Inside this issue...

NewsletterVol. 45 No. 2 Spring 2014

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New Product Corner

Boxwood Summit

Pest Management Solutions for Specialty Crops and Minor Uses

New Registration for Date PalmsNew Biopesticide PrioritySetting WorkshopHall of Fame Award toRocky Lundy

Varroa Mites Still a MajorConcern

Laurel Wilt ThreatensFlorida’s Avocados

Thank You Bob Hollingworth! Welcome John WiseIn June, IR-4’s North CentralRegion (NCR) Director, BobHollingworth will retire. Bob hasbeen involved with IR-4 servingon the Project ManagementCommittee (PMC, formerlyknown as the TechnicalCommittee) since 1987. Whilehe will step down as director, hewill maintain his involvement withIR-4 through June of 2015.

Bob became Professor Emeritusin 1997 but continued severalactivities at MSU including actingas Director of the NCR IR-4Project. During these years, Bobmaintained the collaboration of12 NCR states and was involvedin the operation and upgrade ofa modern IR-4 residue analyticallaboratory at MSU.

In addition to working with IR-4,Bob has published approximately130 reviewed articles and hasedited or co-edited 8 books. Forseveral years, he has acted asconsultant on food safety issueson the Gates Foundation Grantto educate regulators for GMOsin Africa. He has taught moduleson risk assessment and regulationfor both chemical andbiotechnological risks in foods inseveral international summer

courses as well as at invitationalmeetings in a variety ofcountries. He has also served ona variety of state, national andinternational government panelsand commissions dealing withpesticide and food safety issues,and has received awards fromboth the USDA and theAmerican Chemical Society forhis research in these areas.

IR-4 wishes to thank Bob for hismany years of service to the IR-4Project and for his leadership insteering the NCR through timesof triumph and challenge, alwayswith great distinction.

On July 1, 2014, John Wise, aprofessor in the MSUDepartment of Entomology, andResearch and ExtensionCoordinator of the MSU TrevorNichols Research Center in

Fennville, MI, will become theNCR IR-4 Director. Johnreceived a B.S. in NaturalResources in 1984 from theUniversity of Michigan, M.S. inEntomology in 1990 and aPh.D. in Resource Developmentin 1999 from MSU. His primaryresearch interest is studying theperformance characteristics ofnew insecticide chemistries forcontrol of fruit insect pests. He

Natural Controls forMosquitoes

continued on pg 2

also investigates alternativedelivery systems for cropprotection materials in fruitagroecosystems. John runs theApplied Insecticide Toxicology labon the MSU campus, conductingresearch on the performancemechanisms and plant penetrationattributes of pesticides, pesticideenvironmental fate and arthropodresistance.

He has developed a wide range ofIntegrated Pest Management andGood Agriculture Practicestraining programs, targeting largecommercial farms as well as smallunderserved grower communities.These training programs have ledto opportunities to offer trainingvenues in other US states, likeWisconsin, Ohio, Indiana andNew Jersey, as well as internationaltrain-the-trainer events in Chile,Mexico, Rwanda and India.

John has been a Field ResearchDirector (FRD) for the IR-4 GLPfield residue program in thenorth-central region for more thanfifteen years. His research andteam at Fennville were the featurearticle in IR-4’s Focus on aResearcher Volume 38 Number 3in July of 2007. John has alsoagreed to join the IR-4 NewsletterCommittee representing the PMCand bringing an FRD perspectiveto the newsletter. Welcome John!

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Vol 45 No 2

Dear Friends,

Spring is the time when many Headquarters team members visitagricultural chemical companies in order to help plan the followingyear’s research. During these meetings we receive updates on thestatus of ongoing research and regulatory activities, exchange ideason improving efficiency and discuss trends. IR-4’s “Company Tour2014” is partially complete, however, two striking trends havealready emerged: biopesticides are being mainstreamed byconventional chemical companies, and there is increased emphasison international activities.

The biopesticide focus became clearer with Bayer Crop Science’spurchase of Agraquest for $0.5 Billion. Agraquest products havebeen integrated into Bayer’s conventional chemical portfolio withthe biopesticides to be used as part of a resistance managementprogram or used for late season applications to reduce residues.Several other major companies are also investing in developmentand sales of new biopesticide products.

Responding to this trend, IR-4 is making fundamental changes inthe biopesticide program. IR-4 will no longer solicit grant proposalsbut will focus on developing biopesticide efficacy data. Theprogram will focus more on establishing a limited number ofpriorities on pest management voids and investigating if availablebiopesticides can provide a solution for the pest problem. To initiatethis new process, IR-4 will host a Biopesticide Priority SettingWorkshop that will be held immediately following this year’s FoodUse Workshop. Please contact Michael Braverman(braverman@aesop.rutgers.edu) or Bill Barney(barney@aesop.rutgers.edu) for more information about this newworkshop process.

The other trend with the companies is a greater concern forharmonization of Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs or pesticidetolerances) with international trading partners. This issue is not newbut more and more emphasis is being placed in minimizingproblems with MRLs. IR-4 continues to take a strong leadership rolein global harmonization of MRLs, with efforts funded throughUSDA-Foreign Agriculture Service, and IR-4 wishes to thankUSDA-FAS for the resources to assist in this important area.

IR-4’s international vision is to have a global network of qualified“IR-4-Like” programs cooperating on data development to supportharmonized MRL’s for specialty crops. This vision is founded onIR-4’s activities with Canada’s Pest Management Centre-Minor UseProgramme. When a use is a priority in both countries, we work onthe research together and submit the joint data to regulatoryauthorities in both countries. This model has been very successfuland IR-4 wishes to offer congratulations to the Canadian PestManagement Centre as they celebrate their 10-year anniversary!

Also, hot off the presses, the Australian government willsignificantly expand their minor use program with a new investmentof 8 million Australian dollars.

All the best — Jerry

Executive Director Notes

JohnWise

continued from pg. 1

*See labels for specific use patternsand other general directions foruse.

pg 3Vol 45 No 2

New Product Corner

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CYANTRANILIPROLE (Cyazypyr®)(Insecticide - DuPont)Introduction: On Feb. 5, 2014,tolerances were established by theEPA for the new active ingredient(AI) cyantraniliprole (Cyazypyr®)on multiple commodities.Regulatory scientists from EPA andcounterpart agencies from severalother countries conducted a globaljoint review of the dossier. This AI,discovered by DuPont, belongs tothe anthranilic diamide class ofchemistry. It is the second AI in thischemistry, but the first to providegrowers with a new pestmanagement tool forcross-spectrum control of chewingand sucking/sap-feeding pests.DuPont has developed single AIproducts, and two of those havebeen registered and approved byEPA under the brand namesExirel™ and Verimark™. SyngentaCrop Protection has rights todevelop pre-mixes. With no crossresistance to other classes ofinsecticides, cyantraniliprole may beespecially useful against target peststhat have developed resistance toother insecticides. It is classified asa Group 28 insecticide by theInsecticide Resistance ActionCommittee (IRAC).

Other global registrations:Argentina, Australia, Canada,China; more country registrationsare expected in the near futureUS trade names/formulations:Exirel™ (0.83 lb AI/gal) andVerimark™ (1.67 lb AI/gal)

US labeled crops *Exirel™ – bulb vegetables (cropgroup 3-07), leafy vegetables (cropgroup 4), Brassica leafy vegetables(crop group 5), fruiting vegetables

(crop group 8-10), cucurbitvegetables (crop group 9),commercial crops grown to harvestin greenhouses (eggplant,bell/non-bell pepper, tomato),citrus fruit (crop group 10-10),pome fruit (crop group 11-10),stone fruit (crop group 12),bushberries (crop subgroup13-07B), tree nuts (crop group14-12)Verimark™ – tuberous and cormvegetables (crop subgroup 1C),leafy vegetables (crop group 4),Brassica leafy vegetables (cropgroup 5), fruiting vegetables (cropgroup 8-10), cucurbit vegetables(crop group 9), citrus fruit (cropgroup 10-10, only for trees under5 feet tall)

Ongoing IR-4 residue projects(PR#):2009 – cranberry (10199); 2010– GH cucumbers (10313); 2011 –carrot (10364), radish (10641),sunflower (10640 [& 10639]);2012 – coffee (10874); 2013 –caneberry (11046), strawberry(10328)

Other researchable IR-4 databaserequests: ginseng (10731), GHlettuce (10327), papaya (11300)

PYRIFLUQUINAZON (Insecticide– Nichino America, Inc.)Introduction: Unconditionalregistration for the new activeingredient (AI) pyrifluquinazon wasgranted by the EPA in January2013 for non-food uses onornamental horticulture plantsgrown in greenhouses. This newchemical registration providesgreenhouse growers with a newpest management tool for useagainst various sucking

(sap-feeding) insects such aswhiteflies (including Q-biotype),aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers andchilli thrips. Belonging to a novelclass of chemistry, pyrifluquinazonrepresents a new mode of action,characterized by modification ofinsect feeding behavior (throughcontact and translaminar activity)which has not yet been classified bythe Insecticide Resistance ActionCommittee (IRAC).Other global registrations: Japan(for outdoor uses on over 20 foodcrops) and Korea

US trade names/formulations: Forornamental horticulture uses,pyrifluquinazon will be marketed bySePRO as Rycar™ (20SC).

US labeled crops*:Known tolerant ornamentalhorticulture crops (althoughpyrfluquinazon can be applied aftertesting other species): Begonia,Impatiens, Marigold, Petunia,Verbena, Zinnia

General use pattern for non-foodgreenhouse uses: use in dilutionrates of 1.6-6.4 fl. oz./100 gal,applied at a rate of 10 gal of spraysolution/1,000 ft2, and maximumof 2 applications per crop cycle.IR-4 Ornamental HorticultureProgram current research: thripsoutdoors, leafminers, crop safety.IR-4 food use project requests(PR#) progressing towardregistration: cantaloupe (10431),cucumber (10428), greenhousecucumber (10793), greenhouselettuce, head and leaf (11202), belland non-bell pepper (10430),greenhouse bell pepper (10555),greenhouse tomato (10126),squash (10429), watermelon(10432)

This new section of the IR-4 Newsletter called ‘New Product Corner’ wassuggested by grower stakeholders as a way for IR-4 to help inform specialtycrop growers about new pest management tools recently registered by EPA.This is for informational purposes only as IR-4 does not endorse a particularproduct or registrant.

Spotlight on Ornamentals

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At least that is the way it seemedat the second Boxwood Summitheld at the National AgricultureLibrary in Beltsville, MD. Thisgathering of boxwoodresearchers, extension personneland boxwood aficionadosoffered an opportunity topresent the latest and greatestresearch results and discuss thenext important researchdirections to preserve boxwoodsagainst leaf miners, Volutellaand, of course, the devastatingboxwood blight.

Welcomed by Dr. JosephSpence, the USDA-ARS AreaDirector for Beltsvillehighlighted historical happeningsand introduced us to some ofthe interesting sites in the area.

The stage was set with BennettSaunders showcasing his family’soperation (Saunders Brothers,Inc.) which is about to celebrate100 years in 2015. Over theyears Saunders Brothers hasgrown many different cropsincluding apples, peaches,annual vegetables andboxwoods. The secret to theirsuccess is diversity and flexibility,and a strong respect for familyand community ties, asevidenced by Bennett’s slidespeppered with family membersthrough the ups and downs ofgrowing crops for so many years.Boxwood blight has shifted theSaunders Brothers operation

again. While freely welcomingvisitors in the past to browsetheir fields, now visitors mustwear Tyvek suits and booties toprevent any accidentalintroduction of this devastatingdisease.

While boxwood blightdominated the conversationsthroughout the day, RichardOlsen (US National Arboretum)discussed the various breedingefforts for various traitsincluding leafminer resistance.Mike Raupp (University ofMaryland) presented biologicalcharacteristics of andmanagement options forboxwood leafminer, and BeatriceHenricot (Royal HorticultureSociety) conveyed informationabout Volutella blight, boxwoodrust, Phytophthora, and theboxwood tree moth, an insect sofar confined to portions ofEurope.

Then, the focus became theresearch efforts on boxwoodblight. Kurt Heungens (Institutefor Agriculture and FisheriesResearch) presented some of thekey epidemiological findingsfrom his laboratory includingthat clothing and utensils cancarry the conidia and causeinfections and that there are twodistinct genetic types named G1and G2, with G2 having beenintroduced later into Europe.Building on Heungens work,

JoAnne Crouch (USDA-ARS)presented evidence that the twodifferent genotypes may be twodifferent species.Len Coop (Oregon StateUniversity) demonstrated thepower of using anepidemiological model to predictwhether growers may need toconsider preventative fungicideapplications based on the lengthof time for adequate moistureand temperatures needed forconidia germination.Studying the laboratory diagnosisof boxwood blight using HIS3and ITS PCR, Bob Marra(Connecticut AgriculturalExperiment Station) examinedearly infection and determinedthe fungus can be detected asearly as one day after inoculation,prior to development of visualsymptoms, and in water and soilsamples.

Norm Dart (Virginia Departmentof Agriculture and ConsumerServices) presented part of hisepidemiological research onconidia and microsclerotia.Conidia are usually short-livedsurviving about one week in soilat 300% field capacity, whilemicrosclerotia under the same

Boxwoods, Boxwoods, Boxwoods, andnot a Crop to Clip

Photo by Cristi Palmer

—by Cristi Palmer, IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Manager

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soil conditions survived longerthan 40 weeks.There areapproximately 3,250microsclerotia perboxwood leaf. If aboxwood plant hasroughly 1,000leaves, and thatamount is typical of asmall 2 – 3 footshrub, an infected boxwoodplant that has dropped its leaveshas contributed more than 3million microslerotia to about 9sq ft of soil surface.

Complementing Dart’s studies,Nina Shishkoff (USDA-ARS)examined whether infectedleaves held at differenttemperatures with either dry orwet moisture will sporulate.Conidia formed on leaves thatwere wet from 0 to 20C whilefewer conidia formed on all thedry leaves and on wet leaves at-10 and 30C . Microslerotiasurvived at both moisture levelsand up 20C.

Sanitizing agents were effectiveat killing conidia (SharonDouglas, ConnecticutAgricultural Experiment Station).Label rates of bleach, Lysol,ZeroTol, OxiDate, and X3 wereeffective after 5 minutes. Formicroslerotia (Shishkoff), ethanoland ZeroTol were effective at 15minutes.

Kelly Ivors (CaliforniaPolytechnic Institute) endedformal presentations with slidesranging from showing symptomsin situ in 110 year old plantingsto potential animal and birdspore vectors to the diversity of

host resistance and fungicidemanagement options.We then moved into breakoutsessions where we discussedresearch gaps for management ofpests and pathogens, breedingfor boxwood tolerance, andboxwood blight biology andepidemiology. Across all threesessions, it quickly became clearthere were more questions thananswers.

For the Management session,one of the gaps is understandingefficacy of tank mixing fungicidesand insecticides for reducingpopulations of leafminer while atthe same time managingboxwood blight. The other keyquestions are whether mulch canbe used to reduce splashing ofinoculum from the soil to thelower leaves and whether alteringpruning practices to have moreopen canopies can reducedisease development and spread.

For the Breeding session, therewere a number of research gapsidentified including clarificationof techniques to assess hostresistance or tolerance and evenwhat those terms mean for theboxwood/boxwood blight system.There is also the need toestablish test plots in locationswhere boxwood blight has

Spotlight on Ornamentals

already been diagnosed so thatnew cultivars and species can beexamined over several yearsunder field level inoculum loads.

For Biology and Epidemiology,understanding survivalparameters and the role of thesticky matrix surrounding theconidia are gaps in knowledge asare gathering empirical data inthe US for how boxwood blight isaffected by relative humidity, rainevents, temperature, andpathogen movement throughmonitoring specific weather anddisease development.

By the end of the BoxwoodSummit, we became convincedthat while this disease has beenwell studied over the last fewyears, more efforts are needed toprotect this valuable plant forgenerations to come.

Photo byGail Wisler

Boxwood Summit Organizing CommitteeJo Anne Crouch, USDA-ARS BeltsvilleMargery Daughtrey, Cornell UniversityLIHRECSharon Douglas, CT Ag. Exp. StationKelly Ivors, CalPolyCristi Palmer,IR-4 @ Rutgers UniversityNina Shishkoff, USDA-ARS Fort Detrick On behalf of the Boxwood Blight WorkingGroup

IR-4 Helps Avocado Industry

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An aerial view of a typicalavocado grove in South Floridaquickly reveals the tell-tale signthat evokes trepidation amonggrowers. Large, conspicuouspatches of brown leaves amonga sea of bright green canopies,that seemingly appear overnight.The culprits behind thisphenomenon are redbayambrosia (RBAB) beetles(Xylebporus glabratus) and theirfungal symbiont Raffaelea

lauricola. The fungus causes“Laurel Wilt” which is adevastating disease of redbays (Persea borbonia), avocadoes(Persea Americana) and othermembers of the Lauraceaefamily. The tiny beetles (~2mmin length) are exotic wood-borers that are native to SouthEast Asia (India, Japan, Myanmarand Taiwan). Initial detection inthe United States was nearSavannah Georgia in 2002, in asurvey trap. It is believed thatthe pest was accidentlyintroduced into the US throughsome type of wood shippingmaterial (e.g. wooden crate or

pallet) at an overseas entry port.Accidental introductions ofinvasive species areunfortunately not uncommonand can be quite expensive tocontrol. The discovery of thebeetles did not raise seriousconcerns at the time as theywere not known to causesignificant tree mortality in theirnative ranges. By 2003 however,the beetle and its symbiontfungus were deemed responsiblefor redbay die-off ’s in Georgiaand South Carolina. The pestwas first discovered on redbaysin Florida in 2005 (Duvalcounty) and since that time,laurel wilt has spread as farsouth as Miami-Dade countywhere it is now threateningcommercial groves andhomeowner plantings.

Most Ambrosia beetle speciesare attracted to stressed, dyingor dead trees and plants. Theplants may be stressed due to anumber of factors such asdrought, flooding, freezingtemperatures etc. This is incontrast to the redbay ambrosiabeetle which attacks healthytrees. Recent data hasdemonstrated that up to sevenambrosia beetle species arecontaminated with the laurel wiltpathogen and two have beenconfirmed capable oftransmitting the disease.Ambrosia beetles make pin-hole

sized borings into the sapwoodof the host trees creatinggalleries that become inoculatedwith the fungal pathogen. Thespores eventually germinate andinfect the host plant tissue. Asthe fungus spreads, the flow ofwater and nutrients in the xylemand phloem of the host treebecomes disrupted causing themto wilt and eventually die. As thefungus grows on the living woodof the trees, feeding on itssapwood, the beetle and itslarvae that were hatched fromthe galleries, feed upon it.Following pupation, adultfemales carrying the Raffaeleafungus in their specializedmycangia (fungal carrying sacs)disperse and inoculateneighboring trees.

Laurel wilt poses a serious threatto Florida’s avocado industrywhich covers about 7,400 acresand is estimated to be worthabout $13 million annually. Atpresent, recommendations tocurtail the spread of the diseaseinvolve removal and destructionof infested trees. In an effort toaid in controlling this devastatingdisease, IR-4 is working closelywith researchers at theUniversity of Florida’s TropicalResearch and Education centerin Homestead, along withcooperators at University ofPuerto Rico Mayaguez andUniversity of California Davis, to

IR-4's Effort to Combat “Laurel Wilt”: AThreat to the Florida Avocado Growers — by Michelle Samuel-Foo, IR-4 Southern Region Field Coordinator; Kathryn Homa, IR-4 ResearchCoordinator, Fungicides; and Jonathan Crane, Professor, University of Florida TREC

An untreatedavocado treein acommercialplanting thathassuccumbedto laurel wiltdisease.Photo byJonathanCrane

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procure a registration for thefungicide propiconazole (Tilt) toprotect the avocado trees.This study is unique in that testmaterial is applied directly intothe avocado tree via trunkinjections and root flairinfusions. In this type ofapplication, the test substance(propiconazole) is introducedsystemically into the xylem(water and nutrient conductingtissue) of the tree. Theapplication methods that arebeing used for the IR-4 study arepassive and pressurizedinfusions via the flair roots(surface roots emerging from thebase of the tree) and injectionsinto the trunk using largesyringes. With the pressurizedinfusion system, the testsubstance is injected into thexylem of the flair roots of thetree using a hand-heldpressurized sprayer with apressure gauge that is attachedto vinyl tubing withmacro-infusion tees. In thepassive infusion system, an IVbag containing the testsubstance is hung from a branchon the tree, and the vinyl tubingattached to macro-infusion teesare inserted into the xylem of the

flair roots. The test substance isthen passively absorbed by thetree. To help visualize this,picture an IV treatment that aperson would receive at ahospital. Both of these systemsare low in cost and reusablealthough there are advantagesand disadvantages to bothmethods of delivery. The passivesystem is less expensive to build,but can be slower. Although thepressurized system is faster, thesystem needs to be monitored forpressure loss during uptake. Withboth systems, the rate at whichthe fungicide is taken up dependson weather conditions and thephysiological activities going onin the tree including growth andflowering. Applications can takeanywhere from 20 minutes toovernight to complete. It shouldalso be noted that the site mustbe prepared before beginninginfusion applications. Debris fromthe base of the tree must beremoved to expose the topsection of the flair roots and theorchards need to be continuouslyirrigated ahead of theapplications. Holes into which themacro-infusion tees will beinserted also have to be drilled.The rate of propiconazole beingapplied is calculated according to

the size of the trunk diameter.Macro-infusion tees must bedisinfected between infusionsconducted on each tree. The use pattern that is beingtested in the IR-4 residue studyincludes 2 applications atintervals of 90 (± 7) days withpre-harvest intervals (PHI) beingproposed at 0 and 7 days. Twotrials (one at each field site) wereconducted in Homestead,Florida and Riverside, Californiaduring 2013. In 2014, trialssites will include HomesteadFlorida, Juana Diaz, Puerto Ricoand Riverside, California. Currently, the use of the ‘spottreatment’ method is therecommended method used inorder to protect avocado treesthat are adjacent to avocadotrees that are infected withLaurel Wilt disease. This methodstops root transmission of thepathogen. Efficacy workconducted in Homestead,Florida by Dr. Jonathan Craneand others has demonstratedthat infusion treatments haveresulted in mature avocado treesbeing protected forapproximately 18 months fromthe Laurel Wilt pathogen. Whenregistered, propiconazoletreatments will become a keycomponent in controlling thespread of Laurel Wilt, along withmaintaining tree health,sanitation, complete removaland destruction of infectedtrees, and direct control ofambrosia beetles via insecticides.

Passiveinfusion

system usedin the

HomesteadFL trial. Bluedye is beingused here to

for illustrativepurposes

only.

Photo byJonathan

Crane

Layout of the pressurized infusion system isinserted into base of the tree and into itsflare roots. The anatomy of the treefacilitates the uptake and spread of thefungicide. Photo by Jonathan Crane

IR-4 Helps Avocado Industry

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Feature

Pheromone-Based Mating DisrupDates and Results in New Regist

In the United States, commercialdate, Phoenix dactylifera L.,production occurspredominantly in the CoachellaValley (Riverside Co., CA),although recent plantings ofdates have taken place in theBard/Winterhaven area ofImperial Co., CA, and nearYuma AZ. In 2012, dates wereharvested from 8400 acres,producing a crop worth $41.6million (USDA 2013). Twovarieties make up most of thisproduction, Deglet Noor andMedjool. These dates aresubject to attack by the carobmoth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae(Zeller) (Figure 1), which firstwas observed in California in1982 (CDFA 1983). Currently,it is the primary economic pestof commercial dates; fruitinfested with larvae (Figure 2)can cause damage reaching10-40% to the harvestable crop

each year (Warner 1990a, Nayet al. 2006).

Various carob moth managementstrategies are available forgrowers. These includeover-winter (Carpenter andElmer 1978) and in-season(Warner et al. 1990a, 1990b)removal of waste dates that fallto the garden floor. Dislodgingabscised kimri dates (fullyexpanded, green dates) andkhalal dates (fully expanded,brown, unripe dates) frombunches during August with abunch cleaning tool (Nay et al.2006, 2007) exposes larvae inthe fruit to predation and heat(Nay and Perring 2005).Another strategy is center cutstrand thinning of date bunchesto facilitate abscised fruit drop tothe ground (Nay and Perring2009). Also, mesh bags can beused to exclude carob mothfrom the date bunch (Perring,unpublished data). In additionto these methods, there are 3registered insecticides:Delegate (spirodiclofen),Intrepid (methoxyfenozide),which was registered throughsupport by IR-4, and Malathiondust. Malathion dust (Figure 3)was the industry standard until2010, when environmentalconcerns and the emergence ofnew chemicals and technologies,resulted in growers no longerusing this material.

Mating disruption involves theuse of a pheromone scent to

interfere with male mothslocating females. Through thecollaborative efforts of theUniversity of California,Riverside, ISCA Technologies,Inc., and the California DateCommission, a formate mimic ofcarob moth pheromone (Z7, E9,11-dodecatrienyl formate),mixed in a 2% formulation with abiodegradable wax carrier(SPLAT® ), was developed. Thisformulation, SPLAT EC™(SPLAT Ectomyelois ceratoniae),when applied in a 2.5 g “dollop”(Figure 4) to the date palm trunk

(Figure 5) resulted in very lowmale trap counts, suggestingthat males were confused by thepheromone scent and wereunable to locate females. Moreimportantly, a one-time

application of SPLAT EC™provided season-long control,resulting in a similar number ofcarob-moth infested fruit as theMalathion treatments, andsignificantly fewer infested fruitcompared to non-treatedcontrols.

In 2007-2008, with Malathionas the only registered chemicalfor use against the carob moth,the IR-4 Biopesticide GrantProgram funded a project to

Figure 1. Carob moth, Ectomyeloisceratoniae (Zeller), adult on date fruit.

Figure 2. Carob moth, Ectomyeloisceratoniae (Zeller), larvae in date fruit.

Figure 5. ApplicEC-O on date phand applicator.

Figure 3. ApplicatioMalathion dust for ccontrol in dates.

Figure 4. SPEC-O “dolldate palm t

ption Reduces Pest Attack onration —by Tom Perring,UC Riverside; Michael Braverman, IR-4 Biopesticide and Organic Support

Program Manager; Agenor Mafra-Neto, President, ISCA Technologies, Inc. Riverside CA

pg 9Vol 45 No 2

Feature

study the impact of applicationtiming of SPLAT EC™ on maletrap catches and subsequentfruit infestation. The resultsfrom this research showed thatan application in early Augustdid not protect the crop throughthe growing season, whereas anapplication in early Septemberprovided control. Thisprompted a second study fundedin 2009-2010 by the GrantProgram to evaluate applicationtiming, placement in the datepalm, and rate of SPLAT EC™on trap shutdown and carobmoth-infestation of dates atharvest. These parameters allhave bearing on the final costand adoption of the matingdisruption strategy.

Studies were conducted usinglarge plots (4 acres = approx.200 palm trees) replicated 3times. Experiments in 2009showed that early Augusttreatments resulted in trapshutdown. However, this did nothold through the season. Asecond treatment reduced themale moth catches. At harvest,there were no differences in thethree timing treatments. Giventhat it is more expensive to applymultiple times throughout aseason, a single application timearound the first week ofSeptember appears best. In2010, three rates (4%, 3%, and1%) of the pheromone mimicwere evaluated. With respect tothe rate of application, all threerates shut down trap counts and

had comparable infestations atthe end of the season. Thissuggests that growers couldapply 1%, 2% or 4% rates andachieve the same result.However, the study in 2010showed higher male mothcounts in late September andOctober than in 2009, and theoverall infestation was higher in2010 than 2009. This mayhave resulted from an overalllower amount of SPLAT EC™that was distributed in the dategarden in 2010 as compared to2009, which resulted in moremales finding females. This, inturn, resulted in a higher generalinfestation in the field in 2010.Based on these studies, a 4%application of SPLAT EC™ (2%in bunches and 2% on the trunkat chest height) during the firstweek of September consistentlyled to positive results over thepast four years of study. Malesare confused because they can’tfind a female to mate with.Mating disruption with a carobmoth pheromone mimic protectsthe harvestable crop and is aseffective as Malathion dust.

RegistrationISCA Technologies, Inc.(Riverside, CA) synthesized thecarob moth pheromone mimic(Z7, E9, 11-dodecatrienylformate) and developed andoptimized the use of SPLAT®(Specialized Pheromone & LureApplication Technology) to applythe material. With the currentlabel SPLAT EC-O (SPLAT

Ectomyelois ceratoniae Organic),ISCA has provided US dategrowers access to semiochemicalpest management tools that areas effective as syntheticchemicals. In 2012, IR-4 set upa meeting for ISCA Technologieswith EPA to discuss theregistration requirements. IR-4also consulted in thedevelopment of some of theregulatory packages submittedto EPA. With some additionalfollow-up by ISCA Technologies,the carob moth pheromoneactive ingredient and userproduct, SPLAT EC-O, becameregistered with EPA at thenational level in 2013.Registration at the state levelensued, and in April 2014 theproduct was approved by theCalifornia EnvironmentalProtection Agency (Cal/EPA) forcommercialization in the state.

ISCA Technologies has launcheda regional marketing campaigncontinued on page 13

cation of SPLATpalm trunk with

on ofcarob moth

PLATop” onrunk.

Application of SPLAT pheromone using ahand applicator

New Workshop

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IR-4 Commodity Icon to Retire

It is with mixed emotions that we share that IR-4’s longtime friend, Rocky Lundy, has announced his decision toretire from his position with the Mint Industry ResearchCouncil. Since 1992, Rocky has served on the IR-4Commodity Liaison Committee, first as an active member,then as Chair of the Committee from 1999 to 2012, andmost recently as Chair, Emeritus. Rocky was never shy intaking the necessary moves to help his beloved IR-4 meet its challenges. To honor Rocky, the IR-4Project Management Committee added him to the IR-4 Hall of Fame during the March 2014 meeting.The following words best describe Rocky’s support for IR-4:

Rocky put his heart and soul into keeping IR-4 on the appropriate path to help mint and other specialtycrop growers find solutions for their pest management problems. His efforts helped facilitateunprecedented expansion within the IR-4 Project. Equally important, Rocky often led fierce battles toprotect IR-4 from funding cuts and government bureaucratic changes that threatened the Project.

Enjoy this new beginning as you retire Rocky. All of us at IR-4 will miss you!

The IR-4 Biopesticide Workshopwill be held in Atlanta Georgiaon September 10, 2014. Since1995, the IR-4 biopesticideefficacy grant program has beenbased on receiving researchproposals. Over the last 2decades this has served us well,but there have been monumentalchanges in the industry andbiopesticide technologiesavailable and so, IR-4 isdetermined to address thosechanges. Foremost the workshopmarks a shift to a systemwhereby grower needs areprioritized before deciding whatproducts to evaluate.Biopesticides represent the

diversity ranging from organicsto biotechnology, and IR-4 iscommitted to embrace the fullrange of pest management tools.

The meeting will consist ofpresentations of researchsuccesses, exploration of needsand potential tools to fit theneeds. These will fit within thecontext of the overall strategy ofintegration of biopesticides intoconventional agriculture,resistance management,utilization of biopesticides forresidue mitigation ofconventional pesticides to avoidtrade barriers, organicagriculture and biotechnologyopportunities.

The scope of crops will include allspecialty crops such as fruits andvegetables, ornamentalhorticulture and it will alsoinclude public healthbiopesticides.

The process will start with thecollection of needs. To submit arequest and for more informationabout the Workshop visitir4.rutgers.edu. An exceptionalgroup of expert speakers willinclude Ralph Scorza of ARSspeaking about horticulturalbiotechnology, Steve Duke ofARS on weed management, MarkWhalon of Michigan StateUniversity on organic pestmanagement and fruit insectmanagement, and Jason Sandhalof USDA-FAS on residuemitigation.The meeting willculminate with an opportunity tovote on the highest crop-pestmanagement needs. Mark yourcalendars for September 10th.Attend, discover and vote!

IR-4 to Hold its FirstBiopesticide Workshop—by Michael Braverman, Manager Biopesticide and OrganicSupport Program

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New NIFA Program LeaderMeet RobHedberg

The IR-4 Newsletter Vol 45 No. 2

The IR-4 Newsletter is published quarterly for distribution to cooperators in our partnerState/Federal/Industry research units, State and Federal officials, commodity groups, andprivate citizens. Material from the IR-4 Newsletter may be reproduced with credit to thepublication. Major funding for IR-4 is provided by USDA-NIFA and USDA-ARS in co-operation with the State Agricultural Experiment Stations. New Jersey AgriculturalExperiment Station Publication No.P-27200-14-02, supported by state, US Hatch Act,and other USDA funds.

Editor: Sherrilynn NovackIR-4 Public Relations and Communication Manager, 732.932.9575 x 4632, novack@aesop.rutgers.edu

Newsletter Committee:Northeast Regional Field Coordinator, Edith Lurvey, 315.787.2308. North Central Regional Director, Bob Hollingworth, 517.432.7718. Western Regional Assistant Field Coordinator, Stephen Flanagan, 541.688.3155. Southern Regional Field Coordinator, Michelle Samuel-Foo, 352-392-1978 ext 406 Southern Region Program Assistant/Quality Assurance Support Robin Federline 352.392.1978 x 424. Commodity Liaison Committee member, Mike Bledsoe, 407-493-3933 of VillageFarms.

IR-4 HQ, 732.932.9575Assistant Director, Van Starner x 4621Ornamental Horticulture Manager, Cristi Palmer x 4629Technical Coordinator/Entomology, Ken Samoil x 4614Research Analyst, Kathryn Homa x 4604

In January 2014, Rob Hedbergwas appointed to serve as theNational Program Leader forMinor Use Pesticides in additionto his existing role as NationalDirector for the SustainableAgriculture Research andEducation Program, a positionhe has held since January 2009.Both of these positions rely onactive engagement with nationaland regional partnerships toguide highly relevant sciencetargeted to solving growers’needs and concerns.

Hedberg has worked at USDAsince 2005, first as a SciencePolicy and Legislative AffairsAdvisor for CSREES and later asActing Director of Legislativeand Inter-governmental Affairsfor the Research Education andEconomics Mission area from2007-2008.

Prior to joining USDA Hedbergacquired significant agriculturalscience policy experience fromwork on the staff of the U.S.Senate Agriculture Committeeas an American Association forthe Advancement of Science(AAAS) Fellow and as Directorof Science Policy for theNational and Regional WeedScience Societies.

Hedberg gained practical fieldexperience in both the publicand private sectors frompositions as the director ofagronomic business for aregional farm cooperative and as

a regional agronomy agent forthe University of VermontExtension service and as theowner of a crop consulting andresearch business.

After growing up on a small farmin Michigan, Hedberg received aBachelor's degree in Crop andSoil Science from Michigan StateUniversity, a Master's degree inPlant Science from theUniversity of New Hampshireand a Certificate of GraduateStudies in Management andAdministration at HarvardUniversity.

Rob Hedbergleft, withJerry Baron atthe IR-4/IPMSummit heldat NIFA inOctober,2012 Dont forget to follow us.

www.facebook.com/IR4Project,www.facebook.com/IR4OrnHortand

@IR4_Project and @IR4Project.

Also, subscribe to ourmonthly email blasts andother notifications by joiningour email list atir4.rutgers.edu.

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Mosquitoes

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Mosquito control has long madeuse of biocontrol andbiopesticides, although theeffectiveness of these “natural”control measures has beendebated and their popularity haswaxed and waned relative to“conventional” pesticides.Recently there has beensignificant interest in reducingthe use of synthetic chemicals invector control and elsewhere,and a range of traditional andnovel practices have beensuggested as alternatives. Thisarticle reviews some biologicaland biochemical approaches tomosquito management anddiscusses whether “all-natural”mosquito control is feasible.

A wide range of predators andpathogens help limit mosquitopopulations in nature andseveral have been adopted asmosquito control interventions.Rearing and stocking fish so thatthey can eat mosquito larvae is atime-honored form of biologicalcontrol, to the extent that thetop-minnow Gambusia affinis iswidely known as the“mosquitofish.” Applyingnatural products, such as oils ofcitronella or lemon eucalyptus,to the skin to repel adultmosquitoes is intended to

reduce biting and the risk ofdisease transmission withoutreducing vector populations.Ditching is a form of habitatmanagement used primarily toencourage dispersal ofpredaceous fish. The bacteriaBacillus thuringiensis israelensis(Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs)are both sold as EPA-registeredbiopesticides, but Bti is deadwhen applied to mosquitohabitats while Bs is applied as alive culture with hopes that it willpersist and grow. Methoprene isa synthetic insect juvenilehormone mimic which preventsemergence of adult mosquitoeswithout actually killing them. Oilfrom the chrysanthemum speciesknown as pyrethrum includesnatural biochemicals that aretoxic to mosquitoes. Thus, it ispossible to distinguishnaturally-derived from syntheticchemicals, but it is difficult tomake meaningful generalstatements about “natural”approaches to mosquito control.

As with synthetics, biocontrolorganisms and natural productscan target different mosquito lifestages, and can be used eitherto kill or to repel pests.Mosquito biocontrol usuallyaims at killing larval mosquitoes,as this is the life stage that ismost concentrated and least ableto avoid predators. In additionto fish, predaceous aquaticbeetles and other invertebratescan be encouraged with habitatmanipulation. Bats and birds will

sometimes eat adult mosquitoes,but do not effectively reducemosquito populations;dragonflies are good predatorsof adult mosquito but hard torear. Plant oils can be used tokill larval mosquitoes but requirelarge quantities for effectivecontrol. On the other hand,many plant oils repel mosquitoesif one is willing to reapplyfrequently, and pyrethrum is verytoxic to adult mosquitoes insmall quantities. This means thatbotanical extracts are effectivelyused by individuals to repeladult mosquitoes and byorganized programs to kill them;the markets for both of theseproduct types is large andgrowing.

Some new biological materialsand new application methodsappear promising. Many strains

“All Natural” Mosquito Control?— by Karl Malamud-Roam, IR-4 Public Health Pesticides Program Manager

continued on next page

The "mosquitofish" Gambusia affinis

Citronella & its Oil

Pyrethrum flowers, the source for pyrethrins

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Feature

of entomopathogenic virusesand fungi have been screenedfor vector control use, and thefungus Lagenidium giganteumhas been registered formosquito control. In addition,botanical or bacterial extractshave been tested in volatile

continued from previous page

aimed towards SPLAT EC-Oavailability to date growers.Other than removal of wastedates and using mesh bags, bothof which can be expensive andvery labor intensive, this is theonly organic solution for thecontrol of carob moth. Theresponse in the date industry hasbeen strong, and ISCATechnologies expects a fastadoption of the product in thedate industry. Since this matingdisruption product has beendeveloped in close partnershipbetween all of the stakeholders,including date growers, fundingagencies (IR4 and USDA),academia (UCR) and privateindustry (ISCA Technologies),SPLAT EC-O is gainingpopularity in the CoachellaValley.

Acknowledgement

We wish to thank the CaliforniaDate Commission andChairman, Albert Keck, for theirsupport of this project.

References CitedCarpenter, J. B., and H. S.Elmer. 1978. Pests and diseasesof the date palm. USDAAgricultural Handbook No. 527.

(CDFA) California Departmentof Food and Agriculture. 1983.Carob moth in California, pp.11-14. In R. Gill and S. Kaiser(eds.) California plant pest anddisease report, vol. 2. CDFA,Sacramento.

Nay, J. E., E. A. Boyd, and T. M.Perring. 2006. Reduction ofcarob moth in ‘Deglet Noor’dates using a bunch cleaningtool. Crop Protection 25:758-765.Nay, J.E. and T. M. Perring.2005. Impact of ant predationand heat on carob moth

(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)mortality in California dategardens. J. Econ. Entomol.725-731.

Nay, J. E., Y. L. Park, and T. M.Perring. 2007. Effect of bunchsanitation on spatial distributionof abscised fruit and phycitinemoths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)in California date gardens. J.Econ. Entomol. 100:1773-1780.

Nay, J. E., and T. M. Perring.2009. Effect of center cut strandthinning on fruit abscission andEctomyelois ceratoniae(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)infestation in California dategardens. J. Econ. Entomol. 102:948-953.

USDA 2013. Noncitrus fruitsand nuts, 2012 preliminarysummary.(usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/NoncFruiNu/NoncFruiNu-01-25-2013.txt)

Warner, R. L., M. M. Barnes,and E. F. Laird. 1990a. Chemicalcontrol of a carob moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), andvarious nitidulid beetles(Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on‘Deglet Noor’ dates inCalifornia. J. Econ. Entomol. 83:2357-2361.

Warner, R. L., M. M. Barnes,and E. F. Laird. 1990b.Reduction of insect infestationand fungal infection by culturalpractice in date gardens.Environ. Entomol. 19:1618-1623.

Carob Mothcontinued from page 9

Mosquitoes “spatial repellents” and inAttractive Toxic Sugar Baits, andshort strands of RNA may formhighly selective biopesticides.Public interest in naturalproducts and their use inmosquito control is likely toincrease. However, naturalproducts vary in compositionand effectiveness, are lesspotent than synthesizedanalogues, can be expensive,and are not as harmless as somemay hope. They can have asignificant role preventingmosquito bites, but it seemshighly unlikely that they will fullyreplace synthetic chemicalrepellents, larvicides, oradulticides.Bti bacteria forming spores

Information Exchange

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Varroa Mites in Honeybees Still aMajor Concern—by Michael Braverman, Manager Biopesticide & Organic Support ProgramThe Varroa mite Varroadestructor has been a pest inhoneybees in the US since the1980’s. Varroa mites are aparasite that live on the outsideof the bee’s body and attackboth adult and developing bees.The mite is consistentlyconsidered the primary pest inbees. While there are manytheories on the cause of ColonyCollapse Disorder, Varroa mite isthought to play a major role.The mite may be small to theeye but in comparison to thebee, it is huge. On a humanscale, it has been described asbeing equivalent to the size of adinner plate or basketball,sucking out the bee’shemolymph (blood-like fluids)and injecting viruses. Thecombination of fluid loss anddisease can be devastating to thebee colony. Bees are extremelyimportant in horticultural cropsand pollination has beenestimated to contribute 13

billion dollars in crop value tofruits and vegetables.IR-4 has been assisting in theregistration of several tools formanaging Varroa mite includingboth conventional products andbiopesticides. Just like plantmites, Varroa mites arechampions when it comes todeveloping resistance topesticides therefore new optionsfor managing this pest are stillneeded. Several Section 18registrations (Emergency use)have been approved by EPA overthe last several years due toresistance issues includingcoumaphos (Check-Mite),fenproximate (Hivastan), hopsbeta acid (HopGuard) andamitraz (Apivar). IR-4 submittedthe Section 3 registrations forcoumaphos and hop beta acid.IR-4 also helped to get the firstformic acid use approved as wellas thymol (Api-Life Var) andsucrose octanoate (Sucrocide).Oxalic acid is also of interest to

beekeepers, and IR-4 is stillattempting to get this registered.

Future developments in varroamite control may includemolecular approaches. An RNAi(RNA interference is explained indetail in IR-4 Newsletter Vol.45No. 1) to decrease resistance ofmites to some pesticides(through reductions inglutathione-S-transferaseactivity) has been developed butthe method of efficientlyadministering this product is stillunder development. In addition,it would only overcomeresistance issues so a pesticidewould still be needed. OtherRNAi approaches have beenfound to be possible incontrolling several bee diseases.The fact that Varroa mite cantransmit bee diseases (such asviruses) may enable Varroa tospread RNAi based productsthat manage bee viruses to otherbees. Similarly, there has alsobeen more recent evidence thata type of double stranded RNA(dsRNA) fed to honeybees insucrose feeding solutions can betransferred to Varroa mites whenmites suck on bee fluids. SeveraldsRNA targeting Varroa miteshave been successfullytransferred to Varroa miteincluding interference with theVarroa mites skeletal structureand cell death. These are still atthe research phase.

Varroa Mite on Honey Bee

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Call for Nominations

Call for Nominations:IR-4 SOAR AwardThe IR-4 Project has establishedthe SOAR award to recognizethose individuals who excel inserving growers of Specialty andMinor Use Crops. The awardeeswill have demonstrated clearService toward enhancing themission of IR-4 throughparticipation on committees,advisory panels, or similaractivities; excellent Outreach togrowers educating growers onIR-4; Altruism by donating timeand effort towards IR-4’smission; outstanding Researchwhich contributes to expandedproduct labels and increasedunderstanding of product use. Inother words, awardees SOAR insupporting the IR-4 mission toprovide growers registrations ofnew and expanded pestmanagement tools.

The SOAR award will be givento a limited number ofindividuals annually, but noaward will be given if there areno eligible nominees during aparticular year. Awardees can beanyone associated with the IR-4Project except active PMCmembers and active full-timeIR-4 personnel. Past winnersinclude: John Ahrens, LoriBerger, Dan Botts and MichaelBenson.

The selected awardee(s) willdemonstrate excellence in 3 ofthe 4 elements:Service• Such as Participation instanding committees and

ad hoc committees• Participation in advisorypanels• Participation in similaractivities which enhance thedirection and mission of IR-4Outreach• Such as Consistent vocalsupporter of IR-4 with growersand/or Lawmakers• Routinely includes recognitionof IR-4 in print and visual media elevating IR-4’s profile in thegrower communityAltruism• Such as Donation of time,extra research, plant materials,etcResearch• Such as Participation in IR-4Program for a minimum of 3years• Consistently produces stellarand timely research• Research results contributedto new or enhanced product labels

The process to select awardee(s)will begin with a nominationmade by peers or IR-4personnel. Nominations must bemade on the SOAR AwardNomination Form (found atwww.ir4.rutgers.edu) and beaccompanied by a minimum of 2letters of support fromindividuals other than thenominator. Deadline forsubmission will be July 15,2014. The SOAR award will bepresented at a suitable venue.

Save the DatesIUPAC Conference

August 10-14, 2014San Francisco, CA

Northeast Regional MeetingAugust 19 to 20, Best Western

Airport, Albany, NY. There will be a one day symposium

on biopesticides in IPM andOrganic Production in conjunction

with this meeting (half days Aug. 19 and 20).

Contact: Edith Lurveyell10@cornell.edu

North Central Regional MeetingAugust 18-19, 2014

East Lansing, MIContact:Satoru Miyazaki

ncrir4@cns.msu.edu

2014 Food Use WorkshopSeptember 9-10, 2014

The JW Marriott Atlanta Buckhead, 3300 Lenox

Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30326-1333

Contact: Van Starnerstarner@aesop.rutgers,edu

2014 Biopesticide & OrganicSupport Workshop

September 10, 2014The JW Marriott

Atlanta Buckhead, 3300 LenoxRoad NE,

Atlanta, GA 30326-1333Contact: Michael Braverman

braverman@aesop.rutgers,edu

8th International IPM SymposiumMarch 23–26, 2015Salt Lake City Utah

XXV International Congress ofEntomology

September 25-30, 2016Orlando, Florida

IR-4 Headquarters, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey500 College Road EastSuite 201 WPrinceton, NJ 08540

NON-PROFITUS POSTAGE

PAIDNEW BRUNSWICK, NJ

PERMIT NO. 157

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey •University of California •Cornell University•University of Florida •Michigan State University

Major funding for IR-4 is provided by Special Research Grants andHatch Act Funds from USDA-NIFA , in cooperation with the StateAgricultural Experiment Stations, and USDA-ARS.

Tolerance SuccessesUnited States Department of AgricultureNational Institute of Food and Agriculture

IR-4 Successes February 2014 - April 2014The trade names listed below are provided as a means to identify the chemical for which a tolerance has been established. A trade namelisted here may not be the name of the product on which the new food use(s) will be registered. Only labeled products may be used on afood crop. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemi-

Federal Register: Feb 07, 2014ClothianidinTrade Names: Arena, BelayCrops: Green onion subgroup3-07B, Papaya, Passionfruit,Spice subgroup 19B, Stone fruitgroup 12-12 (except cherry,chickasaw plum, and damsonplum)PR#: A10204, B10204,11200

Federal Register: Feb 12, 2014LinuronTrade Name: LoroxCrops: Cilantro/Coriander, Dill,

Horseradish, Parsley, Dry PeaPR#: 01625, 01432, 03609,03035, 09651

Federal Register: Mar 05, 2014TriflumizoleTrade Names: Procure,TerraguardCrops: Greenhouse tomato,Small vine-climbing fruit (exceptfuzzy kiwifruit) subgroup13-07F, Low-growing berry(except cranberry) subgroup13-07G, Pome fruit group11-10PR#: 09299, 11048, 11049,

11050

Federal Register: Apr 02, 2014ClomazoneTrade Name: CommandCrops: Head and stem Brassicasubgroup 5A, Southern pea,Cowpea forage and hay,RhubarbPR#: A3569, 08934, 08724