13 2.50 25.00 0.000.10

Oct 31 III

II

1 3.71 3.71 0.70 2.60 2.50 2.50 0.10

Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.55 25.50 0.70 17.85 0.25 2.50 15.35 15.35

Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.55 25.50 0.70 17.85 0.25 2.50 15.35 15.35

Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.55 25.50 0.70 17.85 0.25 2.50 15.35 15.35

Dec 1 to Dec 9 I 9 2.06 18.54 0.70 12.98 0.06 0.54 12.4414.54

Dec 10 I

III

1 2.06 2.06 1.05 2.16 0.06 0.06 2.10

Dec 11 to Dec 20 I 10 2.06 20.60 1.05 21.63 0.06 0.60 21.03 21.03

Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 2.06 22.66 1.05 23.79 0.06 0.66 23.13 23.13

Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.99 19.90 1.05 20.90 0.40 4.00 16.89 16.89

Jan 11 to Jan 18 II 8 1.99 15.92 1.05 16.72 0.40 3.20 13.5213.91


2 1.99 3.98 0.30 1.19 0.40 0.80 0.39

Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.99 21.89 0.30 6.57 0.40 4.40 2.17 2.17

Feb 1 to Feb 15 15 No Irrigation-dry out period

Crop Duration 128 137.82 137.82

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR VEGETABLES- RABI

Duration 110 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Mar 1 to Mar 10

(Unit :mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12


10 2.55 25.50 0.35 8.93 0.25 2.50 6.43 6.43

Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.55 25.50 0.35 8.93 0.25 2.50 6.43 6.43

Dec 1 to Dec 10 III

10 2.06 20.60 0.65 13.39 0.06 0.60 12.79 12.79

Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 2.06 20.60 0.65 13.39 0.06 0.60 12.79 12.79

Dec 21 to Dec 25 III 5 2.06 10.30 0.65 6.70 0.06 0.30 6.4017.78


III

6 2.06 12.36 0.95 11.74 0.06 0.36 11.38

Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.99 19.90 0.95 18.91 0.40 4.00 14.90 14.90

Jan 11 to Jan 20 II 10 1.99 19.90 0.95 18.91 0.40 4.00 14.90 14.90

Jan 21 to Jan 29 III 9 1.99 17.91 0.95 17.01 0.40 3.60 13.4115.80

Jan 30 to Jan 31 III

IV

2 1.99 3.98 0.80 3.18 0.40 0.80 2.38

Feb 1 to Feb 10 I 10 2.95 29.50 0.80 23.60 0.41 4.10 19.50 19.50

Feb 11 to Feb 20 II 10 2.95 29.50 0.80 23.60 0.41 4.10 19.50 19.50

Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.95 23.60 0.80 18.88 0.41 3.28 15.60 15.60

Crop Duration 110 156.41 156.41

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT FOR MAIZE (HOT WEATHER)


(Unit:mm)Date of Start 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12


10 4.54 45.40 0.65 29.51 0.47 4.70 24.81 24.81

Mar 21 to Mar 25 III 5 4.54 22.70 0.65 14.76 0.47 2.35 12.4133.42

Mar 26 to Mar 31 IIIII

6 4.54 27.24 0.88 23.84 0.47 2.82 21.02

Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.88 58.80 0.88 51.45 1.20 12.00 39.45 39.45

Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.88 58.80 0.88 51.45 1.20 12.00 39.45 39.45

Apr 21 to Apr 30 IIIII

10 5.88 58.80 1.10 64.68 1.20 12.00 52.68 52.68

May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.08 60.80 1.10 66.88 2.98 29.80 37.08 37.08

May 11 to May 20 II 10 6.08 60.80 1.10 66.88 2.98 29.80 37.08 37.08

May 21 to May 31 IIIIV

11 6.08 66.88 0.55 36.78 2.98 32.78 4.00 4.00

Jun 1 to Jun 4 I 4 4.91 19.64 0.55 10.80 5.14 20.56 0.00 0.00

Jun 5 to Jun 10 I 6 No Irrigation-dry out periodCrop Duration 92 267.96 267.96

Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT FOR GREEN GRAM (HOT WEATHER)


(Unit:mm)

Duration10-

daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12

Mar 25 to Mar 31 IIII

7 4.54 31.78 0.45 14.301 0.47 3.29 11.01 11.01

Apr 1 to Apr 8 I 8 5.88 47.04 0.45 21.168 1.20 9.60 19.9728.18

Apr 9 to Apr 10 I

II

2 5.88 11.76 0.80 9.408 1.20 2.40 8.21

Apr11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.88 58.8 0.80 47.04 1.20 12.00 45.84 45.84

Apr 21 to Apr 30 III 10 5.88 58.8 0.80 47.04 1.20 12.00 45.84 45.84

May 1 to May 3 I 3 6.08 18.24 0.80 14.592 2.98 8.94 11.6157.58

May 4 to May10 I

III

7 6.08 42.56 1.15 48.944 2.98 20.86 45.96

May 11 to May 20 II 10 6.08 60.8 1.15 69.92 2.98 29.80 66.94 66.94

May 21 to May 28 III 8 6.08 48.64 1.15 55.936 2.98 23.84 52.9660.92


IV

3 6.08 18.24 0.60 10.944 2.98 8.94 7.96

Jun 1 to Jun 5 I 5 4.91 24.55 0.60 14.73 5.14 25.70 0.000.00

Jun 6 to Jun 10 I 5 4.91 24.55 0.60 14.73 5.14 25.70 0.00

Jun 11 to Jun 14 4 No Irrigation-dry out period


Final Report



NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT FOR VEGETABLES (HOT WEATHER)

Duration 94 DaysDate of Sowing 11-FebHarvest Period May 16 to May 25


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12

Feb 11 to Feb 20 II

I

10 2.95 29.50 0.30 8.85 0.41 4.10 4.75 4.75

Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.95 23.60 0.30 7.08 0.41 3.28 3.80 3.80

Mar 1 to Mar 2 I 2 4.54 9.08 0.30 2.72 0.47 0.94 1.7832.53

Mar 3 to Mar 10 I

II

8 4.54 36.32 0.95 34.50 0.47 3.76 30.74

Mar 11 to Mar 20 II 10 4.54 45.40 0.95 43.13 0.47 4.70 38.43 38.43

Mar21 to Mar 27 III 7 4.54 31.78 0.95 30.19 0.47 3.29 26.9044.09


III

4 4.54 18.16 1.05 19.07 0.47 1.88 17.19

Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.88 58.80 1.05 61.74 1.20 12.00 49.74 49.74

Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.88 58.80 1.05 61.74 1.20 12.00 49.74 49.74

Apr 21 to 26 III 6 5.88 35.28 1.05 37.04 1.20 7.20 29.8446.21

Apr 27 to Apr 30 III

IV

4 5.88 23.52 0.90 21.17 1.20 4.80 16.37

May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.08 60.80 0.90 54.72 2.98 29.80 24.92 24.92

May 11 to May 15 II 5 6.08 30.40 0.90 27.36 2.98 14.90 12.46 12.46


Final Report



Table-8.36

Abstract of Net Crop Water Requirement (NIR)(Unit: mm)

Month 10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Perennial Total

Paddy I Paddy II Maize Wheat Maize Oil seed Pulses Veg. Maize G. Gram Veg. S. Cane

June

I 0.00 7.21 0.00 0.00 7.21

II 0.00 0.00 0.00

III 12.61 0.00 0.00 12.61

July

I 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 8.33

II 143.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 143.86

III 26.29 114.33 0.00 0.00 140.62

August

I 22.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.43

II 22.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.43

III 24.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.67

September

I 20.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.72

II 20.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.72

III 20.72 0.00 0.00 20.72

October

I 44.62 16.40 14.28 75.30

II 21.28 4.10 0.48 0.00 14.28 40.13

III 1.47 0.57 9.99 12.03

November

I 17.96 14.78 9.70 42.44

II 7.16 13.51 17.96 14.78 5.89 9.70 69.00

III 7.16 16.37 17.96 14.78 5.89 9.70 71.85

December

I 12.08 15.30 14.89 12.72 11.16 8.40 74.55

II 12.08 15.30 19.44 18.52 11.16 8.40 84.90

III 13.29 21.38 21.38 20.37 15.59 9.24 101.26

Final Report


January

I 9.63 16.51 16.51 15.56 13.65 4.55 76.40

II 16.51 15.46 13.84 12.69 13.65 72.14

III 18.16 6.61 3.45 1.35 14.44 44.01

February

I 25.64 17.42 43.06

II 20.71 17.42 3.72 41.85

III 0.78 13.94 2.98 4.07 21.77

March

I 2.47 31.10 11.27 44.84

II 23.93 36.59 11.27 71.79

III 32.02 10.84 41.94 12.40 97.20

April

I 44.63 28.73 54.67 14.49 142.51

II 44.63 45.36 54.67 14.49 159.15

III 57.54 45.36 51.23 14.49 168.62

May

I 53.00 62.58 40.40 5.75 161.73

II 21.50 53.00 70.82 20.20 22.76 188.28

III 23.65 20.19 66.04 27.12 136.99

Total 380.32 143.16 45.15 145.68 120.44 145.32 126.12 140.19 336.14 329.73 337.49 236.33 2486.06

Final Report


Mahananda Basin

Table-8.37Abstract of Net Crop Water Requirement (NIR)

(Unit: mm)

Month 10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total

Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize Oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg

JuneI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

II 0.00 0.00

III 11.53 0.00 0.00 11.53

JulyI 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 8.00

II 138.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 138.61

III 20.23 110.70 0.00 0.00 130.93

AugustI 24.40 0.00 0.98 0.00 25.38

II 24.40 0.00 0.98 0.00 25.38

III 26.83 0.00 1.08 0.00 27.91

September

I 19.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.96

II 19.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.96

III 19.96 0.00 0.00 19.96

OctoberI 40.62 11.20 10.38 62.19

II 19.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.20

III 0.56 0.10 0.66

November

I 18.54 15.35 33.89

II 14.08 14.08 18.54 15.35 6.43 68.46

III 7.70 16.94 18.54 15.35 6.43 64.96

DecemberI 13.82 17.43 16.96 14.54 12.79 75.54

II 13.82 17.43 22.06 21.03 12.79 87.13

III 15.20 24.27 24.27 23.13 17.78 104.64

Final Report


JanuaryI 10.73 17.89 17.89 16.89 14.90 78.30

II 17.89 16.79 15.10 13.91 14.90 78.60

III 19.68 7.64 4.36 2.17 15.80 49.64

FebruaryI 28.35 19.50 47.85

II 23.04 19.50 4.75 47.29

III 1.44 15.60 3.80 20.84

MarchI 2.19 32.53 34.72

II 24.81 38.43 63.24

III 33.42 11.01 44.09 88.52

AprilI 39.45 28.18 49.74 117.37

II 39.45 45.84 49.74 135.03

III 52.68 45.84 46.21 144.73

MayI 37.08 57.58 24.92 119.57

II 6.68 37.08 66.94 12.46 123.15

III 7.34 4.00 60.92 72.26

Total 365.68 129.90 13.41 14.02 167.93 132.46 156.81 137.82 156.41 267.96 316.30 306.66 2165.37

Final Report


8.4.2 Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR)

All the water available at the canal head is not available for the crop growth, as part of

it may get lost in transit from canal head to the field and part through water

application process. Therefore, conveyance and field application efficiencies have to

be assessed for ponded and non-ponded crops separately to account for such water

loss. The project efficiency is worked out considering both the conveyance and field

application efficiencies. The details of the project efficiency used for working out the

GIR, as summarized below:

For ponded crops, project efficiency, Ep= 0.53

For non-ponded crops, project efficiency Ep= 0.41

Using the above values of project efficiency, the 10-daily GIR has been computed

separately for Burhi Gandak- Bagmati basin and Mahananda basin and is given in

Tables 8.38 and 8.39 respectively.

Final Report



Table-8.38Abstract of Gross Crop Water Requirement (GIR)

(Unit: mm)

Month 10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Perennial Total

Paddy I Paddy II Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg. Maize G. Gram Veg. S. Cane

June

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.59

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

III 23.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.79

July

I 0.00 15.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.72

II 271.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 271.43

III 49.60 215.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 265.32

August

I 42.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.31

II 42.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.31

III 46.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.54

September

I 39.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.08

II 39.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.08

III 39.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.08

October

I 84.19 30.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.82 149.95

II 40.14 7.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.82 83.85

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.59 1.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.37 29.34

November

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 43.79 36.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.66 103.50

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.46 32.95 43.79 36.05 14.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.66 168.28

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.46 39.92 43.79 36.05 14.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.66 175.25

December

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.46 37.32 36.31 31.03 27.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.49 181.83

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.46 37.32 47.41 45.17 27.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.49 207.07

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.41 52.16 52.16 49.69 38.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.54 246.97

Final Report


January

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.50 40.27 40.27 37.94 33.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.09 186.34

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.27 37.71 33.75 30.95 33.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 175.95

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.30 16.11 8.42 3.30 35.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 107.34

February

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 105.02

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.49 0.00 0.00 9.07 0.00 102.07

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.99 0.00 0.00 7.26 9.93 53.09

March

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 75.86 27.49 109.38

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 58.37 0.00 89.24 27.49 175.10

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 78.10 26.45 102.29 30.24 237.07

April

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 108.84 70.07 133.34 35.34 347.59

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 108.84 110.63 133.34 35.34 388.16

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 140.34 110.63 124.94 35.34 411.26

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 129.27 152.62 98.54 14.02 394.45

II 0.00 0.00 52.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 129.27 172.73 49.27 55.51 459.22

III 0.00 0.00 57.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.23 161.07 0.00 66.13 334.12

Total 717.58 270.11 110.12 355.30 293.75 354.44 307.61 341.93 819.85 804.21 823.15 576.42 5774.48

Note: Project Efficiency has been considered as 0.53 for Ponded Crop (Paddy) & 0.41 for Other Crops

Final Report


Mahananda Basin

Table-8.39Abstract of Gross Crop Water Requirement (GIR)

(Unit: mm)

Month 10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total

PI PII Jute Maize Wheat Maize Oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg

June

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 21.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.76

July

I 0.00 15.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.09II 261.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 261.52III 38.18 208.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 247.05

August

I 46.03 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.42II 46.03 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.42III 50.63 0.00 2.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.26

September

I 37.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.65II 37.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.65III 37.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.65

October

I 76.63 21.13 25.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 123.07II 36.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.22III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.37 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60

November

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.21 37.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 82.65

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.33 34.33 45.21 37.44 15.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 166.98

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.78 41.33 45.21 37.44 15.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 158.43

December

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.71 42.50 41.37 35.47 31.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 184.24II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.71 42.50 53.80 51.29 31.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 212.50III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.08 59.19 59.19 56.42 43.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 255.23

Final Report


January

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.16 43.63 43.63 41.21 36.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 190.98II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 43.63 40.96 36.84 33.93 36.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 191.71III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.00 18.63 10.62 5.28 38.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 121.07

February

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 116.71II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.56 0.00 0.00 11.59 115.34III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.05 0.00 0.00 9.27 50.83

March

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.34 84.68II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.51 0.00 93.73 154.24III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.51 26.86 107.53 215.90

April

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 96.22 68.72 121.32 286.26II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 96.22 111.80 121.32 329.34III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 128.49 111.80 112.71 353.00

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 90.43 140.43 60.77 291.63II 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 90.43 163.27 30.39 300.37III 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.76 148.58 0.00 176.25

Total Total 689.95 245.09 32.72 34.20 409.59 323.07 382.46 336.15 381.50 653.57 771.47 747.96 5007.72

Note: Project Efficiency has been considered as 0.53 for Ponded Crop (Paddy) & 0.41 for other Crops

Final Report


8.4.3 Crop Water Demand

The cropping intensity has been considered as 208 % and 198 % for the Burhi

Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda basins respectively. The crop-wise irrigation

intensity is given in Table 6.13. Using these cropping intensities, water demand has

been separately worked out for each of the three zones of the Burhi Gandak-Bagmati

basin (total CCA 5.24 lakh ha) and five zones of the Mahananda basin (total CCA

2.48 lakh ha).

The water demand for the respective zones and for the total CCA of the Burhi

Gandak-Bagmati basin and the Mahananda basin is given in Tables 8.40- (a) to 8.40

(d) & 8.41- (a) to 8.41 (f). Tables 8.42 and 8.43 give the overall water demand on 10-

daily and monthly basis of the Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda basins

respectively.

The abstract of cropwise irrigation intensity and water demand for both Burhi Gandak

– Bagmati Command and Mahananda Command is given below:

Abstract of Cropwise Irrigation Intensity and Water DemandBurhi Gandak-Bagmati basin , CCA 5.24 lakh ha Mahananda basin , CCA 2.48 ha

Sl.No Crop Irr. Int. @Irrigated area

Irrigationdemand *

Irr. Int.@

Irrigatedarea

Irrigationdemand **

% (ha) MCM % (ha) MCM1 Kharifi) Paddy 1 40 209661 1504.49 40 99122 683.90

ii) Paddy II 30 157246 424.74 25 61951 151.84

iii) Maize 20 104831 115.44 10 24781 8.11

iv) Jute - - - 15 37171 12.71

2 Rabii) Wheat 45 235869 838.05 45 111512 456.74

ii) Maize 8 41932 123.17 8 19824 64.05

iii) Oil Seeds 10 52415 185.78 10 24781 94.78

iv) Pulses 10 52415 161.23 10 24781 83.30

v) Vegetables 7 36691 125.46 7 17346 66.18

3 Hot Weatheri) Maize 20 104831 859.45 15 37171 242.94

ii) G.Gram 10 52415 421.53 10 24781 191.17

Final Report


iii) Vegetables 3 15725 129.44 3 7434 55.60

4 Perenniali) Sugarcane 5 26208 151.07 -

Total 208 1090238 5039.86 198 490654 2111.30

Maximum Demand in one 10-daily(MCM)

569.09 259.23

Maximum Demand in one 10-daily(cumec)

658.67 300.03

Final Report


Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinZone - I

Table - 8.40 (a )

Gross Crop Water RequirementCCA 67992 ha

Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 33%

Perennial 5%

Intensity of Irrigation 208%

Month Kharif Rabi H.weather Perennial Total

Paddy I Paddy II Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg. Maize G.Gram Veg. S.Cane (MCM) (cumec.)

Irr. Int.(%) 40 30 20 45 8 10 10 7 20 10 3 5 208

Area (ha) 27197 20398 13598 30596 5439 6799 6799 4759 13598 6799 2040 3400 141423

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 2.77

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

III 6.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.47 7.49

Jul

I 0.00 3.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.21 3.71

II 73.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 73.82 85.44III 13.49 44.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.49 60.49

Aug

I 11.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.51 13.32

II 11.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.51 13.32

III 12.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.66 13.32

Sep

I 10.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.63 12.30

II 10.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.63 12.30

III 10.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.63 12.30

Final Report


Oct

I 22.90 6.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.18 30.39 35.18

II 10.92 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.18 13.76 15.92

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.83 1.17 1.23

Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.98 2.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 6.23 7.21

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.34 1.79 2.98 2.45 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 14.05 16.26

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.34 2.17 2.98 2.45 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 14.43 16.70

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.01 2.03 2.47 2.11 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 17.62 20.39

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.01 2.03 3.22 3.07 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 19.33 22.37

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.92 2.84 3.55 3.38 1.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.77 22.25 23.41

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.19 2.19 2.74 2.58 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 16.66 19.28

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.32 2.05 2.29 2.10 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.35 23.56

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.55 0.88 0.57 0.22 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.90 17.78

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.16 24.49

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 17.66 20.44

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.62 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.34 2.69 3.89

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.55 0.93 4.33 5.01

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.94 0.00 1.82 0.93 10.69 12.37

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.62 1.80 2.09 1.03 15.53 16.34

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.80 4.76 2.72 1.20 23.49 27.18

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.80 7.52 2.72 1.20 26.24 30.38

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.08 7.52 2.55 1.20 30.36 35.13

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.58 10.38 2.01 0.48 30.44 35.23

II 0.00 0.00 7.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.58 11.74 1.00 1.89 39.35 45.54

III 0.00 0.00 7.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.69 10.95 0.00 2.25 27.74 29.19

Total 195.16 55.10 14.97 108.71 15.98 24.10 20.91 16.27 111.49 54.68 16.79 19.60 653.76

Final Report


Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinZone - II

Table - 8.40 (b )


Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 33%

Perennial 5%




Irr. Int.(%) 40 30 20 45 8 10 10 7 20 10 3 5 208

Area (ha) 59046 44285 29523 66427 11809 14762 14762 10333 29523 14762 4428 7381 307039

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.19 6.01

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

III 14.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.05 16.26

Jul

I 0.00 6.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.96 8.06

II 160.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 160.27 185.50

III 29.29 95.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 124.82 131.33

Aug

I 24.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.98 28.92

II 24.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.98 28.92

III 27.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.48 28.92

Sep

I 23.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.08 26.71

II 23.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.08 26.71

III 23.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.08 26.71

Final Report


Oct

I 49.71 13.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 65.98 76.37

II 23.70 3.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 29.87 34.57

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 2.53 2.66

Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.46 5.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 13.53 15.66

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.60 3.89 6.46 5.32 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 30.51 35.31

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.60 4.71 6.46 5.32 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 31.33 36.26

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.57 4.41 5.36 4.58 2.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.51 38.24 44.26

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.57 4.41 7.00 6.67 2.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.51 41.97 48.58

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.53 6.16 7.70 7.33 3.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 48.31 50.84

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.61 4.76 5.94 5.60 3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 36.17 41.86

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.75 4.45 4.98 4.57 3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.19 51.15

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.42 1.90 1.24 0.49 3.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.70 38.61

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.93 53.16

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.39 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 38.34 44.38

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.51 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.73 5.84 8.44

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.36 2.03 9.39 10.87

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.23 0.00 3.95 2.03 23.21 26.87

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.06 3.90 4.53 2.23 33.72 35.48

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.13 10.34 5.90 2.61 50.99 59.02

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.13 16.33 5.90 2.61 56.98 65.95

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.43 16.33 5.53 2.61 65.91 76.28

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.16 22.53 4.36 1.04 66.09 76.50

II 0.00 0.00 15.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.16 25.50 2.18 4.10 85.42 98.87

III 0.00 0.00 17.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.53 23.78 0.00 4.88 60.22 63.37

Total 423.70 119.62 32.51 236.02 34.69 52.32 45.41 35.33 242.04 118.71 36.45 42.54 1419.35

Final Report



Zone - III

Table - 8.40 ( c)


Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 33%

Perennial 5%Intensity of

Irrigation 208%



Irr. Int.(%) 40 30 20 45 8 10 10 7 20 10 3 5 208

Area (ha) 123418 92564 61709 138846 24684 30855 30855 21598 61709 30855 9256 15427 641776

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.85 12.56

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

III 29.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.37 33.99

Jul

I 0.00 14.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.55 16.84

II 335.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 335.00 387.73III 61.22 199.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 260.90 274.51

Aug

I 52.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.22 60.44

II 52.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.22 60.44

III 57.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.44 60.44

Sep

I 48.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.24 55.83

II 48.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.24 55.83

III 48.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.24 55.83

Final Report


Oct

I 103.90 28.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 137.92 159.63

II 49.54 7.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 62.43 72.26

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.11 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.76 5.29 5.57

Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.51 11.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.65 28.28 32.74

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.25 8.13 13.51 11.12 3.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.65 63.77 73.81

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.25 9.85 13.51 11.12 3.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.65 65.49 75.80

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.91 9.21 11.20 9.58 5.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.16 79.94 92.52

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.91 9.21 14.63 13.94 5.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.16 87.73 101.54

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.00 12.87 16.09 15.33 8.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.48 100.99 106.26

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.63 9.94 12.42 11.71 7.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 75.59 87.49

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.91 9.31 10.41 9.55 7.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 92.37 106.91

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 61.50 3.98 2.60 1.02 7.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 76.70 80.70

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 96.01 111.12

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 70.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.18 0.00 0.00 0.84 0.00 80.14 92.76

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.34 0.00 0.00 0.67 1.53 12.20 17.65

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.02 4.24 19.63 22.72

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.02 0.00 8.26 4.24 48.52 56.16

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.19 8.16 9.47 4.66 70.49 74.16

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.17 21.62 12.34 5.45 106.58 123.36

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.17 34.14 12.34 5.45 119.10 137.84

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.60 34.14 11.57 5.45 137.76 159.44

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.77 47.09 9.12 2.16 138.15 159.89

II 0.00 0.00 32.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.77 53.30 4.56 8.56 178.55 206.66

III 0.00 0.00 35.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.38 49.70 0.00 10.20 125.88 132.45

Total 885.63 250.03 67.96 493.33 72.51 109.36 94.91 73.85 505.92 248.14 76.19 88.93 2966.74

Final Report



Table - 8.40 ( d)Gross Crop Water Requirement of all Zones

CCA 524153 ha

Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 33%

Perennial 5%




Irr. Int.(%) 40 30 20 45 8 10 10 7 20 10 3 5 208

Area (ha) 209661 157246 104831 235869 41932 52415 52415 36691 104831 52415 15725 26208 1090238

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.44 21.34

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

III 49.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.89 57.74

Jul

I 0.00 24.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.71 28.60

II 569.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 569.09 658.67III 104.00 339.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 443.21 466.34

Aug

I 88.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 88.71 102.67

II 88.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 88.71 102.67

III 97.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 97.58 102.67

Sep

I 81.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.95 94.84

II 81.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.95 94.84

III 81.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.95 94.84

Final Report


Oct

I 176.51 48.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.12 234.29 271.17

II 84.16 12.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.12 106.06 122.75

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.88 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.39 8.99 9.46

Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.95 18.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.20 48.05 55.61

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.19 13.82 22.95 18.90 5.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.20 108.33 125.38

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.19 16.74 22.95 18.90 5.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.20 111.25 128.76

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.50 15.65 19.03 16.27 9.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 135.80 157.17

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.50 15.65 24.85 23.68 9.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 149.03 172.49

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 76.44 21.87 27.34 26.04 13.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.91 171.55 180.51

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.42 16.89 21.11 19.89 12.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.91 128.42 148.63

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 94.98 15.81 17.69 16.22 12.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 156.91 181.61

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 104.48 6.76 4.42 1.73 12.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 130.30 137.10

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 147.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 163.09 188.77

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 119.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.59 0.00 0.00 1.43 0.00 136.15 157.58

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.47 0.00 0.00 1.14 2.60 20.73 29.99

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.93 7.20 33.34 38.59

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 61.19 0.00 14.03 7.20 82.42 95.40

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.87 13.86 16.08 7.92 119.74 125.99

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 114.10 36.73 20.97 9.26 181.06 209.55

II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 114.10 57.99 20.97 9.26 202.32 234.16

III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 147.12 57.99 19.65 9.26 234.02 270.85

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 135.51 80.00 15.49 3.68 234.68 271.62

II 0.00 0.00 54.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 135.51 90.54 7.75 14.55 303.32 351.06

III 0.00 0.00 60.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 51.61 84.43 0.00 17.33 213.84 225.00

Total 1504.49 424.74 115.44 838.05 123.17 185.78 161.23 125.46 859.45 421.53 129.44 151.07 5039.86

Final Report


Mahananda BasinZone - I

Table - 8.41 (a )Gross Crop Water Requirement

CCA 82463 ha

Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 28%


Month

10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total

Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int. (%) 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198

Area 32985.2 20615.75 8246.3 12369.4 37108.3 6597 8246 8246 5772 12369 8246 2474 163277

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 7.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.18 8.31

Jul

I 0.00 3.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.11 3.60II 86.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.26 99.84III 12.59 43.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.65 58.56

Aug

I 15.18 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.38 17.80II 15.18 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.38 17.80III 16.70 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.92 17.80

Sep

I 12.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.42 14.37II 12.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.42 14.37III 12.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.42 14.37

Final Report


Oct

I 25.28 4.36 2.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.72 36.71II 11.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.95 13.83III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.14

Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.73 3.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.82 7.89II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.74 2.26 3.73 3.09 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.72 26.30III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.97 2.73 3.73 3.09 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.42 20.16

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.51 2.80 3.41 2.92 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.45 27.14II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.51 2.80 4.44 4.23 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.78 29.84III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.76 3.90 4.88 4.65 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.70 31.25

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.71 2.88 3.60 3.40 2.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.68 25.09II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.19 2.70 3.04 2.80 2.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.83 31.05III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.81 1.23 0.88 0.44 2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.58 23.75

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.40 32.88II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.00 0.29 23.89 27.64III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.23 3.73 5.39

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.96 3.94 4.57II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.49 0.00 2.32 9.80 11.35III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.08 2.21 2.66 14.96 15.74

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.90 5.67 3.00 20.57 23.81II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.90 9.22 3.00 24.12 27.92III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.89 9.22 2.79 27.90 32.29

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.19 11.58 1.50 24.27 28.09II 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.19 13.46 0.75 27.42 31.73III 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.21 12.25 0.00 15.68 16.49

Total Total 227.58 50.53 2.70 4.23 151.99 21.31 31.54 27.72 22.02 80.84 63.62 18.50 702.59

Final Report


Mahananda BasinZone-II

Table – 8.41 (b)Gross Crop Water Requirement

CCA 79581 ha

Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 28%


Month


Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int. 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198

Area 31832.4 19895.25 7958.1 11937.15 35811.45 6366 7958 7958 5571 11937 7958 2387 157570

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 6.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.93 8.02

Jul

I 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.48II 83.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 83.25 96.35III 12.15 41.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.71 56.51

Aug

I 14.65 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.84 17.18II 14.65 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.84 17.18III 16.12 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.33 17.18

Sep

I 11.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.99 13.87II 11.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.99 13.87III 11.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.99 13.87

Oct

I 24.39 4.20 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.61 35.43II 11.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.53 13.34III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.13

Final Report


Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.60 2.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.58 7.61II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.29 2.19 3.60 2.98 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.93 25.38III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.73 2.63 3.60 2.98 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.81 19.45

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.07 2.71 3.29 2.82 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.63 26.19II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.07 2.71 4.28 4.08 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.88 28.79III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.28 3.77 4.71 4.49 2.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.66 30.16

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.37 2.78 3.47 3.28 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.92 24.22II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.63 2.61 2.93 2.70 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.89 29.97III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.19 1.19 0.85 0.42 2.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.79 22.92

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.41 31.73II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 0.00 0.00 0.28 23.05 26.68III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 0.00 0.00 0.22 3.60 5.21

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.89 3.81 4.41II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.22 0.00 2.24 9.46 10.95III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.73 2.14 2.57 14.43 15.19

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.49 5.47 2.90 19.85 22.98II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.49 8.90 2.90 23.28 26.94III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.34 8.90 2.69 26.93 31.16

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.79 11.18 1.45 23.42 27.11II 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.79 12.99 0.73 26.46 30.62III 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.16 11.82 0.00 15.13 15.92

Total Total 219.63 48.76 2.60 4.08 146.68 20.57 30.44 26.75 21.25 78.02 61.39 17.86 678.03

Final Report


Mahananda BasinZone-III

Table - 8.41 (c )Gross Crop Water Requirement

CCA 35940 ha

Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 28%


Month



Area 14376 8985 3594 5391 16173 2875 3594 3594 2516 5391 3594 1078 71161

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 3.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.13 3.62

Jul

I 0.00 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.36 1.57II 37.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.60 43.51III 5.49 18.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.26 25.52

Aug

I 6.62 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.70 7.76II 6.62 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.70 7.76III 7.28 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.37 7.76

Sep

I 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.41 6.26II 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.41 6.26III 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.41 6.26

Oct

I 11.02 1.90 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.83 16.00II 5.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.21 6.03III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06

Final Report


Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.62 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.97 3.44II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.55 0.99 1.62 1.35 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.90 11.46III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.04 1.19 1.62 1.35 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.59 8.79

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.45 1.22 1.49 1.27 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.22 11.83II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.45 1.22 1.93 1.84 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.24 13.00III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.00 1.70 2.13 2.03 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.94 13.62

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.23 1.25 1.57 1.48 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.45 10.94II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.06 1.18 1.32 1.22 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.69 13.53III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.76 0.54 0.38 0.19 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.84 10.35

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.38 14.33II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.12 10.41 12.05III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.63 2.35

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 1.72 1.99II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26 0.00 1.01 4.27 4.95III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.39 0.97 1.16 6.52 6.86

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.19 2.47 1.31 8.97 10.38II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.19 4.02 1.31 10.51 12.17III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.93 4.02 1.22 12.16 14.07

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.88 5.05 0.66 10.58 12.24II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.88 5.87 0.33 11.95 13.83III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 5.34 0.00 6.83 7.19

Total Total 99.19 22.02 1.18 1.84 66.24 9.29 13.75 12.08 9.60 35.23 27.73 8.06 306.21

Final Report


Mahananda Basin

Zone-IVTable – 8.41 (d)

Gross Crop Water Requirement

CCA 39198 ha

Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 28%


Month



Area 15679.2 9799.5 3919.8 5879.7 17639.1 3136 3920 3920 2744 5880 3920 1176 77612

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 3.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.41 3.95

Jul

I 0.00 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.48 1.71II 41.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.00 47.46III 5.99 20.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.45 27.83

Aug

I 7.22 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.31 8.46II 7.22 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.31 8.46III 7.94 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.04 8.46

Sep

I 5.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.90 6.83II 5.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.90 6.83III 5.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.90 6.83

Final Report


Oct

I 12.02 2.07 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.08 17.45II 5.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.68 6.57III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.07

Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.77 1.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.24 3.75II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.06 1.08 1.77 1.47 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.80 12.50III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.31 1.30 1.77 1.47 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.28 9.58

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.95 1.33 1.62 1.39 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.15 12.90II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.95 1.33 2.11 2.01 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.25 14.18III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.54 1.86 2.32 2.21 1.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.12 14.85

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.61 1.37 1.71 1.62 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.31 11.93II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.70 1.28 1.44 1.33 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.75 14.76III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.47 0.58 0.42 0.21 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.73 11.29

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.50 15.63II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.00 0.14 11.35 13.14III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.11 1.77 2.56

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.93 1.88 2.17II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56 0.00 1.10 4.66 5.39III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.79 1.05 1.26 7.11 7.48

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.66 2.69 1.43 9.78 11.32II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.66 4.38 1.43 11.47 13.27III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.55 4.38 1.33 13.26 15.35

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.32 5.50 0.71 11.54 13.35II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.32 6.40 0.36 13.03 15.08III 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 5.82 0.00 7.45 7.84

Total Total 108.18 24.02 1.28 2.01 72.25 10.13 14.99 13.18 10.47 38.43 30.24 8.80 333.97

Final Report


Mahananda Basin

Zone-VTable - 8.41 (e )

Gross Crop Water Requirement

CCA 10623 ha

Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 28%


Month


Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int.(%) 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198

Area 4249.2 2655.75 1062.3 1593.45 4780.35 850 1062 1062 744 1593 1062 319 21034

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.92 1.07

Jul

I 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.46II 11.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.11 12.86III 1.62 5.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.17 7.54

Aug

I 1.96 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 2.29II 1.96 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 2.29III 2.15 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.29

Sep

I 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.85II 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.85III 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.85

Final Report


Oct

I 3.26 0.56 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.09 4.73II 1.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 1.78III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02

Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.88 1.02II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.64 0.29 0.48 0.40 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 3.39III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.35 0.48 0.40 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 2.60

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 0.36 0.44 0.38 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.02 3.50II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 0.36 0.57 0.54 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.32 3.84III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.77 0.50 0.63 0.60 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 4.03

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.37 0.46 0.44 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.79 3.23II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 0.35 0.39 0.36 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.46 4.00III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.91 3.06

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.66 4.24II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.04 3.08 3.56III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.48 0.69

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.51 0.59II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.30 1.26 1.46III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.29 0.34 1.93 2.03

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.53 0.73 0.39 2.65 3.07II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.53 1.19 0.39 3.11 3.60III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 1.19 0.36 3.59 4.16

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44 1.49 0.19 3.13 3.62II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44 1.73 0.10 3.53 4.09III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.58 0.00 2.02 2.12

Total Total 29.32 6.51 0.35 0.54 19.58 2.75 4.06 3.57 2.84 10.41 8.20 2.38 90.51

Final Report


Mahananda Basin

Table – 8.41 (f )Gross Crop Water Requirement of all Zones

CCA 247805 ha

Kharif 90%

Rabi 80%

Hot Weather 28%


Month


Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int.(%) 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198

Area 99122 61951 24781 37171 111512 19824 24781 24781 17346 37171 24781 7434 490654

Jun

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 21.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.57 24.97

Jul

I 0.00 9.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.35 10.82II 259.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 259.23 300.03III 37.84 129.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 167.24 175.97

Aug

I 45.62 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.22 53.49II 45.62 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.22 53.49III 50.19 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.84 53.49

Sep

I 37.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.32 43.19II 37.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.32 43.19III 37.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.32 43.19

Final Report


Oct

I 75.96 13.09 6.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 95.32 110.33II 35.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.90 41.55III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.42

Nov

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.20 9.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.48 23.71II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.28 6.81 11.20 9.28 2.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 68.29 79.04III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.94 8.19 11.20 9.28 2.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.34 60.57

Dec

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.59 8.43 10.25 8.79 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 70.46 81.56II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.59 8.43 13.33 12.71 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 77.47 89.66III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.35 11.73 14.67 13.98 7.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 89.25 93.91

Jan

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.17 8.65 10.81 10.21 6.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.15 75.41II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.66 8.12 9.13 8.41 6.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 80.62 93.31III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.52 3.69 2.63 1.31 6.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.84 71.38

Feb

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 77.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 85.36 98.79II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.25 0.00 0.00 0.86 71.78 83.07III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.69 11.21 16.21

Mar

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.90 11.85 13.72II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.49 0.00 6.97 29.46 34.10III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.30 6.66 7.99 44.95 47.29

Apr

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.77 17.03 9.02 61.81 71.54II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.77 27.71 9.02 72.49 83.90III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.76 27.71 8.38 83.84 97.04

May

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.61 34.80 4.52 72.93 84.41II 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.61 40.46 2.26 82.38 95.35III 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.63 36.82 0.00 47.10 49.56

Total Total 683.90 151.84 8.11 12.71 456.74 64.05 94.78 83.30 66.18 242.94 191.17 55.60 2111.30

Final Report


Table - 8.42

10-Daily Water Demand for Burhi Gandak - Bagmati & Mahananda Basins

Month 10-daily

Burhi Gandak - Bagmati MahanandaCCA= 5.24 lac ha CCA = 2.48 lac haIrri. Int. = 208 % Irri. Int.= 198 %

MCM* cumec MCM** cumec

JuneI 18.44 21.34 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 49.89 57.74 21.57 24.97

JulI 24.71 28.60 9.35 10.82II 569.09 658.67 259.23 300.03III 443.21 466.34 167.24 175.97

AugI 88.71 102.67 46.22 53.49II 88.71 102.67 46.22 53.49III 97.58 102.67 50.84 53.49

SepI 81.95 94.84 37.32 43.19II 81.95 94.84 37.32 43.19III 81.95 94.84 37.32 43.19

OctI 234.29 271.17 95.32 110.33II 106.06 122.75 35.90 41.55III 8.99 9.46 0.40 0.42

NovI 48.05 55.61 20.48 23.71II 108.33 125.38 68.29 79.04III 111.25 128.76 52.34 60.57

DecI 135.80 157.17 70.46 81.56II 149.03 172.49 77.47 89.66III 171.55 180.51 89.25 93.91

JanI 128.42 148.63 65.15 75.41II 156.91 181.61 80.62 93.31III 130.30 137.10 67.84 71.38

FebI 163.09 188.77 85.36 98.79II 136.15 157.58 71.78 83.07III 20.73 29.99 11.21 16.21

MarI 33.34 38.59 11.85 13.72II 82.42 95.40 29.46 34.10III 119.74 125.99 44.95 47.29

AprI 181.06 209.55 61.81 71.54II 202.32 234.16 72.49 83.90III 234.02 270.85 83.84 97.04

MayI 234.68 271.62 72.93 84.41II 303.32 351.06 82.38 95.35III 213.84 225.00 47.10 49.56

Total 5039.86 2111.30

Max. demand in one 10-daily 569.09 658.67 259.23 300.03

* Rfer Tables 8.55 (d)** Refer Table 8.56 (f)

Final Report


Table- 8.43Monthly Water Demand for Burhi Gandak - Bagmati &

Mahananda Basins

Month

Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Mahananda

CCA= 5.24 lac ha CCA = 2.48 lac haIrri. Int. = 208 % Irri. Int.= 198 %

MCM Cumec* MCM Cumec*

Jun 68.33 26.36 21.57 8.32

Jul 1037.01 387.18 435.82 162.72

Aug 275.00 102.67 143.27 53.49

Sep 245.84 94.84 111.96 43.19

Oct 349.34 130.43 131.62 49.14

Nov 267.63 103.25 141.10 54.44

Dec 456.38 170.39 237.18 88.55

Jan 415.63 155.18 213.61 79.75

Feb 319.97 132.26 168.34 69.58

Mar 235.51 87.93 86.26 32.21

Apr 617.39 238.19 218.15 84.16

May 751.84 280.70 202.42 75.57

Total 5039.86 - 2111.30 -* The monthly demand has been worked out as the weighted average of each10-daily demand


1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX

CHAPTER-IXBROAD SOIL RESOURCE MAPPING

9.1 GENERAL

Soil is the most vital natural non-renewable resource whose proper use greatly

determines the capability of life support system and the socio-economic development of

a region. It is a three dimensional body occupying the upper most part of the earth’s

crust and having properties different from the underlying rock material as a result of

interactions between climate, living organisms, parent material and relief, and which is

distinguished from other ‘soils’ in terms of differences in internal characteristics and/or

external features ( slope complexity , stoniness, etc.).

Land is geographically a broader entity which can be defined as a tract of land

occupying a specific area of the earth’s surface. Its characteristics embrace all

reasonably stable or predictably cyclic attributes of the biosphere vertically above and

below the specific area.

Soil is of special importance for land classification. For mapping purposes, it is among

the most stable attributes of land and yet flexible in its response to man’s interference

and offering the possibility of improvement.

Soil studies are exceedingly important for providing comprehensive information about

soil types of the command area. The broad general objectives of soil studies are both of

defining the soil types of command area and to classify the soils for various classes of

land irrigability. In brief, the study of soil in the command area would be required for

addressing the following issues:

To ensure selection of soils for irrigation that are productive

To determine irrigation needs of specific soil types

To determine drainage needs of specific soil types

To determine fertility status of command area

To determine problematic soils and their reclamation needs



To determine overall land leveling needs

To help in determining land suitability for various crops

Periodic supply of irrigation water usually results into changes in the physical,

chemical, hydrodynamic and distribution of soluble salts in soil profile. FAO strongly

recommends that systematic soil studies shall be carried out to distinguish and

charactarize the soils in terms of various parameters which should form an integral part

of an irrigation project.

For sustainable irrigated agriculture, soil studies are of paramount importance

particularly with respect to crop suitability, irrigation scheduling, drainage requirement

and nutrient availability to plants. The physical properties of soils such as texture and

structure help in determining tillage requirement. Hydraulic properties such as field

capacity, wilting point, available water holding capacity, infiltration, percolation and

hydraulic conductivity are extremely important for preparation of irrigation schedules

for various crops under varying agro-climatic conditions. The chemical properties such

as available N,P and K broadly decide the fertility status of the command area and are

useful for determining fertilizer requirements. Other chemical properties such as pH,

EC, cations and anions are useful in determining the salinity, alkalinity and soil reaction

problems in the command area.

Optimum crop growth requires careful management of soil with respect to water and

nutrient availability and salt balance. In order to generate basic data required for land

suitability for irrigated agriculture, field soil studies are very essential. While the field

soil studies i.e. semi-detailed soil survey is proposed to be carried out at the micro level

planning limited to 10% of the CCA, the information regarding soil classification and

land use mapping (on 1:2,50,000 scale) as obtained from National Bureau of Soil

Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) is being used at the macro level

planning, under the Terms of Reference of the project.



9.2 SOIL RESOURCE MAPPING

The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP), Regional

Centre, Calcutta, in cooperation with the Soil Survey and Land Use Planning Centre,

Rajendra Agricultrual University, Bihar have carried out the soil resource mapping of

Bihar state on 1:2,50,000 scale using 3-tier approach that is image interpretation, field

surveys and laboratory analysis, in order to generate soil map and database which may

help in rationalising land use on sustainable basis:

The major objectives of the study were:

To prepare soil resource map of the state which can provide basic informationon soils, physiography and climatic conditions, for developing perspective landuse plan.

To delineate the problematic/ degraded soils for their amelioration.

To generate different thematic maps.

To promote agricultural research so that soil based research findings can betransferred to other areas having comparable climate and soil- site conditions.

To generate database for storage and retrieval as and when desired for futureinterpretation.

To monitor the soil health for sustained agricultural productivity.

The entire State of Bihar for soil resource mapping on 1:2,50,000 scale has been

covered in 26 sheets. These sheets have been printed on 1:5,00,000 scale in four sheets

without any kind of generalisation. Out of which, our project area from Burhi Gandak

river to Mechi/ Mahananda rier is covered by two sheets which have been merged

together to show the entire project area at a glance and the same is given at Plate 9.1.

9.2.1 Methodology for Soil Resource Mapping

The methodology and techniques adopted for soil resource mapping using the latest

technology with a 3-tier approach are described as follows:



i) Image Interpretation

The LANDSAT imagery on 1:250,000 scale were interpreted after developing a

detailed legend for generating a landform analysis map of the area. The physiographic

delineations were then transferred on the Survey of India topographical sheet

(1:250,000 scale). This formed the base map for undertaking field surveys.

ii) Field Survey (Ground Truth Checking)

During traversing and field reviews, three kinds of observations were taken.

(a) Strip observations

Eight to ten sample strips each covering an area of 5000 ha were marked on each

topobase and numbered as S1, S2……S8. These cover majority of the landform units in

the topobase. From each strip about 25 to 30 profile observations were taken upto a

depth of 150 cm. These strip observations of about 240 to 300 in topobase help to

develop soil-physiographic relationship. Horizonwise soil samples were collected from

the master profiles for laboratory analysis.

(b) Grid observations

Grids at 10 km interval were marked on each topobase and were numbered as

G1,G2,G3,...G121. The profile observations were taken at each grid point upto a depth

of 100 cm. These observations were used for digitizing the whole database and for

generating the thematic maps.

(c) Random observations

It consists of minipits, auger bores and profiles in landform units which are not

represented either by strip or grid observation. They help to confirm the soil



physiographic relationship. In total, about 350 observations were taken on each

topographical sheet of 1:250,000 scale covering an area of about one million ha. The

collected soil samples were analysed for various physical and chemical properties, such

as pH, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, etc. Wherever needed, cation exchange

capacity and base saturation were determined.

iii) The Soil Map

Based on landform analysis, field surveys, laboratory analysis and field reviews, the soil

resource map of the state was prepared on 1: 250,000 scale and printed on 1: 500,000

scale without any kind of generalisation. Soil Family association with dominant phases

formed the mapping unit.

The map units have been assembled in a 3-tier approach. The Upper tier shows

important properties diagnostic of the dominant soil and its phases. It includes order,

suborder, great group, subgroup, soil depth, particle size class of family control section,

texture of surface soil, slope, erosion class and other phases of the dominant soil family,

such as salinity, flood hazards etc. The middle tier give landform attributes and the

lower tier gives the mapping unit (polygon).

9.2.2 Description of Soil Resource

i) General

For sustained utilisation of the soil resource, it is imperative to know the nature,

characteristics and extent of distribution of different soils, their qualities, productive

capacity and suitability for alternative land uses. Further, in order to assess the potential

and problems of different soils and to develop rational land use for optimising

agricultural production, consistent and comparable information about soils is needed

which is possible only through soil resource mapping (SRM).

The state of Bihar is endowed with a wide range of macro and microclimates,

physiography/landforms, geology and vegetation which have influence on the genesis of

soils. The soil resource mapping was carried out following climatic, physiographic and



geologic studies of the terrain using latest approach as described.

ii) Soil – Landform Relationship

The relationship between the soils and landform was established. The generalised and

dominant characteristics of the soils are briefly described as given below.

iii) Soils of Eastern Himalayas

The area in the north-western corner of Bihar is a part of the well known extensive

Siwalik Range of Himalayan foot-hills. It consists of relatively young, sedimentary

rocks of Late Tertiary times (sandstones & pebbles). It experiences tropical humid type

of climate. Major portion of the area is under moist deciduous type of forest vegetation,

scrubs and grasses. The major constraints of the area are steep slopes, shallow soil

depth, severe erosion and coarse texture.

The dominant soils occurring on gently sloping hills and side slopes have deep, well

drained, loamy soils with low available water capacity (AWC). They are slightly acidic

in reaction and moderately eroded. The moderate to steeply sloping hills are dominantly

occupied with rock outcrops.

iv) Soils of Indo-Gangetic Plain

The Indo Gangetic alluvial plain covers about 45% of the state territory. It extends north

and south of river Ganga and is roughly delineated in the south by the contour line of

150 m above mean sea level. The plains in the north of river Ganga is monotonously

flat and the only diversities are due to action of rivers viz. Ghagra, Gandak, Burhi

Gandak, Kamala, Balan, Adhwara, Kosi and Mahananda while in the south, it is mainly

developed over the alluvium deposited by Sone, Punpun, Paimar, Phalgu, Chandan

rivers. The climate varies from hot moist subhumid to hot moist humid. Major portion

of the area is cultivated with rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane and arhar.



The major constraints of the area are imperfect to poor drainage, moderate to severe

flooding, coarse texture and low available water capacity (AWC). The problem of slight

soil salinity and sodicity has been observed in patches.

A brief description of soils for the identified landscapes is presented as follows:

(a) Soils of Piedmont Plains

The piedmont plains are mainly located in West Champaran district of Bihar. The

dominant soils occurring on very gently sloping piedmont plains are generally very

deep, moderately well to well drained, fine-loamy to coarse-loamy in texture. They are

neutral to slightly alkaline. Some are calcareous. They are slightly to moderately

eroded. These soils have udic moisture and hyperthermic soil temperature regime. They

are generally associated with very deep, well drained, sandy soils.

(b) Soils of Active Alluvial Plains

Active alluvial plains are land mass adjoining the rivers and streams which get

frequently inundated during rainy season. The dominant soils occurring on this

landscape are very deep, well to moderately well drained, fine-loamy to coarse-loamy in

texture. They are neutral to slightly alkaline and generally calcareous. They have

medium to high AWC and are slightly to moderately eroded and subject to moderate

flooding. They are generally associated with very deep, well drained, sandy soils having

low to very low AWC.

(c) Soils of Recent Alluvial Plains

It covers the districts of East Champaran, Sitamarhi, Muzaffarpur, Gopalganj, Siwan,

Saran, Dharbhanga, Samastipur, Vaishali, Madhubani, Patna,Nalanda, Nawada and

Katihar. The soils occurring on this landform have wide variations especially in

drainage and texture. Dominantly, the soils are very deep, imperfectly to poorly drained,

fine loamy to fine in texture. They are neutral to slightly alkaline.



(d) Soils of Old Alluvial plain

Old alluvial plains are mainly located in the districts of Rohtas, Bhojpur, Jahanabad and

Bhagalpur. Soils occurring on this landscape show appreciable profile development

with A-B-C horizon. Soils are very deep, imperfectly to poorly drained, fine-loamy to

fine in texture. They are slightly eroded. They are generally slightly acidic to neutral in

reaction. However, at places they are slightly alkaline and have slight to moderate

salinity/sodicity. Some are subject to flooding during rainy season.

(e) Soils of Allivial Cone (Kosi River)

This landscape is mainly observed in the districts of Saharsa, Madhepura and Western

part of Purnea. The dominant soils occurring in this landscape are very deep,

imperfectly to moderately well drained, loamy to sandy in texture and are subject to

moderate to severe flooding. They are slightly eroded and have neutral to slightly

alkaline soil reaction.

The generalised soil charateristics of Indo-Gangetic Plain are given in Table-9.1.

Table 9.1Generalised soil scape charactaristics of Indo-Gangetic Plain

Dominant soilcharacteristics

Land use Constraints

Piedmont plains

Very gently sloping, very deepmoderately well to well drained,neutral to slightly alkaline,fine loamy to sandy, low to medium AWC

Paddy, Wheat,Sugarcane

Moderate erosion Coarse texture Low to medium CEC Low to medium AWC

Active alluvial plains

Very gently sloping, very deep,well to moderately well drained,neutral to slightly alkaline, calcareous,loamy to sandy, low to medium AWC

Paddy, Wheat,Mustard, ArharVegetables

Coarse texture Moderate erosion Moderate flooding Low CEC and AWC



Dominant soilcharacteristics

Land use Constraints

Recent alluvial plains

Very gently sloping, very deep,Imperfectly to poorly drained, fine-loamy/clayey, neutral to slightly alkaline,medium to high AWC

Paddy, Wheat,Khesari, GramMillets

Moderate to severeflooding

Poor drainage

Old alluvial plains

Very gently sloping, very deep,imperfectly to poorly drained, fine-loamy/clayey, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline,medium to high AWC

Paddy, Maize,Wheat,Sugarcane


Imperfect drainage Slight to moderate

salinityAlluvial cone

Very gently sloping, very deep,imperfectly to moderately well drained,coarse-loamy/sandy, neutral to slightlyalkaline, low to medium AWC

Paddy, Wheat,Maize, PeaMustard,Linseed,Arhar,Vegetables


Imperfect drainage Coarse texture Low AWC Low to medium AWC

9.2.3 Soil Survey Interpretation for Optimising Land Use

The soil resource maps provide the basic information on physiography, soils - their

characteristics and classification.

i) Soil depth

Soil depth is an important parameter which determines the availability of nutrients and

water for growth and development of crops. In view of large number of possible

combinations, some generalisation in respect of soil depth classes have been made.

Accordingly, six depth classes have been identified. The extent of area under different

classes has been given in Table 9.2 and their spatial distribution has been shown in

Fig. 9.1.



Table 9.2Soil depth classes

The data show that deep to very deep soils cover 81.2% of the total geographical area,

followed by moderately deep to slightly deep and shallow to very shallow soils

occupying 9.1 and 7.0 percent area, respectively. Shallow to very shallow soils mostly

observed on the moderately to steeply sloping hills require utmost care from soil

conservation point of view.

ii) Surface soil texture

Soil texture indicates the relative proportion of primary particles, such as sand, silt and

clay. It is a permanent physical characteristic. The textural class guides to understand

soil water retention and availability, workability of soil, infiltration and drainage

conditions, crop suitability, etc. Three textural groups used are clayey, loamy and

sandy. The extent of area under different groups has been given in Table 9.3 and their

spatial distribution has been shown in Fig 9.2.

Table 9.3Soil textural classes

Class Area (%)

Very shallow (0-25 cm)

Shallow (25-50 cm)

Slightly deep (50-75 cm)

Mod. deep (75-100 cm)

Deep (100-150 cm)

Very deep (150 cm)

Miscellaneous

0.6

6.4

0.2

8.9

31.5

49.7

2.7

Total 100

Class Area (%)SandyLoamyClayeyOther Miscellaneous including rockoutcrops

4.671.820.82.8

Total 100



The data reveal that 71.8 per cent of the total geographical area have loamy surface

texture and 20.8 percent area has clayey surface texture. The coarse textured soils

(sandy surface texture), mainly encountered in Katihar and Purnea districts cover nearly

4.6 per cent of the geographical area. The supply of water to plants is greater in soils of

moderately fine texture than in those of coarse texture. Under similar condition, the

availability of soil nitrogen to plants usually increases as the texture becomes finer.

iii) Soil erosion

Soil erosion refers to wearing away of the earth's surface by the forces resulting due to

wind, water and ice. Erosion is the prime process responsible for the variation in

topography as it erodes elevated surfaces and simultaneously constructs the alluvial

plains in the valleys. Soil erosion is aggravated due to human intervention through

indiscriminate cutting of trees, mining, overgrazing etc., thus affecting natural

ecosystem.

Based on field studies, the soils of the state have been grouped under three erosion

classes. The extent of area under different erosion classes is given in Table 9.4 and their

spatial distribution has been shown in Fig. 9.3.

Table 9.4Soil erosion classes

Class Area (%)

Slight

Moderate

Severe / Very servere

Other Misc. includingrock outcrops

52.0

36.2

9.0

2.8

Total 100



The data reveal that 9.0 per cent of the total geographical area of the state is affected by

severe soil erosion. Such areas need immediate attention for soil conservation measures

like bunding, contour farming, gully plugging, farm forestry, water harvesting, etc.

iv) Drainage

Drainage affects the soil-air-water relationship in soils and suggests the availability of

oxygen in mapped soils for root ramification. These data can be interpreted for

determining the suitability of mapped soils for different crops and hence for crop

planning. In areas subject to flooding or having drainage problems, a precise knowledge

about the drainage condition will be very useful for both crop planning as well as non-

agricultural uses of soils. Six drainage classes have been used. The extent of area under

different drainage classes has been given in Table 9.5 and their spatial distribution has

been shown in Fig. 9.4

Table 9.5Soil drainage classes

The data reveal that majority of soils are moderately well to well drained which

suggests less limitations for agricultural production. Nearly 43.9 per cent of the TGA

are under poor and imperfect drainage which are well suited to semi aquatic crops like

paddy and jute.

v) Calcareousness

Calcareousness influences the pH as well as the availability of macro and micro

nutrients in the soil for the growth of plants. The physical conditions of soils are also

greatly influenced by the quantity and the size of lime concretions present in the soil.

Class Area (%)Some-what excessiveWell drainedMod. well drainedImperfect by drainedVery poor / poor drainageMiscellaneous

3.624.225.623.520.42.7

Total 100



Calcareous soils in the state are mostly observed in the districts Gopalganj, Chhapra,

Siwan, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur and part of Champaran, Samastipur, Begusarai and

Khagaria. It covers approximately 4.5 per cent of the total geographical area as shown

in Fig. 9.5.

vi) Soil salinity / sodicity

The information on the degree and extent of salt affected soils and the depth of its

occurrence is basic for ameliorating such degraded soils. In Bihar State, patches of

saline/sodic soils are mostly observed in the districts of Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Saharsa,

Madhepura, Purnea, East Champaran, Patna, Siwan, Saran, Gopalgang, Bhojpur and

Rohtas.

The extent of area under different salinity/ sodicity classes has been given in Table 9.6

and Fig. 9.6. The area affected by slight salinity/ sodicity problem accounts for 1.2 per

cent of the total geographical area whereas the moderately affected area accounts for

only 0.1 per cent. This indicates that the soils can be put under different land uses with

careful management.

Table-9.6Soil salinity / sodicity classes

Class Area (%)Nil 96.0Slight 1.2Moderate 0.1Miscelleneous 2.7

Total 100

vii) Particle Size Distribution

Particle size classes of soils is considered important since it indicates the drainage

condition, water holding capacity and nutrient storage capacity of soils. The study

indicates that Bihar soils are characterised by fine silty and fine texured soils (Table

9.7). A thematic on particle size classes of soils of Bihar is shown in Fig. 9.7.



Table 9.7Particle size classes of soils

viii) Soil reaction (pH)

Soil reaction (pH) indicates the level of acidity and/or alkalinity which, in other words,

influences soil environment. This soil environment indirectly governs the availability of

different plant nutrients. It has been found that soils having neutral pH (6.5-7.5) are

ideal for crop growth in terms of available plant nutrients.

The study indicates that Bihar soils are mostly acidic followed by slightly alkaline soils

and neutral soils (Table 9.8). Fig. 9.8 also indicates that the soils in the northern Bihar

are mostly slightly alkaline and the southern part of the state is dominated by soils

which are slightly acidic.

Table - 9.8Soil reaction (pH) classes

Class Area (%)

Loamy skeletalSandyLoamyCoarse loamyFine loamyFine siltyFineVery fineSettelementsWater bodies

9.174.414.417.32

38.901.35

31.231.290.281.64

Total 100

Class Area (%)

Moderatly acidic (4.5-5.5)Slightly acidic (5.5-6.5)Neutral (6.5-7.6)Slightly alkaline (7.5-8.5)Moderately alkaline (7.5-8.5)SettelementsWater bodies

5.9146.4219.9324.521.290.281.64

Total 100



ix) Slope

Slope determines the degree of run off in a given landscape which indirectly governs

the soil erosion. Slope, on the contrary is determined by position of the landscape. Basic

information on slopes helps the planners to decide the appropriate soil conservation

measures for controlling soil degradation.

The study indicates that about 94% total area of Bihar is characterised by level to gently

slcping soils as is evident in Table 9.9 and Fig. 9.9.

Table 9.9Slope classes

Class Area (%)

Level to nearly level(0-1%)

Very gently sloping(1-3%)

Gently sloping (3-8%)

Moderately sloping (15-30%)

Moderately steep sloping (15030%)

Steeply sloping (30-50%)

Settelements

Water bodies

19.01

43.33

31.24

4.02

0.44

0.05

0.28

1.64

Total 100

x) Parent Material

Parent material determines the probable source of soil mass deposited and/or formed on

a landscape. Parent material of soils is again governed by the geology of the area. Parent

material determines the characteristics of soils in terms of their physical, chemical and

mineralogical properties.

The study indicates that large part of northern and central portion of the state is

characterised by alluvial parent material. Major portion of the southern Bihar is covered

by granitegniessic parent material as given in Table 9.10 and depicted in Fig 9.10.



Table 9.10Parent material classes

9.2.4 Dominant Soil Characteristics in Project Command

The project command area for irrigation planning in North Bihar under Sapta Kosi High

Dam comprises the following.

i) Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Basin

- Burhi Gandak Basin (Part)

- Bagmati Basin (Full)

ii) Mahananda Basin (Part)

- Western fringe of Mahananda upto Mechi River

As per soil resource mapping carried out by NBSS & LUP for optimising land use in

the above command areas, following mapping units have been identified covering Burhi

Gandak, Bagmati and Mahananda basins.

Basin Mapping Unit

Burhi Gandak - 42, 35

Bagmati - 12, 19, 20, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 42

Mahananda - 19, 21, 36, 38, 39, 41

The charactaristics of dominanat soils for the above mapping units are elaborated in

Table 9.11.

Class Area (%)

Alluviam

Granite – Gneiss

Gneiss – Schist

Sandstone

Basalt

Settelement

Water bodies

46.99

32.62

14.20

2.54

1.71

0.28

1.64

Total 100



Table 9.11Characteristics of dominant soils

Mappingunit

Description Soiltaxonomy

Soils of Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plain

12 Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture andslight erosion; associated with:

Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils onnearly level land with loamy surface texture and slighterosion.

Fine-loamy

Soils of Recent Alluvial Plain19 Very deep, well drained, coarse-loamy soils on very gently

sloping plain with loamy surface texture, moderate erosionand severe flooding; associated with:

Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils withloamy surface texture, slight erosion and severe flooding.

Coarse –loamy,

to

Fine-loamy

20 Very deep, poorly drained, fine soils on level to nearlylevel plain with clayey surface texture and very slighterosion associated with:

Very deep, poorly drained, very fine cracking soils withclayey surface texture and slight erosion.

Fine

to

very fine

21 Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion and moderately flooding; associated with:

Very deep, well drained, sandy soils with sandy surfacetexture, slight erosion and moderately flooding.

Fine-loamy

33 Very deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine-loamysoils on very gently sloping plain with loamy surfacetexture, slight erosion, moderate flooding and slightsodicity; associated with:

Very deep, well drained, fine-loamy soils with loamysurface texture, slight erosion moderate flooding and slightsodicity.

Fine loamy

34 Very deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine-siltysoils on very gently sloping plain with loamy surfacetexture, slight erosion, severe flooding and slight sodicity;

Fine-silty



Mappingunit

Description Soiltaxonomy

associated with:

Deep, imperfectly drained, fine-loamy soils with loamysurface texture, slight erosion and slight sodicity.

35 Very deep, poorly drained, calcareous fine-loamy soils onlevel to nearly plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion, severe flooding; associated with:

Deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous fine-loamy soils withloamy surface texture and slight erosion.

Fine-loamy

36 Very deep, moderately well drained, coarse-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture andslight erosion; associated with:

Very deep, imperfectly drained, fine-loamy soils withloamy surface texture and slight erosion.

Coarse-loamy

to

Fine-loamy

38 Very deep, well drained, calcareous fine-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion, severe flooding and slight salinity/ sodicity;associated with:

Very deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous fine-loamy soilswith loamy surface texture, slight erosion, severe floodingand slight salinity / sodicity.

Fine-loamy

39 Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion and severe flooding; associated with:

Very deep, imperfectly drained, fine-silty soils with slighterosion and severe flooding.

Fine-loamy

41 Very deep, moderately well drained, coarse-loamy soils onvery gently sloping land with loamy surface texture andslight erosion; associated with:

Very deep, moderately well drained, coarse-loamy soilswith loamy surface texture and slight erosion.

Coarse-loamy

42 Very deep, poorly drained, calcareous fine-loamy soils onlevel to nearly plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion, severe flooding and slight salinity; associatedwith:

Very deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous coarse-loamysoils on very gently sloping land with loamy surfacetexture, slight salinity.

Fine-loamy

to

Coarse-loamy



It would be noted from the above Table that:

Burhi Gandak: The soils in Burhi Gandak command belong to Recent Alluvial

plain which are ranging from coarse – loamy to fine loamy. They

are very deep, poorly drained with loamy texture on the surface.

They are predominantly calcareous in nature. They are very

gently sloping.

Bagmati: The soils in Bagmati command generally belong to Recent

Alluvial Plain with presence of soils of Indo-Gangetic Alluvial

Plain at some places.

The texture of the soils ranges from coarse-loamy to fine-loamy

with intrusion of fine-silty soil at few places. However, the

predominant texture is fine-loamy.

They are very deep, well drained to moderately well drained with

loamy texture on the surface. They are very gently sloping.

Mahananda: The soils in Mahananda Command (West of Mechi River)

belong to Recent Alluvial Plain.

The texture of the soils ranges from coarse-loamy to fine-loamy.

However, the predominant texture is coarse-loamy only.

They are very deep, well drained to moderately well drained with

loamy texture on the surface. They are very gently sloping.



9.3 BROAD SOIL AND LAND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROJECT COMMAND

9.3.1 Introduction

During macro-planning stage, the overall development planning with respect to

irrigation, agriculture and drainage is to be carried out in order to improve the socio-

economic conditions of the command area people. This is to be based on broad

assessment of soil characteristics so as to efficiently use the soil resource of the project

area.

The project area is a part of the Indo-Gangetic plain/ lying in the north part of the river

Ganga which is the master line of drainage. The rivers coming from the Himalayas viz.

Burhi Gandak, Kamla, Balan, Adhwara, Kosi and Mahananda discharge their water into

the Ganga river. The soils are formed of alluvium of both older and recent formations,

which have been brought by these rivers. In general, the older alluvium occupies higher

grounds whereas the recent alluvium occupier the flood plains of the various rivers. The

alluvial plain is monotonously flat with only diversities caused due to the action of the

rivers, forming raised riverside uplands known as levees and depressions called

‘Chaurs’ quite away from the river banks.

The soil resource is the basis of agriculture which is particularly important for this

region as the economy is largely dependent on agriculture., and that too primarily a food

crop economy. Crop productively is low because of lack of assured source of water

availability as also because of adoption of traditional methods of cultivation since

majority of farmers are small and marginal farmers who are resource poor having little

or limited access to production inputs, technologies and services. Most importantly,

flood is the annual feature and there is hardly a portion which is not ravaged by flood.

The agro-climatic conditions prevailing in the project area favour the cultivation of

different crops viz. cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fiber crops, vegetables, fruits, etc.

However, the basic system of cropping pattern is cereal based, and rice, maize and

wheat are the dominant crops as they form the staple food for the population.



9.3.2 Methodology

The soil survey is required to be carried out at variant intensity levels of survey. The

decision on the required intensity and method of survey is made keeping in view the

purpose that is required to be served. In the present context, since the purpose is to

outline the suitable land areas for irrigation and establish broad distinguishing criteria

for crop productivity potential as well as for production system management, the low

intensity survey has been considered to be a satisfying option to meet the stipulated

purpose. Keeping this requirement in focus, the soil survey was undertaken at non-grid

criss- cross reconnaissance level. Basically, it is a free survey method which is an

efficient and economic method of ground survey since observations are sited where they

are likely to be most informative.

The geographical setting for soil survey was planned to accord with the patches selected

for semi-detailed soil survey. The survey areas for ground ruth verification largely

encompassed the district administrative units of Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and Samastipur

which form a part of the North West Alluvial Plan Zone, and the district of Kishanganj

which forms a part of the North East Alluvial Plain Zone.

The soil survey was carried out based on land form analysis, field surveys, laboratory

analysis, available soil clasification maps on 1:250000 scale, prepared by National

Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use and experts’ reviews. The soils have been

examined in auger bores and existing dug out pits. The collected soil samples were

examined in the field survey for soil depth and depthwise colour, texture, structure,

consistency and calcareousness. Parts of the collected soil samples were analyzed in the

laboratory for chemical properties such as pH in 1:2.5 soil- water suspension and EC

(dS/m) in 1:2.5 soil- water suspension, as well as soil organic carbon (%).

The soils have been described with respect to location, physiography, topography (land

slope), erosion, relief, drainage, permeability, surface flooding, present land use and

physico- chemical characteristics as observed during field survey and those analysed in

the laboratory. Based on the description of the individual soils, interpretive grouping of



individual soils has been carried out in terms of soil type (texture), available water

holding capacity (AWHC) – and level of limitation to crop production coupled with

identification of land capability sub-class, irrigability sub-class, productivity potential

and land use suitability.

9.3.2.1 Criteria for Land Capability Classification

For identification of land capability sub-class the criteria used are as per Soil Survey

Manual, All India Soil and Land use Survey Organisation, I.A.R.I, New Delhi. The

criteria for land capability classification are given below:

Land Capability Class Subclass(Dominant kindof land)

Suitable for (onlythe most intensive

safe use ismentioned)

Special needs orprecautions

I. Very good cultivableland

Deep, nearly levelproductive valley land

Intensive cultivationto all climaticallyadapted crops

No specialdifficulty infarming. usualgood farmingpractices tomaintain soilfertility andconserve water

II. Good cultivable land II e - Good soil on gentleslopes subject to watererosion or wind erosionon sandy soils

Cultivation withprecaution

Protection fromerosion, useconservationirrigation methods

II w - Good soil, slightlywet or subject to overflow

Cultivation withmanagement ofexcess water andselection of cropsadapted to wetconditions

Drainageimprovement orflood protection.

IIs- Soil with minor soilproblems such as clay orsandy texture, moderatedepth, or slight alkali

Cultivation withselection of cropsadapted to soillimitations

Treatment tooffset soillimitations and toconserve irrigationwater

III. Moderately goodcultivable land

IIIe- Good soil onmoderate slopes subject towater erosion, or sandysoil subject to winderosion

Cultivation withprecautions againstpermanent landdamage

Special attentionto crosion controland conservationirrigation







IIIw- Good soil,moderately wet or subjectto over flow.

Cultivation withcareful managementof excess water andselection of cropsadapted to wetconditions.

Intensive drainage,improvement orprotection fromflooding.

IIIs- Soil with moderateproblems due to moderatedepth, gravels, or alkali

Cultivation withcareful selection ofcrops adapted tosoil limitations

Intensivetreatment to offsetor overcome soillimitations andconserve irrigationwater

IV. Fairly good land.suited foroccasional orlimited cultivation

IVe- Moderately steepland subject to seriouswater erosion, or sandysoils subject to winderosion

Occasionalcultivation inrotation with hay orpasture, or orchardsprotected bypermanent covercrops

Intensive erosioncontrol when incultivation

IVw- Bottom land that isvery wet or subject tosevere overflow.

Cultivation tospecial summercrops, hazard ofcrop failure isalways present.

Intensive drainage,special attention toseeding andharvest dates tominimize cropfailure on overflow land

IVs- Fairly good land withlimitations due toshallowness, gravel, stone,or strong alkali

Occasionalcultivation inrotation with hay orpasture.

Very intensivetreatment toovercome soillimitations. carefulselection of crops

IVc- Good soil with justenough rainfall or crops infavourable years

Cultivation duringwet years, frequentcrop failure. Betterin permanentvegetation

Conserve allrainfall- developwater forirrigation orconvert to pastureor grazing use.

V. Very well suited forgrazing, not arable,

Vw- Good productivemountain meadows thatare wet and have shortgrowing season

Grazing andproduction of wildhay

Proper season ofuse and rate ofstocking; protectfrom gullying.

VI. Well suited forgrazing or forestry,not arable

VI e - Steep land subjectto erosion if cover isdepleted

Grazing or forestryor both

Manage grazingand logging tomaintain sufficientresidue and litteron the soil for soiland moisture







conservation fireprotection

VIw- Flat land,occasionally with salts,permanently wet orsubject to overflow

Grazing Manage grazing toprevent soilpuddling, and tofavour desirableforage plants

VIs- Flat to gently slopingshallow, stony, gravelly,or alkali land


Good rang andforestrymanagementpractices. Fireprotection

VIc- Good or fairly goodsoil not enough moisturefor cultivation.

Grazing primarily,some forestry.Could be cultivatedif water wereavailable

Good range andforestrymanagementpractices. Fireprotection

VII. Fairly well suitedfor grazing or forestry,not arable

VII e – Very steep landsubject to erosion if coveris depleted


Carefully managegrazing andlogging tomaintain enoughplant litter for soiland moistureconservation, fineprotection

VIIs – Very shallow,stony, or strong alkali land


Good range andforestrymanagement, fireprotection

VII e – Fairly good soil,not enough moisture forcultivation

Grazing or forestryor both cultivation

Good range andforestrymanagement, fireprotection

VIIw – Flat, permanentlywet or overflow and alongstreams, tidal marsh areas

Limited grazing Range grazing tofavour desirable

VIII. Suited only forwild life, recreation andprotection of watersupplies

VIIIc - Highly erodible-gullies, bad lands, andsand dunes

Watershed and wildlife.

Maintainmaximum coverfor erosion control

VIIIw - Tidal land, streamchannels and swamps

Wild life,recreation, andwater spreading

Improve for wildlife and recreation

VIII s - Barren mountain Recreation and Improve for wild







tops, little or no soil watershed life and recreation

9.3.2.2 Criteria for Land Irrigability Classification

For identification of land irrigability sub-class following standard criteria has been

used.

Class 1: Lands that have few limitations for sustained use under irrigation.

Lands of this class are capable of producing sustained and relatively high yields of a

wide range of climatically adapted crops at reasonable cost. There are few or no

limitations of soil, topography or drainage. The soils in this class are nearly level, have

deep rooting zones, have fanourable permeability, texture and available moisture

holding capacity, and are easily maintained in good tilth. Lands with unfanourable soil

or topography are not included in this class, nor are lands where drainage or salinity

problems are predicted after introduction of irrigation due to unfavourable water

quality, sub-strata conditions, or lack of outfalls.

Class 2: Land that have moderate limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Land of this class have moderate limitations of either soil, topography, or drainage

when used for irrigation. Limitations may include singly or in combination the effects

of (i) very gentle slopes, (ii) less than ideal soil depth, texture, (iii) moderate salinity or

alkali when in equilibrium with the irrigation water, and somewhat unfavourable

topography or drainage conditions.

Class 3: Lands that have severe limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Lands of this class have severe limitations of either soil, topography or drainage when

used for irrigation, limitations may include singly or in combination the effects of (i)

gentle slopes, (ii) unfavourable soil depth, texture permeability or other soil properties,



(iii) moderately severe salinity or alkali when in equilibrium with the irrigation water,

and (iv) unfavourable topography or drainage conditions.

Class 4: Lands that are marginal for sustained use under irrigation because of verysevere limitations

Lands of this class have very severe limitations of either soils, topography or drainage

when used for irrigation. Limitations may include singly or in combination the effects

of (i) moderately steep slopes, (ii) very unfabourable soil depth, texture, permeability or

other soil properties, (iii) severe salinity or alkali when in equilibrium with the

irrigation water, and (iv) very unfavourable topography or drainage conditions.

Class 5: Land that are temporarily classed as not suitable for sustained use underirrigation pending further investigations

Lands of this class cannot be classified at the present level of investigations, and are

temporarily classed as not suitable for irrigaion. If these lands are to be given a final

classification, special investigations will be needed.

Class 6: lands not suitable for sustained use under irrigation

The lands of this class do not meet the minimum requirements for lands of other

classes, or are not susceptible to delivery of irrigation water.

Subclasses are groups of land irrigability units that have the same kinds of dominant

limitations for sustained use under irrigation. When lands are placed in any class lower

than I, the reasons should be indicated by appending the letters “s” “t” or “d” to class

number to show whether deficiency is in “soils”, “topography” or “drainage”. Lands

with more than one major deficiency may be indicated with the relevant letters after the

class, For example, if the land has both 2s and 2t deficiencies, this should be indicated

by the designation 2st.

9.3.3 Interaction with State Level Soil scientists



A critical review of the soil survey outputs was carried out by holding interactive

sessions in the Department of Soil Science, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa

(Samastipur) with Professor & Head in the Chair and in participation with University

level soil scientists, particularly those involved in soil investigations in the North-

Eastern Indo- Gangetic plain Region of North Bihar. The review was capped up with

the participation of Director of Research of the University and former Principal of Bihar

Agricultural College, Sabour who are eminent soil scientists at the national level and

have worked extensively in the north-eastern Indo-Gangetic plain region.

9.3.4 Sample Ground Truth verification and findings

The findings of soil surveys are presented as per the geopraphical setting of the

command area surveyed which largely comprise the districts of Sitamarhi, Darbhanga,

Samastipur and Kishanganj.

The approach for soil studies has been land form analysis, field survey and laboratory

analysis. The basic data on soil depth, texture, structure, calcareousness, pH . EC and

organic carbon content have been provided. Appraising the soil-site conditions,

indicative observations have been made in respect of erosion, drainage and available

water holding capacity (AWHC). Taking an overall view of the above mentioned

properties and parameters, interpretative grouping of the soils has been made by way of

recognizing land capability sub-class, irrigability sub-class, productivity potential and

land use suitability. While these recognitions are empirical and qualitative, they are yet

reasonably useful as these are based on the Consultants extensive experience and

understanding of the project area coupled with intensive consultations with the

concerned top-level RAU Soil Scientists.

9.3.4.1 Sitamarhi District



In course of traversing the command area for soil survey , the observations were sited

in the villages of Sahiara, Bishanpur, Dostia, Marpa, Mitiar, Kairwa, Barharwa, Ram

Nagra, Kishanpur, Sasoula, Narha, Ranjitpura, Dumri Kalan, Mahadeva, Riga,

Butakipur and Bulakipur. The information based on field observations and analytical

data is presented villagewise:

District : SitamarhiVillage : Sahiara

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain,gently sloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion,normal relief

Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderatelyrapid permeability

Land use : Rice-Wheat/Lentil/KhesariSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)

Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness

pH(1:2.5water)

EC (1:2.5water )dS/m

Org.C

(%)0-15 Pale gray Sandy

loamMediummassive

Friable - 7.4 0.17 0.52

15-30 Pale gray Sandyloam

Mediummassive

Friable - 7.3 0.13 0.39

30-60 Pale olive Sandyloam

Medium sb Friable - 7.2 0.10 0.33

60-90 Pale olive Sandyloam

Medium sb Friable - 7.1 0.14 0.31

90-120 Lightyellowish

Loamysand

Loose Friable - 7.2 0.12 0.27


Loamysand

Loose Friable - 7.1 0.09 0.27

Interpretive grouping of soil

The soil is of sandy loam texture, having medium AWHC. Because of proneness to

surface flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop

production.

Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 sd



Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/mustard/vegetables

sb : sub-angular blockyAWHC : Available water holding capacityw : water related limitations : soil related limitationd : drainage related limitationdil.HCl : dilute hydrochloric acidDistrict : SitamarhiVillage : Bishanpur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion , normalrelief


Land use : Rice-Wheat/Gram/Lentil

Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC (1:2.5water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)0-15 Light

grayClayloam

sb Friable,Slightly sticky

- .6.1 0.16 0.53

15-30 Darkgrayishbrown

Sandyclayloam

sb Friable,Slightlysticky

- 6.5 0.12 0.37

30-60 Lightbrownish

gray

Sandyloam


- 6.2 0.08 0.38


gray

Sandyloam


- 6.2 0.05 0.27


brown

Loamysand

Mediumsb

Friable,Slightlysticky

- 6.3 0.08 0.26


brown

Sand Singlegrain

Loose, non--sticky

- 6.3 0.06 0.22




The soil is of coarse loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of surface

flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium & High Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/gram/lentil

District : SitamarhiVillage : Dostia

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, slighterosion , normal relief


Land use : Rice-/Gram/LentilSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mithi

Depth(cm)


pH (1:2.5water)

EC (1:2.5water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Light gray Clayloam

Massive Firm, sticky - 7.3 0.24 0.58


Massive Firm ,sticky - 6.7 0.21 0.41

30-60 Grayishbrown

Clayloam



Clayloam

Mediumsb

Firm, verysticky

- 6.9 0.22 0.19


Sandyclay

Mediumsb

Firm, verysticky

- 6.8 0.27 0.22

120-150

Yellowishbrown

Sandyclay

Mediumsb

Firm, verysticky

- 7.1 0.18 0.17




The soil is of fine loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of imperfect

drainage proneness to flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation

for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium to High Land use suitability : Rice-wheat/sugarcane/mustard/ vegetables

District : SitamarhiVillage : Marpa

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gentlysloping (1.3%), slight erosion , normal relief

Drainage : Slowly drained with low permeability

Land use : Rice-/wheat / mustard/ gram/ lentil/ sugarcane

Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mithi

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Lightbrownish

gray

Clayloam

sb Friable andmoderately

sticky

- 7.3 0.24 0.58

15-30 Lightbrownish

gray

Clayloam

Mediumsb

Friable andmoderately

sticky

- 7.5 0.28 0.42


Massive Firm & sticky - 6.6 0.21 0.33

60-90 Light gray Silty clayloam


90-120 Gray Silty clayloam


120-150

Gray Silty clayloam





The soil is of clay loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of proneness to

flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat//mustard/ sugarcane

District : SitamarhiVillage : Mitiar

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gently sloping( 1-3%), moderate erosion , normal relief

Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately rapidpermeability

Land use : Rice-Wheat/mustard/ gram/ lentil/ sugarcane

Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Lightbrownish

gray

Sandyclayloam

sb Friable,mediumsticky

- 6.7 0.27 0.52

15-30 Lightbrownish

gray

Clayloam

sb Friable,mediumsticky

- 6.9 0.20 0.47

30-60 Lightyellowishbrownish

Clayloam

sb Mediumsticky

- 7.2 0.18 0.23


Clay Massive Sticky - 7.1 0.21 0.22








The soil is of sandy clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because of

slow drainage and proneness to occasional flooding, it has modetate limitation for crop

production.

Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 sd Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-wheat/mustard/gram/ letin/ sugarcane

Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Kairwa

Physiography : Indo Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Imperfectly drained with very slow permeability

Land use : Rice -wheat, gram , lentil

Soil characteristics :

Local soil name : Kewal Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)


Medium sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.37 0.53





60-90 Lightgrayish

Silty clayloam

sb Friable,sticky

- 6.8 0.21 0.31

90-120 Lightgrayish

Silty clayloam

sb Friable,sticky

- 7.2 0.08 0.27

120-150

Lightgrayish

Silty clayloam

sb Friable,sticky

- 7.2 0.08 0.23

Interpretive grouping of soil :

The soil is fine of silty clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because of

imperfect drainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitation for crop

production.



Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, mustard, lentil, sugarcane

Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Barharwa

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, gentlysloping (1-3%) slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately slow drainage with moderately slowpermeability



Local soil name : Barik Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Olivebrown

Silty clayloam

sb Friable,sticky

- 6.9 0.31 0.58

15-30 Olivebrown

Silty clayloam

sb Friable,sticky

- 7.1 0.37 0.43


brown

Silty clayloam

sb Friable,sticky

- 7.3 0.32 0.28


brown

Silty clay Massive Firm sticky - 7.2 0.22 0.22


brown


120-150

Lightyellowish

brown





The soil is fine of silty clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofslow drainage and proneness to flooding , it has moderate to severe limitation forcrop production.

Land capability subclass : III w Irrigability subclass : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, mustard, lentil, sugarcane

Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Ramnagra

Physiography : Indo Gangetic recent alluvial nearly level ( 10-1%), very slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Slowly drained with slow permeability



Local soil name : Kewal Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH (1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Mediumgray

Silty clayloam

Massive Firm sticky - 6.9 0.31 0.58

15-30 Mediumgray

Silty clayloam




60-90 Lightbrownish

gray

Silty clayloam

sb Friablesticky

- 6.7 0.20 0.22

90-120 Brownishgray

Silty clayloam

sb Friablesticky

- 6.6 0.16 0.16

120-150

Brownishgray

Silty clay sb Friablesticky

- 6.9 0.13 0.12


The soil is fine of silty clay, loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Becauseof slow drainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitations for cropproduction.



Land capability subclass : III w Irrigability subclass : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, lentil, sugarcane

Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Kishanpur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately drained with moderately lowpermeability

Land use : Rice -wheat, gram , mustard


Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Lightbrownish

gray

Clay loam sb Friable,slightlysticky

- 7.2 0.23 0.54

15-30 Lightbrownish

gray

Clay loam sb Friable,slightlysticky

- 7.3 0.27 0.47


brown

Silty clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.18 0.39


brown

Silty clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 6.9 0.12 0.39

90-120 Olivebrown

Silty clay sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.10 0.18

120-150

Olivebrown



The soil is of clay, loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofmoderate drainage and less proneness to flooding , it has moderate severe limitationfor crop production.



Land capability subclass : II w Irrigability subclass : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, lentil , mustard

Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Sasoula

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, nearly level (0-1%), very slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Poorly drained with moderately low permeability



Local soil name : Kebal Mitti

Depth(cm)

Colour Texture Structure Consistency

Calcar-eousness

pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Meduimgray

Silty clayloam

Massive Firmsticky

- 7.2 0.18 0.55

15-30 Meduimgray

Silty clay Massive Firmsticky

- 7.3 0.15 0.44

30-60 gray Silty clayloam

Massive Firmsticky

- 7.1 0.20 0.27

60-90 gray Silty clay Angularblocky

Firmsticky

- 7.4 0.17 0.22


Firmsticky

- 7.3 0.18 0.15


Firmsticky

- 7.2 0.12 0.15


The soil is of silty clay loam, having moderately high AWHC. Because of slowdrainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, lentil, mustard



Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Narha

Physiography : Indo Gangetic recent alluvial plain very gentlysloping (1-3%), very slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Slowly drained with moderately low permeability

Land use : Rice -wheat, gram , mustard


Local soil name : Chikni Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Meduimgray

clay loam sb Friable,slightlysticky

- 7.2 0.53 0.53

15-30 Meduimgray

clay loam Sb Friable,slightlysticky

- 7.1 0.40 0.47

30-60 Brownishgray

Silty clayloam

sb Friable,sticky

- 7.3 0.29 0.27

60-90 Brownishgray


90-120 Pale olive Silty clay sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.20 0.18

120-150 Pale olive Silty clay sb Firm, sticky - 7.2 0.22 0.15


The soil is of clay loam to silty clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC.Because of slow drainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitation forcrop production.

Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, lentil , mustard,

vegetables



District : SitamarhiVillage : Ranjitpura

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, nearlymoderately level land ( 0-1%), very slighterosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately slowpermeability

Land use : Rice-Wheat/Sugarcane

Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Kewal Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Gray Siltyclayloam

Massive Slightlyfriable,sticky

- 7.5 0.83 0.71

15-30 Light gray Siltyclayloam

Mediumsb

Slightlyfriable,sticky

-

7.6 1.04 0.57

30-60 Light olive toyellowish

Siltyloam

Mediumsb

Slightly hard,sticky

- 7.6 0.89 0.28

60-90 Yellowishbrown

Siltyloam

Mediumsb


-

7.7 0.83 0.26


Siltyloam

Mediumsb


- 7.3 0.81 0.33

120-150 Brownishyellowish

Siltyclayloam

Massive Slightly hard,sticky

-

7.0 0.75 0.06


The soil is of silty clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofproneness to flooding, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIsw Irrigability sub-class : 2d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat/Sugarcane/Mustard/Vegetables



District : SitamarhiVillage : Dumri Kalan

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, nearly levelsloping ( 0-1%), very slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately to poorly drained with relatively slowpermeability

Land use : Rice-Mustard


Local soil name : Chikni Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Grayishbrown

Clayloam

Massive Friable, sticky - 6.4 0.36 0.37

15-30 Grayishbrown

Clayloam

Medium sb Firm, verysticky

-

6.5 0.41 0.31

30-60 Lightbrownish

gray

Silty clay Medium sb Very firm,very sticky

- 6.5 0.44 0.19

60-90 Light grayto gray

Silty clay Angularblocky

Very firm,very sticky

-

6.3 0.33 0.15

90-120 Gray Clay Angularblocky


- 6.3 0.37 0.08

120-150 Gray Clay Angularblocky


-

6.3 0.37 0.08


The soil is of clay loam texture, having low AWHC. Because of poor drainage and slowpermeability, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat/Gram/Lantil/Mustard/Sugarcane



District : SitamarhiVillage : Mahadeva

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, nearly level( 0-1%), very slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Poorly drained with slow permeability

Land use : Rice-Mustard

Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Chikni Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5

water )(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Dark grayishbrown

Clayloam

Massive Friable,slightly sticky

- 6.8 0.13 0.52

15-30 Light brownishgray

Clayloam

Medium sb Firm, sticky

-

7.1 0.11 0.40

30-60 Grayish brown Clay Medium sb Firm, verysticky

- 7.3 0.21 0.30


Clay Medium sb Firm, verysticky

-

7.4 0.17 0.25


Clay sb Firm, verysticky

- 7.4 0.17 0.16

120-150 Light yellowishbrown

Clay sb Firm, verysticky

-

7.6 0.17 0.16


The soil is of clay loam texture, having high AWHC. Because of poor drainage andproneness to flooding, it has severe limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIIw Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat/Gram/Khesari/Mustard/Vegetables



District : SitamarhiVillage : Riga

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, verygently sloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion,normal relief

Drainage : Moderately drained with moderatepermeability

Land use : Rice-/Wheat/Mustard

Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)

0-15 Light Gray Sandyloam

Medium sb Friable,slightly sticky

- 7.1 0.17 0.52

15-30 Light gray Sandyloam


-

6.6 0.11 0.32

30-60 Light yellowishbrown

Sandyloam


- 6.8 0.14 0.28

60-90 Pale brown Loamysand

Finegranular

Friable,slightly sticky

-

6.5 0.12 0.12

90-120 Light brown Loamysand

Finegranular


- 6.8 0.09 0.10

120-150 Light brown Sand Singlegranular

Loose, nonsticky

-

6.8 0.05 0.09


The soil is of sandy loam texture, having low AWHC. Because of low water availabilityproneness to moderate surface flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate level oflimitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIws Irrigability sub-class : 2 sd Productivity potential : Medium



Land use suitability : Rice/Wheat/Mustard/Vegetables

District : SitamarhiVillage : Butakipur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), very slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Imperfectly drained with moderately slowpermeability

Land use : Rice-Wheat


Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Paleyellow

Silt loam Medium sb Friable,slightly sticky

- 7.3 0.11 0.60

15-30 Lightolive

brown

Loam Medium sb Friable,slightly sticky

-

6.9 0.09 0.41

30-60 Olivebrown

Sandyclayloam


60-90 Olive Loamysand


-

6.8 0.04 0.26

90-120 Olive Sandyclayloam


120-150 Olive Sandyclayloam


-

6.7 0.07 0.13


The soil is of loamy structure, having moderate AWHC. Because of moderate drainageand moderate surface flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate level oflimitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d



Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat/Pulses/Oilseeds/Potato/Vegetables

District : SitamarhiVillage : Bulakipur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, verygently sloping ( 1-3%), very slight erosion,normal relief

Drainage : Imperfectly drained with moderatepermeability

Land use : Rice-/Wheat


Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Pale gray Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky

- 6.6 0.23 0.52

15-30 Pale gray Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky

-

6.8 0.21 0.30

30-60 Olive Loam sb Firm, sticky - 7.0 0.14 0.23

60-90 Oliveyellow

Loam sb Firm, sticky

-

7.1 0.16 0.16

90-120 Oliveyellow

Loam sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.11 0.16

120-150 Oliveyellow

Loam sb Firm, sticky

-

7.1 0.11 0.10


The soil is of loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of imperfect drainageand proneness to flooding it has several limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIIw Irrigability sub-class : D d Productivity potential : Medium



Land use suitability : Wheat/Pulses/Oilseeds/Vegetables

(a) Analysis

The land physiography is nearly level to gently sloping. The solum is invariably deep (>

150 cm) which reflects positively on the effective soil depth. The top soil layer (0-30cm

soil depth) is mostly light to medium textured, ranging from sandy loam to clay loam.

The deeper soil layers (30 cm to 150cm soil depth) do not show any definite sequential

textural pattern. However, lithological discontinuity is not significantly evident. The

organic carbon content in the top 15 cm soil is usually at medium level averaging about

0.55%, which is further lower in deeper soil layers. The soil structure is mostly

subangular blocky and massive in some cases. Depending upon the clay proportion in

the soil and the soil structural condition, the consistency is friable to sticky of various

gradations. The friable consistency is indicative of relatively good soil structural

condition and soil air-soil water relationship relative to that under sticky consistency.

The soils are invariably non-calcarous, non-saline/ non-sodic and of nearly neutral soil

reaction (pH ranging around 6.8 to 7.5). By and large, these soil characteristics portand

high productivity potential. However, there are limitations attributable to flood

proneness and in some cases slow soil drainability. Because of these limitations, the

land capability sub-class ranges from IIw to IIIw, while the irrigability sub-class ranges

from 2d to 3d. Under these limiting conditions, the inherent productivity potential gets

masked to the level of medium productivity potential.

(b) Soil Suitability

During the kharif season, the soils are best suited for kharif maize and rice cultivation.

During the rabi season, wheat is an important crop under irrigated condition, the rabi

cropping will get more intensified with the inclusion of a wide variety of rabi crops

such as maize, oilseeds, sugarcane, etc.

As the soil conditions are seemingly responsive to production system management

practices, the cultural practices are required to be geared up to harness the soil is



inherent soil productivity potential during the flood free period. Irrigation water supply

during the flood-free period will have a catalytic effect on mobilising the requisite

production inputs for high yield agriculture.

9.3.4.2 Darbhanga District

The observations were sited in the villages of Bahera, Majhoura, Nawada, Sajhwar,

Hanuman Nagar, Ratanpur, Sobhan, Kansi, Bisanpur, Madhopur, Chhatouna and Ekmi.

The information based on field observations and analytical data are presented

villagewise.

Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Bahera

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3% slope); slight erosion; normal relief

Drainage : Imperfectly drained with moderate permeability

Land use : Cultivated with rice, wheat



Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Light gray Clay loam sb Friable

sticky- 6.1 0.38 0.67

15-30 Pale olivegray

Loam sb Friablesticky

- 6.5 0.42 0.48

30-60 Light olivegray


- 7.1 0.33 0.37



- 7.3 0.21 0.33

90-120 Lightbrown


- 7.3 0.20 0.26

120-150

Lightyellowish

gray

Sandy clay sb Friablesticky

- 7.3 0.20 0.19




Fine loamy texture soil with moderate AWHC Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-wheat

Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Majhoura

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately rapid permeability

Land use : Rice-khesari / Mustard


Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Paleolive

Sandyclay loam

Sub-angularblocky (sb)

Friableslightly sticky

- 6.1 0.20 0.44

15-30 Paleolive

Sandyloam

sb Friableslightly sticky

- 6.2 0.20 0.41

30-60 Paleolive

Sandyloam


- 6.2 0.16 0.40

60-90 Paleolive

Loamysand

sb Friable, nonsticky

- 6.4 0.20 0.30

90-120 Paleolive

Loamysand

sb Friable, nonsticky

- 7.1 0.20 0.20

120-150

Paleolive

sand sb Loose - 7.1 0.17 0.19


Land capability sub-class : III ws



Irrigability sub-class : 3 ds Productivity potential : medium Land use suitability : Rice - pulses (khesari,lentil,gram) vegetables

Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Nawada

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3% slope) slight erosion, normal relief


Land use : Cultivated with rice-khesari/lentil


Local soil name : Kewal mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Light gray Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky

- 5.8 0.03 0.67

15-30 Pale olive Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky

- 6.0 0.05 0.29

30-60 Light olive Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky

- 6.3 0.03 0.41


- 6.6 0.07 0.23


- 6.7 0.05 0.12

120-150

Light olive Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky

- 6.7 0.04 0.12


Land capability sub-class : III w Land Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - pulses/mustard/vegetables



Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Sajhwar

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3% slope); slight erosion; normal relief

Drainage : Poorly drained with moderately slow permeability

Land use : Rice- wheat



Depth(cm)

Colour Texture Structure Calcar-eousness

pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Pale yellow Clayloam

sb - 5.1 0.29 0.44

15-30 Pale olive Silt clayloams

sb - 5.6 0.30 0.40

30-60 Pale olive Clayloam

sb - 6.1 0.36 0.34

60-90 Olive gray Siltloams

sb - 6.6 0.40 0.24


sb - 7.1 0.19 0.20


sb - 7.1 0.19 0.12


Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice -wheat/lentil/mustard /vegetables



Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Hanuman Nagar

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-2% slope); slight erosion; normal relief

Drainage : Moderately drained with moderately slowpermeability

Land use : Cultivated with rice-wheat



Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Light

grayloam sb Firm - 6.8 0.30 0.52

15-30 Lightgray

Loam sb Firm - 7.1 0.37 0.43

30-60 Paleolive

Clayloam

sb Sticky - 7.2 0.41 0.31

60-90 Paleolive

Clayloam

sb Sticky - 6.5 0.32 0.30

90-120 Lightolive

Sandyclay

sb Sticky - 6.8 0.38 0.28

120-150 Lightolive

Sandyclay

Sb Sticky - 7.1 0.29 0.25


The soil is loamy textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of being floodprone, it has moderate limitations for crop production.

Land capability subc-lass : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice -wheat



Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Ratanpur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3% slope), slight erosion, normal relief


Land use : Cultivated with rice-wheat



Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Lightgray

Loam sb Friable,slightlysticky

- 6.6 0.28 0.52

15-30 Lightgray

Clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.32 0.43

30-60 Paleolive

Clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.35 0.33

60-90 Paleolive

Sandyclayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.30 0.28

90-120 Paleolive

Sandyclay

sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.29 0.26

120-150 Paleolive

Sandyclay

Sb Firm, sticky - 7.2 0.28 0.28


The soil is loamy textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of being floodprone, it has moderate limitations for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice -wheat



Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Sobhan

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very slight gentlysloping, very slight erosion; normal relief




Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Lightgray

Siltyclay

sb Sticky - 6.6 0.27 0.44

15-30 Lightgray

Siltyclay

sb Sticky - 6.2 0.30 0.39

30-60 Lightgray

Siltyclay

sb Sticky - 6.8 0.28 0.35

60-90 Paleolive

Siltyclay

sb Sticky - 6.5 0.33 0.32

90-120 Paleolive

Siltyclay

sb Sticky - 6.8 0.35 0.27

120-150 Paleolive

Siltyclay

Sb Sticky - 6.5 0.32 0.24


The soil has fine silly clay texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofimperfect drainage and proneness to flood, it has severe limitations for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - lentil



Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Kansi

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very slight gentlysloping ( 1-3%) very slight erosion; normalrelief




Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Lightgray

Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.7 0.27 0.46

15-30 Lightgray


30-60 Lightgray


60-90 Paleolive


90-120 Paleolive


120-150 Paleolive

Silty clay Sb Sticky - 6.8 0.25 0.25


The soil has fine silty clay texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofimperfect drainage and proneness to flood, it has severe limitations for cropproduction.




Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Bisanpur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very slightgently sloping ( 1-3%) slight erosion; normalrelief


Land use : Rice - wheat



Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Pale gray Clay loam sb Sticky - 6.8 0.18 0.5315-30 Light gray Clay loam sb Sticky - 6.7 0.22 0.4730-60 Pale olive Silty clay

laomsb Sticky - 7.1 0.17 0.43

60-90 Pale olive Silty claylaom

Sb Sticky - 7.2 0.22 0.40


sb Sticky - 6.9 0.20 0.38


Sb Sticky - 6.9 0.19 0.28


The soil has fine loamy texture with moderately high AWHC. Because of imperfectdrainage and proneness to flood, it has moderate limitations for crop production.

Land capability subclass : II w Irrigability subclass : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat



Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Madhopur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, very gently sloping (1-3%) slight erosion; normal relief


Land use : Rice – wheat, maize, mustard, gram



Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Pale gray Clayloam

sb Moderatelysticky

- 7.1 0.27 0.52

15-30 Pale gray Clayloam

sb Moderatelysticky

- 6.8 0.32 0.47

30-60 Light olive Clayloam

sb Moderatelysticky

- 6.9 0.28 0.38

60-90 Light olive Sandyclaylaom

Sb Slightlysticky

- 7.2 0.30 0.42


sb Slightlysticky

- 7.1 0.30 0.40


sb Slightlysticky

- 6.8 0.28 0.37


The soil has fine loamy texture with moderately high AWHC. Because of proneness toflood, it has moderate limitations for crop production.

Land capability subclass : II w Irrigability subclass : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat



Dist. : Darbhanga

Village : Chhatauna

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very slightgently sloping ( 1-3%) slight erosion; normalrelief

Drainage : Slowly drained with very slow permeability

Land use : Rice , -lentil/ gram


Local soil name : Barik mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Light greay Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.5 0.17 0.48

15-30 Light greay Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.2 0.20 0.43

30-60 Pale greay Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.7 0.27 0.40

60-90 Pale gray Silty clay Sb Sticky - 6.6 0.18 0.38

90-120 Pale oliveq Silty clayloam

sb Sticky - 6.8 0.20 0.37

120-150 Pale olive Silty clayloam

sb Sticky - 6.5 0.20 0.29


The soil is of clay texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because of slow drainageand proneness to flood, it has severe limitations for crop production.

Land capability subclass : III w Irrigability subclass : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – lentil



Dist. : Darbhanga

Village : Ekmi

Physiography : Indo Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3%), normal relief

Drainage : Slowly drained with very slow permeability

Land use : Rice , wheat, gram



Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Light gray Silty clay

loamsb Sticky - 6.8 0.18 0.43

15-30 Pale olivegray

Silty clayloam

sb Sticky - 6.6 0.23 0.38


Silty clayloam

sb Sticky - 6.5 0.21 0.39

60-90 Light olive Sandy clayloam

Sb Sticky - 6.7 0.19 0.36

90-120 Light olive Sandy clay sb Sticky - 7.1 0.18 0.29

120-150 Pale olive Sandy clay sb Sticky - 7.1 0.20 0.30


The soil is of silty clay laom texture having moderately AWHC. Because of slowdrainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitation for crop production.




(a) Analysis

The land physiography is nearly level to very gently sloping. The solum is invariably deep

(> 150 cm) which reflects positively on the effective soil depth. The top soil layer (0-30cm

soil depth) is mostly silt loam to silty clay loam, ranging from loam to silty clay. The

deeper soil layers (30 cm to 150cm soil depth) do not show any definite sequential textural

pattern. However, lithological discontinuity is not significantly evident. The organic c

arbon content in the top 15 cm soil layer is about 0.5% with the range of 0.43% to 0.67%

which is usually reflected through various gradations of gray colour. The deeper soil layers

have much lower organic carbon content. The soil structure is mostly subangular blocky

and massive in some cases. Depending upon the clay proportion in the soil and the soil

structural condition, the consistency is friable to sticky. The friable consistency is

indicative of relatively good soil structureal condition and better soil an-soil water

relationship relative to that under sticky consistency. The soils are invariably non-

calcarous, non-saline. The sol reaction in terms of pH ranges from 6 to 7 which is mostly

close to the neutral range. However, in some cases, pH is about 5.

By and large, the overall soil characteristics portand high productivity potential. However,

there are limitations attributable to flood proness and in some cases slow soil drainability.

Because of these limitations, the land capability sub-class ranges from IIw to IIIw/IIIws,

while the irrigability sub-class ranges from 2d to 3d. Under these limiting conditions, the

inherent productivity potential gets masked to the level of medium productivity potential.


During the kharif season, the soils are best suited for rice cultivation. During the rabi

season, wheat is an important in sizeable areas. The other rabi crops include oilseeds, and

pulses. Under irrigated condition, a wide variety of rabi crops can be grown including

maize, sugarcane, etc., to achieve higher cropping intensity.

As the soil conditions are seeningly responsive to production system management

practices, the cultural practices are required to be geared to harness the soil inherent

productivity potential during the flood free period. Irrigation water supply during the flood-



free period will have a catelytic effect on mobilising the requisite production inputs for high

yield agriculture.

9.3.4.3 Samastipur District

The obserevations were sited in the villages of Barheta, Bhagwanpur, Ghoghraha,

Belsandi, Janardanpur, Dhruwangama, Baghla, Ratwara, Kalyanpur Birsingpur,

Muktapur and Ladoura. The information based on field observation and analytical data

are presented villagewise:

District : SamastipurVillage : Barheta

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief


Land use : Rice-Maize/Wheat/Potato


Local soil name : Baluahi Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)

EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)

Org.C

(%)0-15 Light

grayLoam sb Friable,

slightly stickySlight

effervescencewith dilute HCl

6.8 0.23 0.49

15-30 Lightgray

Loam Sb Friable,slightly sticky

Slighteffervescence

with dilute HCl

7.1 0.28 0.43

30-60 Olivegray

SandyLoam

Sb Friable,slightly sticky

Moderateeffervescence

with dilute HCl

7.2 0.18 0.22

60-90 Olivegray

Loamysand



with dilute HCl

7.4 0.20 0.17

90-120 Olivegray

Loamysand


Strongeffervescence

with dilute HCl

7.5 0.10 0.13

120-150

Grayishbrown

Sand Singlegarin

Friable, nonsticky

Strongeffervescence

with dilute HCl

7.6 0.08 0.07



Interpretive grouping of soil:

The soil is of loamy texture, having low to moderate AWHC. Because of proneness tooccasional flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate limitation for cropproduction.

Land capability sub-class: IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 s Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice -maize/wheat/sugarcane/potato/maize-

Rajmas intercrop/maize-potato intercrop

District : SamastipurVillage : Bhagwanpur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent active alluvialplain, very gently sloping ( 1-3%),slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately drained with moderatepermeability

Land use : Rice-Maize/WheatSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Light Olivegray

Sandyclayloam

Mediumsb


Slighteffervescence

with dilute HCl

7.1 0.68 0.57

15-30 Light Olivegray

Sandyclayloam

Mediumsb


Slighteffervescence

with dilute HCl

7.2 0.75 0.42

30-60 Dark Olivegray

Sandyloam

Mediumsb



with dilute HCl

7.4 0.70 0.38

60-90 Grayishbrown

Sandyloam

Mediumsb



with dilute HCl

7.4 0.42 0.23

90-120 Olive gray Sandyloam

Mediumsb


Strongeffervescence

with dilute HCl

7.5 0.23 0.18

120-150

Grayishbrown

Loamysand

Loose tosinglegarin

Friable, nonsticky

Strongeffervescence

with dilute HCl

7.6 0.18 0.10




The soil is of sandy clay loam texture, having moderate water holding capacity.

Because of proneness to occasional flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate

limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Land use suitability : Rice –wheat/maize/mustard/sugarcane/potato

District : SamastipurVillage : Ghoghraha

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderatepermeability

Land use : Rice-/Wheat/MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Gray Sandy

clay loamsb Friable,

slightly sticky- 7.1 0.39 0.43

15-30 Lightgray

Sandyclay loam

Sb Friable,slightly sticky -

7.3 0.42 0.32

30-60 Lightbrownish

gray

Clay loam sb Friable,slightly sticky

Slighteffervescence with

dilute HCl

7.5 0.27 0.20

60-90 Brownishgray

Sandyclay

sb Friable,slightly sticky


dilute HCl

7.6 0.22 0.15


brown

Sandyloam



dilute HCl

7.6 0.16 0.21


brown

Sandyloam


Moderateeffervescence with

dilute HCl

7.8 0.19 0.12




The soil is of sandy clay loam texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of pronenessto flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – Wheat/Mustard/Lentil

District : SamastipurVillage : Belsandi

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active recent alluvial plain, verygently sloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion , normalrelief


Land use : Rice-Wheat/Lentil/MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Light gray SiltLoam

Mediumsb

Friableslightlysticky

Slighteffervescence

with dilute

7.2 0.23 0.61

15-30 DarkgrayishBrown

SiltLoam

Mediumsb

Friableslightlysticky

Slighteffervescence

7.3 0.19 0.53

30-60 Darkgrayishbrown

Loam Mediumsb

Very Friableslightlysticky

Strongeffervescence

7.8 0.27 0.28


SandyLoam

Mediumsb

Very Friableslightlysticky

Strongeffervescence

7.6 0.30 0.20

90-120 Darkyellowish

SandyLoam

Massive Very Friableslightlysticky

Strongeffervescence

7.8 0.27 0.23

120-150 LightBrown

SandyLoam

Massive Very Friableslightlysticky

Strongeffervescence

8.2 0.19 0.11




The soil is very deep, moderately drainage and coarse loamy, having moderate AWHC.Because of proneness to surface flooding during rainy season, it has severe limitationfor crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIIw Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/mustard/vegetables

District : SamastipurVillage : Janardanpur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion , normal relief


Land use : Maize/Rice-Wheat/MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH (1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Sandy

clayloam

Sandyclay

Loam

MediumSb

Friable/Slightly sticky

Slighteffervesce-nce with dil

HCl

7.4 0.68 0.67

15-30 Sandyloam

SandyLoam

MediumSb

Friable/slightly/

sticky

Slighteffervesce-

nce

7.5 0.47 0.53

30-60 Sandyloam

SandyLoam

MediumSb

Friableslightly/sticky

Moderateeffervesce-

nce

7.7 0.52 0.27

60-90 Sandyloam

SandyLoam

MediumSb


Strongeffervesce-

nce

7.6 0.37 0.18

90-120 Sandyloam

SandyLoam

MediumSb


Slighteffervesce-

nce

7.8 0.28 0.15

120-150 sand Sand Singlegrain


Slighteffervesce-

nce

7.8 0.20 0.09




The soil is very deep, moderate well drainage with moderately rapid permeability,having low to medium level of AWHC. Because of low water retentively andavailability, It has moderate level of limitation, because of surface flooding duringrainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIws Irrigability sub-class : IIs Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Maize/Rice – wheat/mustard/vegetables

District : SamastipurVillage : Dhruwagama

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1.3%), slight erosion , normal relief

Drainage : Moderately well drained and moderate permeabilityLand use : Rice- Wheat/MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Lightbrownish

gray

SandyClayloam

Massive Friable,slightlysticky

- 6.8 0.49 0.55

15-30 Brownishgray

SandyClayloam

Mediumsb

Friable,slightlysticky

- 7.1 0.40 0.48

30-60 Grayishbrown

SandyClayloam

Mediumsb


Moderateeffervescencewith dil.HCl

7.5 0.37 0.29

60-90 Grayishbrown

SandyClayloam

Mediumsb


Moderateeffervescencewith dil.HCl

7.6 0.26 0.22

90-120 Gray SandyClayloam

Mediumsb

Friable,sticky

Strongeffervescencewith dil.HCl

7.6 0.33 0.20

120-150 Brown SandyClayloam

Massive Friable,sticky

Strongeffervescencewith dil.HC

7.8 0.25 0.12




The soil is very deep, moderately well drainage, fine loamy, having moderate AWHC.Because of proneness to moderate surface flooding during rainy season, it has moderatelevel of limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/mustard/ vegetables

District : SamastipurVillage : Baghla

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gently sloping(1.3%), slight erosion , normal relief

Drainage : Well drained with moderately rapid permeability

Land use : Rice-/wheat / mustard/ gram/ lentil/ sugarcane

Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Mithi

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Olivegray

Sandyloam

sb Friable non-sticky

Moderateeffervescen

ce

7.6 0.43 0.42

15-30 Olivegray

Sandyloam


Moderateeffervescen

ce

7.8 0.37 0.26

30-60 Lightgray

Sandyloam


Moderateeffervescen

ce

8.2 0.32 0.18

60-90 Lightgray

Loamysand

Singlegrain

Very friable,non-sticky

Strongeffervescen

ce

8.5 0.30 0.10

90-120 Gray Loamysand

Singlegrain

Very friable,non-sticky

Strongeffervescen

ce

8.6 0.28 0.13

120-150 Gray Loamysand

Singlegrain

Loosenon-sticky

Strongeffervescen

ce

8.4 0.22 0.08




The soil is deep, well drainage, light textured sandy loam, having low AWHC. Becauseof low water retention and availability coupled with proneness to flooding, it has verysevere limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IVw Irrigability sub-class : 4sd Productivity potential : Low Land use suitability : Maize/Rice – Mustard/ Vegetables

District : SamastipurVillage : Ratwara

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, nearly levelland ( 0-1%), very slight erosion , normal relief



Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Bark Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Light gray Silty clay

loammassive Friable,

stickyModerate

effervescencewith dil,HCl

7.6 0.54 0.61


massive Friable,sticky

Moderateeffervescencewith dil,HCl

7.8 0.42 0.57


Silt loam Sb Friable ,slightlysticky

Strongeffervescence

7.5 0.38 0.32

60-90 yellowishgray

Silt loam sb Friable ,slightlysticky

Strongeffervescence

7.8 0.27 0.20

90-120 yellowishgray

Silt loam Mediumsb

Friable ,slightlysticky

Strongeffervescence

7.8 0.30 0.15

120-150 Pale brown Siltyloam

Mediumsb

Friable ,slightlysticky

Strongeffervescence

7.6 0.24 0.10




The soil is deep, moderately drained, fined textured soil, having moderately highAWHC. Because of proneness to moderate flooding during rainy season, it hasmoderate level of crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIsw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ sugarcane

District : SamastipurVillage : Kalyanpur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-31%), very slight erosion , normalrelief


Land use : Rice-Wheat / Mustard


Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Light

brownishgray

Loam massive Friable,slightly,sticky

Slighteffervescencewith dil,HCl

7.3 0.30 0.58

15-30 Lightbrownish

gray

Loam massive Friable,slightly,sticky


7.5 0.33 0.41


Sandyclayloam

mediumSb

Friable ,sticky

Strongeffervescence

7.6 0.25 0.31

60-90 Brown Sandyclayloam

mediumsb

Friable ,sticky

Strongeffervescence

7.6 0.30 0.25

90-120

Brown Sandyloam

sb Friable ,slightlysticky

Strongeffervescence

7.4 0.18 0.18

120-150

Grayishbrown

Loamysand

single sb Loose , non-sticky

Strongeffervescence

7.8 0.22 0.12




The soil is fine loamy, having moderate AWHC. Because of limited water retention andavailability, the soil has moderate level of limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIs Irrigability sub-class : 2 s Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ maize/mustard

District : SamastipurVillage : Birsinghpur



Land use : Rice-Wheat / Mustard


Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C(%)

0-15 Light gray ClayLoam

massive Firm sticky - 6.8 0.48 0.51

15-30 Brownishgray

ClayLoam

massive Firm sticky Slighteffervescence

7.3 0.32 0.43

30-60 Grayishbrown

ClayLoam

mediumSb

Firm sticky Moderableeffervescence

7.5 0.23 0.27

60-90 YellowishBrown

ClayLoam

medium sb Firm sticky Moderableeffervescence

7.4 0.18 0.19

90-120 YellowishBrown

Sandyloam

massive Friable ,slightly sticky

Strongeffervescence

7.6 0.15 0.15

120-150

Pale brown Loamysand

massive Friable ,slightly sticky

Strongeffervescence

7.5 0.10 0.12




The soil have fine loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. It has moderate level oflimitation for crop production because limited water retention and availabilityproduction.

Land capability sub-class : IIs Irrigability sub-class : 2 s Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ maize/mustard/ vegetables

District : SamastipurVillage : Muktapur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-31%), very slight erosion , normal relief


Land use : Rice-Maize / Mustard/ Pulses


Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Light gray Loam Sb Friable ,

slightlysticky

Slighteffervescence

7.4 0.64 0.60

15-30 Brownishgray

Loam Sb Friable ,slightlysticky

Slighteffervescence

7.3 0.45 0.48

30-60 Grayishbrownish

SandyLoam

Sb Friable ,slightlysticky

Moderableeffervescence

7.6 0.31 0.32

60-90 YellowishBrownish

SandyLoam

Sb Friable ,slightlysticky

Moderableeffervescence

7.8 0.27 0.23

90-120 GrayishBrown

Sandyloam

Sb Friable ,nonsticky

Strongeffervescence

8.0 0.20 0.20

120-150

Brown SandyLoam

Sb Friable ,nonsticky

Strongeffervescence

8.1 0.08 0.18




The soil is fine loamy in texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of moderate tosevere surface flooding during rainy season, it has severe limitation capability sub-classproduction.

Land capability sub-class : IIIs Irrigability sub-class : 2 ds Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ maize/mustard/ vegetables

District : SamastipurVillage : Ladoura



Land use : Rice-wheat / maize/mustard


Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Brown Sandy

clayLoam

MediumSb

Friable ,slightly sticky

Slighteffervescence

7.4 0.51 0.56

15-30 Brown SandyLoam

Fine Sb Friable ,slightly sticky

Slighteffervescence

7.6 0.44 0.42

30-60 Brown SandyLoam

Fine Sb Friable ,slightly sticky


7.3 0.32 0.28

60-90 Palebrown

Loamysand

Very fineSb

Friable ,nonsticky


7.3 0.23 0.20

90-120 Brown Loamysand

Very fineSb


Strongeffervescence

7.8 0.19 0.16


Very fineSb


Strongeffervescence

7.8 0.12 0.10




The soil is coarse texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of low water retention andavailability and proneness to surface flooding during rainy season, it has severelimitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIIs Irrigability sub-class : 2 s Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ maize/mustard/ oilseeds, vegetables

(a) Soil Analysis

The solum is invariably deep (> 150 cm) which reflects positively on the effective soil

depth. The top soil layer (0-30cm soil depth) is mostly light to medium textured,

ranging from sandy loam to sandy clay loam and clay loam. The deeper soil layers (30

cm to 150cm soil depth) tend to be relatively coarser in texture . There is no evidence

of lithological discontinuity and any impending soil layer. The organic carbon content

is at medium level averaging close to about 0.6%, excepting at one location where it is

about 0.4%. This is somewhat reflected through various gradations of gray colour.

The deeper soil layers have much lower organic carbon content. The soil structure is

mostly subangular blocky(sb). Depending upon the clay proportion in the soil and the

soil structural condition, the consistency is mostly friable to slightly sticky. The friable

consistency is indicative of satisfactory soil structural condition and soil air-soil water

relationship. The soils are invariably calcareous but non-saline/ non-sodic. The soil

reaction in terms of pH ranges from 7.5 which is in the neutral range. The land

capability sub-class ranges from IIw/IIws to IIIw/IIIws, while the irrigability sub-class

ranges from 2s/2d to 3d to 3ds. The lower order of land capability and irrigability is

due to relatively lower soil water retention and availability coupled with susceptibility

to rainy season flooding. The productivity potential is mostly at medium level, which

could be partly ascribed to soil calcareousness which can be expected to cause some

limiation to nutrient availability, particularly of macronutrient like phoshpate and

micronutrient like zinc and iron.




During the kharif season, the soils are best suited for bunded rice and maize cultivation.

During the rabi season, a variety of crops such as wheat, maize, oil-seeds and

vegetables can be grown. Irrigation water supply during the flood-free period will have

a catalytic effect on mobilising the requisite production inputs for high yield agriculture.

9.3.4.4 Kishanganj District

The obserevations were sited in the villages of Fatehpur, Terhagachh, Mitiary,

Dhadhar, Haldikhoar, Purandaha, Bibiganj, Birpur, Latsar and Sontha. The information

based on field observation and analytical data are presented villagewise:

District : KishanganjVillage : Fatehpur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic lower piedmont plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately well drained and moderatepermeability

Land use : Rice-Wheat/LentilSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C(%)

0-15 Grayishbrown

Sandyloam

Mediumsb

Friable, nonsticky

- 6.4 0.39 0.39


Mediumsb

Friable, nonsticky

- 6.8 0.41 0.18


Silt loam sb Friable,slightly sticky

- 7.0 0.42 0.16

60-90 Dark gray Silt loam sb Friable,slightly sticky

- 7.1 0.26 0.12


Silty clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.31 0.08


Silty clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 7.2 0.18 0.08




The soil is coarse textured, having low AWHC. Because of low AWHC and proneness

to surface flooding during the rainy season, it has severe limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : IIIsw Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice –wheat, oil seeds/ pulses, vegetables, tea

District : KishanganjVillage : Terhagachh

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic lower piedmont plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately well drained and moderatepermeability

Land use : RiceSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Dark

yellowishbrown

Loamysand

Finegranular

Friable, nonsticky

- 6.8 0.17 0.30

15-30 brown Sand Singlegrain

Loose nonsticky

- 6.7 0.11 -

30-60 yellowishbrown

Sand Singlegrain

Loose nonsticky

- 6.8 0.14 -


Loose nonsticky

- 7.2 0.10 -


Loose nonsticky

- 7.2 0.10 -


Loose nonsticky

- 7.2 0.10 -




The soil is of coarse textured sandy, having very low AWHC. Because of excessive

drainability and very low soil water retentivity, it has very severe limitation for crop

production.

Land capability sub-class : IVs Irrigability sub-class : 4 s Productivity potential : Low Land use suitability : Watermelon, vegetables, tea

District : KishanganjVillage : Matiari

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Well drained with moderately rapedpermeability

Land use : Rice-MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Olive

brownSilt

loamsb Friable


15-30 Grayishdrown

Siltloam

sb Firm slightlysticky

- 7.8 0.46 0.63

30-60 Grayishdrown

Sandyloam

Mediumsb


- 7.5 0.51 0.14


Sand Singlegrain

Loose nonsticky

- 7.3 0.39 0.04

90-120

yellowishbrown

Sandyloam

Mediumsb


- 7.4 0.34 0.23

120-150

Olivebrown

Sandloam

Mediumsb


- 7.3 0.37 0.18


The soil is of coarse loamy texture, having moderately low AWHC. Because of

moderately low soil water retentivity to severe limitation for crop production.



Land capability sub-class : III ws Irrigability sub-class : 3 sd Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Mustard, sunflower, vegetables

District : KishanganjVillage : Dhadhar

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief


Land use : Rice-WheatSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Light

brownishgray

Loam Massive Friableslightlysticky

- 6.3 0.22 0.58

15-30 Grayishbrownh

Loam sb Friable,slightlysticky

- 6.5 0.24 0.30

30-60 Gray Loam sb Friable, non-sticky

- 6.5 0.22 0.24

60-90 LightGray

Loam sb Friable, non-sticky

- 6.5 0.20 0.21

90-120

LightGray


- 6.5 0.24 0.21

120-150

LightGray


- 6.6 0.24 0.18


The soil is of coarse loamy texture, having medium AWHC. Because of somewhat low

soil water retentivity, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, mustard



District : KishanganjVillage : Haldikhoar



Land use : Wheat, MaizeSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Brown Silt loam sb Friable


15-30 Brown Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky

- 6.8 0.07 0.31

30-60 Brown Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky

- 6.7 0.10 0.12

60-90 Palebrown

Silt loam sb Friable,slightly sticky

- 6.6 0.09 0.32

90-120 Brown Clayloam


- 6.9 0.07 0.12

120-150 Grayishbrown

Clayloam


- 6.5 0.04 0.18


The soil is medium textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of proneness to

moderate flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop

production.

Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Wheat –Maize, Mustard, Vegetables



District : KishanganjVillage : Purandaha



Land use : WheatSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C(%)

0-15 Brown Sandy clayloam


- 7.1 0.11 0.36

15-30 Brown Sandyloam


- 6.6 0.14 0.22


Granular Very friable,nonsticky

- 6.3 0.12 0.18

60-90 Palebrown

Loamysand


- 6.3 0.15 0.10



- 6.8 0.09 0.12

120-150

Grayishbrown

Sand Singlegrain

Loose non-sticky

- 6.8 0.10 0.10


The soil is coarse textured, having moderately low AWHC. Because of low water

retentivity and proneness to surface flooding during rainy season, it has severe


Land capability sub-class : III ws Irrigability sub-class : 2 sd Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, Oil seeds, Vegetables



District : KishanganjVillage : Bibiganj





Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Brownish

grayLoam Massive Firm, sticky - 6.2 0.12 0.50


sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.14 0.24


Clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.12 0.17

60-90 Gray Clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.10 0.13


sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.08 0.11

120-150

Light gray Clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 7.0 0.10 0.09


The soil is medium textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of poor

drainability of soil and poor soil air-water relationship, it has moderate to severe


Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3sd Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, mustard, vegetables



District : KishanganjVillage : Birpur

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief

Drainage : Moderately drained with moderate permeability



Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)0-15 Greish

brownSilt

loamMassive Friable


15-30 Greishbrown

Siltloam


- 7.2 0.09 0.25

30-60 Brown Siltloam


- 6.9 0.13 0.19


Siltloam


- 7.1 0.14 0.29

90-120

Yellowishbrown

Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky

- 6.9 0.09 0.35

120-150

Yellowishbrown

Clayloam


- 7.1 0.10 0.19


The soil is medium textured, having moderately AWHC. Because of proneness to

severe flooding during rainy season, it has severe limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, oil seeds, pulses, vegetables



District : KishanganjVillage : Latar



Land use : Rice-WheatSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Brownishgray

Loam Massive Firm, sticky - 6.2 0.10 0.50

15-30 Light gray Clay loam sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.14 0.23


Clay loam sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.10 0.19

60-90 Gray Clay loam sb Firm, sticky - 6.6 0.10 0.12




The soil is medium textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of poor

drainage and surface flooding during rainy season, it has severe limitation for crop

production.

Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, Mustard, Vegetables



District : KishanganjVillage : Sontha

Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, level tonearly level (0-1%), very slight erosion, normalrelief


Land use : Rice-Wheat, Vegetables

Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Chikni Mitti

Depth(cm)


pH(1:2.5water)


Org.C

(%)

0-15 Brown ClayLoam


15-30 Brown Silt clayloam

sb Firm, sticky - 7.0 0.27 0.28


sb Firm, sticky - 7.2 0.33 0.20


sb Firm, sticky - 7.4 0.26 0.16

90-120

Brown Silt clayloam

Angularblocky

Firm, verysticky

- 7.5 0.27 0.12

120-150

Brown Clay Angularblocky

Firm verysticky

- 7.4 0.17 0.10


The soil is fine textured, having moderate to high AWHC. Because of poor drainage, it

has moderate limitation for crop production.

Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 3d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, Gram, Vegetables



(a) Soil Analysis

The land physiography is gently to very gantly sloping. The solum is invariably deep (>

150 cm) which reflects positively on the effective soil depth. The top soil layer (0-30cm

soil depth) is mostly light to medium textured, ranging from sandy loam to clay loam

The deeper soil layers (30 cm to 150cm soil depth) show variable textural pattern

ranging from sand to silt loam, silty clay loam and silty clay. Lithological discontinuity

is not evident. The organic carbon content in the top 15 cm soil layer is usually low

averaging about 0.40%, except at the sites such as Mitiary ( 1.11%) and Birpur (0.78%)

where it is much higher. In the deeper soil layers (30 cm to 150cm soil depth) , the

organic carbon content is much lower (about 0.13%). The soil structure is mostly

subangular blocky (sb) while the range of structure is from single grain to sub-angular

blocky to massive. The consistency is mostly friable to slightly sticky. The soil

reaction in terms of pH is in the neutral range, averaging abound 6.5 to 7. The soils are

invariably non-calcareous, non-saline/ non-sodic. This is because the river Mahananda

flows through the non-calcareous Himalayan catchment areas which are rich in acidic

minerals. The land capability sub-class ranges mostly from IIw to IIIw. An extreme

case is IVs in case of Terhagachh. The soil limiting conditions are low water retentivity

and moderately rapid permeability couped with proneness to rainy season flooding.

Because of these soil conditions, the productivity potential is of low to medium level.

(b) Soil Suit

Rice is the most important Kharif crop grown under mono cropping or associated with

jute. Of particular significance is the adoption of tea cultivation in the light textured

upland areas. Under irrigated condition, there is a wide scope for intensified cropping

along with crop diversification with inclusion of Kharif and Rabi maize, wheat,

oilseeds, pulses and vegetables.



9.3.5 Summing Up

Soils are the most precious resource. Maintaining soils in a state of high productivity

on sustainable basis is a primary concern under irrigated agriculture so as to meet the

people’s basic needs. The people in this area are largely dependent on agriculture. In

this context, scientific appraisal of soils in respect of their characteristics and utilisation

potential is extremely important for optimizing land use. In pursuance of the TOR, soil

appraisal in the potential irrigation command area has been carried out with following

objective.

(i) To assess irrigation and drainage needs of the specific soils; and (ii) toconsider crops suitable for the specific soils and management requirement foroptimizing soil utilization and crop productivity on sustained basis.

Also, the appraisal of land capability will be useful to planners for allocating the costs

of development on the basis of potential returns.

The approach for soil appraisal has been land form analysis based on site observations

and examination of soil characteristics through field and laboratory investigations. The

basic data on soil depth, texture, structure, consistency, calcareousness, pH, EC and

organic carbon content have been provided. Soil depth suggests the volume of the soil

which the roots can exploit for obtaining water and nutrients for growth. The data show

very deep soils in the project area. Soil texture acts as a guide to many soil

characteristics directly or indirectly related to plant growth such as water retention and

availability, workability of soils, irrigation and drainage needs, crop suitability, etc.

The textural groups are mostly medium to fine textured, indicative of moderate to high

water retentively and availability. The soils of Kishanganj district forming a part of the

North-Eastern Plain Zone are usually light to medium textured, indicative of low to

moderate level of water retentively and availability. The structure is mostly sub-angular

blocky to massive which is indicative of moderate of slow soil drainability. Friable to

slightly sticky consistency is indicative of satisfactory level of soil air-soil water

relationship. On this count, most soils pose no problem for crop production.

Apparently, provision of surface drainage will ensure a satisfactory level of soil air-soil

water relationship for non-rice and non-jute crops. The soil reaction is mostly around



neutral which is the most suitable for nutrient availability for crop production. The

soils of Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and Kishanganj districts are non-calcareous and non-

sodic. The soils of Samastipur district lying between the river Bagmati and the river

Burhi-Gandak have varying levels of calcareousness. Calcium carbonate occurs in

sand, silt and clay size fractions which encompasses problems associated the alkaline

pH, free calcium and magnesium carbonates, and interacting reactions with plant

nutrients. Carbonates of Ca & Mg participate directly in some soil reactions,

controlling the solubility of phosphate and iron and reducing their availability to plants.

Other elements such as manganese and zinc also tend to become less available, while

molybdenum becomes more available approaching toxic level. The soil organic carbon

content is usually low. It is around 0.5% in the top 15 cm soil layer and further lower in

deeper soil layers. Low level of organic carbon content is indicative of low soil

nitrogen content.

The project area is above 90% agricultural land area. Therefore, land use planning

essentially turns to crop planning and production system management for optimizing

land utilization on sustained basis. Almost each parcel of land has to be brought into

agricultural activity of economic interest. What kind of activity would be suited to

which land is a matter of land suitability evaluation for which soil survey interpretation

is of paramount importance. It needs to be understood that soil survey interpretation is

an “iterative process” proceeded by successive approximation of land suitability for

irrigation and crop production. Despite quite favourable inherent soil characteristics, the

land suitability has been rated at the lower level mostly on account of excess water

problem caused by flooding and entrapment of flood water in local depressions that

have been caused by abrasive actions of the river flows. Because of flooding

incidences and adverse physiographic conditions caused thereof, the lands are mostly

under class 3 irrigability on at best under Class 2. However, it is to be accepted that

flood is the integral part which has to be lived with. The imperative for flood plains is

to work out effective pre and post-flood management options. Such options have to be

pre-requisite for soil management and land use planning in the flood-prone project land

areas.

DDrraafftt DDeettaaiilleedd PPrroojjeecctt RReeppoorrtt

1WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X

CHAPTER-XDEVELOPMENT OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES

10.1GENERAL

Exploration is one of major exercise for assessment of Ground Water Status. Ground

water exploration in the state was initiated by Geological Survey of India along with

Exploratory Tubewell Organization under Technical Co-operation Mission Project

during the year 1955-1957. Subsequently, the exploration was continued by the

Geological Survey of India. The CGWB has started the exploration in the state in the

year 1972. This activity so far has resulted in generating wealth of information about

the disposition of granular zones, shallow and deep aquifers, their characteristics and

yield capacities etc.,which is very useful for planning purposes.

The exploration has been continued in alluvial areas and semi-consolidated areas also

covering north Bihar. An area of special interest in alluvial area is to identify the

zone under auto flow condition in north Bihar.Special thrust has been given in the

hard rock and other problematic areas. In the state, 53% exploratory wells are located

in hard rock areas and 43% are in alluvial areas. The remaining wells are located in

semi – consolidated area.

So far, 374 bore wells have been drilled in the state. The break up of different types

of wells is as follows:

i) Exploratory bore wells - 207 nos.

ii) Observation wells - 148 nos.

iii) Piezometers - 4 nos.

iv) Slim role - 1 nos.

The general description of ground water assessment units of the State ending March

2004 are given in Table 10.1 The hydrogeological data of exploratory wells in

alluvium till March 1998 are given in Table 10.2. On the basis of above exploration,

the annual replenishableground water resource of the state has been assessed as 29.19

BCM. The detailed status of ground water resources in the state is given in Para 10.4.



Table10.1General description of ground water assessment units of Bihar as on 31st March,2004

SI.No

District Type ofgroundwater

assessmentunit

(Watershed/Block/Taluka/ Mandal)

Type of rockformation

Areal Extent

Totalgroundwater

assessment unit

Commandarea

Non-command area

Poorgroundwater

qualityarea

(In hectares)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 Araria Block Quaternary

Alluvium282994 - - 0

2 Arwal Block QuaternaryAlluvium

64818 - - 0

3 Aurangabad Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-

cambrian granitegneiss

309653 - - 0

4 Banka Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-


258980 - - 0

5 Begusarai Block QuaternaryAlluvium

191862 - - 0

6 Bhabua Block QuaternaryAlluvium,Vindhyan

337137 - - 0

7 Bhagalpur Block QuaternaryAlluvium

255095 - - 0

8 Bhojpur Block QuaternaryAlluvium

233730 - - 0

9 Buxar Block QuaternaryAlluvium

161541 - - 0

10 Darbhanga Block QuaternaryAlluvium

227889 - - 0

11 EastChamparan

Block QuaternaryAlluvium

396725 - - 0

12 Geya Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-


488856 - - 0

13 Gopalganj Block QuaternaryAlluvium

203730 - - 0

14 Jamul Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-

305158 - - 0



SI.No


assessmentunit



Areal Extent

Totalgroundwater

assessment unit

Commandarea

Non-command area

Poorgroundwater

qualityarea

(In hectares)cambrian granite

gneiss

15 Jehanabad Block QuaternaryAlluvium

92181 - - 0

16 Kaithar Block QuaternaryAlluvium

304698 - - 0

17 Khagaria Block QuaternaryAlluvium

147719 - - 0

18 Kisanganj Block QuaternaryAlluvium

188366 - - 0

19 Lakhisarai Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-


106631 - - 0

20 Madhepura Block QuaternaryAlluvium

178277 - - 0

21 Madhubani Block QuaternaryAlluvium

351338 - - 0

22 Munger Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-


125967 - - 0

23 Muzafferpur Block QuaternaryAlluvium

317192 - - 0

24 Nalanda Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-


238403 - - 0

25 Nawada Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-


246494 - - 0

26 Patna Block QuaternaryAlluvium

320111 - - 0

27 Purnea Block QuaternaryAlluvium

316583 - - 0

28 Rpjtas Block QuaternaryAlluvium,Vindhyan

sandstone, shales,

374425 - - 0



SI.No


assessmentunit



Areal Extent

Totalgroundwater

assessment unit

Commandarea

Non-command area

Poorgroundwater

qualityarea

(In hectares)Limestone

29 Sajarsa Block QuaternaryAlluvium

165395 - - 0

30 Sa,sto[ir Block QuaternaryAlluvium

285606 - - 0

31 Saran Block QuaternaryAlluvium

262200 - - 0

32 Sheikhpura Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-


66954 - - 0

33 Sheohar Block QuaternaryAlluvium

44288 - - 0

34 Sitamarhi Block QuaternaryAlluvium

221891 - - 0

35 Siwan Block QuaternaryAlluvium

209093 - - 0

36 Supaul Block QuaternaryAlluvium

242960 - - 0

37 Vaishali Block QuaternaryAlluvium

201561 - - 0

38 WestChamoparan

Block QuaternaryAlluvium

468130 - -

9194631

Table 10.2Hydrogeological Data of Exploratory Well in Alluvium till March 1998

SI.No

District

North Bihar

Depthrangeof well(m)

CumulativeThicknessof Aquifer(m)

ExistingYield(M3/hr)

DrawDown(m)

Transmi-ssivity(m2/day)

1 2 3 4 5 6 71 Bhagalpur (Part) 050-295 15-085 040-125 15-20 0064-42082 Gopal Ganj 093-205 24-073 084-211 05-12 1127-31483 Madhubani 329-400 30-070 040-180 06-13 215-17364 Munger (Part) 050-200 12-054 060-347 07-23 0295-2250



5 Muzaffarpur 055-122 21-024 049-093 03-10 1274-15766 Saran 051-056 03-025 006-022 12-14 0029-06467 Siwan 198-200 30-075 160-094 07-12 2009-38208 Saharsa 65-168 309 West Champaran 250- 20.5-42.0 37.5

10.2 HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING

10.2.1 Geology, Stratigraphy and Lithology

The state of undivided Bihar exhibits one of the most diversified geology both in

terms of rock types and age of the formations. The rocks range from Archean

metamorphic to recent alluvial sediments. The stratigraphic succession of the state is

presented in Table 10.3.

Table 10.3Stratigraphic Succession of Bihar

Age Formation Broad Lithology

Quaternary Alluvial deposits Sand, clay, silt andoccasional gravel

Tertiary Siwaliks Sandstone,congomerate, claystone, gravel

L-Cambrian to Proterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup Sandstone, limestoneetc.

Proterozoic-Archean Chotanagpur granite gneiss,and rocks of Bihar Mica belt

Granites, granite-gneiss,schists, phyllites,dolomites, basic rocks,amphibolifes

However, the basin in question is covered largely by Quaternary Alluvial deposits and

a small patch in the North eastern portion bordering Nepal in the district of West

Champaran is of Siwalik type belonging to tertiary period and is made up of

sandstone, conglomerate redclay and spongy limestone etc. and forms structural hills

with a number of faults of different magnitude criss-crossing them.

Plate 10.1 shows panel diagram with sub-surface Lithological Correlation of aquifers

in the Ganga Basin, in Bihar which itself is self-explanatory. The lithology of the



basin by and large shows fine to medium sand, coarse sand, sand with pebble and

boulder in major parts and clay and silt and clay in some areas occurring in the basin.

10.2.2 Quaternary Alluvial Deposit

The Gangetic Alluvium in the state of Bihar is underlain by thick alluvium deposit of

post Siwalik period. The thick pile of deposition was abetted by down buckling of the

Himalayan Fore-deep. However, Quaternary Alluvial deposits form one of the most

potential aquifer systems in Indian sub-continent. Exploratory drilling by CGWB

reveals the hydrogeology of the Quaternary Alluvium down to a depth of 250 m

below ground level. They occupy almost entire North Bihar Plain. Deep exploratory

drillings have confirmed thickness of more than two kilometer of sedimentary deposit

in north Bihar. The sedimentary deposit consists of alternating layers of sand and

clay representing multi-cyclic nature of sedimentation.

In the northern part bordering Nepal, the Terai belt is occurring as a narrow strip in

Madhubani, Darbhanga, and West Champaran districts. The Terai belt coalesces with

alluvial North Ganga Plain further south. Auto flow wells have been observed in the

Terai belt in these districts. There are terraces of Older and Younger alluvium.

Ground water occurs under unconfined conditions in the phreatic aquifer, which is

generally disposed within 70 m bgl. In deeper aquifers, ground water occurs under

confined condition.

A hydrologeological map of the State is given at Plate 10.2.

10.3OCCURENCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF GROUND WATER ANDAQUIFERCHARACTERISTICS

The quaternary alluvial deposit spread over north of river Ganga is a part of porous

unit formation. The exploratory drilling in alluvial plains confirm presence of

potential aquifer down to a depth of 300 m below ground. The ground water occurs

under unconfined condition within the shallow aquifer generally disposed within 70 m

below ground. The aquifer at deeper levels remain under semi-confined to confined

conditions. In spite of geological continuity, a wide regional variation in hydraulic



properties and yield potential of the aquifers have been observed which are described

as follows:

In North Bihar the alluvium sediments spread over almost the entire area. In extreme

northern part, this unit can be further sub classed as sub-Terai belt. This sub-unit is

an extension of the Terai belt which is mostly located in Nepal. This belt is

characterised with pre-dominence of boulders, pebbles and coarse sand where ground

water remains under high confining pressure and even at places, it produces artesian

condition. This unit covers northern part of E & W Champaran, Sitamarhi,

Madhubani, Supaul and Araria districts. In Champaran district, the water level is

found at relatively deeper levels and fluctuation within a range of 5-10 m at places.

The alluvial sediments in North Bihar form prolific aquifer system. At shallow level,

i.e. within 50 m. bgl, 1-3 zones are usually found having individual thickness of 3-10

m. The specific yield ranges from 14-18% which again indicates towards non

confines of the aquifer or semi-confined aquifer. The transmissivity(T)ranges from

400-700 m2/day. The discharge generally ranges from 20-30 m3/hr, and in some cases

goes upto 50 m3/hr. In some locations, the second and third layer lie under clay bed

where ground water occurs under semi-confined condition. The T range in Kosi area

is around 2000 m2/day. In general, the shallow tube wells, tapping 20-25 m thick

aquifer, yield about 30 m3 /hr at around 1.5 m to 3 m draw down.

The CGWB has drilled a number of boreholes to explore the deeper aquifer.

Generally 3-5 granular zone are found within 200 m bgl & their cumulative thickness

ranges from 30-70 m . In parts of Muzaffarpur district, the thickness reduces and

ranges from 12-30 m. The static water level of this unit ranges from 6.59 m bgl to

2.77 m bgl at Ladania in Madhubani district. In general, the yield of wells tapping

deep aquifers varies from 135 to 200 m3/hr in the western sector of North Bihar and

from 125 to 150 m3/day in the eastern sector of North Bihar. However, in most of

the well the discharge exceeds 100 m3/hr and drawdown ranges from 3.1 m to 14.5 m.

The T ranges from 215 to around 1737 m2/day in Madhubani & Muzaffarpur districts

etc. Storativity ranges from 1.1x10-3 to as low as 8.39 x 10-5. At Ladania in the

district of Madhubani, the free flow discharge has been found as 14 m3/hr.



To understand the disposition of granular zones in north Bihar, a section has been

produced along Uttarwar-Singhia Section in north of Ganga which is aligned in

WNW-ESE direction (Fig. 10.1). The section reveals that the granular zone lying

between 60-110 m bgl continues for the entire section and lies under a thick blanket

of clay. In Eastern part this zone moves upward and comes within 25 m bgl near

Singhia. Some discontinuous sand lenses are observed within the clay bed above the

main granular zone.

A brief description indicating the salient point of ground water hydrogeology for

different sub-basins of North Bihar plain is given below.

10.3.1 Burhi Gandak Sub-basin

In upper reaches, the shallow aquifer is poor in potential.However, the deeper zones

are having good prospect. Yield from the wells (upto 150 m bgl) ranges from 100-

150 m3/hr. In central part of the basin, the yield potential increases. At Karor in

Begusarai district, T is about 5000 m2/day. The discharge in the district ranges from

125-135 m3/day with 10 m draw down.

A saline and hot water belt occurs in Begusarai district along the course of Burhi

Gandak river between the village Sewer and Khdawanpur. CGWB exploration has

indicated that saline and hot water occurs down to the depth of 200 m bgl.

10.3.2 Bagmati and Kamla-Balan Sub-Basin

In the western part of the sub-basin, ground water occurs under unconfined condition

at shallow level and confined condition at deeper level. Autoflow conditions exist in

upper part of the basin. Piezometric head ranges from GL to 2.7 m bgl. Free flow

discharge ranges from 4-300 lpm. The yield of the wells of 100 m depth ranges from

46-170 m3/hr with draw down from 4-6m. T at Aurai in Muzaffarpur district is 1600

m2/day and storivity (S) is 2.6 x 10-3. The T increases in SE direction.



In the tail end of particularly Kamla Balan sub-basin, the yield increases in shallow

aquifers. In Khagaria and Samastipur districts, the shallow tubewell tapping 50 m

thick acquifer yield 35-50 m3/hr for 3-4 m drawdown.

10.3.3 Kosi sub-basin

In eastern part of Kosi sub-basin, ground water occurs under unconfined to semi-

confined condition in upper reaches within 150 m bgl. The shallow aquifer yield

ranges from 35-50 m3/hr for a meager draw down of 0.5 m to 1.5 m . However, in

lower reaches the yield is more and can withstand pumping for longer hours. But the

drawdown in this part is more.

In western part, there is a clay bed at the top of the succession. Ground water in

deeper aquifer remains under semi-confined to confined condition. In Dharbhanga

district, the aquifer within 150 m depth can yield 185 m3/hr for a drawdown of 5.5 m.

The shallow aquifers are not as potential as in eastern part except in Diara areas in

Khagaria and Dharbhanga districts. In down stream direction, the potential of both

shallow and deeper aquifers increases considerably.

10.3.4 Mahananda sub-basin

The details of ground water hydrogeology for the Mahananda sub-basin has not been

explored so far. But in general it may be presumed that this sub-basin also exhibits

almost similar characteristics as that of the Kosi eastern belt.

Salient characteristics of few exploration wells in North Bihar are listed in Table 10.2

and above details are shown on Plate 10.3.

10.4GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY

The ground water resource estimation was carried out following GEC-1997.

Methodology for 515 blocks covering 38 districts of Bihar as on 31st March 2004.



Salient features of dynamic ground water resource of Bihar state are presented in

Table 4.4. The annual ground water recharge during monsoon from rainfall and other

sources are 1945124 ha m and 395461 ha m respectively. The recharge during non-

monsoon season from rainfall and other sources are 342177 ha m and 236193 ha m

respectively. The gross annual ground water works out to be 2918955 ha m. The net

ground water resource availability works out to be 2742086 ha m. The gross ground

water draft for irrigation as on 31st March 2004 has been worked out to be 939367 ha

m and for domestic and industrial uses as 137218 ha m. The allocation of ground

water for next 25 years has been worked out as 214025 ha m. The net ground water

resource availability for irrigation for future development is 1588695 ha m. There is a

wide variation in the ground water resource availability from one district to another

because of the variation in geographical areas and the rock types. The stage of ground

water development as on 31st March 2004 for the entire state is 39%. The stage of

ground water development varies from 27% (Araria district) to 58% (Begusarai

district). In majority of the districts, the stage of ground water development remains

within 40%. The salient features of the dynamic ground water resource of Bihar are

as given below in Table 10.4.

The average ground water level fluctuations in the state during the period from 1984

to 1993 varies between 0 to 2 m except few small patches near north bank of the

Ganga in which it rangesbetween 2 to 4 m.

Table 10.4Salient features of dynamic ground water resource of Bihar as on

31st March,2004.

Type of Assessment unit 515

Total annual ground water recharge 2918955 ha m

Natural discharge during non-monsoon period 176869 ha m

Net annual ground water availability 2742086 ha m

Existing gross GW draft for irrigation 939367 ha m

Existing gross GW draft for M & I 137218 ha m

Existing gross draft for irrigation and M & I use 1076585

Allocation for domestic and industrial use up to2025

214025 ha m

Net ground water availability for irrigation in 1588695 ha m



future

Stage of Ground Water development 39%

A perusal of the stage of ground water development and long term water level trend

of monitoring stations indicates that all the blocks fall under safe category. The

categorisation of blocks as per the norms of GEC-1997 as on 31.3.2004 is as given

below:

Sl.No.

Category Number of blocks

1 Over-exploited Nil2 Critical Nil3 Semi-critical Nil4 Safe 515

Based on the extent of geographical area falling in the Sapta Kosi Command, the

annual replenishable ground water for the Burhi Gandak – Bagmati- Kamla – Kosi

and Mahananda basins has been assessed as 5650 MCM as given in Table 10.5.

10.5GROUND WATER TABLE OBSERVATIONS

The depth of ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre-monsoon 2003 was 2

to 5 meter below ground level which is more or less in whole of the basin area. Water

level has been observed to rest between 0 and 2 m below ground only in some small

patches in certain districts of the basin area. During post-monsoon period 2003, rise

in ground water level was observed to the tune of 2 to 4 m from pre-monsoon 2003

water level. In North Bihar plain, patches of ground water levels of 0 to 2 m below

ground have been observed, especially in the east of Kosi. In rest of the area, the

depth of water level remains between 2 to 5 m below ground. Observation on long-

term trend of ground water levels of National Hydrograph Network Stations do not

show any significant decline of ground water levels both in pre and post-monsoon

periods.



Table 10.5Annually Replemshable Ground Water of unconfined aquifer as on 31-3-09 based on GEC 1997 Burhi Gandak – Bagmati – Kamla –Kosi & Mahananda Basin

(Unit: ha m)SI.No

AssessmentDistrict

Net annualG.W.

Availability

ExistingGross G.W.

Draft forIrrigation

Existing grossG.W for

domestic &industrial water

supply

ExistingGross G.WDraft for all

Uses

Allocationfor domestic& Industrialrequirementsupply upto

next 25 years

Net G.W.Availability for

futureirrigation

development

Stage of G.Wdevelopment

%Geographial

area falling inthe Command

Net G.W inthe

Command

(4+5) 3-4-7 (6/3)*100 (8)*10/100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 Araria 88339.5 20424.1 3478.5 23902.6 5477.7 62437.7 27.1 97.7 61001.6

2 Begusarai 62418.4 32158.4 3799.7 35958.1 6438.6 23821.4 57.6 38.1 9076.0

3 Darbhanga 55215.2 19725.0 4890.6 24615.6 8051.2 27439.0 44.6 100.0 27439.0

4 East Champaran 147743.8 47640.1 6811.2 54451.3 10822.8 89280.9 36.9 23.6 21070.3

5 Kathiar 96729.0 35801.4 3918.7 39720.1 6205.6 54722.0 41.1 69.7 38141.2

6 Khagaria 49982.9 16658.3 2146.2 18804.5 3361.4 29963.2 37.6 64.0 19176.4

7 Kishanganj 60608.5 14076.5 2234.0 16310.5 3591.6 42940.4 26.9 42.7 18335.6

8 Madhepur 59480.9 23408.8 2506.2 25915.0 3906.0 32166.1 43.6 100.0 32166.1

9 Madhubani 102856.0 25666.8 5788.1 31454.9 8782.4 68406.8 30.6 100.0 68406.8

10 Muzzfarpur 109768.3 46359.6 5862.4 52222.0 9226.6 54182.1 47.6 42.8 23189.9

11 Purnea 104168.1 37434.5 4044.3 41478.8 7200.1 59533.5 39.8 94.1 56021.0

12 Saharsa 55935.8 17149.1 2421.7 19570.8 3962.0 34824.7 35.0 94.6 32944.2

13 Sitamarhi 85396.8 31259.2 5362.0 36621.2 8038.3 46099.3 42.9 100.0 46099.3

14 Supaul 85957.1 22829.7 2898.8 25728.5 4922.4 58205.0 29.9 100.0 58205.0

15 Vaishali 74008.6 33588.1 4530.0 38118.1 6873.4 33547.1 51.5 0.0 0.0

16 Samstipur 102233.3 43413.6 5583.0 48996.6 8278.7 50541.0 47.9 62.6 31638.7

17 W. Champaran 178583.7 35578.3 5237.1 40815.4 8308.7 134696.7 22.9 16.4 22090.30

Total (ha-m) 565001.4

Total (MCM) 5650



10.6QUALITY OF GROUND WATER

In general in northern part of the State, ground water is less mineralised with

electrical conductance within 1000 µs/cm. The ground water is alkaline earth

bicarbonate type. The calcium and bicorbonate is dominant cation and anious in 80%

cases. SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) values are mostly within 10, hence water is

suitable for irrigation purposes.

The chemical quality data of ground water samples in the state for the year 2003 of

National Hydrograph Network Stations of CGWB tapping phreatic aquifer indicates

that the ground water in phreatic aquifer is mildly alkaline in nature with average

value of pH as 7.7. The pH is more than 7 in almost all the samples. The Electrical

conductivity (EC) values indicate that the ground water is having moderate salinity

with mean value of 941 micromho/cm at 250 C. The range of EC values at 250 C

vary from 180 to 2400 micromho/cm. The standard deviation of EC is 501. Ca and

Na are two dominating cations while bicarbonate and chloride are two dominating

anions. The water is mainly calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type. Based on the

results of chemical analysis, it can be said that ground water is, by and large, potable

in nature and also suitable for irrigation purposes. The results of chemical analysis

are given in Table 10.6

Table 10.6Details of chemical analysis of phreatic aquifer of HNS in 2003

Sl.No.

Constituent Maximum Minimum Average Standard Deviation

1. E C (micromho/cmat 250C)

2400 180 941.40 501.28

2. pH 8.56 6.9 7.7 0.343. HCO3 (Mg/1) 54 0 2.0 8.734. Cl (Mg/l) 841 78 345.1 148.175. Ca (Mg/l) 454 18 113.6 83.11

The details of major chemical parameters of ground water samples of HNS during

pre-monsoon 2006 in various districtsas given in Annex 10.1 show that EC values at

all the stations in the basin area of the districts is within 1000 micromho/cm and the



water is alkaline. All other chemical characteristics are within permissible limits.

Hence, the ground water is suitable for irrigation use.

10.7 POTENTIAL FOR GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN STUDY AREA

The ground water behavior in the study area does not exhibit occurrence of diversified

geological formations with lithological variations since it is primarily of porous

unconsolidated formations category. This area by far is the most significant ground

water reservoirs for large scale and extensive development. The hydrological

environment and ground water regime conditions in this area indicate the existence of

potential aquifers having enormous fresh ground water reservoir of the quality suited

for drinking and irrigation purposes. Bestowed with high intensity of rainfall and

covered by a thick pile of porous sediments, these ground water reservoirs get

replenishedevery year. In this area, in addition to the annual replenishable ground

water resource, phreatic aquifer resting within 70 m depth is also available. There

also exists a huge ground water reserve in the deep seated aquifers below say 70 m to

600 m depth. The zone of fluctuation i.e. dynamic ground waterresource zone as well

as the deeper confined aquifers are nearly unexplored. Present mode of development

of ground water in the basin area is through STW and at few locations say Madhubani

district DTW, bamboo boring, dug wells and hand pumps etc. for drinking purposes.

It is also to point out that over 50% of water demand for irrigation and agriculture is

met from ground water but still the stage of development so far in the state is only

39% with wide variation in the districts ranging from 23% in West Champaran to

45% in Dharbhanga. All the 515 Community Development Units of assessment fall

under “safe” category i.e. stage of ground water development is 70%.

The above scenario clearly shows that potential aquifers at shallow and deep levels

are well defined; draft of ground water is still quite low and hence in “safe” areas with

substantial scope of development and no significant long-term decline of pre or post

monsoon ground water levels is anticipated. The topography as well the hydrogeology

in the basin is such as lot of water is seeping in ground and hence aquifers are

maintained. Under this scenario, one of the points worth consideration would be that



canal seepage should be limited to the minimum and hence canal lining with proper

water management to be adhered so that this additional seepage does not aggravate

already water logged condition in the command. The quality of ground water is also

conducive for irrigation use. Hence, this basin as a whole may be considered as

potential area for ground water development.

The Kosi basin, including the catchment areas of its tributaries like Bagmati, Kamla

etc. and the area covered by alluvial strata in Mahananda basin, is a prolific field for

the development of ground water resource. There is not only an abundant thickness

of loose unconsolidated alluvial sediments in this area but the latter is also endowed

with very favorable meteorological conditions and topography. All these factors

contribute to the making of a very promising geohydrological sub-province in this

basin.

A network of hydrographic stations in the form of wells, tapping the water-table

aquifers, is being maintained by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and the

State Ground Water Directorate (SGD) and the water levels from these stations are

being monitored periodically. The CGWB records the ground water table levels 5

times a year in April, June, August, November and January, whereas the SGD records

the water levels only twice annually i.e. one pre-monsoon and another post-monsoon.

Based on the above data, CGWB has assessed the ground water resource district wise.

The assessment of ground water is not only done for district as a whole but also for

each of the basin, worked out on the basis of proportionate area falling in the basin.

So far as existing projects of Eastern Kosi Canal Project (EKCP) and Kamla Irrigation

Project (KIP) are concerned, the districts of Bihar State involved are as under:

EKCP KIPDistrict Area in Kosi Basin (Lha.) District Area in Kosi Basin (Lha.)

Supaul 2.41 (99.2%)

Saharsa 1.54 (91.5%) Madhubani 1.99 (56.8%)

Madhepura 1.79 (100%)

Purnea 2.07 (64.2%)



Araria 1.39 (49.1%)

Katihar 1.06 (34.7%)

Bhagalpur 0.27 (10.3%)

Kagaria 0.29 (19.6%)

Total 10.83 Total 1.99

The assessment of ground water resource carried out by CGWB for the above

districts is given in Table-10.7.

Table 10.7

Assessment of Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resourcesin project commands

(Unit: Mcum)Sl

No.District Net annual

GroundWater

availability

ExistingGW draft

forIrrigation

Allocationfor domestic& industrialrequirementfor next 25

years

Net GWavailability

forIrrigation

%agegeographical

area incommand

Net GWavailable incommand

1 2 3 4 5 6 =(3-4-5) 7 8=(6x7/100)

A Eastern Kosi Canal Project

1 Supaul 859 228 49 582 99.2 577

2 Saharsa 559 171 40 348 91.5 318

3 Medhepura 595 234 39 322 100 322

4 Purnea 1041 374 72 595 64.2 382

5 Araria 883 204 55 624 49.1 306

6 Katihar 967 358 62 547 34.7 190

7 Bhagalpur 670 154 65 451 10.3 58

8 Khagaria 500 166 34 300 19.6 59

Sub-total 6074 1889 416 3769 58.7 2212

B Kamla Irrigation Project

1 Madubani 1029 257 88 684 56.8 388

Sub-total 1029 257 88 684 56.8 388

Grand

Total

7103 2146 504 4453 58.4 2600

Source : As per ‘Salient features of dynamic ground water resources of Bihar’ as on 31st

March, 2004 – by CGWB



Thus the annual ground water availability for irrigation for the existing projects from

the above Table works out as under :

EKCP = 2212 Mcum (for 8 districts)

KIP = 388 Mcum(for 1 district)

Considering a net irrigation requirement of 0.7 m for rabi crops and field application

efficiency of 0.65 for non-ponded crops, the gross irrigation requirement for ground

water works out to 1.07 (0.7/0.65) m. Accordingly, with the above ground water

availability, the additional area which can be irrigated works out to:-

EKCP = 2212 x 106/ 1.07 x 104= 2.07 lakh ha

KIP = 388 x 106 / 1.07 x 10 4 = 0.36 lakh ha

This shows that ample quantity of ground water is available to plan for increase the

irrigation intensity within the same command of the above projects.

10.8 ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE IMPACT ON GROUND WATER RECHARGEDUE TO CANAL LINING AND GROUND WATER UTILISATION

The ground water recharge study due to canal lining in this area has not been done so

far. However, the norms indicated in Table 10.8 are generally followed for estimation

of the impact of canal lining and ground water utilization.

Table 10.8Estimation of recharge from other sources

Canal SeepageFactor

Unlined canal 15 to 30 ham/day/millionsq.m. of wetted area

Lined canal 20% of above value forunlined canals

Return flow factor S.W. irrigation 0.10 to 0.50ground water irrigation 0.05 to 0.45

Seepage from waterbodies

1.4 mm/day based on averagearea of water spread

10.9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS



Ground water availability of 29.19 BCM with net ground water availability of 27.42

BCM and net ground water availability for irrigation in future as 15.89 BCM, the

status of overall draft at the level of 39% so far when more than 50% of irrigation and

agriculture requirements are being met through ground water, well defined potential

aquifers at shallow and deep levels and no significant long-term decline of pre and

post-monsoon ground water levels are enough to prove immense scope of its

development. Aquifers are adequately maintained with annual replenishment. The

quality of ground water is also conducive for use of this resource for irrigation. Since

water table in the basin area is high it appears that further addition to it through

unlined canal seepage may add to the problem of waterlogging in the basin and hence

provision of lined canal and ground water use shall be encouraged for future planning

in the area.

Detailed Project Report

1WAPCOS Ltd.. Chapter-XI

CHAPTER – XI

WATER LOGGING, DRAINAGE AND RECLAMATION

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.1.1 Water Logging

A comprehensive definition of waterlogging has been suggested as “a soil (land) is

water logged when a portion of it gets saturated by excess input of water either or

both from surface and ground water sources to an extent that normal circulation of air

is restricted, causing loss of flexibility in land use and / or a significant decline in

growth and productivity of normally growing seasonal crops”.

Water logging is the result of repetitive process of excess inflow into a tract against

the outflow. This phenomenon may appear in several ways:

(i) Water stands in a low lying area throughout the year or for greater part of the

year and prevents the use of such areas for effective cultivation or crop

production. Land becomes water logged due to high water table caused by;

a) Excess water release in the command, causing heavy percolation andsubsequent rise of water table due to over irrigation on the land.

b) Seepage of irrigation water from adjoining high land to the subsoil.

c) Leakage and seepage of water through bed and sides of adjoiningcanals, tanks etc. which are at higher level.

d) Inadequate surface drainage resulting in percolation and consequentrise in water table.

e) Impervious obstructions in the path of laterally flowing subsoil watercausing the rise of water table on the upstream side of obstruction.

f) Soil having poor natural drainage properties e.g. soils with claysubstratum.

g) Poor maintenance of irrigation and drainage system network.

(ii) Water may not actually stand above the ground rather the sub-soil water table

may rise with capillary action to the root zone of crops due to rise of ground



water table. As such crops would suffer serious loss of yield or even

destruction.

(iii) In capillary action of subsoil water at places, salt injurious to crops contained

in the subsoil would tend to rise to the surface and get deposited on the surface

when water evaporates. The repetition of this process year after year can

render the land unfit for cultivation.

For identificational purpose, among various norms, the one suggested by the

MOWR Working Group stipulates that an area with water table depth within

2.0 m is waterlogged, that with water table between 2-3 m is potential area for

water logging and that with water table depth deeper than 3 m is safer area.

The moot point is to identify and delineate the water logged areas, diagnose

the causes in locational context and then formulate area-specific projects for

solution to the problem of waterlogging.

11.1.2 Salinity/Alkalinity of soil

Soil salinity and alkalinity problems in irrigation commands develop when ever soil

and hydrological conditions favour the accumulation of soluble salts in the root zone

of crops. The application of irrigation water by itself means an input of salts.

Every agricultural soil has certain mineral salts in it. Some of these are beneficial

salts as they form the food of plants while the others are injurious as they hinder plant

growth. Injurious salts are also called alkali salts and their common examples are

NaCl, Na2So4 & Na2Co3. These salts prove harmful when they are present in excess,

in the root zone of plant. Out of these three salts, Na2Co3 is the most harmful and

NaCl is the least harmful.

When these soluble alkali salts are in excess in soil and in case ground water table is

near the ground, the water from water table rises up by capillary action and brings

with it alkali salts in solution, water evaporates from the surface of land leaving



behind an accumulation of these salts in patches on the surface of the land. This

phenomenon is called salt efflorescence. While coming up, some salts also get

deposited in the first 0.9 to 1.2 m of the soil layer below the ground. This

concentration of salts present in the root zone of any plant, has corroding effect on the

roots with the result that the growth of the plant gets checked and the plant ultimately

dies. Such a salt affected soil is known as ' saline soil' and is unproductive and it

cannot support any plant life. Thus saline soil has excessive total soluble alkali salts

in it. These excessive soils should be removed early. If however the salt

efflorescence is to be allowed to be on land for some time and the soil is clayey, a

base exchange reaction will take place, thus sodifying the clay, making it

impermeable, ill-aerated and highly unproductive. Soil is then called alkaline soil and

is comparatively more difficult to reclaim than reclaiming a more saline soil.

Reclamation becomes more and more difficult as the alkanity of soil increases with

time.

In some cases, land also becomes saline or alkaline when it is irrigated by alkaline

irrigation water for some time.

The term ‘salt affected soils’ is used to denote the soil problem caused by soil salinity

and alkalinity. The salt affected soils can be defined as soil that show:

- A concentration of soluble salts high enough to interfere with crop growth;

- Exchangeable sodium percentage to be high enough to affect the ionic balance in

plant and the stability of the soil structure and thereby the soil water – soil air

relationship.

The effect of salinity and alkalinity on crop growth is mediated through osmotic effect

and specific ionic affect. As the salinity of a solution increases, its osmotic potential

increases too and reduces the availability of water for the crop. Moreover, an

imbalanced ion uptake is caused that results in deficiencies in certain elements and

yield depression. Some ions are toxic, causing characteristic injury symptoms

associated with the accumulation of a specific ion in the plant.



The commonly adopted norm for soil salinity classification is as flows:

EC (ds/m)on saturated extract

Classification Crop yields

0-2 Non-saline Not affected

2-4 Slightly saline Sensitive crops affected

4-8 Saline Many crops affected

8-16 Strongly saline Only tolerant crops possible

>16 Extremely saline A few very tolerant crops possible

Exchangeable sodium affects plant growth in two ways: it causes nutritional problem

and poor soil structure. The soil solution of sodic soils after contains more sodium

than calcium. The nutritional problem may be caused even at the level of 5 to 10

exchangeable sodium percentate (ESP). As ESP value greater than 15 is considered to

be harmful for soil structure stability.

11.2 DRAINAGE PROBLEM OF COMMAND

The command area of Sapta Kosi High Dam Project in Indian territory lies between

eastern fringe of river Burhi Gandak and Western fringe of river Mahananda (upto

Mechi river) having geographical area of 29,69,748 ha spread in seventeen districts of

Bihar. The districts are East Champarian, West Champaran, Samastipur, Begusarai,

Muzaffarpur, Khagaria, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Saharsa, Supaul,

Madhepura, Purnea, Araria, Katihar, Bhagalpur & Kishanganj. The major rivers

flowing through the command in Indian territory are Kosi, Bagmati, Kamla Balan &

Bhutahi Balan. The characteristics development of existing projects in above river

basins are associated with water logging / drainage problems as described below:

11.2.1 Kosi River Basin Command

Unlike many rivers in India, the Kosi does not have any defined flood plain. It is

rather extensive and changing alongwith the shift in its course towards west. The

course of Kosi has shifted by 115 km from Purnea District to Saharsa District between



the period from 1731 to 1954. In this process, the river has been building a fan

shaped inland delta with its apex at Chatra and sides passing near Purnea in the east

and Darbhanga on the west. During this continuous shift, the river had been

destroying vast tracts of agricultural land, roughly estimated to be between 12,800 to

15,260 sq km in the old district of Purnea and Saharsa in Bihar and 768 to 1024 sq km

area in Nepal. It has washed away towns and villages in the basin and created large

swamps. Another problem in this river system is that the river brings down huge

quantity of silt load every year during the flood which has been mainly responsible for

the inland brading of the river. The silt is mainly of course type and harmful to the

fertility of the land when deposited thereon by way of spilling.

After experiencing the huge devastations by the floods almost every year, it was

decided to construct embankments along the river. In the year 1955, work on Kosi

Project was started. Embankments of substantial lengths were completed in 1957,

which started accruing benefits from the same year. The barrage was completed in

1963 and Eastern Kosi canal system was commissioned in July, 1964.

In the report of the Kosi Technical Committee, constituted by the Govt. of Bihar in

1965 under the Chairmanship of Shri Kanwar Sain, former Chairman of the Central

Water Commission, flood problems of the Kosi river have been identified and

summarized as under:

a) The actual daily discharge of the river Kosi at Barahakshetra has been

measured from 1948 to date. The maximum discharge has varied from 5424

cumec (191413 cusec) to as much as 23670 cumec (835237 cusec), 25873

cumec (913000 cusec) observed in 1968. The normal flood during the years

for which the data are available is between 8500 to 9910 cumec.

b) Another peculiarity of the Kosi is abrupt rise of water level in the gorge which

at times has been found to be of the order of about 11 meter in 24 hours. In

the gorge portion, the current of the river is also very strong and at times

recorded velocity has gone to 7 m per second. As a result of this, the river



erodes its banks and comes with it enormous load of sand and silt which it is

unable to transport and unload into the main drainage channel, the Ganga

river.

c) The other problem of the Kosi river is its steep slopes in the upper reaches

specially between Chatra and Dagmara. The slope from Chatra for a distance

of about 40 km is as steep as 0.88 m per km. Below this point upto Dagmara,

the slope still remains steep at the rate of 0.45 m per km. Beyond Dagmara, it

starts getting flatter in the last reach of the river. Due to the steep slope in the

upper reaches, high velocities are created and the river has great erosive

forces. In the middle reach, as the slope gets flatter, silt is deposited and the

stream divides into large number of smaller channels, which have much less

silt carrying capacity.

d) Another problem which is particularly severe in the Kosi is the enormous

amount of coarse silt present in it. It will be relevant to note here that the

average silt content of the Kosi river is 0.118 percent. The maximum silt

content is during the monsoon months when it is of the order of 0.35 percent.

In the winter months, silt content is only 0.013 percent to 0.060 percent.

Another important fact is that out of the main three tributaries, the Tamur

brings as much as 23.9 percent of the total silt, though the catchment area of

the Tamur is only 10% of the total catchment, coarse silt in Tamur is over 1/4th

of the entire coarse silt in the Kosi.

e) The rapid and high fluctuation in the discharge and the high sediment

concentration indicate that the Kosi, in spite of being one of the biggest rivers

coming out of Himalayas, exhibits really distinctive features of an extreme

flashy hill torrent.



The above mentioned Kanwar Sain Committee has thus grouped the flood problems

of the Kosi into the following categories:

Inundation of large agricultural areas and habitations on both banks of therivers when the flood goes above one lakh cusec

Gradient control in the first 40 km below Chatra where the slope is 0.88 m perkm.

Gradient control in the next reach upto Dagmara in which the slope is 0.45 mper km.

Silt control by soil conservation measures in the upper catchment.

Silt control by river conservancy.

Various solutions to the above mentioned flood problems of the river Kosi were

mooted in the past and a number of alternatives were examined. Eventually, flood

embankments have been constructed in lengths of 144 km on the left bank and 123

km on the right bank. Except for a small gap on the right bank where the Bagmati

and the Kamla rivers join the Kosi, the right bank is going to be fully embanked upto

Kursela. On the left bank, embankment upto Koparia has already been constructed.

Along with the flood embankments, a barrage has also been constructed at Bhimnagar

with a view to control the gradient downstream of Chatra. The flood embankments

have been able to provide flood protection to an area of 2.137 lakh ha, in India and

51,400 ha in Nepal.

As the gradient is flat in the lower reaches, the braiding pattern of the river changes

into a single deep channel some distance downstream of Koparia. On account of this

change, the translatory tendency no longer exists, although inundation by spilling still

continues from the Ghugri channel (combined Kosi Bagmati and Kamla). The

problem of flooding by inundation in the lower reaches exists in an area of about 450

sq. km.

Though the embankments are protecting lands from river spilling, it has given rise to

some waterlogging and drainage problem. The waterlogging is due to seepage which

is attributed to rise in the river bed. The drainage congestion is a major problem in



the lower catchment of the basin which includes the command area of Eastern Kosi

Canal System also. The problem is more acute in the low lying areas which are

locally known as 'Chaurs' and abandoned river course known as 'Dhars' consisting of

about 14% of the gross cropped area. The total length of Dhars is 478 km and total

area of chaurs is estimated to be 86,200 ha having sizes varying from 40 ha to 14,000

ha. These large tracts of low lands are abandoned courses of the river. During the

severe earthquake of 1934, some of the natural drainage channels got choked up

resulting in huge water accumulation. The old Dhars which are functioning as trunk

drains in the command area, otherwise, are over-grown with weeds, partly silted and

meandering. Consequently, these Dhars are not in a position to drain the area

properly. Moreover the sluices, which had been provided in the embankment, have

been rendered ineffective due to rise in the river bed, with the result that a vast sheet

of water spreads along the eastern embankment, submerging an area of about 14, 800

ha with a depth of water ranging from 90 cm to 300 cm. The problem has been

further aggravated by construction of large number of road and railway embankments

and release of irrigation water through a number of escapes in the canal system.

The residual flood problems in the Kosi river-system as existing now have also been

identified by the above mentioned Kanwar Sain High Level Committee. The same

are summarized below:

- Waterlogging and drainage problems on the eastern side of the river.

- Inundation problems in the lower reaches on the left bank (below Koparia) in

an area of about 450 sq. km.

- Erossive threats of the Kosi on the flood control works already executed which

can be removed by

a) Gradient control in the downstream of Kosi barrage for a distance of about25 km

b) Silt control by soil conservation measures in the upper catchment.

c) Silt control by river conservancy.



11.2.2 Bagmati River Basin Command

River Bagmati is a major tributary of river Kosi having catchment area 6,320 sq. km

in India out of total catchment area 13,400 sq. km. The gradient of Bagmati river

between Noonthore (where it debounches into the plains in Nepal) and Dheng railway

bridge is very steep being of the order of 1.50 m/km. On the other hand, in the middle

reach between Dheng and Benihad (near Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga road crossing), the

gradient is only 0.14 m/km.

Nature of Drainage Problem

The river Bagmati has been shifting its course constantly in the past within the

meandering belt leaving a number of abandoned courses which go either by the name

of Bagmati itself or assume altogether a different name or the name of old dhar into

which it avulsed. The abandoned courses are either the full course of the river or only

isolated segments or remnants of them. These courses in part are now depressed land

like chaurs. Due to non-availability of proper outlets, these areas remain submerged

for a number of days during the flood season. The State Govt. in its sanctioned

Bagmati project has made the provision for drainage of some of these chaurs located

in the irrigation command.

Most of the spill channels of the Bagmati and its tributaries join the main river in the

lower reaches. As a result of Bagmati higher stage, the flood lockage in these

channels takes place causing inundation to the adjoining area. The synchronization of

rainfall in the middle and lower reaches with the high flood level in the main Bagmati

and tributaries further aggravate the drainage problems.

The Bagmati-Lakhandei Doab used to suffer severely from drainage problem due to

combined waters of both the rivers. The area now has been saved by constructing

Doab embankments and providing drainage sluices in them



Also in the jacketed reach of the Bagmati so far, a large number of drainage sluices

spaced as close as at 1 km on an average have been constructed/ are being constructed

for providing proper drainage to the country side.

In the middle reaches, most of the huge discharge of the Bagmati gets spilled over

banks, spread over the countryside and submerges areas for a number of days

affecting standing crops. The spilled water ultimately drains through different spill

channels and dead courses of the Bagmati. One more important factor creating

drainage problem is inadequacy of waterways in rail and road bridges as is also

evident from a large number of breaches and overtopping of the roads and railway

during the past floods. Movement of flood water of the Bagmati on to the countryside

and subsequent draining partly from field to field and partly through existing small

courses is blocked by a large number of roads in the region. Sufficient waterways in

any of these channels could not be provided possibly because river keeps shifting its

course and total discharge remains divided into various streams. More striking is

severely limited waterway over the main Bagmati itself which has been pointed out

by almost all past Committees. GFCC has also brought out a report "Adequacy of

Waterway in Rail & Road Bridge of the Bagmati River System (1988)". Though at

present, the spill passes down through the bridges on the road other than those

provided on the main Bagmati, the scenario will change when the Bagmati will get

jacketed in the remaining middle reach too.

As present, most of the drainage problem occurs on the left of the Bagmati near the

outfall of the Darbhanga - Bagmati. The area bounded by Samastipur-Laheriasarai

road, the Darbhanga-Bagmati and the river Bagmati remains a pocket of high

drainage congestion.

11.2.2.1 Possibility of Waterlogging and Salinity / Alkalinity in Bagmati Commandduring Post-Project Period

At present, there is no project constructed in the Indian territory in Bagmati basin. The

problem of drainage congestion and waterlogging in the Bagmati river system may be

attributable to:



i) Most of the spill channels of the Bagmati join the main river in the lower

reaches during high stage of Bagmati river. Flood locking in the spill channels

at the point of their outfall may take place, causing inundation to the adjoining

areas.

ii) The synchronization of the rainfall in the Bagmati Command with the rise in

flood stage in the main Bagmati and other spill channels may also result in

submergence of the command area causing damage to the crops.

iii) The inadequate waterway in rail and road bridges way may also cause afflux

in the upstream, leading to drainage congestion.

iv) The escape channels, if encroached upon, may also contribute to water logging

in certain areas of the command.

However, contribution from all above aspects may not create cognizable waterlogging

problem in the command where irrigation is to be provided. Earlier studies have

indicated that there is likelihood of some drainage congestion over an area of about

500 ha at the junction of Left Bagmati embankment and Right Lakhandei bank

embankment. The drainage in other areas is likely to be satisfactory provided the

surface drainage congestion, if any, is mitigated. The spilling in the middle reach of

the Belwadhar may extend to about 1.5 km on either bank for an average depth of 0.8

m, but the duration is expected to be less than 12 hours, and is therefore, not likely to

adversely affect the standing crops during Kharif. At the outfall reach of the

Belwadhar into the Bagmati near Kalanjarghat, there may be flood locking of the

Belwadhar, affecting an area of about 1000 ha but again the depth of water is likely

to be around 0.8 m with its duration as 2-3 days. Hence, such drainage congestion is

not considered to have substantial adverse effect on the kharif crops.

As far as post-embankment situation in the whole of the Bagmati basin is concerned,

once this is done, there will not be possibility of inundation from the river. However,

the embankments would need to be raised progressively from time to time to make up

for the encroachments in the free-board because of rise in river bed. This may create

some problem in the country side. The most important is the avulsing tendency of the



river over which there is no control in the u/s so far, though on entry in India, the river

will be fully confined within embankments. Further, the situation in the Kareh

embankment below Hayaghat may also turn to be worse as these embankments,

originally designed for a discharge of 1416 cumec (50,000 cusec) have to cater for

almost three times higher discharge. This is substantiated by the fact that the

embankments on Adhwara Group of rivers in Phase-I also fall into the Bagmati,

through the Darbhnaga-Bagmati near Hayaghat which itself is designed for a

discharge of 1807 cumec (68,800 cusec) at Ekmighat, about 10 km before its outfall

in the Bagmati. The above design discharge has been raised by 50% above the 25

years frequency discharge to account for heavy spilling in upper and middle reaches

as well as at Ekmighat.

11.2.3 Kamla River Basin Command

The Kamla river is one of the two main river systems forming Adhwara group of

rivers between the Gandak Basin on the west and Kosi Basin on the east in North

Bihar, the Bagmati being the other main river system of this group.

The Kamla rises in the Mahabharat range of hills in Nepal at an elevation of 1200 m

at Lat. 27o 15'N and Long 85o 57' E. During its course in Nepal, the Kamla receives a

number of tributaries like the Chandaha, Thakur and Jiwakhola. After passing

through a gorge above Chanpat, it debouches into the terai area of Nepal at Chisapani.

After flowing for about 50 km in Nepal, the river enters Indian territory in village

Bajraha near Jayanagar in Madhubani district where there was formerly the famous

temple of Shibnath, which was swept away by a change of course of river during the

mid nineteenth century. The river thereafter known its Kamla-Balan proceeds in a

south easterly direction till it joins the river Kosi on the Border of Darbhanga and

Saharsa districts after flowing a distance of 278 km in Bihar. The total length of the

river is about 328 km.

The river Kamla has a nature of changing its course too frequently. This behaviour of

the river is attributed to the heavy sediment load it carries. Its abandoned courses are



scattered in the entire area. During the period of Runnel's Survey (1779), it used to

flow west of Jayanagar and Madhubani about 3 km east of Darbhanga and ultimately

joined the river Kareh near village Phuhia. One hundred years later i.e. in 1877,

Hunter sketched Kamla flowing from Jayanagar in south-west direction towards

Kamtaul. Subsequently the river followed the old course upto village Rato but

thereafter it got diverted into Darbhanga-Bagmati near Raghauli village east of

Kamtaul Railway Station. Darbhanga-Bagmati thereafter joined the Bagmati a little

upstream of Railway Bridge over river Kareh. It crossed Darbhanga, Jayanagar road

about 3 km north of Darbhanga and the Tar Sarai road at Gousaghat 6 km from the

same place.

The river in the lower reaches changed its course again in 1922 and crossed the

railway line, north of Rajnagar railway station. After crossing the Darbhanga-Nirmali

Section, west of Sakri railway station and running almost parallel to Sakri-Baheri-

Supaul road it was joined by river Jiwach south of Jhaunta at Suharwa village. This

course of Kamla is joined by Patghat Kamla and following the course of latter, it

ultimately joined the river Tiljuga near Tilkeshwar.

The Sakri branch of river Kamla changed its course in 1930 below Mohanpur village.

The new course crossed the Sakri-Jayanagar Section of railway line and following

course of Chautharia Dhar through the bridge at Badriban, it joined the river Jiwach

near village Nima. Thereafter, it followed the course of the river Jiwach which

crossed Darbhanga-Nirmali section of N.E. railway, west of Tar Sarai railway station

and joined the Sakri Branch of Kamla south of Jamta village and ultimately fell in

river Tiljoga near Batharwa village.

Sometimes, during the year 1935-1940, the course of the river following Chautharia

Dhar and Jiwach was abandoned between Badriban and Dhakri village and Kamla

took another course which passed through village Sahna, Akaspurait and joined the

original Jiwach course again at village Dhanuki. This continued to be the main course

of river till early monsoon of 1954.



In the latter part of monsoon of 1954, an avulsion took place on left bank of the river

near Bhakua village about 3 km north east of Khajouli railway station and it avulsed

into river Balan near Pipraghat. Since then, it is following the course of Balan.

The river, further below Pipraghat, branched off into two channels near village

Gumla. The main channel locally known as Kosi Dhar flows in easterly direction and

finally outfalls into river Kareh. The second channel known as Bhakna Dhar flows in

the southern direction and outfalls into the Kareh near Tilkeshwar about 2 km

downstream of Phuhia village.

The Kamla-Balan has a total catchment area of 1063 sq. km. In Nepal and 3600 sq.

km in Bihar. The discharge near Jayanagar where it enters Indian Territory varies

from 25 cumec during summer to 3900 cumec during floods. It used to spill along its

length. It has been embanked from Jayanagar to Darjia and the area has been

practically flood free. The right bank of the river, however, above Indo-Nepal border

has not yet been embanked. The river spills in this reach cause severe flooding in the

command of Kamla Western Main Canal during high floods.

The river below Darjia spills along both banks and inundates vast tract. Flooding of

area in lower reaches worsens on account of back water of the jacketed reach which

flows back and inundates the area.

11.3 EXISTING SURFACE DRAINAGE

11.3.1 Kosi River Basin

11.3.1.1 Existing Natural Drainage

There are a number of natural dhars in the command of Eastern Kosi Canal and

Rajpur Branch Canal system in the districts of Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Khagaria,

Araria, Katihar and Purnea. The districtwise / blockwise details of natural dhars,

chaurs submergence area and approximate length of artificial link channels are given

in Annex-11.1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) respectively.



11.3.1.2 Artificial Drainage

With the objective of arriving at a satisfactory solution to the problem of water

logging and drainage congestion, the Water Resources Department, Govt. of Bihar

have conducted detailed surveys in the year 1967-68. The surveys indicated that there

are 15 important dhars, 70 subsidiary Dhars and 650 nos. of chaurs in the command

area of Kosi Eastern Canal. The lengths of the main Dhars, subsidiary dhars and the

chaur link drains were estimated to be 620 km, 1050 km and 870 km respectively.

The Drainage Scheme 1967-68 provided for resectioning & regrading of the 14 dhars,

50 subsidiary Dhars and construction of 319 chaur link drains to be completed on

priority basis with the following objectives:

i) Removal of drainage congestion and thereby saving of crops from damage.

ii) Constructing link drains from each Chaur to nearby Dhar.

iii) Draining water from the low lying areas in the command to make them fit forrabi cultivation.

The quantity of works involved in execution of the above said works was constructing

615 km long trunk drains, 620 km long subsidiary drains, 870 km of Chaur Link

drains, including land acquisition required for the work and construction of requisite

nos. of structures.

Execution of the drainage work was taken up in the year 1967-68 including

resectioning and regarding of 282 km of trunk drains, 707 km of subsidiary drains and

667 km of chaur drains for effective drainage and reclamation of about 0.47 lakh ha of

water logged area in the Eastern Kosi Canal Command. Detailed surveys and

investigations conducted during the year 1982 revealed that actually the total area

affected by drainage congestion in the command area was 1.82 lakh ha. Though the

work was going on in full swing, all these works were stopped and closed by March,

1985. This created a great set back in the progress of work and quite a large nos. of

schemes which were nearing completion were left uncompleted.



11.4 IDENTIFICATION OF WATER LOGGED AREA (GROUND WATER) INKOSI BASIN AS A WHOLE

Central Water Commission assessed the waterlogged area in the Kosi basin based on

satellite imageries for the year 2002-2003 during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon

period. This study was based on the depth of ground water in the command. The area

was classified as most critical, critical, less critical and non-critical based on the depth

of ground water as less than 1m, 1-2 m, 2-3 m and more than 3 m respectively.

The details of command area wise most critical and critical water logged area are


Table: 11.2

Most Critical & Critical Area

SlNo.

Command name Area undercommand (ha)

Most criticalzone area undercommand (%)

Critical zonearea undercommand (%)

A Pre-monsoon period (May, 2003)

1 Adhwara Barrage Scheme 51193 - 7.53

2 Bagmati Irrigation Project 170833 - 27.55

3 Kamla Irrigation Scheme 121350 1.56 54.42

4 Eastern Kosi & Rajpur Br.Canal Scheme

950944 0.02 55.96

5 Western Kosi IrrigationScheme

222210 1.91 86.19

6 Bagmati Barrage Scheme 79248 - 18.29

B Post - monsoon period (Nov, 2002)

1 Adhawara Barrage Scheme 51193 - 24.99

2 Bagmati Irrigation Project 170933 - 5.36

3 Kamla Irrigation Scheme 121350 - 23.31

4 Eastern Kosi & Rajpur Br.Canal Scheme

950944 0.01 9.06

5 Western Kosi IrrigationScheme

222210 - 44.13

6 Bagmati Barrage Scheme 79248 - -

Source: Assessment of water logging and salt / or Alkaline affected soils in thecommands of all major and medium irrigation projects in Bihar using SatelliteRemote Sensing by CWC, January, 2005.



It is observed from the above table that most of the water logged area is in the range

of critical category i.e. depth of ground as 1 to 2 m, maximum area to the extent of

86% lies in western Kosi canal command, followed by 56% and 54% in Eastern Kosi

and Kamla Irrigation Schemes during pre-monsoon period.

In most of these river basins, the extent of waterlogging is greater in the pre-monsoon

period since this period coincides with the melting of snow in the Himalayan

catchments which makes large contribution to the catchments’ water yields;

contrasted to it in the post-monsoon period, the snow- mediated water yield.

Contribution is almost absent, and the river flow is much diminished. The extent of

waterlogging is incidental to the overland accumulated water in the topographic

depressions and the sub-surface resident water inside the soil.

11.5 IDENTIFICATION OF AREA AFFECTED BY SALINITY / ALKALINITY

Command wise / project wise details of salt affected soils and their characterization is

shown in Table 11.3.

Table 11.3Details of Salinity / Alkalinity affected Areas

(Unit: Th. Ha)Slno.

Command name Commandarea

Area affected bySalinity Alkalinity Salinity/

AlkalinityTotal % of

commandarea

1 Adhwara Barrage Scheme 51.19 0.001 - - 0.001 Negligible

2 Bagmati Irrigation Project 170.83 0.85 - 0.20 1.05 0.6

3 Bagmati Barrage Scheme 79.25 0.31 - 0.28 0.59 0.7

4 E. Kosi Irri. and Rajpur Br.Canal scheme

950.94 22.75 - 0.23 22.98 2.4

5 W. Kosi Irri. Scheme 222.21 5.11 - - 5.11 2.3

6 Kamla Irri. Scheme 121.35 32.62 - - 32.62 26.9

Source: Assessment of water logging and salt and / or alkaline affected soils in thecommand of all Major & Medium Irrigation Projects in Bihar using Satellite RemoteSensing, CWC, January, 2005



11.6 IDENTIFICATION OF AREA NEEDING DRAINAGE

As mentioned in para 5.3.1.2, drainage work was taken up by WRD, Govt. of Bihar

upto 1984-85. However, the same was closed by March, 1985.

In the meantime, Kosi CADA in its report prepared in 1994 entitled “Project Report

for Regeneration of Degenerated Land of Kosi Region”, has indicated that the

detailed survey of the command has been done and districtwise / blockwise details of

Dhars, Chaurs, link channels alongwith their lengths to connect the natural drains etc.

are given in Annex – 11.1.

Districtwise synopsis is illustrated in the Table- 11.4.

Table – 11.4Details of Districtwise Link Canals, Chaurs & submergence area

SlNo.

Name of district No. of linkCanals

No. ofchaurs

Submergencearea in ha

1 Saharsa 98 98 14640

2 Supaul 126 126 21373

3 Madhepura 56 56 16207

4 Khagaria 20 20 2335

5 Araria 26 26 5280

6 Katihar 35 35 7980

7 Purnea 48 48 13435

Total 409 409 81250

11.7 LAND RECLAMATION

Land reclamation is a process of making culturable land fit for cultivation. Thus,

waste land, badly eroded land, salt affected (alkaline) land and waterlogged land can

be made culturable by the method of reclamation.



Sapta Kosi High Dam command in Indian territory has the problem of surface water

logging, water logging due to rise of ground water table, salinity / alkalinity etc. The

remedial measures for each of these areas are given as follows:

(a) For surface water logged area

i) The drainage sluices provided in the flood embankment should be kept

operative for quick drainage when situation warrants.

ii) The incompleted drainage schemes and the investigated schemes as identified

by Kosi CADA should be implemented.

iii) The slope of natural rivers in this command is very mild with respect to upper

reaches of the Sapta Kosi Basin. This characteristics coupled with high

intensity of rainfall in the basin causes flood in the area frequently. Hence

maintenance of gradients in the lower reaches of rivers is essential for efficient

drainage.

iv) The waterway available in the existing culverts / bridges on the railway lines /

roads should be reassessed and modified as required to overcome congestion

at the time of high floods.

v) Model studies should be done to improve the outfall conditions of the rivers

which are main reaches for inundations of vast land.

(b) For waterlogged area due to Ground Water

Water logging due to rise of ground water may occur due to various reasons

such as seepage from canals, excess irrigation and excess percolation in the

ground water reservoir. The remedial measures for each of above categories

area are given as follows:

(i) Percolation from canals should be reduced as follows:

- Lining shall be provided in channels around critical/ most critical zones for

providing a more or less impervious lining to channel bed & sides thus

reducing percolation.



- Lining of water course in critical / most critical zones should be done.

- Constructing intercepting seepage drains along canals, embankments in the

high reaches.

(ii) Excess overflow irrigation over the land must be restricted by encouraging the

farmers to use irrigation water optimally.

(iii) Extraction of ground water

i) Provision of drainage system – Surface drains or underground porous

drains shall be provided, discharging into natural streams / artificial

surface drains.

ii) Improving natural drainage of area – this will improve discharge

capacity & also reduce retention of rain water over the land.

iii) Consumptive use of ground water atleast in critical / most critical

zones will be helpful in reducing ground water table and thus give

relief from water logging.

(b) For Salt affected land

Before starting the soil reclamation work, the following information well be

required :

- quality of the soil as judged from its physico-chemical properties,

- quality of irrigation water and its availability,

- nature and distribution of salts in the soil,

- level of underground water table,

- drainage facility and

- the crops those will suit the given conditions.

The most important point in judging the quality of soil is its degree of

salinisation or alkalinisation. In case of irrigation water, especially when it is



from well, it is important to consider the boron content which sometimes

occurs in toxic quantities. The proportion of calcium to sodium should be high,

which helps in replacement of Na with Ca in the exchange complex. The

nature of the problem is very much divergent from one region to another

because of the wide difference in the geographical location, topographical

features, climatic conditions, soil characteristics, management practices, etc.

Broadly, four distinct regions where salt affected soils of different nature

occur can be distinguished.

- Arid and semi-arid regions of the Indo-Gangetic plains.

- Arid region of Rajasthan and Gujarat.

- Arid and semi-arid regions of black cotton soil.

- Coastal areas including the acidsulphate soils of Kerala.

The essential components of the soil reclamation technology are:

i) The problem area should be isolated according to textual class and hydraulic

conductivity. It should be levelled properly and provided with strong bunds

along the field so that adequate amounts of irrigation water can be applied to

each kind of soil to achieve the desired leaching of salts.

ii) Sufficient surface, sub-surface or vertical (dug or tube wells) drainage net

work should be provided to remove excess water and keep the water table

down below the crop root zone.

iii) The hard impervious sub-soil pan should be broken by deep chiseling or deep

ploughing with sub-soiler plough.

iv) Add the suitable amendment material such as gypsum, sulphur, iron sulphate,

molasses, pressmud etc., based on the soil test values so as to bring the soil pH

down to the desired level. The amounts of gypsum and sulphur, required to

replace different amounts of exchangeable sodium are given in Table 11.5.



Table 11.5Gypsum and sulphur requirements for soil reclamation

It will be seen that a large quantity of gypsum or sulphur is required to reclaim alkali

soils. On an average for every one milliequivalent of sodium to be replaced, 1.7 ton of

gypsum or 0.32 ton of sulphur is required.

The gypsum converts Na-soil into Ca-soil by cationic exchange, with a desirable

lowering of pH and an improvement in soil physical conditions. The gypsum powder

to be applied should be of 30 mesh fineness and be mixed in top 10 cm soil with the

help of a disc or mould board plough.

After application of amendment the main task is to leach the freed sodium salt

(through replacement by calcium) downward below the root zone and out of the

field, through drains, with subsequent application of irrigation water. It is, therefore,

necessary to apply 4 to 5 heavy doses of good quality irrigation water.

The total dose of irrigation water should be about 60 cm.

Exchangeable sodiumcontent of the soil(m.e/100 g)

Requirement ofGypsum

(Tons/acre ft.)Sulphur

(Tons/acre ft.)1 1.7 0.32

2 3.4 0.64

3 5.2 0.96

4 6.9 1.28

5 8.6 1.60

6 10.3 1.92

7 12.0 2.24

8 13.7 2.56

9 15.5 2.88

10 17.0 3.00



Crop Management under Safety Conditions

Under some circumstances, it may not be feasible to reduce the salt content of soils to

permit the growth of sensitive crops. The alternative is to select crops which are salt

tolerant. These crops will take up more salts and help in further soil reclamation in

other way, at the same time will give economic returns also. A

relative classification of plants according to their salt tolerance has been made in three

degrees of tolerance and by four types of crops, namely, field crops, forage crops, fruit

crops and vegetables and is given in Table 11.6. In each group the most tolerant crop

is at the top of the list and the most sensitive crop is shown at the bottom. Within a

crop, the varieties with more salt tolerance may be selected.

Table 11.6Relative Tolerance of Crops to Salts

High salt tolerance Medium salt tolerance Low salt tolerance

Field Crops

Barley (grain) Wheat (grain)Paddy Bean (field)

Sugar beet Sorghum (grain)Maize

Cotton FlaxSunflowersCastor

Forage Crops

Alkalisacation Sweet clove,Alfalfa (Lucerne)

White clover

FruitsDate palm Pomegranate

FigOliveGrapeCantaloupeBerTamarind

PearAppleOrangeGrapefruitPlumStrawberryLemonAvocado

VegetablesBeet

Asparagus

TomatoBroccoliCabbage

Radish

Celery



Spinach CauliflowerLettuceSweet-cornCarrotOnionPeasSquashCucumber

Green beans

After reclamation, the paddy may be taken as first crop in Kharif followed by wheat in

rabi and dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) in summer as green manure crop.

This crop rotation may be followed for minimum 3 years. After Application of

amendment, the water should be kept standing for 10-15 days before paddy

transplanting. The recommended practices should be followed for a given crop except,

using little high seed rate to ensure good plant stand, adding 25% more

nitrogen than normal recommended dose preferably in the form of ammonium

sulphate and applying basal dose of zinc sulphate at 20 to 30 kg/ha to overcome

the zinc deficiency in such soils. Three percent solution of urea at 500 litre/ha may be

applied if the nitrogen deficiency is observed. Light but frequent irrigation should be

applied to keep the salts below the root zone of crop and avoid salt accumulation at the

surface of soil.

If reclamation of alkali soils cannot be taken up for normal crop production, certain

trees which can tolerate the soil alkalinity, have sturdy, extensive and deep root system

and also require less moisture can be grown in the alkali soils with addition of little

quantity of gypsum, farm yard manure and fertilizers in the pits. The trees like

Safeda (Eucalytus hybrid),Vilayati babool (Prosopis juliflora) and Kikar (Acacia

nilotica) etc, and the grasses like Para, Blue Panic, Bermuda, Karnal, stylo etc., have

tremendous scope for timber, fodder and fuel purposes besides reducing soil erosion,

and improving the soil conditions and overall ecological environment.

Post Reclamation Care

Even after complete reclamation of saline / alkali soils, one must be very much careful

about their management otherwise they may become problematic at any



time. Therefore, following points may be kept in mind for better prospects.

- Use limited irrigation water for all the crops.- The drains should be maintained well to take off the excess water out of the

field.- The water table should be kept sufficiently at low level.- The high level irrigation canal should be lined to avoid addition to

underground water table.- The reclaimed land should not be left fallow for a long period.- The soil should be tested periodically in order to keep watch on its physio-

chemical properties. If necessary, corrective measures should be taken up asand when required, although it is not necessary to apply amendmentrepeatedly.

The project area faces the challenge of expending agricultural production in a

sustainable manner, which necessitates more intensive agriculture and irrigation.

However, intensification of irrigation can accelerate some adverse affects of which

waterlogging and salinity are most obvious. Considering the facts of these imminent

production resource degrading effects, it is important to ensure irrigation water

management for greater efficiency and sustainability by way of adopting efficient

schedules and methods of irrigation which the researchers have worked out for rice,

wheat, oil seeds, pulses, sugarcane and others. For efficient crop production,

climatically suitable cropping choice of high yielding crop varieties and rotation of

crops and varieties appropriately fitting into the crop rotation have to be adopted. In

salt affected areas, the rice-based cropping patterns are most suited during the initial

years of reclamation. Crop diversification can be considered in later years. For good

crop performance, salt tolerant crop varieties should be preferred. Important crop

varieties for alkali and salinity stress are the follows:

Crop Varieties

Rice CSR 10, CSR11, CSR 12, CSR 13, CSR 20, CSR 21

Wheat KRL 1-4, WH 157, RAJ 3077

Mustard Pusa Bold, Varuna, Kranti



It would appear that there could be two approaches for getting a good crop stand and

yield in salt affected areas. One could be through improvements in the soil condition

to meet the crop requirement, while the other is to select tolerant cultivares to suit the

problem soils.



Annex-11.1(a)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: SAHARSA

SlNo.

Name ofDhar

Name of Chaur Name ofBlock


Length oflink in km

1. Dhemra

Dhar

1 Purish Nauhatta 120.0 1.524

2 Barail “ 100.0 1.524

3 Pokaria “ 50.0 1.219

4 Baliarpatti “ 40.0 1.219

5 Bahwarth “ 40.0 1.219

6 Bhanar “ 60.0 0.609

7 Barasaub “ 80.0 1.829

8 Uchhkhwa “ 60.0 1.219

9 Taibagtia “ 40.0 1.219

10 Rahia “ 38.0 0.609

11 Narain “ 50.0 0.914

12 Hansa “ 40.0 1.067

13 Koria “ 40.0 0.609

14 Lakhaja Debar “ 60.0 0.914

15 Yoga “ 20.0 0.609

16 Dyria “ 40.0 0.914

17 Nagari “ 40.0 1.067

18 Baiywalia “ 40.0 1.067

19 Kamauni “ 44.0 3.048

20 Belahi “ 40.0 1.524

21 Patharai “ 40.0 1.219

22 Tibra “ 60.0 1.524

23 Bilaspatti “ 60.0 1.219

24 Lakhan Khanka “ 140.80 1.524



SlNo.

Name ofDhar



Length oflink in km

Daber 40.0 1.829

25 Barahmotor “ 40.0 1.371

26 --- “ 60.0 1.524

27 Rahurabarwa “ 40.0 1.524

28 Nemua “ 80.0 0.914

29 Yoga Baidy “ 160.0 3.658

2 Dhemara

Dhar

1 Baidi Chaur Maheshi 100.0 2.134

2 Kusumi, Karjhil

Belan Chaur

“

1320.0 5.729

3 Gochahara “ 120.0 0.914

3 Fahri Dhar 1 Narha Chaur “ 50.0 1.829

2 Gangia Chaur “ 140.0 2.438

3 Karha Rehwa Kahara 120.0 3.656

4 Bariali Chaur “ 220.0 3.656

5 Singhwara Chaur “ 44.80 2.134

6 Bharauli Chaur “ 120.0 1.829

7 Sarha Chaur “ 400.0 1.829

4 Tilwae

Dhar No.2

1 Roop nagar “ 160.0 0.914

2 Sahuria “ 100.0 1.371

3 Narha “ 64.0 0.914

4 Galharia “ 30.0 0.914

5 Pirha “ 24.0 1.524

6 Simri “ 140.0 1.676

7 Law “ 400.0 4.573

8 Dighra “ 200.0 1.463

5 Sone Dhar 1 Dighra Sepha “ 80.0 1.829

2 Barsam “ 400.0 3.170

3 Hanuman Nagar “ 400.0 5.548



SlNo.

Name ofDhar



Length oflink in km

4 Kathaila

5 Banchola “ 200.0 1.768

6 Ramnagar “ 200.0 1.524

6 Tilaw

Dhar No.2

1 Patuaha Saur Bazar 140.0 1.219

7 Beldaur

Dhar

1 Siktiyahi Basa “ 100.0 0.914

2 Kumhrauli “ 100.0 1.500

8 Kashnagar

Dhar

1 Telhar “ 86.40 1.371

2 Godarma “ 170.0 1.371

3 Bagraha “ 210.0 1.524

4 Kashnagar “ 68.0 0.603

5 Chitrahi “ 108.0 1.219

6 Maninath “ 116.0 0.832

7 Tindova “ 80.0 0.975

8 Bela Ramnagar

Telhar

“ 446.0 4.573

9 Flodrahai “ 80.0 1.829

9 Basanwara

Dhar

1 Basan Sonbarsa 120.0 1.524

2 Sagun Tola “ 88.0 5.487

3 Bagora (East) “ 120.0 2.439

4 Bagora (West) “ 104.0 0.609

5 Sahjadpur “ 40.0 0.914

6 Baijnathpur

purandaha

“ 232.0 2.286

7 Bela “ 136.0 1.829

8 Sakutota “ 100.0 0.75

10 DhemraDhar

1 ChampurBhagwanpur

Nauhatta 800.00 3.297



SlNo.

Name ofDhar



Length oflink in km

2 Yaila Chaur “ 160.00 1.829

3 Punhar and Dhamina “ 80.00 1.829

4 Gopalpur Musharnia “ 586.00 6.646

5 Sadana andPurklyanpur

“ 460.00 5.853

6 Pipra “ 440.00 4.451

11 Baluaha 1 Pora Chour “ 52.00 1.128

2 Bartha Chour “ 120.00 2.438

3 Phapahi Chour “ 156.00 2.286

4 Basana Chour Mahishi 40.00 1.524

5 Paharpur-II Mahishi 40.00 0.608

12 Patti Dhar 1 Jagatpur Nauhatta 60.00 1.219

2 Garbaki “ 80.00 1.829

3 Waterlogged atparasarma

“ 40.00 1.524

4 Chakla Sonbarsa 120.00 1.524

5 Kaparfora “ 200.00 1.905

6 Ladma Badhauna “ 700.00 3.658

13 DhemrbraDhar

1 Girha Chour SimriBakhtiyarpur

140.00 1.219

2 Kaparfora “ 180.00 2.438

3 Balwa Chour “ 120.00 2.134

4 Goriyari “ 160.00 0.914

14 MethaDhar

1 Nardaha Chour “ 64.00 3.656

2 Purania “ 52.00 1.524

3 Narewa “ 576.00 3.048

4 B.harthanya “ 48.00 1.219

Total 98 14640.4



Annex 11.1 (b)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: SUPAUL

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

1 BhaptiahiDhar

1 Telwa Supaul 80.00 1.52

2 Belahi Supaul 60.00 1.522 Patti Dhar 1 Maldahia Supaul 80.00 2.13

2 Esthla Supaul 60.00 1.223 Keriha Supaul 80.00 3.054 Lawaki Supaul 80.00 1.835 Purandani Supaul 100.00 1.216 Baria Supaul 60.00 0.917 Ekma Supaul 40.00 1.228 Chouri Supaul 120.00 1.839 Rampur Supaul 80.00 1.0710 Barail Supaul 80.00 1.22

3 TilaweDhar

1 Basana Supaul 220.00 0.91

2 Chitti Supaul 300.00 1.223 Mokama Supaul 64.00 0.464 Bhatrandha Supaul 60.00 0.615 Aranbishanpur Supaul 180.00 0.82

6 Baluaha Supaul 160.00 1.077 Samada Supaul 140.00 0.91

4 ParwaneDhar

1 Tarhi Raghopur 50.00 0.19

2 Jogbani Raghopur 30.00 0.913 Larha Sonbarsa Raghopur 100.00 0.914 Dori Raghopur 100.00 0.505 Barahi Jheel Raghopur 216.00 2.136 Hasanpur Raghopur 120.00 2.447 Marna Raghopur 120.00 2.448 Dhaun Guridhi Raghopur 440.00 1.83

5 DhasanDhar

1 Kabaiya Raghopur 76.00 0.95

2 Sangaria Selha Raghopur 80.00 0.67



Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

3 Harnagara Raghopur 104.00 3.694 Asthana Baver Pipara 68.00 1.225 Dandari Pipara 36.00 0.546 Pakari Kamar

GawaPipara 256.00 6.10

7 Gopalpur Pipara 124.00 3.356 Dhemara

Dhar1 Gopipur Supaul 200.00 6.10

2 Simrail Supaul 200.00 0.91

3 Telhar Supaul 120.00 1.52

4 Satarw Supaul 400.00 1.52

5 Tirmuhara Supaul 120.00 1.83

6 Dumrahi Supaul 100.00 2.44

7 Jogin Supaul 120.00 3.05

8 Bagijor Supaul 100.00 1.52

9 Baghmari Supaul 180.00 1.61

10 Ratauli Supaul 120.00 2.44

11 Jarauli Supaul 60.00 1.07

12 Kaiti & Nirmali Supaul 60.00 0.91

13 Lour Supaul 160.00 7.32

14 Beriana Supaul 140.00 1.37

15 Betram-I Supaul 100.00 1.83

16 Betram-II Supaul 100.00 1.83

17 Bhalani Supaul 200.00 2.73

18 Ekma Supaul 60.00 1.22

7 BochahaDhar

1 Ehagwanpur Raghopur 520.00 1.83

2 Bahsi Raghopur 175.00 5.493 Chakla Raghopur 384.00 2.444 Bhaiukap Raghopur 128.00 3.055 Hulas Raghopur 358.00 2.446 Tintoliya Raghopur 192.00 2.44

8 ThalhaDhar

1 ThakurahiMalikana

Supaul 40.00 1.22

2 Kuchnari Supaul 40.00 0.763 Nirmali Supaul 40.00 0.91



Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

4 Barkuba Supaul 40.00 0.915 Kumhara Supaul 40.00 0.916 Bhutha Supaul 40.00 1.227 Nhenjaraha Supaul 40.00 0.918 Waterlogged at

ParasarnaSupaul 20.00 0.30

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

Remarks

9 DhasanDhar

1 Malghawarl Pipra 28.00 1.067

2 Telsion Pipra 20.00 0.3353 Bahinga Pipra 20.00 0.3354 Burahwe Pipra 100.00 2.439

10 ParwaneDhar

1 Chakla Raghopur200.00 0.609

2 Inanganj Raghopur 240.00 4.4203 Harjpur Raghopur 160.00 1.8294 Kainger Raghopur 320.00 1.4025 Bhatani Raghopur 44.00 0.5186 Raghopur Nayagaon Pipra 200.00 0.5207 Mokarai Pipra 220.00 0.6098 Maheshwer Pipra 300.00 6.8599 Kalari Pipra 180.00 0.43910 Dahla Pipra 200.00 1.01211 Parsa Pipra 240.00 1.52412 Dhar Near Village

Anandipatti(Gosaipatti)

Pipra 80.00 0.240

13 Narha(chaur) Pipra 180.00 0.44014 Batramchaur Pipra 160.00 1.80015 Sitkadaria Pipra 200.00 1.01416 Othars chaur Pipra 100.00 0.239

11 GuriaDhar

1Jadupatti Tribenigani

Tribeniganj32.00 1.219

2 Dhungra Tribeniganj 40.00 1.06712 Chikni

BazarDhar

1 Dhuniachaur Chatapur 80.00 2.749



2 Mangauj chaur Chatapur 146.00 1.0573 Mangauj chaur Chatapur 152.00 1.0364 Chikni Chatapur 70.00 0.609

13 GurdhuaDhar

1 Raghunathpur Chaur Tribeniganj 380.003.048

2 Raishree Tribeniganj 294.00 1.5243 Sarhad Ganj Tribeniganj 128.00 0.9144 Srinagar Tribeniganj 174.00 1.2195 Unlakhi Tribeniganj 300.00 1.524

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

Remarks

6 Dungachaur Tribeniganj 174.80 1.5247 Topara-I Tribeniganj 200.00 3.6588 Goria Tribeniganj 400.00 8.5369 Haripur Chatapur 54.00 4.26810 Dighi Chatapur 92.00 1.21911 Ramani Chatapur 260.00 0.91412 Gopali tola Chatapur 394.00 1.21913 Hanumapatti Chatapur 48.40 0.91414 Baghaili Tribeniganj 48.40 0.91415 Morhanpur Tribeniganj 32.48 0.60916 Bagh i chaur Tribeniganj 32.40 1.52417 Baghanpatti Tribeniganj 40.40 1.52418 Bishumpur Tribeniganj 56.80 2.43919 Kewaryama Tribeniganj 70.40 1.524

14 BinaniaDhar

1Bhawanipur

Chatapur593.60

1.829

2 Giridharpatti Chatapur 192.00 6.4023 Mohammadganj Chatapur 134.00 1.5244 Gamhariacchaur Chatapur 380.00 2.012

15 FarianiDhar

1Dhim. Mdkha

Chatapur 4000.00 14.207

16 DhemraDhar

1 Hatwaria west 32.00(L)

Raghopur120.00

1.371


Raghopur60.00

0.914

3 Hatwaria south 29.00(L)

Raghopur 60.00 0.609



4 Khori Rahi II 49.00(L)

Raghopur60.00

1.067

17 DasnaDhar

1 Amari 55.00 (R ) Raghopur20.60

0.609

2 Chauri 63.00 (L) Raghopur 20.00 0.6093 Karyamma 64.00 (L) Raghopur 20.00 0.7624 Kothia Rajpur Raghopur 120.00 7.621

18 ThalhaDhar

1 Kamar Chaur 27050(L)


19 Degraha 1 Murli Basantpur Raghopur 80.00 1.067

Total 126 21373.28



Annex 11.1 (c)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: MADHEPURA

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

1 Segna 1 Lalpurchaur Madhepura 100.00 1.829

2 Jibra chaur Madhepura 369.60 4.5733 Shekhpura Sadawa Madhepura 312.00 6.0964 Bh;arahi Madhepura 153.60 2.4395 Jaipura Singheshwar 291.20 2.4396 Markhap Singheshwar 307.20 2.4397 Barhari Singheshwar 96.00 1.2198 Barbanna Singheshwar 224.00 2.4399 Hasanpura Sonbarsa Singheshwar 633.60 6.096

2 Tilawe Dhar 1 Tarabe Madhepura 300.00 2.7433 Parwanhe

Dhar1 Rampatti Singheshwar 48.00 0.853

4 DhasanDhar

1 Panhar Singheshwar200.00

0.579

5 Gola Dhar 1 Jhaghari Udakishanganj 272.00 2.6822 Shyam Udakishanganj 101.20 1.5243 Ladama Udakishanganj 102.00 1.0674 Nimua Udakishanganj 166.00 1.2805 Karanti Udakishanganj

55.200.219

6 Chaarapti Udakishanganj 32.00 1.524

7 Ramnaganj Alamnagar 112.00 6.7008 Ashoka Alamnagar 102.00 1.8299 Jhgraha Alamnagar 380.00 1.37110 Hanodumaria Alamnagar 97.20 1.21911 Ladama Alamnagar 200.00 1.52412 Patoria Alamnagar 80.00 0.914

6 Chausa 1 Bheatola Alamnagar 112.00 1.2102 Mahimudin Alamnagar 400.00 1.2193 Karman Alamnagar 48.00 0.6094 Baswanpur Alamnagar 248.00 1.2195 Ncgachhiatole Alamnagar 206.00 2.1346 Ghoshal Alamnagar 212.00 2.4387 Chausa Chaur Alamnagar 276.00 1.219



Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

7 Guria 1 Topara chaur-I Murliganj 394.00 3.658

2 Topara chaur-II Murliganj 130.00 0.9148 Barelia

Dhar1 Bachangama Alamnagar 388.00 3.048

2 Bishanpur Alamnagar 45.20 1.8293 Sinharkookel Alamnagar 220.00 1.1894 Alam Nagar Alamnagar 52.80 4.5735 Phanhan Udakishanganj 39.60 1.8296 Bhamaili Udakishanganj 200.00 1.1897 Rangurai Ajgara Udakishanganj 172.00 2.286

9 1 Tilangwa Chausa 600.00 4.8782 Askatika Chausa 1000.00 7.6213 Bhurkunda Udakishanganj 640.00 1.8294 Phulbariya Udakishanganj 40.00 2.5005 Pobha Udakishanganj 160.00 4.699

10 BhuthariDhar

1 Dhaneshwari Udakishanganj 600.00 4.878

2 Maria Group Udakishanganj 3140.00 25.5143 Other chaur Udakishanganj 1154.00 38.963

11 BanaswaraDhar

1 Kanhar (E) Alamnagar 104.00 0.533

2 Dhoma Alamnagar 100.00 0.5003 Agail Alamnagar 121.20 1.5244 Chakla Alamnagar 115.00 0.7505 Parmananlpur Alamnagar 340.00 3.0486 Kodra Alamnagar 100.00 0.6007 Khurha Alamnagar 90.00 0.5008 Chakmaul Basa

SouthAlamnagar 24.00 2.012

Total 56 16206.60



Annex 11.1 (d)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: KHAGARIA

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

1 BeldaurDhar

1 Kursela chaur Beldaur 160.00 0.533

2 Docharsi chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.219

3 Bela chaur Beldaur 60.00 3.506

4 Barbighi chaur Beldaur 120.00 3.506

5 Khairabasa chaur Beldaur 40.00 3.506

6 Beldaur chaur Beldaur 80.00 3.506

7 Sohia chaur Beldaur 80.00 3.506

8 Pachaut chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.829

9 Golaganj chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.829

10 Dighour west Beldaur 120.00 1.676

11 Dighour east Beldaur 120.00 1.676

12 Sarkohar chaur Beldaur 205.60 3.445

13 Karlakhi chaur Beldaur 80.00 5.000

2 KashnagarDhar

1 Pirnagar east Beldaur92.00

1.170

2 Pirnagar west Beldaur 204.00 1.645

3 Jhoba Beldaur 92.00 2.375

4 Kainjavi dova Beldaur 320.00 4.725

3 BanaswaraDhar

1 Khunhar (west) Beldaur 40.00 1.219

2 Agail Beldaur 121.20 1.524

3 Bela Beldaur 100.00 0.550

Total 20 2334.80



Annex 11.1 (e)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: ARARIA

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

1 KharraLachcha

Dhar

1 Nathpur Chaur Narpatganj 200.00 5.000

2 Khairapur Chaur Narpatganj 60.00 0.5003 Gokulpur Chaur Narpatganj

2 BinariaDhar

1 Nathpur Chaur Narpatganj60.00

0.500

2 Patehpur NathpurChaur

Narpatganj 200.00 2.000

3 Sirsia Kala Bhargama 150.00 4.0004 Gamharia Bhargama 200.00 2.0005 Chakla Bhargama 175.00 1.0006 Dhobiahi Bhargama 100.00 0.5007 Khajuri Bhargama 125.00 0.5008 Baijupati Bhargama 200.00 0.800

3 KhuthariDhar

1 Dhaneshari Bhargama 200.00 2.000

2 Sonapur Bhargama 200.00 1.5004 Sita Dhar 1 Ran Chaur Forpisganj 150.00 1.500

2 Rampur Chaur Forpisganj 150.00 1.0003 Pulro Chaur Forpisganj 200.00 1.0004 Chaur Forpisganj 225.00 2.000

5 Basfaka Chaur Forpisganj 160.00 0.500

6 Jirwa PachiariChaur

Raniganj 250.00 0.800

7 Madhafa Chaur Raniganj 400.00 1.0008 Kamalpur Chaur Raniganj 225.00 0.8009 Hansraj Chaur Raniganj 250.00 0.5010 Gapur Chaur Raniganj 300.00 0.60



11 Mohi Chaur Raniganj 300.00 0.6512 Farkia Chaur Raniganj 500.00 1.00

5 Pema Dhar 1 Mahiar Araria 300.00 1.50Total 26 5280.00



Annex 11.1 (f)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: KATIHAR

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

1 Soura Dhar 1 Baldhia Korha 250.00 0.800

2 Bachoni Korha 150.00 2.5003 Baijnathpur Korha 150.00 3.14 Tailend of

Katihar DisttKatihar 100.00 1.5

2 Kamla Dhar 1 Manikpur Katihar 100.00 2.1342 Khagota Katihar 200.00 1.6463 Sagunira Katihar 220.00 1.1584 Bhogachi Katihar 600.00 2.4395 Kajari Katihar 280.00 1.2806 Nurkodal Katihar 640.00 3.0487 Singhia Katihar 400.00 1.5858 Shankerpur Katihar 200.00 1.2199 Bari Jhil Katihar 200.00 1.73710 Radhe Madha Katihar 280.00 1.21911 Lava Kendi Katihar 160.00 0.73112 Khusari Katihar 400.00 1.49813 Rain Katihar 300.00 0.80014 Chhoti Jhil Katihar 180.00 1.50015 Borhia Katihar 200.00 0.900

16 Barahia Katihar 300.00 0.90017 Katari Katihar 90.00 0.50018 Pakaru Katihar 50.00 0.50019 Gogabil Katihar 200.00 1.0020 Oksatal Katihar 100.00 1.0021 Chalania Katihar 60.00 0.6022 Gaura Katihar 80.00 0.7023 Garia Katihar 240.00 1.5024 Purdani Katihar 150.00 1.0025 Bornia Katihar 160.00 1.2026 Denga chour Purnea (east) 60.00 2.8027 Rama Purnea (east) 120.00 3.14028 Pathara Purnea (east) 80.00 6.03629 Khir-Khir Purnea (east) 240.00 1.15830 Mira fatehpur Purnea (east) 840.00 1.06731 Hinaimadhe Purnea (east) 200.00 1.000



Total 35 7980.00



Annex 11.1 (g)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: PURNEA

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

1 Soura Dhar 1 Banails Krityanand 300.00 0.500

2 Bilejhwar Krityanand 250.00 0.4003 Raipur Krityanand 150.00 14 Hathia Krityanand 1040.00 3.658

5 Neemia Krityanand 240.00 0.3046 Baraitha Krityanand 1600.00 9.146

2 Pema Dhar 1 Seema Krityanand 250.00 1.6002 Ratlohi Krityanand 100.00 0.5003 Jalalgarh Krityanand 450.00 1.0004 Sathia Krityanand 230.00 0.7005 Bathnaha Krityanand 450.00 1.0006 Basaun Krityanand 90.00 0.500

3 BinaniaDhar

1 Parihari Banmankhi250.00

6.000

2 Dhima MakhnahaLaxmipur

Banmankhi 650.00 5.000

3 Dudhi Dhamdaha 50.00 6.500

4 FariyaniDhar

1 Dhamdaha Dhamdaha 325.00 0.800

5 KadaiNala-2

1 Nirpur Bhawanipur 150.00 5.500

2 Phul Karia Rupauli 120.00 4.0003 Barasthan Rupauli 140.00 7.5004 Dubha Rupauli 120.00 1.5005 Mathawa Rupauli 250.00 1.2006 Teldiha Rupauli 150.00 0.900

6 Khutahari 1 Dhima MakhnahaLaxmipur


2 Baghma BarharaKothi

150.00 1.000

7 GutelaDhar

1 Aurahi Lankhi BarharaKothi

800.00 10.500

2 Gulelavita BarharaKothi

80.00 0.500

3 Patraha BarharaKothi

160.00 0.800



Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Lengthof Linkin km

Remarks

8 Hahanala 1 Sitarampur BarharaKothi

80.00 0.250

2 Bhangatola BarharaKothi

110.00 1.200

3 Rupauli BarharaKothi

120.00 1.500

4 Bhatotar BarharaKothi

80.00 1.000

5 Khajwa Bhawanipur 150.00 1.5006 Jainagra Urlaha Bhawanipur 220.00 1.5007 Kamalpur Barhara

Kothi120.00 2.743

8 Ladughat BarharaKothi

100.00 0.600

9 Janki Nagar KerahaRikabganj

BarharaKothi

260.00 7.600

9 DudhiNagasDhar

1 Mali Bairaha Itahari Rupauli 280.00 4.390

2 Badela Rupauli 120.00 1.4513 Haripur Rupauli 600.00 1.5244 Bhomel Rupauli 200.00 1.3715 Dhamdhatakridimiami Bhawanipur 250.00 1.600

6 Mjantarauni TarauniPhulkani

Rupauli 750.00 5.000

7 Mainichaphai Rupauli 200.00 0.80010 Pakilpur 1 Phulboria Bhawanipur 150.00 2.000

2 Telanagra Bhawanipur 200.00 2.0003 Dhurkunija Bhawanipur 350.00 1.8004 Askatia Bhawanipur 200.00 1.8005 Barhamgayani Bhawanipur 150.00 2.000

Total 48 13435.00

Annex-11.1(a)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: SAHARSA

SlNo.

Name ofDhar



Length oflink in km

1. Dhemra

Dhar

1 Purish Nauhatta 120.0 1.524

2 Barail “ 100.0 1.524

3 Pokaria “ 50.0 1.219

4 Baliarpatti “ 40.0 1.219

5 Bahwarth “ 40.0 1.219

6 Bhanar “ 60.0 0.609

7 Barasaub “ 80.0 1.829

8 Uchhkhwa “ 60.0 1.219

9 Taibagtia “ 40.0 1.219

10 Rahia “ 38.0 0.609

11 Narain “ 50.0 0.914

12 Hansa “ 40.0 1.067

13 Koria “ 40.0 0.609

14 Lakhaja Debar “ 60.0 0.914

15 Yoga “ 20.0 0.609

16 Dyria “ 40.0 0.914

17 Nagari “ 40.0 1.067

18 Baiywalia “ 40.0 1.067

19 Kamauni “ 44.0 3.048

20 Belahi “ 40.0 1.524

21 Patharai “ 40.0 1.219

22 Tibra “ 60.0 1.524

23 Bilaspatti “ 60.0 1.219

24 Lakhan Khanka

Daber

“ 140.80

40.0

1.524

1.829

25 Barahmotor “ 40.0 1.371

SlNo.

Name ofDhar



Length oflink in km

26 --- “ 60.0 1.524

27 Rahurabarwa “ 40.0 1.524

28 Nemua “ 80.0 0.914

29 Yoga Baidy “ 160.0 3.658

2 Dhemara

Dhar

1 Baidi Chaur Maheshi 100.0 2.134

2 Kusumi, Karjhil

Belan Chaur

“

1320.0 5.729

3 Gochahara “ 120.0 0.914

3 Fahri Dhar 1 Narha Chaur “ 50.0 1.829

2 Gangia Chaur “ 140.0 2.438

3 Karha Rehwa Kahara 120.0 3.656

4 Bariali Chaur “ 220.0 3.656

5 Singhwara Chaur “ 44.80 2.134

6 Bharauli Chaur “ 120.0 1.829

7 Sarha Chaur “ 400.0 1.829

4 Tilwae

Dhar No.2

1 Roop nagar “ 160.0 0.914

2 Sahuria “ 100.0 1.371

3 Narha “ 64.0 0.914

4 Galharia “ 30.0 0.914

5 Pirha “ 24.0 1.524

6 Simri “ 140.0 1.676

7 Law “ 400.0 4.573

8 Dighra “ 200.0 1.463

5 Sone Dhar 1 Dighra Sepha “ 80.0 1.829

2 Barsam “ 400.0 3.170

3 Hanuman Nagar “ 400.0 5.548

4 Kathaila

5 Banchola “ 200.0 1.768

6 Ramnagar “ 200.0 1.524

SlNo.

Name ofDhar



Length oflink in km

6 Tilaw

Dhar No.2

1 Patuaha Saur Bazar 140.0 1.219

7 Beldaur

Dhar

1 Siktiyahi Basa “ 100.0 0.914

2 Kumhrauli “ 100.0 1.500

8 Kashnagar

Dhar

1 Telhar “ 86.40 1.371

2 Godarma “ 170.0 1.371

3 Bagraha “ 210.0 1.524

4 Kashnagar “ 68.0 0.603

5 Chitrahi “ 108.0 1.219

6 Maninath “ 116.0 0.832

7 Tindova “ 80.0 0.975

8 Bela Ramnagar

Telhar

“ 446.0 4.573

9 Flodrahai “ 80.0 1.829

9 Basanwara

Dhar

1 Basan Sonbarsa 120.0 1.524

2 Sagun Tola “ 88.0 5.487

3 Bagora (East) “ 120.0 2.439

4 Bagora (West) “ 104.0 0.609

5 Sahjadpur “ 40.0 0.914

6 Baijnathpur

purandaha

“ 232.0 2.286

7 Bela “ 136.0 1.829

8 Sakutota “ 100.0 0.75

10 DhemraDhar

1 ChampurBhagwanpur

Nauhatta 800.00 3.297

2 Yaila Chaur “ 160.00 1.829

3 Punhar and Dhamina “ 80.00 1.829

4 Gopalpur Musharnia “ 586.00 6.646

5 Sadana andPurklyanpur

“ 460.00 5.853

SlNo.

Name ofDhar



Length oflink in km

6 Pipra “ 440.00 4.451

11 Baluaha 1 Pora Chour “ 52.00 1.128

2 Bartha Chour “ 120.00 2.438

3 Phapahi Chour “ 156.00 2.286

4 Basana Chour Mahishi 40.00 1.524

5 Paharpur-II Mahishi 40.00 0.608

12 Patti Dhar 1 Jagatpur Nauhatta 60.00 1.219

2 Garbaki “ 80.00 1.829

3 Waterlogged atparasarma

“ 40.00 1.524

4 Chakla Sonbarsa 120.00 1.524

5 Kaparfora “ 200.00 1.905

6 Ladma Badhauna “ 700.00 3.658

13 DhemrbraDhar

1 Girha Chour SimriBakhtiyarpur

140.00 1.219

2 Kaparfora “ 180.00 2.438

3 Balwa Chour “ 120.00 2.134

4 Goriyari “ 160.00 0.914

14 MethaDhar

1 Nardaha Chour “ 64.00 3.656

2 Purania “ 52.00 1.524

3 Narewa “ 576.00 3.048

4 B.harthanya “ 48.00 1.219

Total 98 14640.4

Annex 11.1 (b)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: SUPAUL

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

1 BhaptiahiDhar

1 Telwa Supaul 80.00 1.52

2 Belahi Supaul 60.00 1.522 Patti Dhar 1 Maldahia Supaul 80.00 2.13

2 Esthla Supaul 60.00 1.223 Keriha Supaul 80.00 3.054 Lawaki Supaul 80.00 1.835 Purandani Supaul 100.00 1.216 Baria Supaul 60.00 0.917 Ekma Supaul 40.00 1.228 Chouri Supaul 120.00 1.839 Rampur Supaul 80.00 1.07

10 Barail Supaul 80.00 1.223 Tilawe

Dhar1 Basana Supaul 220.00 0.91

2 Chitti Supaul 300.00 1.223 Mokama Supaul 64.00 0.464 Bhatrandha Supaul 60.00 0.615 Aranbishanpur Supaul 180.00 0.82

6 Baluaha Supaul 160.00 1.077 Samada Supaul 140.00 0.91

4 ParwaneDhar

1 Tarhi Raghopur 50.00 0.19

2 Jogbani Raghopur 30.00 0.913 Larha Sonbarsa Raghopur 100.00 0.914 Dori Raghopur 100.00 0.505 Barahi Jheel Raghopur 216.00 2.136 Hasanpur Raghopur 120.00 2.447 Marna Raghopur 120.00 2.448 Dhaun Guridhi Raghopur 440.00 1.83

5 DhasanDhar

1 Kabaiya Raghopur 76.00 0.95

2 Sangaria Selha Raghopur 80.00 0.673 Harnagara Raghopur 104.00 3.694 Asthana Baver Pipara 68.00 1.225 Dandari Pipara 36.00 0.546 Pakari Kamar

GawaPipara 256.00 6.10

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

7 Gopalpur Pipara 124.00 3.356 Dhemara

Dhar1 Gopipur Supaul 200.00 6.10

2 Simrail Supaul 200.00 0.91

3 Telhar Supaul 120.00 1.52

4 Satarw Supaul 400.00 1.52

5 Tirmuhara Supaul 120.00 1.83

6 Dumrahi Supaul 100.00 2.44

7 Jogin Supaul 120.00 3.05

8 Bagijor Supaul 100.00 1.52

9 Baghmari Supaul 180.00 1.61

10 Ratauli Supaul 120.00 2.44

11 Jarauli Supaul 60.00 1.07

12 Kaiti & Nirmali Supaul 60.00 0.91

13 Lour Supaul 160.00 7.32

14 Beriana Supaul 140.00 1.37

15 Betram-I Supaul 100.00 1.83

16 Betram-II Supaul 100.00 1.83

17 Bhalani Supaul 200.00 2.73

18 Ekma Supaul 60.00 1.22

7 BochahaDhar

1 Ehagwanpur Raghopur 520.00 1.83

2 Bahsi Raghopur 175.00 5.493 Chakla Raghopur 384.00 2.444 Bhaiukap Raghopur 128.00 3.055 Hulas Raghopur 358.00 2.446 Tintoliya Raghopur 192.00 2.44

8 ThalhaDhar

1 ThakurahiMalikana

Supaul 40.00 1.22

2 Kuchnari Supaul 40.00 0.763 Nirmali Supaul 40.00 0.914 Barkuba Supaul 40.00 0.915 Kumhara Supaul 40.00 0.916 Bhutha Supaul 40.00 1.227 Nhenjaraha Supaul 40.00 0.918 Waterlogged at

ParasarnaSupaul 20.00 0.30

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

Remarks

9 DhasanDhar

1 Malghawarl Pipra 28.00 1.067

2 Telsion Pipra 20.00 0.3353 Bahinga Pipra 20.00 0.3354 Burahwe Pipra 100.00 2.439

10 ParwaneDhar

1 Chakla Raghopur200.00 0.609

2 Inanganj Raghopur 240.00 4.4203 Harjpur Raghopur 160.00 1.8294 Kainger Raghopur 320.00 1.4025 Bhatani Raghopur 44.00 0.5186 Raghopur Nayagaon Pipra 200.00 0.5207 Mokarai Pipra 220.00 0.6098 Maheshwer Pipra 300.00 6.8599 Kalari Pipra 180.00 0.439

10 Dahla Pipra 200.00 1.01211 Parsa Pipra 240.00 1.52412 Dhar Near Village

Anandipatti(Gosaipatti)

Pipra 80.00 0.240

13 Narha(chaur) Pipra 180.00 0.44014 Batramchaur Pipra 160.00 1.80015 Sitkadaria Pipra 200.00 1.01416 Othars chaur Pipra 100.00 0.239

11 GuriaDhar

1Jadupatti Tribenigani

Tribeniganj32.00 1.219

2 Dhungra Tribeniganj 40.00 1.06712 Chikni

BazarDhar

1 Dhuniachaur Chatapur 80.00 2.749

2 Mangauj chaur Chatapur 146.00 1.0573 Mangauj chaur Chatapur 152.00 1.0364 Chikni Chatapur 70.00 0.609

13 GurdhuaDhar

1 Raghunathpur Chaur Tribeniganj 380.003.048

2 Raishree Tribeniganj 294.00 1.5243 Sarhad Ganj Tribeniganj 128.00 0.9144 Srinagar Tribeniganj 174.00 1.2195 Unlakhi Tribeniganj 300.00 1.524

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

Remarks

6 Dungachaur Tribeniganj 174.80 1.5247 Topara-I Tribeniganj 200.00 3.6588 Goria Tribeniganj 400.00 8.5369 Haripur Chatapur 54.00 4.268

10 Dighi Chatapur 92.00 1.21911 Ramani Chatapur 260.00 0.91412 Gopali tola Chatapur 394.00 1.21913 Hanumapatti Chatapur 48.40 0.91414 Baghaili Tribeniganj 48.40 0.91415 Morhanpur Tribeniganj 32.48 0.60916 Bagh i chaur Tribeniganj 32.40 1.52417 Baghanpatti Tribeniganj 40.40 1.52418 Bishumpur Tribeniganj 56.80 2.43919 Kewaryama Tribeniganj 70.40 1.524

14 BinaniaDhar

1Bhawanipur

Chatapur593.60

1.829

2 Giridharpatti Chatapur 192.00 6.4023 Mohammadganj Chatapur 134.00 1.5244 Gamhariacchaur Chatapur 380.00 2.012

15 FarianiDhar

1Dhim. Mdkha

Chatapur 4000.00 14.207

16 DhemraDhar


Raghopur120.00

1.371


Raghopur60.00

0.914

3 Hatwaria south 29.00(L)


4 Khori Rahi II 49.00(L)

Raghopur60.00

1.067

17 DasnaDhar

1 Amari 55.00 (R ) Raghopur20.60

0.609

2 Chauri 63.00 (L) Raghopur 20.00 0.6093 Karyamma 64.00 (L) Raghopur 20.00 0.7624 Kothia Rajpur Raghopur 120.00 7.621

18 ThalhaDhar

1 Kamar Chaur 27050(L)


19 Degraha 1 Murli Basantpur Raghopur 80.00 1.067

Total 126 21373.28

Annex 11.1 (c)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: MADHEPURA

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

1 Segna 1 Lalpurchaur Madhepura 100.00 1.829

2 Jibra chaur Madhepura 369.60 4.5733 Shekhpura Sadawa Madhepura 312.00 6.0964 Bh;arahi Madhepura 153.60 2.4395 Jaipura Singheshwar 291.20 2.4396 Markhap Singheshwar 307.20 2.4397 Barhari Singheshwar 96.00 1.2198 Barbanna Singheshwar 224.00 2.4399 Hasanpura Sonbarsa Singheshwar 633.60 6.096

2 Tilawe Dhar 1 Tarabe Madhepura 300.00 2.7433 Parwanhe

Dhar1 Rampatti Singheshwar 48.00 0.853

4 DhasanDhar

1 Panhar Singheshwar200.00

0.579

5 Gola Dhar 1 Jhaghari Udakishanganj 272.00 2.6822 Shyam Udakishanganj 101.20 1.5243 Ladama Udakishanganj 102.00 1.0674 Nimua Udakishanganj 166.00 1.2805 Karanti Udakishanganj

55.200.219

6 Chaarapti Udakishanganj 32.00 1.524

7 Ramnaganj Alamnagar 112.00 6.7008 Ashoka Alamnagar 102.00 1.8299 Jhgraha Alamnagar 380.00 1.371

10 Hanodumaria Alamnagar 97.20 1.21911 Ladama Alamnagar 200.00 1.52412 Patoria Alamnagar 80.00 0.914

6 Chausa 1 Bheatola Alamnagar 112.00 1.2102 Mahimudin Alamnagar 400.00 1.2193 Karman Alamnagar 48.00 0.6094 Baswanpur Alamnagar 248.00 1.2195 Ncgachhiatole Alamnagar 206.00 2.1346 Ghoshal Alamnagar 212.00 2.4387 Chausa Chaur Alamnagar 276.00 1.219

7 Guria 1 Topara chaur-I Murliganj 394.00 3.658

2 Topara chaur-II Murliganj 130.00 0.914

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in

km

8 BareliaDhar

1 Bachangama Alamnagar 388.00 3.048

2 Bishanpur Alamnagar 45.20 1.8293 Sinharkookel Alamnagar 220.00 1.1894 Alam Nagar Alamnagar 52.80 4.5735 Phanhan Udakishanganj 39.60 1.8296 Bhamaili Udakishanganj 200.00 1.1897 Rangurai Ajgara Udakishanganj 172.00 2.286

9 1 Tilangwa Chausa 600.00 4.8782 Askatika Chausa 1000.00 7.6213 Bhurkunda Udakishanganj 640.00 1.8294 Phulbariya Udakishanganj 40.00 2.5005 Pobha Udakishanganj 160.00 4.699

10 BhuthariDhar

1 Dhaneshwari Udakishanganj 600.00 4.878

2 Maria Group Udakishanganj 3140.00 25.5143 Other chaur Udakishanganj 1154.00 38.963

11 BanaswaraDhar

1 Kanhar (E) Alamnagar 104.00 0.533

2 Dhoma Alamnagar 100.00 0.5003 Agail Alamnagar 121.20 1.5244 Chakla Alamnagar 115.00 0.7505 Parmananlpur Alamnagar 340.00 3.0486 Kodra Alamnagar 100.00 0.6007 Khurha Alamnagar 90.00 0.5008 Chakmaul Basa

SouthAlamnagar 24.00 2.012

Total 56 16206.60

Annex 11.1 (d)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: KHAGARIA

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

1 BeldaurDhar

1 Kursela chaur Beldaur 160.00 0.533

2 Docharsi chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.219

3 Bela chaur Beldaur 60.00 3.506

4 Barbighi chaur Beldaur 120.00 3.506

5 Khairabasa chaur Beldaur 40.00 3.506

6 Beldaur chaur Beldaur 80.00 3.506

7 Sohia chaur Beldaur 80.00 3.506

8 Pachaut chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.829

9 Golaganj chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.829

10 Dighour west Beldaur 120.00 1.676

11 Dighour east Beldaur 120.00 1.676

12 Sarkohar chaur Beldaur 205.60 3.445

13 Karlakhi chaur Beldaur 80.00 5.000

2 KashnagarDhar

1 Pirnagar east Beldaur92.00

1.170

2 Pirnagar west Beldaur 204.00 1.645

3 Jhoba Beldaur 92.00 2.375

4 Kainjavi dova Beldaur 320.00 4.725

3 BanaswaraDhar

1 Khunhar (west) Beldaur 40.00 1.219

2 Agail Beldaur 121.20 1.524

3 Bela Beldaur 100.00 0.550

Total 20 2334.80

Annex 11.1 (e)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: ARARIA

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

1 KharraLachcha

Dhar

1 Nathpur Chaur Narpatganj 200.00 5.000

2 Khairapur Chaur Narpatganj 60.00 0.5003 Gokulpur Chaur Narpatganj

2 BinariaDhar

1 Nathpur Chaur Narpatganj60.00

0.500

2 Patehpur NathpurChaur

Narpatganj 200.00 2.000

3 Sirsia Kala Bhargama 150.00 4.0004 Gamharia Bhargama 200.00 2.0005 Chakla Bhargama 175.00 1.0006 Dhobiahi Bhargama 100.00 0.5007 Khajuri Bhargama 125.00 0.5008 Baijupati Bhargama 200.00 0.800

3 KhuthariDhar

1 Dhaneshari Bhargama 200.00 2.000

2 Sonapur Bhargama 200.00 1.5004 Sita Dhar 1 Ran Chaur Forpisganj 150.00 1.500

2 Rampur Chaur Forpisganj 150.00 1.0003 Pulro Chaur Forpisganj 200.00 1.0004 Chaur Forpisganj 225.00 2.000

5 Basfaka Chaur Forpisganj 160.00 0.500

6 Jirwa PachiariChaur

Raniganj 250.00 0.800

7 Madhafa Chaur Raniganj 400.00 1.0008 Kamalpur Chaur Raniganj 225.00 0.8009 Hansraj Chaur Raniganj 250.00 0.50

10 Gapur Chaur Raniganj 300.00 0.6011 Mohi Chaur Raniganj 300.00 0.6512 Farkia Chaur Raniganj 500.00 1.00

5 Pema Dhar 1 Mahiar Araria 300.00 1.50Total 26 5280.00

Annex 11.1 (f)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: KATIHAR

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

1 Soura Dhar 1 Baldhia Korha 250.00 0.800

2 Bachoni Korha 150.00 2.5003 Baijnathpur Korha 150.00 3.14 Tailend of

Katihar DisttKatihar 100.00 1.5

2 Kamla Dhar 1 Manikpur Katihar 100.00 2.1342 Khagota Katihar 200.00 1.6463 Sagunira Katihar 220.00 1.1584 Bhogachi Katihar 600.00 2.4395 Kajari Katihar 280.00 1.2806 Nurkodal Katihar 640.00 3.0487 Singhia Katihar 400.00 1.5858 Shankerpur Katihar 200.00 1.2199 Bari Jhil Katihar 200.00 1.737

10 Radhe Madha Katihar 280.00 1.21911 Lava Kendi Katihar 160.00 0.73112 Khusari Katihar 400.00 1.49813 Rain Katihar 300.00 0.80014 Chhoti Jhil Katihar 180.00 1.50015 Borhia Katihar 200.00 0.900

16 Barahia Katihar 300.00 0.90017 Katari Katihar 90.00 0.50018 Pakaru Katihar 50.00 0.50019 Gogabil Katihar 200.00 1.0020 Oksatal Katihar 100.00 1.0021 Chalania Katihar 60.00 0.6022 Gaura Katihar 80.00 0.7023 Garia Katihar 240.00 1.5024 Purdani Katihar 150.00 1.0025 Bornia Katihar 160.00 1.2026 Denga chour Purnea (east) 60.00 2.8027 Rama Purnea (east) 120.00 3.14028 Pathara Purnea (east) 80.00 6.03629 Khir-Khir Purnea (east) 240.00 1.15830 Mira fatehpur Purnea (east) 840.00 1.06731 Hinaimadhe Purnea (east) 200.00 1.000

Total 35 7980.00

Annex 11.1 (g)

DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: PURNEA

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Length ofLink in km

1 Soura Dhar 1 Banails Krityanand 300.00 0.500

2 Bilejhwar Krityanand 250.00 0.4003 Raipur Krityanand 150.00 14 Hathia Krityanand 1040.00 3.658

5 Neemia Krityanand 240.00 0.3046 Baraitha Krityanand 1600.00 9.146

2 Pema Dhar 1 Seema Krityanand 250.00 1.6002 Ratlohi Krityanand 100.00 0.5003 Jalalgarh Krityanand 450.00 1.0004 Sathia Krityanand 230.00 0.7005 Bathnaha Krityanand 450.00 1.0006 Basaun Krityanand 90.00 0.500

3 BinaniaDhar

1 Parihari Banmankhi250.00

6.000

2 Dhima MakhnahaLaxmipur


3 Dudhi Dhamdaha 50.00 6.500

4 FariyaniDhar

1 Dhamdaha Dhamdaha 325.00 0.800

5 KadaiNala-2

1 Nirpur Bhawanipur 150.00 5.500

2 Phul Karia Rupauli 120.00 4.0003 Barasthan Rupauli 140.00 7.5004 Dubha Rupauli 120.00 1.5005 Mathawa Rupauli 250.00 1.2006 Teldiha Rupauli 150.00 0.900

6 Khutahari 1 Dhima MakhnahaLaxmipur


2 Baghma BarharaKothi

150.00 1.000

7 GutelaDhar

1 Aurahi Lankhi BarharaKothi

800.00 10.500

2 Gulelavita BarharaKothi

80.00 0.500

3 Patraha BarharaKothi

160.00 0.800

Sl.No.

Name ofDhar



Lengthof Linkin km

Remarks

8 Hahanala 1 Sitarampur BarharaKothi

80.00 0.250

2 Bhangatola BarharaKothi

110.00 1.200

3 Rupauli BarharaKothi

120.00 1.500

4 Bhatotar BarharaKothi

80.00 1.000

5 Khajwa Bhawanipur 150.00 1.5006 Jainagra Urlaha Bhawanipur 220.00 1.5007 Kamalpur Barhara

Kothi120.00 2.743

8 Ladughat BarharaKothi

100.00 0.600

9 Janki Nagar KerahaRikabganj

BarharaKothi

260.00 7.600

9 DudhiNagasDhar

1 Mali Bairaha Itahari Rupauli 280.00 4.390

2 Badela Rupauli 120.00 1.4513 Haripur Rupauli 600.00 1.5244 Bhomel Rupauli 200.00 1.3715 Dhamdhatakridimiami Bhawanipur 250.00 1.600

6 Mjantarauni TarauniPhulkani

Rupauli 750.00 5.000

7 Mainichaphai Rupauli 200.00 0.80010 Pakilpur 1 Phulboria Bhawanipur 150.00 2.000

2 Telanagra Bhawanipur 200.00 2.0003 Dhurkunija Bhawanipur 350.00 1.8004 Askatia Bhawanipur 200.00 1.8005 Barhamgayani Bhawanipur 150.00 2.000

Total 48 13435.00

Final Report

1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-XII

CHAPTER- XII

STATUS OF EXISTING WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND

PROSPECTS FOR INTENSIFIED AGRICULTURE

12.1 GENERAL

The irrigation under the existing Kosi project is entirely dependent on run-off the

river flow since there is no reservoir support in the upstream. Though there is more

than sufficient flow in the river during kharif season, there is deficiency in the rabi

and therefore, significant increase in the intensity of irrigation during the later period

has not been possible. It is to be further observed that apart from the availability of

water, the utilization of available water has also been sub-optimal.

Though Command Area Development Programme (CADP) was introduced in 1975,

its implementation on the ground is insignificant due to various reasons. Irrigation

through flooding is still largely prevalent in more or less entire command even after

introduction of CADP in this system over three decades ago.

Importance of conservation and efficient use of water figures prominently in Plan

Documents and policy statements. But there is considerable hiatus between principles

and practices. There is a growing gap between the scarcity value of water and the

realized value under the current pattern of water use and management.

12.2 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT & ITS GROWTH STAGES

The amount of water used in producing a crop is commonly referred as “consumptive

use or evapotranspiration (ET)”. It includes the water supplied through rainfall and

irrigation. Of the rainfall, only that retained within the root zone is considered as

“effective rainfall”.

Before the prevailing water utilization practices in the command are dealt, it would be

pertinent to recapitulate the requirement of water for each of the prevalent crops- from

their sowing to maturity stage and also at various critical crop growth stages along

with the total duration of crop, number of irrigations to be given etc. which would be

of immense help for planning and management of irrigation system. These

Final Report


parameters i.e. crop water requirement and major growth stages in general, are

tabulated in Table 12.1 and Table 12.2 respectively. However, these parameters

would be fine tuned within the command depending upon the soil condition, rainfall

and broad climatic status etc. of the area.

Table-12.1Water Requirement of Crops

Sl.No.

Crop Total height of water required from sowing tomaturity (including rainfall)* in cm

1 Paddy 105.9 (including 10 cm for nursery raising)

2 Maize 60.0

3 Jawar 65.3

4 Wheat 37.6

5 Barley 35.8

6 Oats 36.6

7 Marua 75.7

8 Pea 30.5

9 Mustard 26.9

10 Gram 20.0

11 Linseed 32.3

12 Groundnut 66.3

13 Cotton 107.2

14 Potato 67.8

15 Chilli 98.6

16 Sugarcane 241.3

17 Tobacco 99.6

18 Tomato 60.0

(Source : Crop Calendar of Bihar – Shreenarain Singh, 2002)

Rains during growth period reduce the water requirement to the extent of effective

rainfall. Similarly recharge and seepage or high water table reduce the height of

water for crops in North Bihar. In the background of state rainfall pattern, paddy

needs timely watering for nursery raising and puddling operations.

Final Report


Table 12.2Water needs of critical stages of crop growth

Sl.No.

Crops Critical stage of waterneed

Age of crop(days aftersowing)

Extent of need and usualno. of irrigation given

1 Agahani paddy Tillering 30-40 Usual delta of command

areas for 4-6 irrigations:

Kosi - 28 cm

Gandak - 28 cm

Sone - 42 cm

Panicle initiation 70-80

Flowering 90-100

Milk stage 100-120

2 Wheat Crown root initiation 21-25 3-4 irrigations are usually

provided depending on

winter rain

Late tillering 55-60

Flowering 85-90

Milk stage 100-110

3 Winter / Spring

Maize

Six leaf stage 20-25 5-6 irrigations usually are

needed. Kharif crop is fully

rainfedKnee height stage 30-35

Above Knee stage 40-50

Tassel stage 55-65

Mid silk stage 80-85

Milk stage 95-105

4 Barley Active tillering 30-35 One to two irrigation are

usually neededFlag Leaf 55-60

5 Gram Pre-flowering 65-70 One to two irrigation are

desireable

Pod formation 95-100

6 Masoor Flowering 90-95 One or two light irrigations

7 Summer Moong

Urad

Flowering 40-50 One or two light irrigations

Pod setting 60-70

8 Pea Vegetative 20-25 One or two light irrigations

Flowering and podding 40-45

Ripening 70-75

Final Report


Sl.No.

Crops Critical stage of waterneed

Age of crop(days aftersowing)

Extent of need and usualno. of irrigation given

9 Groundnut Pegging 45-50 One or two irrigations

Pod setting 60-70

10 Berseem Sowing 0 6-7 irrigations are needed at

fortnightly intervalsGermination 5-7

After each cutting Every third

week

11 Potato Tuber initiation 25-30 In south Bihar pre-sowing

plus 5 subsequent waterings

are given

Tuber formation 50-60

Early vegetative 85-90

Ripening 120-125

12 Sugarcane Tillering 30-240 1st irrigation before planting,

subsequent monthly upto

June is given. 4-6

irrigations in all.

Stem elongation May-Aug.

13 Mustard Flowering 40-45 2 irrigation are usually

given.Podding 60-65

Pod filling 80-85

14 Sunflower Bug irrigation 20-25 2-3 irrigations in rabi / game

phase needed.Buttouing 35-40

Flowering 35-60

Seed development 75-80

12.3 REVIEW OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM OF OPERATION ANDDISTRIBUTION OF IRRIGATION WATER

12.3.1 Operation of Irrigation System

12.3.1.1 Bhimnagar Barrage

As regards manual for operation of barrage gates, it was reported that the 8th Gate

Regulation Committee has proposed a schedule for operation of barrage gates. The

Final Report


proposed schedule has been presented in the following Table. This operation

schedule is being followed at the moment.

Season Date of Opening Date of Closing

Kharif 25th June 25th October

Rabi 1st December 15th April

Hot Weather Continued from Rabi

Irrigation

31st May

12.3.1.2 Opening and Closing of Canals

Keeping in view the silt problem, cropping pattern, availability of water, agro climatic

condition, the following schedule of opening and closing of main canal has been

prescribed for the Eastern Kosi Canal System.

Thus it is seen that canal system is kept closed between 26th October and 30th

November and again from 1st June to 24th June. The first closure of the canal between

26th October and 30th November does not affect sowing of Rabi crops because there is

sufficient moisture in the soil during the period. The second closure of the canal

system covering major part of the command area remains closed for a period of

seventy days from 16th April to 4th June to primarily desilt the canal system and carry

out other required repair works prior to start of Kharif irrigation. The above dates of

opening and closing of canal systems have not been strictly adhered to on account of

several factors including the time taken in actual repairs etc. In addition to this, the

normal practice in Eastern Kosi Canal project is to open and close canals as per order

of the Chairman, Kosi Command Area Development Agency (CADA). The

Chairman, before issuing the order, consults Chief Engineer of the project and joint

Director of Agriculture of the region. The Table 12.3 shows the dates on which Main

Canals have been opened and closed during different seasons for the years 2006, 2007

and 2008.

Final Report


Table 12.3

Dates of opening & closing of canals under Kosi Project

Year EKMC WKMC

Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif

Opening Closing Opening Closing Opening Closing Opening Closing

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

25 June 29 Oct - - 01 Jul 18 Oct

2006 2 Jan 23 March 12 June 25 Oct - - 01 June 30 Sept

2007 2 Jan 25 March 5 June 25 Oct 2 Jan 5 Feb 04 June 18 Oct

2008 2 Jan 27 Feb 25 June 18 Aug 1 Fen 27 Feb 25 June 18 Aug*

Note: EKMC got disconcerted from the barrage system on 18th Aug 2008 during Kosi floodsand also suffered severe damage. Water supply to WKMC also got disrupted on thisday due to avulsion of Kosi river into one of its old course.

It is important to note that not only uncertainty prevails in the dates of opening of the canal,

but its operation during the Kharif season is such that the problem of siltation both in the

pond in the upstream of the barrage and in the canal gets aggravated. The barrage pond is

forced to be maintained constantly at higher level only to allow partial discharges in the main

canal (since it has silted too much) thereby reducing scope of proper flushing of barrage

pond, and consequently aggradation takes place. The dates of opening and closing as given

in Table 12.4 show the variation in the dates from the notified dates which is generally on

account of heavy damages in the canal network, need and the expectation hope of getting

them repaired by changing the dates. However, these adhoc arrangements are obviously not

conducive to sustainable development through the existing irrigation network.

Opening of branch canals are naturally dependent on the dates of opening of the main canal.

In view of non-adherence of the notified dates for opening of canals, uncertainty with respect

to time period, quantum and extent of receiving the canal water, the farmers have not been

able to adopt high yielding varieties of wheat and other Rabi crops which would necessitate

heavy investments in seeds, fertilizers and agro-chemicals.

The actual supply of water to the EKMC and WKMC for the recent years has been compiled

in Table 12.4. Season wise maximum as well as minimum discharge as well as average

Final Report


discharges for the operative days in a crop season have also been tabulated. It shows that

although canal opening and closing schedules are notified by the state government,

uncertainty prevails in the field. In case of kharif in EKMC, canal opening date has varied

between 6th June to 28th June although closing of canal has been in time. As far as WKMC is

concerned, this sub – system is yet not complete. However, date of opening for the flow to

this canal, even in part length, varied from 1st June to 01st July and closing of canal from

18th Oct to 30th Oct. The dates of opening and closing have varied from the notified ones,

perhaps due to on-going maintenance, repairs and other local conditions.

It is also to be pointed out that 2000 cusec and 1400 cusec discharge have been earmarked for

silt ejectors, just d/s of the canal head regulators provided in EKMC and WKMC

respectively. Hence, effective discharge for irrigation use is only 13000 cusec and 7100 cusec

(India portion 6500 cusec + 600 cusec Nepal portion) respectively under these canal systems.

Final Report


Table-12.4

Maximum / Minimum/Average Discharges in EKMC & WKMC

River: Kosi Design Discharge EKMC : 15000 cusec

Gauge site: Birpur WKMC: 8500 cusec

(Unit: cusec)

Year EKMC (Discharge) WKMC (Discharge)Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

Max Min Avg Max Min Avg Max Min Avg Max Min Avg1995 8000 1500 6455 - - - 950 700 - - - -

1996 5000 1500 2987 - - - 700 100 - - - -

1997 7000 2000 4778 - - - 800 400 - - - -

1998 4000 800 2585 - - - 900 125 - - - -

1999 4800 700 3112 - - - 700 400 - - - -

2000 5500 710 3639 - - - 800 200 - - - -

2004 - - - 5000 970 - - - - - - -

2005 12000 2000 7983 - - - 1200 500 838 - - -

5006 12000 1000 7604 7000 1957 4747 1500 300 941 - - -

2007 8000 500 4919 6071 600 4655 1000 300 642 500 200 482

2008 6000 2000 4464 5000 3500 4314 4400 600 1727 - - -

Discharge for irrigation in EKMC - 13,000 cusecDischarge for irrigation in WKMC - 7,100 cusec(6500 cusec in India and 600 cusec in Nepal)

Final Report


12.3.1.3 Distribution System

Till few years ago, the average discharge in the branch canals under EKMC i.e.

Murliganj, Janakinagar, Purnea and Araria in Kharif and Rabi seasons were 57% &

55%; 48% % & 34%, 43% & 33% and 56% & 44% respectively. All these branch

canals as well as Rajpur branch canal and even the EKMC were passing substantially

lower discharges and also having poor maintenance. However, in recent years,

restoration works in parts were taken up by Govt. of Bihar and hence irrigation

figures have started scaling up. But since 2007, the average discharge during kharif

has again started decreasing, while there is an increase in rabi season. The actual

release data of the branch canals/distribution system for the recent years is being

obtained which would be helpful in assessing actual physical status of the system.

On the other hand, the fact remains that the area is very fertile, densly populated, and

very fit for the most modern agricultural practices and also that the canal system so

far executed is very well laid. The river discharge even from run- of-the river system

is sufficient to irrigate 5 lakh ha in Rabi and more than 3 lakh ha in hot weather. The

fact also remains that during Kharif period, entire area remains lush green except only

in the chaurs which are natural depressions. This aspect may largely be attributed to

heavy precipitation in the monsoon which is upto 1500 mm as against total

requirement of about 1100 mm for paddy cultivation. The rainfall distribution during

monsoon is also more or less even i.e. normally no week goes without rainfall. The

Madhepura Irrigation Research Station has found that paddy gives maximum yield

when irrigated at nine days interval. In face of these facts and also that river water

carries coarse and medium silt which are proving bane to the system only during

Kharif season (June to October) , it would be more pertinent to evolve a scientific

schedule for the operation of the canal system with a view to improving its

performance and giving real benefit to the area, its people and the nation. The canals

should be desilted once and never allowed to be silted up again by operating them

only from Nov. to May and taking two irrigated crops covering about 8 lakh ha

annually.

Final Report


12.3.2 Distribution of Irrigation Water

Apart from the physical or engineering factors pertaining to canal and its distribution

network down to water courses and field channels, following contribute to a great

extent to the success of the water management of an irrigation project:

i) Pattern of water distribution and allocation to farmers.

ii) Schedule for opening and closing of the main canal and distribution system.

iii) Assessment and collection of water rates

iv) Farmers participation

v) Irrigation practices.

The irrigation from the Eastern Kosi Canal System is managed as per provisions of

Bengal Irrigation Act, 1876. The canals are to be opened on 25th of June and closed

on 25th October during Kharif period. Similarly for Rabi irrigation, the canals should

be opened on 25th December and closed on 15th March. However, in this project, as

mentioned earlier, the normal practice is to open and close main canal every season

as per order of the Chairman, Kosi, CADA. The Chairman, before issuing the order,

consults Chief Engineer of the Project and Joint Director of Agriculture. Table – 12.5

shows the dates on which the Main and Branch canals have been opened and closed

during different seasons. It would appear from the Table-12.5 that opening and

closing of canals have not been done according to the schedule fixed by the

Government but on the basis of local conditions prevailing in the area.

Final Report


Table – 12.5

Gate Operation Schedule of Kosi Barrage Proposed by 8th Regulating committee

SlNo.

Discharge(cumec) /

no. of gates

Gate number / Number of bays to be opened Dischargeper bayin cusec

1-6

(6)

7-14

(8)

15-22

(8)

23,2426-31

(7)

32-39

(8)

40-47

(8)

48-52

(5)

53-56

(4)

1 10000 / 8 5,6/2 7-9/3 - - - - - 54-56/ 3 1,250

2 20000 / 10 4-6/3 7-10/4 - - - - - 54 - 56/ 3 2,000

3 50000 / 20 3-6/4 7-10/4 15-17/3 - - - 48 - 52/5 53 - 56/4 2,500

4 1,00,000 / 33 1-6/6 7-14/8 15-18/4 - - 42 - 47/6 48 - 52/5 53 - 56/4 3,000

5 1,50,000 / 40 1-6/6 7-14/8 15-22/8 - 39/1 40 - 47/8 48 - 52/5 53 - 56/4 3,750

6 2,00,000 / 50 1-6/6 7- 14/8 15- 22/8 23,24,26-29/6 34,36-39/5 40 - 47/8 48 - 52/5 53 - 56/4 4,000

7 2,50,000 Open all gates except no. 25 5,450

8 3,00,000 Open all gates.

Final Report


12.3.2.1System of Indenting - Satta System

Satta system for indenting of water for irrigation was prevalent in the State of Bihar

till the year 1973. This system was abolished as per Government order no. 13173

dated 5.8.1973.

As per Satta System for indenting of water, farmers were required to submit

applications in prescribed forms to the Sectional Officer. A number was being

assigned to each application. The applications used to contain information about type

of crop and area to be irrigated. Individual applications for Kharif season or long

leases were not acceptable unless signed by cultivators owning 85% of irrigable area

within the outlet block. The Sectional Officer used to submit all such applications to

the Sub divisional Officer with his recommendations.

The applications received by the Sub divisional Officer were sanctioned after scrutiny

and permits were issued for supply of water.

After issue of permit the irrigation was being provided as per roaster and patrol used

to measure fields after each irrigation. The result of measurement was being

recorded in the field book called “Sudkar book”. The provision under rules was that

the measurements recorded by Patrol would be checked by Sectional Officer and Sub

divisional Officer in charge of irrigation. The records of irrigation were being

submitted to Deputy Collector (Revenue), who used to prepare demand from each

farmer. The objections, if any, of any irrigator regarding the assessment were also

being heard and modifications, if found necessary, were being made. Thereafter, the

demand statements were sent to Circle Officers (Ziladars) for realization of revenue.

The above procedure has, however, been modified these days and farmers are not

required to submit applications for supply of canal water. Irrigation water is now

provided to fields by the canal authorities themselves. In the present practice, during

Kharif season the canal is allowed to run either in consultation with the cultivators or

by the Junior Engineer incharge on this assessment of the requirement and thereafter

cultivators are allowed to irrigate their land. The measurement of the land irrigated,

farmerwise, is taken after the end of irrigation by Patrol and Amin in the “Sudkar

book”. The Sudkars are subjected to prescribed percentage of checks by J.E.,

Final Report


S.D.O./Executive Engineer. The assessment is now controlled through a separate

Directorate of Revenue in the Water Resources Department. The Sudkar book is,

thereafter, submitted to Deputy Collector (Revenue) for assessment and preparation of

demand from each farmer. The demand is sent to Circle Officer for realization of

revenue.

12.3.2.2 System of Rotation

The supply of water diverted into main canal is distributed amongst distributaries and

minors and through them to fields ultimately. The distribution is easy when the

available supply equals or exceeds the demand. However, when the supply is

insufficient to run the whole canal system simultaneously some distributing channels

are kept closed while others are operated. This system of operation and closure of

channels is known as system of rotation or Tatil system.

Application of system of rotation for supply of water in Kosi canal system has been

essential and is generally applied. However, neither any programme is chalked-out

before commencement of irrigation nor any record of closure of branches and

distributaries is kept. In fact, there is no approved Rotation Schedule even though the

canal is under operation for over 23 years and the system of rotation has been in

vouge for a number of years.

12.3.2.3 Water Distribution Pattern

There is no stated policy relating to the water distribution, regulation and monitoring

in the Eastern and Western Kosi Canal Systems. It is gathered that release of water

into the main canal from the headworks and to branches is done on the basis of

indents. Each Executive Engineer I/C of irrigation compiles the requirement of water

through his Sub-Divisional Officers and sends the consolidated indent to Executive

Engineer, Birpur Canal Division . The indents received from different Executive

Engineers are again consolidated by the Executive Engineer, Birpur Canal Division.

He then forwards the consolidated indent to Executive Engineer, Barrage who

actually releases water. Canals are regulated on the basis of still -pond operation on a

weekly basis. In absence of satta system, the canal officers are unable to work out the

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water requirement of a particular canal on the realistic basis, therefore indents are

prepared on an adhoc basis.

No advance schedule is made for opening and closing of canals. Dates of opening

and closing of canals are decided just when the crop season is about to start.

There is a vast scope of and need for improving existing water management system.

All H/R, C/R, E/R must have arrangements for proper measurements and

dissemination of information to the concerned Officers so that proper utilisation may

be adequately ensured.

12.3.2.4 General appraisal

Taking an overall view of the above, a general appraisal is presented stating hard facts

and directional propositions.

The hard facts are low irrigation efficiency (about 30%), gap in utilization of created

irrigation potential, lack of equity, adequacy and timeliness of water supply,

unrestricted exploitation of ground water, and misuse of water by farmers. Water gets

misused by farmers for various reasons such as:

- lack of realization of the opportunity cost of water;- lack of concern for damage to down-stream farmers from over-use of water by

upstream farmers;- disregard of ill consequences, such as water logging and soil salinization as

they occur slowly over time;- discount of nutrient losses due to lack of knowledge; and- lack of access to efficient water management technologies.

The directional propositions for improvement are the following:

a) Under utilization of irrigation potential and low irrigation efficiency are the

results of technology, management and policy constraints. Colossal loss of

water in conveyance, distribution and field application occurs due to design

faults, lack of lining of canal net work at least in vulnerable sections, poor

maintenance resulting into breaks and excessive leakage of water, lack of on-

farm land development works and field channels, inefficient operation and

control of irrigation, and over-irrigation practiced by farmers. Water use

efficiency is low because of inefficient schedules and methods of water

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application as well as ecologically inefficient cropping system. Policy

decisions of low water prices provide no incentive to conserve irrigation

water. Farmers are not involved in irrigation management and hence, they are

little bothered about efficient utilization of water, particularly when it is so

cheap and abundantly available in head reaches. Therefore, there is a need to

bring about complementary reforms of technology, management and policies

to improve irrigation performance so as to inculcate supply side management

and demand side restraint.

b) Significant saving of water by farmers is possible through adoption of:

i) improved water management practices,

ii) appropriate control and regulation of water distribution and delivery,

iii) farmers’ participatory management structure, and

iv) policy directives for sensitizing farmers to save water.

c) Agronomic management has a high potential to enhance water use efficiency

by way of increasing cropping intensity, enhancing crop yield and diversifying

crops with greater economic returns.

The users’ participation in operation of micro system as well as their maintenance

must also be arranged. The users should know beforehand when and to what extent

water is going to be available to them so that they can plan equitable distribution to

the satisfaction of all.

12.3.3 Prevailing Irrigation Practices in the Kosi System

12.3.3.1Irrigation Practices

The rainfall, topography and the nature of soil in the different regions of the system

have been largely the guiding factors in deciding the mode of utilisation of water,

fixation of cropping pattern and the quantity of water required for irrigation. In the

plains of North Bihar, the average rainfall varies between 1000 mm to 1500 mm.

Field practices of irrigation in the different regions of the State have, therefore, been

guided to a large extent on the amount of rainfall and the availability of surface or

sub-surface water in the region.

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The prevalent systems of application of irrigation water to the fields in the State are as

follows:

i) Surface floodingii) Irrigation through furrows

i) Surface Flooding

In surface flooding, irrigation by controlled surface flooding is generally practiced in

major crops in this system like paddy, wheat, moong, winter maize, sugarcane and

even oilseeds and vegetables etc. This is done since water courses and field channels

have not been constructed in substantial part of the command and wherever kutcha

channels were constructed, these are not existing today and field–to-field irrigation is

being practiced. There is huge wastage of water in the cultivators field as one end of

the block is over-irrigated. Surplus quantity of water, after each watering, in this type

of irrigation, is drained off and goes waste. This type of watering had so long been

practiced, till the area under irrigation was small, the available water was abundant

and flooding did not cause substantial harm to the irrigated crop which was Kharif

paddy. With increase in the acreage under irrigation, the demand for water has gone

up and the practice of irrigation by flooding from field to field , cannot, in the present

circumstances be allowed to continue. Irrigation by flooding damages the land,

causes soil erosion and leads to water logging in the fields. It may also create serious

drainage problems, form wet spots, leach out plant food nutrients and lead to

concentration of alkali soils, thereby reducing the productivity of the soils.

ii) Irrigation Through Furrows

Many of the crops which require wetting only a part of the ground surface, are

irrigated through furrows. The water in the furrows reduces the chances of puddling

of the soil and the losses due to evaporation. It reduces the labour cost in land

preparation for irrigation and the method is adopted on a wide range of natural slopes

by carrying the furrows across a sloping land down the slope. The width of furrow

varies between 30 cm to 60 cm and depth of furrow varies between 7 cm to 30 cm

depending upon the soil characteristics and the type of crop grown. Furrows are

enlarged according to the growth of the crop as and when necessary. This method has

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been adopted in this system for row crops like maize, sugarcane, potato, tobacco,

groundnut and vegetables.

The existing irrigation methods as practiced are not only uneconomic but harmful to

crops. Irrigation water is applied to make up for loss in soil moisture at intervals,

which should be such that the crops make the most efficient use of the water and

furnish economic returns. When irrigation applications are heavy and frequent,

losses of water increase due to deep percolation and evaporation from the soil surface.

Delayed irrigation retards crop growth and development resulting in reduced crop

yields. Many farmers, however, have a mistaken belief that excessive irrigation

would increase yield and act as a substitute for manure. They hold excess water in

their fields depriving others who need it most. They also release excess water

sometimes flooding others fields and causing damage to the standing crops. Many of

them do not know that the dose and the frequency of irrigation and not the quantity of

water play the most vital role in increasing the yield from irrigated crops.

12.3.3.2 Irrigation Scheduling

Irrigation water being the catalytic input in the agriculture production process, its

development and management has been well recognized as a key to overall human

development. Water being not only an essential but an expensive national

commodity, its precise application to the crop forms an integral part of any agriculture

activity. It is in this context that irrigation scheduling along with other related aspects

has been covered under this heading.

The primary questions of irrigation scheduling are of when to irrigate and how much

water to apply at each irrigation for a given crop. If water supply is adequate,

irrigations can be applied to replenish the soil reservoir whenever the soil water

content of the root zone falls to a level when it begins to have an adverse impact on

the crop yield. The main factors which govern the solution of the problem in this case

are climate, soil, type of crop and its stage of growth. However, when water supplies

are limited, crop water deficits in some periods of the growing season are

unavoidable. But, crop response to deficits at different periods of the growing season

is not uniform and deficits in some critical periods of growth have higher impact on

yield than in others. Thus under limited water supply conditions, the irrigation

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scheduling problem becomes one of distributing the deficits optimally over the crop

growing season. The problem is complex and any attempts for its solution require the

integration, in a unified framework, of information on soil and crop responses to

timed inputs of water with resource allocation and decision making procedures of

systems analysis.

(a) Results of experiments on Irrigation Scheduling

Quite a lot of work on crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling have been

done by Agricultural Water Management Research Station, Madhepura, since

inception of the scheme in the Kosi command. Experiments have been conducted on

important cereals, pulses, oilseeds and cash crops. Proper irrigation scheduling is

important not only for optimum yield but also for maximizing water use efficiency.

Basically, three approaches for scheduling irrigation to crops have been used viz. soil

moisture depletion, critical crop growth stages and the climatological approach.

Results of the work done on some important crops of the area is described as follows:

(i) Rice

Rice which is the most extensively grown Kharif crop of the area requires more water

for its maturity compared with other crops. It is generally grown as a transplanted

crop except in low land areas where it is directly sown. The general practice is to

maintain continuous ponding in rice fields. This results in high water expenditure. A

number of experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effect of different water

regimes on performance of rice crop.

Contrary to general practice, the results of experiments show that maintenance of

continuous ponding is not necessary for paddy in the Kosi region. Once the water has

disappeared, the next irrigation can be given even after 6 days without any loss in

yield. In fact no significant difference in yield was evidenced up to 9 days gap. The

results averaged over 3 years for a medium duration variety are shown in Table-12.6.

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Table- 12.6Paddy Yield as affected by Water Regime

Treatment Yield(q/ha)

No. ofIrrigation*

Maximum Irrigationneeded (cm)

Continuous ponding(5+2 cm depth)

38.7 6.7 49

Three days gap 39.2 3.4 28

Six days gap 38.9 2.3 21

Nine days gap 39.1 0.1 7

(* Mean rainfall : 82.80 mm)

These results indicate that relatively fewer numbers of irrigation are required in the

Kosi command area to mature a rice crop. Such results can basically be attributed to

two important factors prevalent in this area. The first one is the occurrence of a well

distributed adequate rainfall during the Kharif season. An analysis of rainfall data as

given in Table 12.7 shows that there are only 2 to 3 events of continuous rainless days

of three days duration in a month from July to October. When 6 continuous rainless

days are considered then only one such event takes place in a month during Kharif

season. These automatically restrict the irrigation requirement of paddy. The other

factor contributing to the results is the presence of the water table at shallow depths.

The average water table depth in this area remains between 1 to 2 m. During rainy

season it comes up nearer to the ground surface, thus, reducing the irrigation

requirement. For rice, therefore, it would be quite safe to schedule irrigation with a

gap of 3 to 5 days between disappearance of ponded water and next irrigation. With

this practice there is no reduction in yield but saving in irrigation water will be to the

extent of 30 to 50%. The water thus saved can be used to provide irrigation to

additional areas.

Table- 12.7Consecutive Rainless Days During Paddy Growing Season

(Average of 13 years 1972-84 )Consecutive

rainless days (nos.)No. of Occasions

July August September October

3 2.2 2.8 3.2 2.0

6 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.5

9 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.2

12 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.1

15 Nil Nil 0.1 0.8

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(ii) Wheat

The experiments conducted in case of wheat show that about 3 irrigations only are

needed for this crop in this area, including the common irrigation at crown root

initiation stage. The results show that irrigation should be scheduled to wheat at

IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 (Table – 12.8)

Table – 12.8

Wheat Yield as affected by Irrigation(Average of Three Years)

IW/CPERatio

Yield(q / ha)

Water appliedincluding rain

(cm)

Water useEfficiency(q/ha/cm)

Rainfed 25.0 5.25 4.77

0.3 25.7 11.25 2.29

0.6 27.3 17.25 1.58

0.9 28.1 23.25 1.21

1.2 27.6 30.25 0.91

(iii) Maize

Winter maize has become an important crop of the area following introduction of

canal irrigation and development of bamboo boring. In case of maize, highest yield

was obtained by irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 1.05. Comparable yield, which did not

differ significantly from the ratio 1.05, was also obtained at the ratio of 0.9. Thus

depending upon availability of water, winter maize can be irrigated at either of these

ratios.

In case of maize irrigated through furrow system, each irrigation is of 4 cm depth and

about 7-8 irrigations are needed to mature the crop.

During Kharif season temporary stagnation of water due to monsoon rains is a

common occurrence. Maize crop is quite sensitive to excessive soil moisture

condition. The results have shown that yields are reduced significantly as duration of

water stagnation increases, especially during early stages of growth. 3-4 consecutive

days of water stagnation reduced yield upto 58% . The reduction is upto 46% for 3

days stagnation, and 36% for 2 days. These are the losses due to stagnation in early

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stages. In later stages, the yield losses are reduced to nearly half. Thus, the losses

due to monsoon rains can be minimized in case of maize, if sowing of crop is

advanced so that early stages of crop can avoid onset of monsoon rains.

(iv) Barley

The studies conducted on Barley using climatological approach show that the

appropriate IW/CPE ratio for irrigation should be 0.9

(v) Gram

Experiments on gram have been conducted on the basis of critical growth stages. The

results indicate that only one irrigation at leaf stage is needed for obtaining optimum

yield. In case of gram no irrigation beyond flowering stage should be applied as it is

detrimental to yield.

(vi) Lentil

Two irrigations at branching and flowering stages are needed. In case of availability

of only one irrigation, it should be scheduled at flowering stage.

(vii) Mustard

Optimum yield in case of mustard crop was obtained by applying two irrigations.

These irrigations need to be applied at 21 days after sowing followed by another at

flowering stage. If only one irrigation is available, then it should be applied at 3 to 4

weeks after sowing.

(viii) Jute

The results show that jute crop should be irrigated at IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 to 0.9,

depending upon the water table depth. When water table depth is within 1 to 1.5 m of

the surface, the ratio of 0.6 should be practiced and for water table depth greater than

2 m, a ratio of 0.9 becomes more appropriate.

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(ix) Sugarcane

For sugarcane, irrigation should be scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 0.9 and this

irrigation for the spring sown crop will be needed till the onset of monsoon, after

which no further irrigation will generally be required.

In addition to above, the effect of drainage has also been studied on the growth of the

crop. Water-logging is a serious problem in the Kosi command area. Reclamation of

these areas require extensive net-work of drainage channels. For designing drainage

system, drainage co-efficient for Kosi region based on soil hydraulic properties and

probability analysis of 32 years rainfall data has been worked out for different return

periods. The discharge rates for one and two days of consecutive rainfall for 10 years

period comes out to be 10.4 and 4.6 litre/sec/ha respectively.

(b) Further Studies

Besides the above, Er. R. N. Lal, the then Superintending Engineer ( Retd. Engineer-

in-Chief, Water Resources Department) in his papers published in 1973, on “Siltation

in Kosi canals and remedy therefore” and subsequently in “Operation scheduling of

canal irrigation in Eastern Kosi canal (including Rajpur System)” had propounded

that this command should adopt only Rabi and Hot-Weather Irrigation through canals,

opening the same in November and closing in June to avoid :

a) siltation in canals and its distribution system.

b) additional submergence of low-lying areas and consequent losses by water-logging etc.

c) siltation of the trunk and subsidiary drains/dhars etc.

d) pushing in additional 600 mm of water in this high rainfall area, and

e) for keeping the canals in trim condition to enable timely supply of water forwheat, potato, winter and hot weather maize, pulses, oilseeds, jute, sugarcane,etc. during these months i.e. November to June in full capacity. Water of riverduring this period is almost silt free, and there is no heavy precipitation duringthis period.

(c) Concluding Remarks

Apparently in the Kosi command area, wastage of water through seepage, poor

operation and maintenance of canal system and faulty irrigation practices is very high.

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This has led to lower productivity of irrigation water and at the same time

development of salinity and water-logging problems. There is need for generation of

awareness amongst the farmers and getting their active participation in distribution of

water. Some improvements can be effected immediately by proper operation of canal

system in release of water and proper regulation. Farmers’ training for efficient water

management needs to be intensified and efforts shall be needed to involve them in

operation decisions. It will help if assured water supply can be provided. With

quality ground water available at shallow depth, conjunctive use of ground and canal

water will be essential to ensure timely water supply.

Even if all the improvements and rescheduling in Kharif supplies are adopted as

mentioned in above paras, some water will accumulate in depressions on account of

adverse outfall conditions. It will be futile to attempt their total evacuation. On the

other hand, a number of deep ponds could be created in the area constructed to store

water. These would work as surface detention reservoirs and can also be utilised for

pisciculture so as to provide an additional economic activity to the local community

and cheap animal protein for human nutrition.

For efficient Rabi and Hot Weather irrigation, construction of field channels, field

drains and other on-farm development activities are imperative. These have suffered

so far in this system on account of :

a) uncertainty in availability of water on account of heavy siltation every year.

b) delay in timely release of water from the canals, which has to be kept closed(non-operative) for long durations for desiltation.

c) non-availability of adequate funds for abnormal work load of desilting thecanals.

d) absence of proper means and modality of maintenance of the water-coursesand field channels.

Responsibility of maintenance and operation of water-courses and field channels

needs to be handed over to the beneficiaries. Several states in the country have

developed such modalities by forming Chak Samities, gram-panchayats, irrigation co-

operatives etc. and given them legal status and full responsibility of maintenance and

operation of micro-irrigation system.

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12.4 REVIEW OF EXISTING ON FARM DEVELOPMENT AND ON FARMMANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER

12.4.1 Farm Development and Management

Improved farm implements and machinery are used for different farm operations to

increase productivity of land and labour due to timeliness of operations, efficient use

of inputs, improvement in quality of produce, safety and comfort of farmers, and

reduction in loss of produce.

In each case, from the simplest hoe to the most complicated machine, the purpose of

mechanization is to:

i) Increase the output per man and animal, thereby ensuring timeliness ofoperations, minimize the cost of the different unit of operations involved inagricultural production, raise farm incomes and contribute to overall economicdevelopment.

ii) Increase agricultural production and productivity at reduced cost of operation.

iii) Maximize the efficiency of inputs thereby increase crop yields.

iv) Minimize losses and waste.

v) Make agricultural production less labourious and reduce drudgery, thusallowing the farm to look after the crop more effectively.

vi) Minimize the energy requirement per unit of crop production

vii) Meet labour requirements, such as at the time of transplanting and harvestingtime and ensure timeliness of operations.

viii) Permit increase in intensity of cropping by reducing turnaround time, and

ix) Bring new land into production and reclaim land lost to agriculturalproduction.

Many of these objectives may simply translate into increased production, greater

profits, reduced losses and less human efforts. The factors essential for the success of

mechanization are:

(i) Proper selection of tools and equipment to match the field sizes,environmental conditions and the general level of technology.

(ii) Proper matching between the power unit, machine and operator or betweenhand tool and operator.

(iii) Training of operators in correct handling of the equipment and adequateroutine service and preventive maintenance, and

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(iv) Facilities and knowhow for overhaul, adequate supply of spare parts, fuels andlubricants.

Farm implements are used for various agriculture operations such as:

(i) Tillage and seed bed preparation

(ii) Sowing and planting

(iii) Weeding and inter-cultivation

(iv) Harvesting and threshing

12.4.1.1 Use of Farm Equipments

The major items under farm equipments are Tractor – Trailor, Bullock Cart, Tubewell

– Pumpset, Power Tiller, Thresher, Desi Plough, Improved Plough, Chaff Cutter, and

Other (Kudal etc.)

(a) Tractor – Trailor Unit

It is observed by M/s Meta Planner and Management Consultant in their study that the

Tractor – Trailor unit is used extensively in command. As much as 77% of large

farmers own Tractor – Trailor. Of course, this percentage drops sharply in the lower

categories of farmers. The percentages of medium and semi-medium farmers owning

Tractor – Trailors are about 52% and 10% in command area. Among small farmers

only 2% are seen to have it in the command area and no one in non command area.

No marginal farmer has it anywhere. The better Tractor – Trailor ownership situation

in the command may be attributable to canal irrigation.

(b) Bullock Carts

The traditional bullock cart continues with its popularity among all categories of

farmers. Even some landless laborers possess them.

(c) Tubewells – Pump-sets

Tube wells have been installed by all categories of farmers in an extensive manner.

Mostly these are bamboo-borings. In the Kosi command area, the percentage of

various categories of farmers having tube wells varies from 21% (marginal farmers)

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to 91% (large farmers), increasing with the increase in land holding size. Except for

marginal farmers, pumpset ownership is either same as tube well or even greater.

Presumably, the more affluent farmers have procured more pump sets for hiring out to

marginal farmers. The extensive installation of tube wells pump sets in the

command area clearly indicates that the farmers are not able to depend entirely on

canal irrigation supplies and have to supplement it with tubewell irrigation.

(d) Power Tillers

Power Tillers do not seem to have gained popularity. Only about 1% of small farmers

and 1.30% of semi-medium farmers in command area have power tillers. This

indicates that agricultural operations are carried out by Tractors (which can be used as

a prime mover for multiple uses) or Bullocks or both.

(e) Threshers and Chaff Cutters

Threshers and Chaff cutters are owned by all categories of farmers, the ownerhip

percentage increasing among higher categories.

(f) Desi Plough and Improved Plough

Almost all farmers of all categories possess the Desi Plough. Improved Plough is also

owned but to a much lesser extent than the former which continues to be the preferred

tool in the farming community of the area.

(g) Reach-wise difference in ownership of Farm Equipments

There is no discernible difference in ownership pattern of farm equipments in head,

middle and tail reaches except for tubewells – pumpsets which shows a pronounced

increase in middle and tail reaches as compared to the head reach. This indicates that

the middle and tail reaches suffer more shortages of canal irrigation supplies that the

head reach.

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12.4.2 Prospects for Intensified Agriculture

12.4.2.1 Perspective

Prospects of intensified agriculture have been explored on considerations of

situational imperatives, conducive agricultural resource factors, technological

relevance, implementation feasibility as applicable to various bio-physical ecosystems

in the command area and management implications.

(a) Situational Imperatives

The Kosi command area has dense population (average 945 persons/km2) having very

narrow land-man ratio. Marginal farmers (50%) and agriculture labourers (34%)

form the major segment of the rural populace and have resource-poor livelihood. As

majority of farm holdings operate on less than 1 ha of land, with an average of about

0.40 ha or less, the income is quite low, and most of them are poor and food-insecure.

Food production is insufficient to meet the domestic requirement and the food deficit

is alarming in case of the rural masses. Crop-based agriculture is the principal plank

for rural employment. It is low in intensity and productivity and as such is marked by

under-employment and low income. The strategic solution to the problem of food

insufficiency, under-employment and low income lies in agricultural development to

be mediated through irrigation-driven agricultural intensification.

(b) Conducive Agricultural Resource Factors

The Command area is endowed with fairly good agricultural resource base. The soils

are highly fertile on considerations of physical, chemical and biological

characteristics. Water availability is sufficient through rainfall (annual average about

1400 mm), and good quality surface and ground water. The overall climatic

environment in terms of temperature maxima and minima, relative humidity,

atmospheric evaporativity and bright sunshine hours are quite congenial for year

round cropping. Neither winter is too cold nor summer too desiccating. Relative

humidity does not usually drop below 50% and remains above 70% in most of the

months. Duration of bright sunshine is usually 9- 10 hours and even during rainy

months, it is seldom less than 5 hours.

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The inherent potential of the agricultural resource base remains largely unexploited

under the conditions of recurring floods, topographic depressions (chaurs and matins),

salinity-alkalinity problem and calcareous nature of soils covering sizeable area.

However, these problems are manageable and maneuverable to enable more

productive agriculture. Considering the stake of agriculture development for

improving the quality of lives of the people inhabiting the area, there can be no escape

from tackling the problem notwithstanding the requirement of financial resources,

which could be massive and seemingly daunting. The way out is comprehensive

planning and astute prioritization for phase wise tackling of the problems; mobilizing

participation of stakeholders such that the requirement of financial resource becomes

affordable.

12.4.2.2 Technological Relevance

Improvement of agricultural production and productivity as well as future versatility

of agriculture production are dependent on the rational utilization of technologies.

There is an incredible array of new technologies from which relevant ones suited to

situational imperatives can be chosen.

In recent years, technical advances have been made in developing early maturing and

day-length insensitive crop varieties, chemical weed control, zero-till seed drills and

machines suited to small fields. These have made multiple cropping a more feasible

proposition.

There is also good scope of enhancing cropping intensity through intensification of

operation rather than area expansion, particularly on small farms. Examples are

systematic inter-cropping of complementary crops grown simultaneously in various

row arrangements, relay-planting of a following crop inter-planted in a maturing

crop, and inter-cropping of annual crops/ fodder between rows of fruit trees. In inter-

cropped systems, the combination of deep and shallow rooted crops with different

growth habits, heights and periods of maturation can lead to complementarity in the

use of sunlight, water and nutrients. Combination of legumes with cereals will also

reduce the build up of pests and diseases accompanying monoculture.

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Intensification is also possible through integration of livestock with crop farming by

inclusion of fodder crops. It helps maintain farm employment and also builds up soil

fertility. Marketing has often been a serious bottleneck for intensive milk production

on small farms. This problem has been successfully overcome by the establishment of

vertically integrated cooperatives in the command area.

Besides enhancement of cropping intensity, another important aspect is increasing

productivity in the irrigated sector. This is feasible through efficient water use and

better agronomic management such as proper crop establishments, balanced fertilizer

application, adoption of high yielding varieties, weed control and plant protection

measures, making use of technical advancements etc. The government has a crucial

role in making available technical guidance, production inputs and supporting

services. There is a need for concerted efforts to transfer the existing relevant

technologies from research laboratories to the farmers fields through efficient and

effective technology transfer programme.

12.4.3 Implementation Feasibility

12.4.3.1 Conceptual clarity about ecosystem potential and requirement

It is to be pointed out that the agricultural development in the north-west India

(Punjab, Haryana and the adjoining part of Rajasthan) was essentially because of

high response potential of the high yielding rice and wheat varieties to input

application such as of water in the highly desiccating and thirsty environment and of

fertilizer nutrients in the hungry aridic soils. Since farming situations were almost

uniform, the response was evident at the macro level and the zone was acclaimed as

the "Green Revolution' belt, attracting concentration of investment efforts.

Taking a critical view of the existing biophysical environment of the Sapta Kosi

command area, it appears to have a high response potential notwithstanding the highly

variable farming situations. What is required is better comprehension of the farming

situations in terms of potential, problems and opportunities at the micro level which in

geographical units could be blocks or villages.

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The characterization of the biophysical environment at the micro level has to take into

consideration the existing land types as classified based on local farmers' perceptions

in understanding the problems of the interlinked hydrology. The common land types

are the uplands, the midlands and the lowlands. The lowlands are further classified as:

Shallow water (drought prone and flood prone)

Semi deep water, and

Deep water

Each land type is a specific ecosystem having specific potentials, problems and

developmental requirements.

Understandably for each ecosystem, the agricultural development activities need to be

designed based on thorough understanding of its existing environmental situations

(biophysical and socio-economic).

12.4.3.2 Ecosystem-wise projections for agricultural intensification

(a) Upland ecosystem

The upland soils are largely non- calcareous, light textured, excessive to well-drained,

poor in soil fertility, soil reactions ranging from acidic to mildly alkaline with pH in

the range of 6.5 to less than 8.5. There are, however, progressive variations in terms

of better soil characteristics and hence productivity levels as moving from north-west

(West Champaran) to south-east parts of the command (East Champaran and

Muzaffarpur).

This ecosystem is more susceptible to climatic, edaphic, biotic, technological and

socio-economic variations and has serious production constraint because of lack of

irrigation water availability. Low input agriculture in this region has mono millet or

mixed cropping of maize and arhar, maize and urd, maize and sesame etc. A gradual

improvement in agriculture, is however, discernible with availability of irrigation

water particularly through minor irrigation schemes in respect of adopting better

cropping, high yielding varieties and enhanced use of chemical fertilizers. As the

threshold productivity is at low level, the ecosystem is pregnant with high response

potential through enforcement of cereal-based cropping with rabi pulses and oil seeds,

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fruit crops (litchi and mango), vegetable crops (brinjal, cucumber, gourds) and spices

(ginger. turmeric, coriander, mangaila etc.). The increased crop intensification is,

however, contingent upon the enhanced availability of irrigation water.

Multi-enterprise agriculture that integrates dairy and horticulture with agricultural

crops is a better options in terms of water, nutrient and energy use efficiency as also

generating regular income and employment at small farm holdings than solely

agricultural crop based system.

(b) Midland ecosystem

The midland soils are alluvial-derived light to medium textured, deep to very deep

soils with good retention of water and nutrients and good to moderately drained soils.

The normal soils have slightly alkaline reaction with pH around 8.0 to 8.5, and are

moderately fertile. The traditional cropping mainly comprised of maize during kharif

followed by barley mixed with pea, mustard or sugarcane. With the availability of

modern varieties of rice and wheat, rice-wheat has become the dominant cropping

system under irrigated condition. The hot-weather crop is moong / urd. Under the

condition of scarce availability of irrigation water during the rabi season, the rabi crop

is usually gram/lentil/pea/mustard. The most significant change has been the

replacement of kharif maize by rice. The alternate crop is autumn-spring planted

sugarcane.

However, the average yields of the major crops in the irrigated areas are far below the

practical potentials that might be expected using modem farm inputs. An important

reason is that farmers opt for low to moderate input agriculture under inefficient and

unreliable water supplies. Also, irrigation-related adverse effects of waterlogging and

soil salinity have become acute because of poor irrigation system and field water

management. Moreover, the calcareous soils have been found to be deficient in

several micronutrients like zinc, boron, and iron and at places copper. The application

of micronutrients adds to the crop production cost.

This ecosystem is the most productive. In sizeable areas, farmers have been able to

realize the practical potentials of the ecosystem by way of high inputs and adopting

intensive cropping system given as follows:

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Kharif Rabi Summer (Zaid)

Rice Rice Potato With inter-plantedmaize

Moong (green gram)

Rice Wheat/Maize.-Mustard/Potato/Vegetables

Moong (green gram)

Rice October planted sugarcane, inter-cropped with garlic, coriander/potato/pea/ wheat / moong.

Sugarcane

Adoption of such intensive cropping in this ecosystem by a good number of farmers

attests the intensity potential of the command as well as its achievability.

In general, the cropping pattern has swung in favour of cereal-cereal system due to

higher and sustainable yield, low risk observed as compared to pulses and oilseeds

and adequate policy support from government. But the cereal based cropping system

is highly exhaustive for soil nutrients (macro and micro nutrients) and adequate

replenishment on regular basis becomes imperative for sustaining yields. Moreover,

the farmers have the feeling that the growing of cereals does not provide sufficient

income. Thus, there exists abundant opportunity for crop diversification.

The most significant diversion in crop farming in this ecosystem is expected in

respect of inclusion of pulses and oilseeds, horticultural crops (litchi, mango, banana,

and vegetables) and livestock (milch cattle) on ecological and socio-economic

consideration.

The cereal-cereal production process overloaded with cash purchased inputs

(chemical fertilizers) is excessively burdensome financially. The ecological

conditions favour adoption of horticultural crops in the cropping system. Horticulture

to-day is not merely a means of diversification but forms an integral part of food and

nutritional security, as also an essential ingredient of economic security. Adoption of

horticulture by small and marginal farmers has brought prosperity in many regions of

the country of which Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh are prime examples.

Preponderance of small and marginal farmers with fragmented holdings and

abundance of labour force provide good scope for expanding labour-intensive

livestock farming. Such enterprise is highly generative of income and employment,

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and is also supportive of crop farming by way of increased availability of FYM and

regular cash flow to be used in mobilization of production inputs and services. This

proposition is also in line with the characteristic tradition of crop farming along with

cattle farming in this eco-environment.

(c) Lowland Ecosystem

It is a complex ecosystem comprising shallow water, semi-deep water and deep water.

The shallow water lowland may be drought prone or flood prone. The problems in

shallow water lowlands get compounded because of variations in monsoon rains;

flash floods due to rise in water level and impeded drainage. Strategy for

intensification in various lowland ecosystems is described as follows

(i) Shallow water lowlands

The crop fanning in shallow water lowlands is almost synonymous to rainfed

rice cultivation. The usual methods of crop establishment comprise of both -

direct seeding into dry / moist fields and transplanting into puddled fields.

Usually water depths are 5-15 cm deep and not exceeding 50 cm. Anticipated

water depths determine plant types of rice grown which are largely traditional

cultivated varieties. The input use is minimal. Small areas in some pockets of

the command grow modern rice varieties (Janki) under transplanted condition

with low to moderate level of fertilizers. The crop productivity is low with low

input farming practiced because of risks of drought in one situation and flood in

another. The shallow water lowlands, having usually fertile soils and high water

regime, inherently possess reasonably good production potential which can be

harnessed with modest investment efforts in creating dependable water

resources through minor irrigation schemes for irrigation to crops during crucial

periods, coupled with adoption of modern crop production technology in respect

of crop varieties, nutrient management, weed control, plant protection and more

importantly through maneuvering of crop calendars or crop establishment

operation such as bed planting and zero-till seed drilling. With provision for

irrigation, a considerable increase in intensity of irrigation is possible by

adopting the following cropping schemes:

(1) First rice crop of short duration (90-105days) : seeding in April andharvesting in early August.

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(2) Second rice crop of medium duration (90-135 days) : transplanting inAugust and harvesting in November and early December.

(3) Third wheat pulse crop: sowing in moist soil with zero-till seed drill inearly to mid December and harvesting in April.

In flood prone area, crop planning may be done to get a kharif crop as bonus

with minimum input and an input-intensive principal rabi crop by adopting the

following cropping scheme:

(1) Rice along with jowar and moong mixed: sown in March-April,harvesting of jowar and moong before rains intensify in July;harvesting of rice as escaping from flood damage in November.

(2) Rabi crop: Wheat/Boro rice during November through March.

Given the assured supply of irrigation water, adoption of the above cropping

schemes would be within the means of the farmers.

(ii) Semi deep-water lowlands

The common method of crop establishment is direct dry seeding of rice mixed

with moong and jowar during March-April. There is often poor stand

establishment of rice because of drought damage at germination and seedling

stage as well as weed competition. The traditional photosensitive varieties of

intermediate stature (about 130-150 cm long) are grown without application of

any fertilizer. The water depths during more than half of the growth period are

between 16-50 cm but the damage is caused to the crop due to flash floods. The

traditional photosensitive varieties usually flower during the period when the

plants are least vulnerable to submergence.

In this sub-ecosystem, the pathway for agricultural development could be

adoption of improved rice varieties with better inputs and combining fish culture

in constructed ponds in parts of the rice areas. The high peripheral embankment

area could be used for cultivation of pulse like arhar, vegetables or for

plantation of litchi.

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(iii) Deep water low lands

The usual water depths vary between 51 and 100 cm for more than half of the

rice growth period although complete submergence of rice plants is not

uncommon. Presently long duration (150-240 days) and long statured rice

cultivation mixed with green gram and sorghum is directly seeded into dry

moist soils. Sorghum and moong are harvested before soil submergence. The

main rice crop has poor stand establishment, is subject to submergence at

various growth stages and also has lodging susceptibility. The yield of the rice

crop is usually low to very low.

The pathway for agricultural development could be change of rice crop calendar

and supplementation of the crop farming with aquaculture including pisciculture

(fish and prawn) and cultivation of Makhana and Singhara. The traditional rice

cropping, which is susceptible to the risks of drought during the crop

establishment period and flood damage during the later periods, needs to be

replaced by an assured and much higher productive summer season rice crop

(garma rice in local parlance). This would be an early maturing rice variety,

direct seeded or transplanted and growing during the period of February - March

to June-July. It would be input intensive rice cropping with assured irrigation

during the growth period and adequate fertilization. For the rest of the period

from July to January-February, aquaculture would be adopted in a systematic

way making use of technological advances.

Very deep-water low lands, where water depths range between I and 6 m for

more than half of the growth period have floating rice culture. Photosensitive

local varieties are directly seeded in March-April. The seedlings grow as a dry

land crop or at most in moist soil conditions before flooding occurs. Drought

damage and weed competition are often limiting factors in getting an optimum

stand of rice. As the floodwater rises, rice plants elongate as much as 6 m,

forming a mat on the water surface. Branches and roots are formed on the upper

nodes. Harvesting is done after the floodwater recedes but occasionally the

harvesting is done with boats, if the crop matures before the floodwater recedes.

It is a low yielding subsistence crop since no other crop can be grown. The only

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possibility of enhancing productivity of such area is through supplementation

with aquaculture.

(iv) Chaur lands

These lands are saucer shaped topographic depressions lying between the natural

draining courses of the river system. Man-made interventions such as roads,

railway tracks, buildings have affected natural drainage and hence hydrological

balance such that the productivity of these lands has become highly constrained.

However, the soils are highly fertile having desirable physical, chemical and

biological characteristics in terms of sandy clay loam to clay loam texture, high

organic carbon content ( > 0.75%), high water and nutrient retentivity and

favourable infiltration rate. These conditions portend good agricultural potential,

warranting its conversion into production.

Conceptually the landforms represent a complex lowland ecosystem comprising

shallow water situation in the peripheral area, semi deep-water situation in the

low lying own-slope area and deep-water situation in the central area. Obviously,

the fanning system as projected for shallow water lowlands, semi-deep water low

land and deep water lowland should fit in case of the chaur lands as well.

Moreover, as the topographic situation permits, proper drainage intervention in

terms of conventional surface drainage technique alone or in combination with

bio-drainage could be taken up for either individual chaur land or a group of

interlinked chaur lands. The farming system development, however, is not

contingent upon the drainage intervention which is largely to serve as an aid for

accelerating the development process.

(v) Mauns

These are abandoned stream courses having excessively; Prmeable soils and logy

fertility status. Excepting the peripheral area where cropping akin to that in deep

water lowlands can be taken up, most of the area has perpetually deep to very

deep water depths suitable for developing high quality aquaculture.

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(vi) Salt affected lands

Large areas are salt affected in the districts of West Champaran, East Champaran

and Muzaffarpur.

The salt problems in the form of saline-alkali and alkali soils are incidental partly

due to inherent soil properties and partly due to rise of water table because of

excessive water inflow from rain and river flood water as well as from irrigation

system to the perched aquifer, formed under the condition of thick heavy clay

layer in the subsoil.

Besides the proper irrigation system management to reduce the volume of water

inflow, effective drainage provision has to be made by way of adoption of

appropriately designed surface / sub-surface i bio-drainage system.

The alkali soils of the command area having substantial content of free lime can

be reclaimed with application of pyrite/ press mud, which contains sulphar. Both

these materials are readily and cheaply available. Pyrite may be obtained from the

hills in the district of Rohtas which are a huge source of pyrite. Press mud is

available as wastes from several sugar mills existing in the area.

With technical guidance by the experts of Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa,

the pyrite /press mud based technologies have been used in the reclamation of

alkali soils in sizeable area of the command under European Commission (EC)

Project, making it possible to grow good crops of rice and wheat annually under

irrigated conditions in the reclaimed area.

It needs to be emphasized that the culturable salt affected land occupying about 1

lakh ha is the valuable agricultural resource base having high production potential

which needs to be harnessed with massive reclamation efforts. In Punjab and

Haryana, it is through large-scale reclamation of alkali soils that made possible

area expansion under high yielding varieties of rice and wheat and ushering in

Green Revolution. The Kosi command area holds a similar promise.

12.4.3.3 Management Implications

The command has essentially agricultural based economy and obviously agricultural

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development is of vital importance. High population density indicates a very narrow

land-man ratio, implying scarcity value of the agricultural land. This underscores the

necessity of giving primacy to the strategy of optimizing productivity of agricultural

land through agricultural intensification for which the essential requisites are given as

follows:

(a) Meeting irrigation water requirement

It is understood that the upper limit of crop production is set by the climate conditions

and the genetic potential of a crop. The extent to which the crops production potential

in a given climatic environment can be reached primarily depends on how finely is

the water supply tuned towards meeting in quantity and time the crop water needs for

optimum yields.

The assessment of water availability on construction of Sapta Kosi high dam suggests

that the supply would be sufficient to meet the irrigation requirement with the

proposed irrigation intensity. However, for more intensive agriculture as projected

for converting the agricultural potential of the various ecosystems into production, the

expansion of irrigation into these areas is necessary. This will entail a much larger

requirement of irrigation water than what is estimated to be available from the present

irrigation project. Matching the demand with the supply is a pre- requisite for

effectuating the projected agricultural intensification, pursuing the pathway of supply

and demand management in the best possible way.

(i) Supply-based Management

Supply management aspect involves various elements such as (a)

construction of irrigation system (b) irrigation system improvement through

restoration of existing Eastern Kosi Canal system and (c) augmentation of

water supply through sustainable development and utilization of ground

water resource as well as excess rain water resource through minor

irrigation schemes for which there is abundant scope in the command area.

It is through integrated water use planning that the increasing requirement

of water for more intensive agriculture can be met.

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( ii ) Demand-based Management

Under the conditions of increasing requirement of water for harnessing the

production potential of a much larger fertile land area, wisdom lies in

managing demand to match the supply. It involves more intelligent and

efficient use of available water resources to gain higher productivity at

lower water expense. Following lines of approach are being suggested

towards optimal demand management

- Optimising land productivity in area of land capability Class-I.

Since there are no ecological constraints to the realization of its inherent crop

production potential, high cropping intensity ranging between 180% and 250%

for producing more per unit area/unit time must be planned which is feasible

as demonstrated by adoption of such cropping intensity by many farmers in the

various districts of the state. The essential requisite is the availability of

irrigation water in amount and time to meet the crop water demand.

- Optimising water productivity in area of land capability Class- II and

Class III.

There are ecological and resource constraints of varying extents to hamper

agricultural production in this type of area. However, with irrigation and

management interventions, cropping intensity in the range of 120-150% can be

achieved. The returns per unit of water should be the main criterion for irrigation

planning for which the operational principle has to be deficit irrigation. It means

that the crop water requirement in the irrigable area is not to be fully met. This is

the way out for maximizing profit per unit of irrigation water, when the supply of

water available is insufficient to irrigate all the available irrigable land at the level

which maximises profit per unit area. As the crops experience ET deficits, the

maximum yields are not attained. However, irrigation schedule may be planned in

such a manner so as to prevent the occurrence of water deficits during the critical

growth period, such that the yield reduction is minimal. Such irrigation schedules

for various crops (rice, wheat, maize, millet, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, potato

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and others) have been developed in area specific context by the Irrigation Water

Management Research Centre of RAU, Pusa under the aegis of ICAR sponsored

All India Coordinated Research Project on Water Management as well as

Agricultural Water Management Research Station at Madhepura.

Deficit irrigation can be planned in terms of properly-timed-fewer irrigations or

in terms of reduced amount of water application per irrigation. Usually irrigation

is scheduled to fill up the soil moisture deficit (SMD) in the crop root zone. SMD

is the difference between field capacity and actual soil moisture in the root zone

at any given time. In actual practice, it is the amount of water required to bring

the soil in the root zone to field capacity at the time of irrigation. Irrigation is

scheduled when a certain amount of deficit, called management allowed deficit

(MAD) occurs in the root zone. It is expressed as the percentage of available

moisture capacity (AMC) on the corresponding SMD. Generally irrigation is

applied to replace SMD. Under deficit irrigation, irrigation is applied to partly

replace SMD.

There are several advantages of the policy of deficit irrigation. The major

advantage is the reduced consumption of water per unit of the irrigated area.

Another advantage is that it induces the root system to extract soil-stored

moisture from deeper soil layers provided the roots have extended into those

layers. The storage space created in the root zone because of only a part filling of

the SMD and deeper root extraction of soil- stored water is utilized for the storage

of rainfall. This is of particular significance in areas prone to waterlogging. An

additional advantage is that it brings about an overall

improvement in the irrigation efficiency. There are, however, some risks of

greater deficit than desired or too intense deficits during critical growth period.

This can be obviated through proper communication and training to irrigators and

field functionaries.

Regardless of the policy of optimizing land productivity and water productivity to

be adopted exclusively or inclusively, emphasis has to be placed on efficient

water use which can be attained with:

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Demand driven operation and delivery of water supply Efficient schedulesand methods of irrigation Climatically efficient and diversified cropping Highyielding and disease and pest resistant cultivars.

Application of adequate and balanced nutrients through organic and inorganicsources

Timely weed control and plant protection; and Amelioration of soil relatedconstraints.

(b) Meeting Nutrient Requirement

Fertilizer use is a crucial factor in crop production. The soils in most parts of the

command area are deficient in major nutrients, particularly N. There have, however,

been genuine concerns for low fertilizer use efficiency, particularly of N which is as

low as 33% in cereal production which is a major consumer of fertilizer N.

Intensive cropping system is highly exhaustive of soil nutrients and adequate

replenishment of nutrients on regular basis becomes imperative for maximization of

land and water productivity. However, external input overloaded production process

causes cash crunch and also environmental repercussions. An alternative to it is

integrated use of organics such as green manures, organic manures and legumes in

cropping system that have a great potential to off-set the heavy requirements of

inorganic fertilizers. There is a good scope for pre-monsoon green manuring and

utilization of green straw of summer moong. Crop residues in the form of straw and

stubbles also need judicious management in the cropping system for the release of

available nutrients. The other organic wastes from agriculture including press-mud

from sugar mills could also be utilized in building soil productivity. Bio-fertilizers

have been found to be effective for pulse and oilseed crops. Thus, integrated use of

inorganic and organic manures holds the key to optimize crop production on a

sustained basis.

(c) Building Institutional / Organizational Framework

For sustaining irrigation-driven agricultural intensification in the Gandak command,

multi-dimensional servicing, adoption of advanced technology and input support are

necessary. To handle these aspects, local institutional / organizational frame work will

be required to be built up with the involvement of farmers as well as field

functionaries of extension and development agencies. It is to be structured in such a

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manner so as to be sufficiently representative and democratic so as to give focus on

farmer participatory approach and equity considerations in planning and

implementation of development activities. The institutional framework will also help

develop linkages with extension and development agencies, policy planning bodies

and research organizations so that it becomes possible to realize the production

potential of the Gandak command through the interplay of the multiple constituents.

In Gandak command area, the cult of organizational arrangement has been seeded in

some parts for specific purposes such as for marketing of milk through Localized

dairy cooperatives and operation of government tubewells in EC project area. Success

stories of participatory irrigation management in distributary commands of the

neighbouring Sone canal command are also well flagged. Taking cue from these

initiatives, organizational framework can be planned for handling irrigation

management and overall agricultural development in a comprehensive way based on

participatory approach.

12.4.4 Concluding Remarks

The challenge of poverty remains as great and compelling as ever. In facing it,

irrigated agriculture has to play a crucial role. For success, sustenance and viability of

irrigated agriculture several factors are important, which need to be recognized for

addressal.

Wasteful use of canal water has created the problem of waterlogging in head and

middle reaches of the canal command area, whereas tail end farmers continue to

suffer due to lack of access to this water. The situation is further aggravated by low

irrigation system efficiency. Obviously, therefore, conservation and efficient use of

water warrants priority attention. It is widely recognized that the epicenter of the

problem lies in the current economic, legal and governance framework of water

resource development, distribution and utilization.

For sustainable agricultural crop production, integrated nutrient management, making

use of fertilizers, organics and green manure is the most desirable option. Use of

organic materials must be made where FYM is available, where green manuring is

feasible and where crop residues are available for recycling in specific soil conditions.

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Biological nitrogen fixation makes an important contribution to the nitrogen economy

of the cropping systems. Timely availability of farm inputs at the reasonable prices is

crucial for good performance of agriculture. It covers the availability of seeds and

other planting materials, fertilizers and manures, farm machinery and equipments,

energy, agro-chemicals, feed and fodder, and veterinary pharmaceuticals.

Value addition and marketing of marketable surplus of agricultural commodities can

be a good source of employment in the case of marginal farmers and landless

families. Technology for primary value addition can be a boon for such families.

Development efforts towards improving irrigation system performance have been

made through Command Area Development Project and several other short-term

projects. These projects have touched only the fringe of the problems. Projects of

larger dimensions would be required to address the massive problem.