vnr vignana jyothi institute of engineering & · pdf filebusiness economics and financial...

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VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

II B.Tech II Semester (ME)

Academic Year 2016-17

Academic Plan

1. Computational Methods

2. Business Economics and Financial Analysis

3. Kinematics of Machinery

4. Thermal Engineering

5. Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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(Autonomous)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Sem-II, II- B.Tech – 2016-17

Course Code No. : 5BS13

Course Name : COMPUTATIONAL METHODS

Instructor – in – charge : Dr. G.Sireesha & G.Jithender Reddy

Instructors : Dr. G.Sireesha & G.Jithender Reddy

1. Scope and objective of the course (one paragraph):

This course includes solution of linear and Transcendental equations, solution of

a system of linear and non-linear large systems by direct and Iterative methods.

In Interpolation estimation of function values and rate of change of functions will

be found using various methods of estimation of functions including highly

accurate, interpolation, Spline methods. When analytical methods of

mathematics fail to solve Ordinary Differential Equations of Initial value and

Boundary value Problems type, it may be solved by various Numerical Methods

based on nature of problem. In the last two units, Linear Algebra involving

Computational Methods for solving linear and non-linear problems are done.

Course objectives:

Understand the numerical methods for non linear systems, evaluating

definite integrals and solving Ordinary Differential Equations.

Understand various methods of interpolation and application.

Understand the Echelon form and Normal form of a matrix and its

applications in solving linear system of equations.

Solving system of linear equations using Jacobi and Gauss-Seidal methods.

Learning outcomes:

Student will be able to

Apply the numerical methods to find a root of algebraic and transcendental

equations.

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Apply the numerical methods to find the solutions of ordinary differential

quations.

Find the rank using Echelon form, Normal form and compute eigen values.

Solve linear equations using Jacobi method and Gauss-Seidal method

Text Books :

1. Numerical Methods for science and engineering – Dr B. S. Grewal

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics -Erwin Kreyszig ,(2002), 8th Edition,

John Wiley and Sons

2. Elementary Numerical Analysis an Algorithmic Approach-Samuel D.Conte

and Carl de Boor,(2006),3rd Edition,

Tata McGraw Hill.

3. Numerical Analysis – R.L Burden and J. L. Faires, (2007) Thomson (Indian

Edition)

http://www.powershow.com/view/11b458-

MDVmM/Finding_Roots_of_Nonlinear_Equations_powerpoint_ppt_presentati

on#.Vtw4DWYyOv8.gmail

Unit: 1 course plan

Lecture Schedule:

Lecture 1: Introduction and importance of numerical methods

Lecture 2: Mathematical Preliminaries

Lecture 3: Methods of solution and Bisection method

Lecture 4: Regula Falsi/ False position method and application

Lecture 5: Iterative methods: fixed point iterative method

Lecture 6: Newton-Raphson method and rate of convergence

Lecture 7 : Problems by iterative methods

Lecture 8: Solving problems

http://www.powershow.com/view/11b458-MDVmM/Finding_Roots_of_Nonlinear_Equations_powerpoint_ppt_presentation#.Vtw4DWYyOv8.gmail



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Assignment:

1. Find the root of 5 25 with 5th decimal accuracy.

2. Find the least positive real root of: tan x =1, using Newton‘s Raphson

method with 6th decimal accuracy.

3. Write the fixed point algorithm for .0cos xex x and check whether

solution converges.

Unit: 2 Course plan:

Lecture Schedule:

Lecture 1: Introduction and importance of Interpolation &applications

Lecture 2: Un-equally spaced data & Lagrange‘s formula

Lecture 4: Different operators and relations among them

Lecture 5: Newton Divided Difference Formula and application

Lecture 6: Equally spaced data and interpolation formulae

Lecture 7: Newton forward and Backward interpolation formulae

Lecture 6: Gauss fwd and bwd difference formulae

Lecture7 : Problems

Lecture8 : Applications

Assignment:

1. Write the best interpolation method and write the advantages and

disadvantages of it. Find the missing values in the following table

x 0 5 10 15 20 25

y 6 10 -- 17 -- 31

3. Prove that 2222 )2

11(1

4. Find y(25) , given that .40,35,32,24 32282420 yyyy by using Gauss

forward interpolation formula.

5. Using the following table find f(x) as a polynomial in x and using it,

estimate function value at x = 1.

5

x -1 0 3 6 7

f(x) 3 -6 39 822 1611

6. Estimate the function at x=0.5 using Gauss formula

x -1 0 1 2 3

y -6 -1 4 12 15

Unit: 3

Numerical Differentiation & Integration, Numerical Solution of Ordinary

Differential Equations :

Lecture Schedule:

Lecture 1: Introduction & importance of Numerical differentiation and

Integration

Lecture 2: Differentiation formulae for equ., Uneq. spaced data

Lecture 3: Numerical Integration and Newton-Cotes formula

Lecture 4: Trapezoidal and Simpson‘s 1/3, 3/8 Rules

Lecture 5: Quadrature 2, 3 point formula

Lecture6: Numerical solution of IVP by Taylor‘s series

Lecture 7: Picards‘ method and problems

Lecture 8: Euler‘s and modified Euler‘s method

Lecture 9: Runge-kutta method for IVP

Lecture10: Adams-Bashforth Multistep methods

Lecture 11: Problems

Assignment:

1. Estimate the approximate value of the integral

d2/

0

cos with step size

h=

using ⅓ Simpson‘s rule and Quadrature 2 , 3 point formulae

2. (a) Using Taylor‘s series method find an approximate value of = xy such

that y(0)=1 at x = 0.1 upto 3rd decimal accuracy.

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(b) Find an approximate solution of

such that y(0)=1 at x=0.1using 4th

order Runge-Kutta method.

Unit: 4

Matrices

Lecture Schedule:

Lecture 1: Elementary Transformations, Rank of matrix,

Lecture 2: Echelon and Normal forms,

Lecture 3: Consistency of linear simultaneous equations

Lecture 4: Homog. And non-homog. systems

Lecture 5: Eigen values and eigen vectors

Lecture6: and its properties

Lecture 7: Cayley – Hamilton theorem (without proof),

Lecture 8: Quadratic forms

Lecture 9: Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form

Lecture10: By linear(congruent) and orthogonal transforms..

Lecture 11: Problems

Assignment:

Unit: 5

Complex Matrices and Iterative methods

Lecture Schedule:

Lecture 1: Hermitian , skew – Hermitian & Unitary matrices.

Lecture 2: Iterative methods for solving linear system

Lecture 3: Jacobi method

Lecture 4: Gauss-Seidal algorithm

Lecture 5: Power method

Lecture 6: finding largest and smallest eigen values

Lecture 7: Problems

Assignment:

4. Evaluation Scheme:

(a) Assignment Test Weightage: 10 marks, average of 1st and 2nd

Assignments

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(b) MID Exams Weightage: 30 marks with best for 80% and next for 20%

1) ..I MID forenoon

2) II MID forenoon

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VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (VNRVJIET)

BACHUPALLY, NIZAMPET (SO),(VIA) KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD – 500 090

Academic Plan

for

BUSINESS ECONOMICS & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (BEFA) Subject Code : (5BS41)

II Year B.Tech II Semester Academic Year (2016-2017)

Department of Mechanical Engineering (ME)

Prepared by

Dr.S.V.S.S.SRINIVASA RAJU

Professor (MED)

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R15

Course Objectives:

To explain different forms of organizing private and public sector business

enterprises and to analyze the significance of Business Economics in

solving the problems of business enterprise. Also to define and analyze the

concepts of Demand, Elasticity of Demand and Demand Forecasting

Methods.

To analyze the various types of costs and to determine the level of output at

which there is neither profit nor loss. To estimate capital requirements and

to describe various sources of mobilizing funds. Also to identify least cost

combinations of inputs produce desired quantity of output.

To describe the features of different market structure and pricing

strategies.

To explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions. To elaborate the

importance of finance function for evaluating the economic status of a

business unit.

Course Outcomes

Students will be able to:

Select the suitable form of business organization which meets the

requirement of selected business also perform decision – making function

effectively in an uncertain frame work by applying concepts of Managerial

Economics. Meet and manipulate the demand efficiently and plan the

future course of action.

Apply right kind cost to reduce cost by paying attention towards the costs

which can be reduced. Take decision whether to buy or produce? Reduce

the cost of capital by selecting best source of fund mobilization and select

best investment opportunity which yields higher rate of return.

Fix the right price which can best meets the predetermined objectives of the

business firm under different market conditions. Able to select best

combination of inputs to produce required quantity of output.

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Prepare books of accounts and know over all financial position of the

business enterprise which enables the concerned to take appropriate

measures to improve the situation. Also interpret the financial position

from difference angles and initiates the measures/ efforts in that

direction.

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VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology

II Year B. Tech ME II Sem L T /P/D C

4 0 4

(5BS41) BUSINESS ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

UNIT I

BUSINESS AND NEW ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Characteristic features of business; Features and evaluation of sole

proprietorship; Partnership; Joint stock company; Public enterprises and their

types; Changing business environment in post- liberalization scenario.

UNIT II

INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ECONOMICS, AND DEMAND ANALYSIS

Definition; Nature and scope of managerial economics - demand analysis

determinants; Law of demand and its exceptions.

ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND DEMAND FORECASTING

Definition; Types; Measurement and significance of elasticity of demand; Demand

forecasting; Factors governing demand forecasting; Methods of demand

forecasting - survey methods, statistical methods, expert opinion method, test

marketing, controlled experiments, and judgmental approach to demand

forecasting.

UNIT III

COST ANALYSIS

Cost concepts - opportunity cost, fixed vs. variable costs, explicit costs vs. implicit

costs, and out of pocket costs vs. imputed costs; Break-even analysis (BEA) -

determination of break-even point (simple problems), managerial significance,

and limitations of BEA.

CAPITAL AND CAPITAL BUDGETING

Capital and its significance; Types of capital; Estimation of fixed and working

capital requirements; Methods and sources of raising finance. Nature and scope

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of capital budgeting; Features of capital budgeting proposals; Methods of capital

budgeting - payback method, accounting rate of return (ARR), and net present

value method (simple problems)

UNIT IV

THEORY OF PRODUCTION

Production function - isoquants and isocosts, least cost combination of inputs,

and laws of returns; Internal and external economics of scale.

MARKET STRUCTURES

Types of competition; Features of perfect competition, monopoly, and

monopolistic competition; Price-output determination in case of perfect

competition and monopoly.

PRICING POLICIES AND METHODS

Cost plus pricing; Marginal cost pricing; Sealed bid pricing; Going rate pricing,

Limit pricing, Market skimming pricing, Penetration pricing, Two-part pricing,

Block pricing, Bundling pricing, Peak load pricing, Cross subsidization.

UNI T V

INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

Double-entry book keeping; Journal; Ledger; Trial balance; Final accounts -

trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet with simple

adjustments.

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS THROUGH RATIOS

Computation; Analysis and interpretation of liquidity ratios - current ratio, and

quick ratio; Activity ratios - inventory turnover ratio, and debtor turnover ratio;

Capital structure ratios – debt-equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio;

Profitability ratios - gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, operating ratio, P/E ratio,

and EPS.

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis by Aryasri, 2009; Publisher:

Tata McGraw Hill.

2. Managerial Economics by Varshney and Maheswari, 2009; Publisher: Sultan

Chand.

REFERENCES:

1. Financial Accounting for Management: An analytical perspective by Ambrish

Gupta, 2010; Publisher: Pearson Education.

2. Managerial Economics by H. Craig Peterson and W. Cris Lewis; Publisher:

Prentice Hall of India.

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TEACHING PLAN

for

Business Economics & Financial Analysis

UNIT I

Business & New–Economic environment:

Characteristic features of Business, features and evaluation of sole

proprietorship, partnership, Joint Stock Company, Public enterprises and their

types. Changing Business Environment in post–liberalization scenario.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After studying this unit, you should be able to :

Define the term Business and explain feature of Business.

Explain the forms of organizing business enterprises.

Determine the factors which help in identifying suitable form of

organization.

Pin–point the rationale of the present large-scale presence of public

enterprises in our economy.

Outline economic and non-economic objectives of public enterprises.

Analysis various forms of organizing public enterprises.

Explain problems of PEs and also suggest measures to solve the same.

Analyze the changes in business environment ( Recent trends in Business

sector )

LECTURE PLAN: Total no_ of classes: 17

NO.OF

CLASSES TOPIC COVERED

2 Business, characteristics of business, types

1 Types of business organizations-sole proprietorship

1 Partnership-features, advantages & Demerits

1 Joint stock company-features, merits, demerits

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1 Formation a company

2 Differences between private limited & public Limited Company.

1 Public enterprises-features, advantages and demerits

1 Forms of organizing PEs

1 Objectives, problems and solutions of PEs

1 New Industrial Policy 1991 and its critical evaluation

2 Public Sector and financial sector reforms

2 Privatization & Globalization

1 Changing business environment after 1991

ASSIGNEMNTS :

1. What are the characteristics of a business unit?

2. Explain the features of sole trader form of organization. Discuss the

advantages and limitations of sole trader form of organization?

3. Evaluate the partnership form of business organization. How does it

overcome the limitation of proprietary form of business?

4. What qualities do you expect in persons to become good partners in

business?

5. What do you understand by Joint Stock Company? What are its salient

features?

6. What are the reasons for joint stock Company being popular as a form of

organization?

7. Discuss the factors affecting the choice of forms of business organization?

8. Distinguish between public limited and private limited company?

9. What is need for public enterprises? Explain the recent achievements of

public enterprises.

10. Explain briefly various steps involved in formation of a company?

11. Distinguish between public corporation and Government Company?

12. Examine the impact of changes that have taken place in business

environment on business enterprise functioning.

13. What do you understand by privatization & Globalization?

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14. Vertically evaluate new industrial policy 1991.

UNIT II

Introduction to business economics, and demand analysis

Definition; Nature and scope of managerial economics - demand analysis

determinants; Law of demand and its exceptions.

Elasticity of demand and demand forecasting

Definition; Types; Measurement and significance of elasticity of demand; Demand

forecasting; Factors governing demand forecasting; Methods of demand

forecasting - survey methods, statistical methods, expert opinion method, test

marketing, controlled experiments, and judgmental approach to demand

forecasting.


After studying this unit, Student should be able to :

Define ―Managerial Economics‖

Identify the factors that constitute scope of Managerial Economics.

Explain significance of Managerial Economics and how it helps business

managers in performing decision – making function.

Define what is Demand

Analyze the important factors determining demand for a commodity.

List out the conditions or situation under which law of demand does not

hold good.

Explain assumptions of Law of Demand.

Suggest the appropriate measure to accelerate the product demand.

Measurement of change in Quantity demanded as a result of change in

demand determinant.

How Elasticity of Demand helps businessman in fixing right price for his

product.

Factors determining nature of Demand for a product.

Types of Elasticity of Demand and measurement of the same.

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Importance of estimating demand for commodities.

Factors to be taken into account while undertaking demand forecasting

activity.

Possible approaches to forecast demand of new and established products


NO.OF


1 Introduction to Economics

1 Introduction to Managerial Economics

1 Scope & significance of Managerial Economics

1 Relation of Managerial Economics with others subjects

1 Introduction to Demand & Types

1 Demand Determinants

1 Law of Demand – Def , Assumptions & Exceptions

1 Discussion of old Question papers

1 Elasticity of demand, its definitions, types

1 Types of price Elasticities

1 Factors determining elasticity of demand

1 Significance of Elasticity of demand

1 Meaning of demand forecasting & its significance

1 Criteria for good forecasting

1 Factors involved in demand forecasting

1 Methods of demand forecasting

1 Discussion on old question papers

ASSIGNEMNTS:

1. ―Managerial Economics is the discipline which deals with the application of

economic theory to business management‖. explain

2. Managerial Economics is the study of the allocation of resources available

to a firm. Explain

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3. Managerial Economics is prescriptive rather than descriptive in character.

Explain this statement.

4. Discuss in detail the role of economics in Engineering Industry and its

influence on the technical decisions.

5. Define Managerial Economics. Explain its relationship with other branches

and also explain the role of managerial economist in running business

enterprise on prudent commercial practice.

6. What is demand analysis ? Explains the factors influencing the demand for

a product.

7. What is meant by demand ? Everyone desires for an Ambassador CAR –

does this mean that the demand for Ambassador CAR is large ?

8. State and explain the law of demand. Are there any exceptions to the law ?

9. What is meant by elasticity of demand ? Explain by giving suitable

examples, how elasticity of demand determines the price policy of a firm.

10. Explain the concepts and kinds of elasticity of demand that are relevant to

the managers of a firm.

11. What is cross – elasticity of demand ? Is it positive for substitutes or for

complements? Show in a diagram the curve relating the demand for coffee

to the price of tea

12. Define income – elasticity of demand and distinguish it‘s various types ?

How does income elasticity differ from price elasticity of demand ?

13. Explain the factors determining Elasticity of demand ?

14. What do you mean by demand forecasting ? Explain briefly various

methods of demand forecasting ?

15. What criteria should be adopted to choose a good forecasting Method to

estimate product demand?

16. What are the factors that are considered while estimating a firms sales ?

Enumerate the difficulties in forecasting sale of consumer durables?

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UNIT III

Cost analysis

Cost concepts - opportunity cost, fixed vs. variable costs, explicit costs vs. implicit

costs, and out of pocket costs vs. imputed costs; Break-even analysis (BEA) -

determination of break-even point (simple problems), managerial significance,

and limitations of BEA.

Capital and capital budgeting

Capital and its significance; Types of capital; Estimation of fixed and working

capital requirements; Methods and sources of raising finance.

Nature and scope of capital budgeting; Features of capital budgeting proposals;

Methods of capital budgeting - payback method, accounting rate of return (ARR),

and net present value method (simple problems)



Define various types of costs

Distinguish between one type of cost and the others.

Analyze the nature of various costs and how they influence the total cost.

Explain the significance of cost analyses in taking right decisions in

business enterprises.

Determine the level of output at which there is neither profit nor loss.

Calculate / Identify the volume of sales at which a desired amount of profit

can be earned.

Estimate capital requirements of business enterprises.

Describe the sources of mobilization of long-term & short-term capital.

Explain factors determining working capital and fixed capital requirements.

Evaluate the investment opportunities in terms of cost and benefit.

Identify the best investment opportunity which yields higher rate of return.

Explain importance of capital budgeting and also explain basic procedure

involved in selection of best investment proposal.

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NO.OF


2 Cost concepts, Cost classifications

1 Break – Even – Analysis, Assumption, Significance & Limitations

2 Problems of BEA

1 Arithmetical & Graphical presentation of BEA

2 Capital budgeting- definition, feature, importance, steps involved

1 Methods of capital budgeting; payback methods

1 Accounting rate of return, merits demerits

1 Net present value method, merits, demerits

ASSIGNEMNTS :

1. Explain the relationship between marginal cost, average cost and total cost,

assuming a short run non – linear cost function ?

2. What is opportunity cost ? Give some examples of opportunity cost. How

are these costs relevant for managerial decisions ?

3. Write short notes on

a. Fixed cost and variable cost

b. Out of pocket costs and imputed cost

c. Explicit cost and Implicit cost.

d. Shutdown cost and Abandonment cost

4. What is meant by break even Analysis ? Explain the uses and limitation of

BEP

5. Describe the Break – Even point with the help of diagram and its uses in

business decision – making ?

6. How do you determine BEP in terms of Physical units and sales value ?

7. If sales is 10,000 units and selling price Rs.20 per units, variable cost

Rs.10 per unit and fixed cost is Rs.80000, find out BEP in units and in

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sales revenue. What is profit earned ? What should be the sales for earning

a profit of Rs. 60,000 ?

8. The PV ratio of VNRVJIET Ltd. Is 40% and the margin of safety is 30% you

are required to work out the BEP and net profit, if the sales volume is

Rs.14000.

9. Sales are Rs.110000 producing a project of Rs.4000 in period – I sales are

Rs. 150000 producing a project of Rs,12000 in period – II. Determine BEP

and fixed expenses.

10. Describe the institutions providing long term finance.

11. What are the major sources of short term finance?

12. What are the components of working capital? Explain each of them?

13. Explain the following with respect to working capital management

a. Kinds of working capital

b. Significance of maintaining adequate working capital.

c. Estimation of working capital requirements.

14. What do you understand by working capital cycle and what is its

importance?

15. What is importance of capital budgeting? Explain the basic steps involved

in evaluating capital budget proposals?

16. What are the merits and limitations of payback period ? How does

discounting approach overcome the limitations of payback method?

17. What is meant by discounting and time value of money? How is it useful in

capital budgeting?

18. A business firm is thinking of choosing the right machines for their

purpose after financial evaluation of the proposal. The initial cost and the

net cash flow over years. ( Income less running expenses but not

22

depreciation ) to the business firm have been calculated for each machine

as follows

Machine X

Rs.

Machine Y

Rs.

Initial Cost 20000 28000

Net cash flow 1 year 8000 10000

2 year 12000 12000

3 year 9000 12000

4 year 7000 6000

5 year 6000 6000

Choose the machine based on a. Payback period

b. Accounting rate of return

19. A company has at hand two proposals for consideration ( M and N ). The

cost of the proposals in both the cases is Rs. 5,00,000 each. A discount

factor of 12% may be used to evaluate the proposals. Cash inflows after tax

are as under.

Proposal M

Rs.

Proposal N

Rs.

1 year 150000 50000

2 year 200000 150000

3 year 250000 200000

4 year 150000 300000

5 year 100000 200000

Which one will you recommend under present value method.

UNIT-IV

Theory of production

Production function - isoquants and isocosts, least cost combination of inputs,

and laws of returns; Internal and external economics of scale.

Market structures

23

Types of competition; Features of perfect competition, monopoly, and

monopolistic competition; Price-output determination in case of perfect

competition and monopoly.

Pricing policies and methods

Cost plus pricing; Marginal cost pricing; Sealed bid pricing; Going rate pricing,

Limit pricing, Market skimming pricing, Penetration pricing, Two-part pricing,

Block pricing, Bundling pricing, Peak load pricing, Cross subsidization.

Learning Objectives:

Define ―Production Function‖

Classify various production Functions.

Explain Input – Output relationship in the short – run and in the long – run

Identify least cost combination of inputs.

Find out the different combinations of inputs which yields a desired

amount of output.

Explain the economies and diseconomies of large scale production /

business operations.

Classify the markets based on type of completion prevailing for a product

Explain the role of time factor in the determination of price.

Also explain price – out determination in different market situation.

Describe the features of different markets.

Explain different pricing strategies.

Analysis the situations under which what type of price strategy must be

adopted in pricing the products.


NO.OF


1 Production & Production function, Assumptions

1 Types of production Functions, their utility

1 Laws of production Function

1 Economies & Diseconomies of scale

2 Market , its types, their features

24

1 Price – output determination in monopoly

1 Price – output determination in perfect competition

1 Price – output determination in monopolistic competition

2 Pricing function, its objectives and functions.

2 Different price strategies

ASSIGNEMNTS :

1. Define production function, Discuss in detail the different types of

production function.

2. What is meant by internal and external economies of scale ? what are its

sources ? And what are various types of internal economies available to a

firm ?

3. Explain and illustrate the ― Law of Diminishing Returns ― and ―Law of

Returns to scale?

4. What is optimum combination ? Explain the principles of least cost

combination of factors

5. Distinguish between Law of Diminishing returns and law of returns to

scale?

6. What are isocosts and Isoquants ? Do they intersect each others ?

7. Explain the following with reference to production function ?

a. Marginal rate of technical substitution ( MRTS )

b. Variable proportions of factors

8. Compare between monopoly and perfect competition or Distinguish

between perfect and Imperfect markets?

9. What is price discrimination? What are the essential conditions for price

discrimination?

10. What are the causes for the emergence of monopoly?

11. Explain the objectives of pricing and determinants of price of a product?

12. What are the features of monopolistic competition? How is it different from

monopoly?

13. Explain how the price is determined under conditions of perfect

competition. Illustrate this with help of diagram?

25

14. Define monopoly. How is price under monopoly determined?

15. What are the various popular pricing practices? Which of them are most

suitable for a firm facing competition?

UNIT V

Introduction to financial accounting

Double-entry book keeping; Journal; Ledger; Trial balance; Final accounts -

trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet with simple

adjustments.

Financial analysis through ratios

Computation; Analysis and interpretation of liquidity ratios - current ratio, and

quick ratio; Activity ratios - inventory turnover ratio, and debtor turnover ratio;

Capital structure ratios – debt-equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio;

Profitability ratios - gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, operating ratio, P/E ratio,

and EPs.



Record the business transaction systematically in the books of accounts.

Post journal entries into concerned accounts in the ledger book.

Find out the gross and net results of business operations.

Prepare balance sheet at the end of business year.

Distinguish between fixed assets and current assets, Deft and equity, Gross

profit and net profit, Debtors and creditors.

Explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions and also give

examples.

Analyze the liquidity, solvency, profitability of the business organization.

Calculate liquidity ratios, activities ratio, solvency ratios and profitability

ratios

Elaborate the importance of finance function for evaluating the economic

status of a business unit.

26

Explain how different ratios help concerned parties in interpreting financial

position of business in general and interested financial aspect of business

in particular.


NO.OF


1 Introduction to accounting

1 Double entry book keeping

2 Rules of debit & credits & types accounts

2 Recording business transactions in ‗Journal‘

1 Posting Journal entries into concerned accounts

2 Balancing accounts & preparations of trial balance

1 Rules of preparing final accounts

2 Preparation of trading & profit and loss account

2 Preparation of balance sheet with simple examples

1 Analysis & Interpretation of financial statements, methods

2 Ratio analyses, types of ratios-Liquidity ratios, calculation

1 Activity ratio-significance, calculation

1 Capital structure ratios-significance, calculation

2 Profitability ratios, significance, calculation

ASSIGNEMNTS :

1. Explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions. Give examples.

2. What do you understand by double entry book keeping ? What are its

advantages?

3. What is Journal ? How is it ruled?

4. Define ledger ? state what is meant by sub division ledger

5. What is three column cash book? What is contra entry? Illustrate

6. What ―Trial Balance‖? State the main objectives of preparing the Trial

Balance. Explain the rules of preparing the trial balance.

27

7. What do you mean by final accounts? What are its constituents? Name

them and briefly explain the purpose of each of them.

8. What are financial statements ? Why they needed? How are they prepared?

9. Pass Journal entries for the following transactions in the books of M/s.

Raghu on 1st August,2003 commenced business with Rs.100000

Rs.

4.8.2003 Purchased goods 25000

5.8.2003 Purchased furniture 4000

6.8.2003 Opened bank account

with

50000

10.8.2003 Sold goods 15000

11.8.2003 Sold goods to srihari 10000

15.8.2003 Purchased goods from

kalyan

5000

16.8.2003 Paid commission 100

20.8.2003 Printing & stationery 250

25.8.2003 Purchased typewriter 2500

21.8.2003 Drawn money from bank 6000

27.8.2003 Received interest 150

30.8.2003 Paid rent 1500 and salary 800

10. Journalize the following transactions and post them to the ledger.

a. Ram invests Rs.10000 in cash

b. He bought goods worth Rs.2000 from shyam

c. He bought a machine for Rs.5000 from Lakshman on account

d. He paid to Lakshman Rs.2000

e. He sold goods for cash Rs.3000

f. He sold goods to ‗A‘ on account Rs.4000

g. He paid to Shyam Rs.1000

h. He received amount from ‗A‘ Rs.2000

28

11. In the books of Vani prepare trading, profit & loss account and balance

sheet for the year endings 31st March 2003 from the following particulars.

Rs.

1 Opening stock 5000

2 Salaries 500

3 Sales 70400

4 Motor car 25000

5 Traveling expenses 700

6 Cash in hand 5000

7 Capital 30000

8 Interest 1800

9 Bills receivables 4000

10 Wages 2000

11 Furniture & Fixtures 3600

12 Sundry debtors 14000

13 Lighting 350

14 Printing & Stationery 100

15 Postage 50

16 Returns inwards 6000

17 Purchase 25000

18 Commission 1500

19 Bank balance 10000

20 Advertisement 1000

21 Sundry creditors 5200

Adjustments

1. Closing stock Rs.40000

2. Write off bad debts Rs.100

3. Prepaid commission Rs.200

4. Outstanding salaries Rs.150

29

12. What are the types of financial statements of a business unit and explain

how differently they interpret the financial data

13. Explain the concept of ‗Liquidity‘ and narrate its importance through

suitable examples with some assured data.

14. What do you understand by ‗solvency‘ position of a manufacturing

organization? How is it evaluated? Illustrate with assumed data.

15. State the different types of turnover ratios and profitability ratios and

explain their significance.

16. As a financial analyst, what precautions would you take while interpreting

ratios meaning-fully?

17. Selected financial information about siri traders limited as given below :

2001 2002

Sales 600000 430000

Cost of goods sold 570000 325000

Debtors 72000 30000

Inventories 114000 55000

Cash 15000 8000

Other current assets 40000 27000

Current liabilities 160000 110000

Compute the Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Debt Collection Period and Inventory

Turnover Ratios for the above two years and comment on the result.

30


Bachupally, Nizampet (SO), Hyderabad

(An Autonomous Institute under UGC)

II. B.Tech- II Semester Regular Examination

Sub: Business Economics and Financial Analysis (BEFA)

Common to: ME, AME

Model Question Paper

Time: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 70 Marks

Part – A is Compulsory

Part – B Answer any Four

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Part – A( Compulsory ) 30 Marks

Answer the following in one sentence each (5X1= 5 M)

a) Define Partnership Deed.

b) Define Law of Demand

c) Give any four example of Fixed Cost.

d) Write the formula to calculate BEP in units and Sales in terms of

Rupees.

e) What is Ledger?

1. Answer the following in two sentence each (5X2 = 10M)

a) What is Joint Stock Company? Explain.

b) What are methods of Demand Forecasting?

c) What is Explicit Cost?

d) What is Monopolistic Competition?.

e) What is ‗Trail Balance‘?

2. Answer the following in brief (5X3=15 M)

a) Define the term Business and explain Feature of Business.

b) What is the nature of Managerial Economics?

c) Define various types of Costs

d) Explain Marginal Cost Pricing.

Code No: 5BS41 R15

31

e) What do you understand by double entry book keeping? What are its

advantages?

Part – B (40 Marks)

Answer any four of the following: (10X4= 40M)

3. What do you understand by Joint Stock Company? What are its important

features?

4. What are the possible approaches to forecast demand for new products?

5. If sales is 10,000 units and selling price Rs.20 per units, variable cost

Rs.10 per unit and fixed cost is Rs.80,000, find out BEP in units and in

sales revenue. What is profit earned? What should be the sales for earning

a profit of Rs. 60,000?

6. What is the importance of Capital Budgeting? Explain the basic steps

involved in evaluating capital budget proposals?

7. What is Pricing? Explain different Pricing Strategies with suitable

illustrations.

8. Selected financial information about M- Mart traders as given below :

2001 2002

Sales 6,00,000 4,30,000

Cost of goods sold 50,000 3,25,000

Debtors 72,000

30,000

Inventories 1,14,000

55,000

Cash 15,000

8,000

Other current assets 40,000

27,000

Current liabilities 1,60,000 1,10,000

32

Compute the Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Debt Collection Period and Inventory

Turnover Ratios for the above two years and comment on the result.

**********

33

VNR VIGNANAJYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Name of the staff: DR.G.S.GUPTA/ H NARESH

Subject: KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY

Code: 5ME05

Course: B. TECH (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

Year & semester: II B.TECH. & II SEMESTER

Academic year: 2016-2017

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Course Prerequisites: Geometrical construction, Engineering Mechanics.

Course Objectives:

Understand mechanisms for motion transmission.

Understand the construction methods for drawing velocity and acceleration

diagrams.

Design engineering applications involving in selection, sizing of mechanism

to accomplish motion objectives.

Understand the mechanism involving cams, gears and gear trains

Course Outcomes:

After completion of the course the student is able to:

Draw velocity and acceleration diagrams of various parts of a machine along

with the transmission Mechanisms.

Design components of machine parts, structures, gears, cams, belts,

pulleys, etc. for kinematic analysis.

Understand the straight line motion mechanisms, Hooke‘s joint and

steering mechanisms.

Design the mechanisms after analysis for safety and efficient working.

34

TEXT BOOKS:

T1. Theory of Machines by Thomas Bevan.

T2. Theory of Machines by P. L. Ballaney.

REFERENCES:

R1. Theory of Machines by Ratan.

R2. Theory of Machines by R. S. Khurmi & J. K. Gupta.

R3. Theory of Machines by Sadhu Singh.

R4. Theory of Machines by Shigley.

R5. Mechanism and Machine Theory by J. S. Rao and R. V. Dukkipati.

Academic Plan:

Topic

No. Topic Name

Referenc

e Books

Number of

Periods

Cumulative

Periods

UNIT-I

1

Introduction-Elements or links-

classification-rigid link, flexible

and fluid link-types of kinematic

pairs-sliding pairs, turning,

rolling, screw and spherical pairs

T3,R1 2 2

2

Lower and higher pairs-closed and

open pairs-constrained motion-

completely, partially or

successfully constrained and

incompletely constrained

T3,R1 2 4

3

Mechanisms, Machines -

classification of machines-

kinematic chain-inversion of

mechanism

T3,R1 2 6

4 Inversions of quadric cycle chain, T3,R1 2 8

35

single and double slider crank

chains, Intermittent motion

mechanisms.

5 Problems T3,R1 1 9

UNIT-II

6

KINEMATICS: Velocity and

acceleration-motion of link in

machine-Determination of velocity

and acceleration diagrams

T2,R2 2 11

7

Graphical method- Application of

relative velocity method- four bar

chain Application of relative

velocity method- four bar chain.

T2,R2 2 13

8

ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS:

Analysis of slider crank chain for

displacement, velocity and

acceleration of slider

T2,R2 2 15

9

Acceleration diagram for a given

mechanism, Klein‘s construction,

Coriolis acceleration,

determination of Coriolis

component of acceleration.

T2,R2 2 17


11

PLANE MOTION OF BODY:

Instantaneous center of rotation,

centroids and axodes

T2,R2 1 20

12

Relative motion between two

bodies-Three centers in line

theorem

T2,R2 2 22

13 Diagrams for simple mechanisms

and determination of angular T2,R2 2 24

36

velocity of points and links


UNIT-III

15 Condition for correct steering –

Davis steering gear T3,R4 2 27

16

Ackerman‘s steering gear-velocity

-ratio - Single and double Hooke‘s

Joint

T3,R4 2 29

17 Universal coupling-applications-

problems. T3,R4 2 31

18

STRAIGHT LINE MOTION

MECHANISMS: Exact and

approximate-copied and generated

types- Peaucellier

T3,R4 2 33

19

Hart and Scott Russell-

Grasshopper- Watt-Tchebicheff

and Robert mechanism and

straight line motion, Pantograph

T3,R4 2 35

UNIT-IV

20

CAMS: Definition of cam and

followers-their uses-types of

followers and cams

T3,R5 1 36

21 Terminology-types of follower

motion-uniform velocity T3,R5 1 37

22

Simple harmonic motion and

uniform acceleration, maximum

velocity and acceleration during

outward and return strokes in the

above three cases

T3,R5 2 39

23

Overview of polynomial motions,

Analysis of motion of followers:

roller follower

T3,R5 2 41

37

24

Circular cam with straight,

concave and convex flanks.

T3,R5 1 42

25 problems T3,R5 2 44

UNIT-V

26

HIGHER PAIRS: Friction wheels

and toothed gears-types-law of

gearing

T1,R3 2 46

27

Condition for constant velocity

ratio for transmission of motion,

forms of teeth

T1,R3 1 47

28 Cycloidal and Involute profiles T1,R3 1 48

29

Velocity of sliding-phenomena of

interference-methods of

interference

T1,R3 2 50

30

Expression for arc of contact and

path of contact- introduction to

helical, bevel and worm gearing.

T1,R3 2 52

31 GEAR TRAINS: Introduction-train

value-types T1,R3 1 53

32 simple and reverted wheel trains –

epicyclic gear train T1,R3 2 55

33

Methods of finding train value or

velocity ratio-selection of gear box

differential gear for an automobile.

T1,R3 2 57


38

VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS UNDER JNTUH)

ACADEMIC PLAN

Subject : THERMAL ENGINEERING Code : 5ME06

Course : B. Tech. Year : 2016- 2017

Class : II Year Semester : II Sem

Branch : Mechanical Engineering Section : ME 1

Name of the Faculty: K Krishna Murthy

Designation : Assist. Professor

II Year B.Tech ME II Sem L T/P/ D C

4 0 4

(5ME06) THERMAL ENGINEERING

Course Objectives:

To Analyse the Actual cycles and systems of Internal Combustion Engine.

To analyse the combustion phenomena in Spark Ignition and Compression

ignition Engines.

To Evaluate the performance parameters of internal combustion engines

and reciprocating compressor

To Evaluate the COP of different refrigeration cycles and to measure the

psychrometric properties of air

.

Course Outcomes: Students will be able to

To Analyse the Actual cycles and compare it with the air standard cycle of

the given engine.

To Analyse the combustion phenomena in Spark Ignition and Compression

ignition Engines.

To Evaluate the performance parameters (Brake power, Friction power,

Torque, Efficiencies ). of internal combustion engines and (Isothermal

efficiency ,volumetric efficiency ) reciprocating compressor

To Evaluate the COP of different refrigeration cycles and to measure the

psychrometric properties of air

39

UNIT – I

ACTUAL CYCLES AND THEIR ANALYSIS

Introduction, Comparison of Air Standard and Actual Cycles, Time Loss

Factor, Heat Loss Factor, Exhaust blow down, Loss due to Gas exchange

process, Volumetric Efficiency, Loss due to Rubbing Friction, Actual and Fuel-Air

Cycles of I.C. Engines.

UNIT – II

I. C. ENGINES

Classification, Working principles, Valve and Port Timing Diagrams, Air Standard,

air-fuel and actual cycles, Engine systems, Fuel Systems, Simple Carburetor, Sole

carburetor, Fuel Injection Systems; Ignition systems, Battery ignition, Magneto

ignition, Electronic ignition; Cooling and Lubrication systems.

UNIT – III

COMBUSTION IN S. I. ENGINES

Normal combustion and abnormal combustion, Importance of flame speed and

effect of engine variables, Type of Abnormal combustion, Pre-ignition and

knocking, Fuel requirements and fuel rating, Anti knock additives, Combustion

chamber, Requirements, Types.

COMBUSTION IN C. I. ENGINES

Four stages of combustion, Delay period and its importance, Effect of engine

variables, Diesel Knock, Need for air movement, suction, Compression and

combustion induced turbulence, Open and divided combustion chambers and

nozzles used, Fuel requirements and fuel rating.

UNIT – IV

TESTING AND PERFORMANCE

Parameters of performance, Measurement of cylinder pressure, Fuel

consumption, Air intake, Exhaust gas composition, Brake power, Determination

of frictional losses and indicated power, Performance test, Heat balance sheet,

Volumetric efficiency.

RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS

40

Classification; Reciprocating Compressor: Principle of operation, Work required,

Isothermal efficiency, Volumetric efficiency and effect of clearance, Multi stage

compression with inter cooling, Saving of work, Minimum work condition for

stage compression.

UNIT –V

INTRODUCTION TO REFRIGERATION CYCLE AND PSYCHROMETRIC

PROPERTIES

Refrigeration cycles - Vapor compression refrigeration cycle, Bell Colman

refrigeration cycle, Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System

Psychrometric properties - Dry bulb temperature, Wet bulb temperature, Dew

point temperature, Specific humidity, Relative humidity, Degree of saturation,

Specific enthalpy, Psychrometric chart, Psychrometric processes.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. I. C. Engines by V. Ganesan; Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill.

2. Thermal Engineering by Rathore; Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill.

REFERENCES:

1. Thermal Engineering by Rajput; Publisher: Lakshmi Publication

2. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning by C.P. Arora

3. I.C. Engines by Heywood; Publisher: McGraw Hill.

41

COURSE PLAN:

SR. No. Topic Name Mode Of

Teaching

Numb

er Of

Perio

ds

Cumulati

ve Periods

UNIT-I

Introduction:

1 Comparison Of Air Standard And Actual

Cycles, Time Loss Factor,Heat Loss

Factor,

Chalk And

Talk

1 1

2 Exhaust Slowdown- Loss Due To Gas

Exchange Process, Volumetric Efficiency.

Chalk And

Talk

1 2

3 Loss Due To Rubbing Friction, Actual And

Fuel-Air Cycles Of CI Engines

Chalk And

Talk

1 3

UNIT-II

I.C. Engines:

4 Classification PPT 1 4

5 Working Principles, Valve And P-V Timing

Diagrams PPT

1 5

6 Air — Standard, Air-Fuel And Actual

Cycles

Chalk And

Talk

1 6

7 Carburetor, Working Principle Description

Of Different Parts, Types Of Mixtures

Factors Affecting Carburetion

Video

1 7

8 Fuel Injection-Mechanical Injection

Systems, Functional Requirement Of An

Injection System, Or

Videos

1 8

9 Classification Of Injection System, Air

Injection Solid Injection, Jerk Type Pump,

Types Of Governor

Video

1 9

10 Batttery Ignition System-Description Of PPT 1 10

42

Parts

11 Battery Ignition System-Principle And

Working Video

1 11

12 Magneto Ignition System Video 1 12

13 Transistorized Capacitor Ignition System,

Capacitive Discharge Ignition (CDI) System

Video And

PPT

1 13

14 Need For Cooling System, Variation Of Gas

Temperature, Piston Temperature

Distribution, CylinderTypes Of Cooling

System-Liquid Cooling System, Forced

Circulation Cooling System Temperature

Distribution

Chalk And

Talk0/Vide

o And PPT

1 14

15 Evaporative Cooling System, Pressure

Cooling System, Air Cooling System,

Comparison Of Liquid And Air Cooling

Systems

Video And

PPT

1 15

16 Lubricating System-Parts To Be

Lubricated, Mist Lubricating System,

Splash Lubricating System, Pressure Feed

System, Splash And Pressure Feed System,

Crankcase Ventilation

PPT And

Video

1 16

UNIT-III

Combustion In S.I. Engines :

17 Normal Combustion And Abnormal

Combustion — Importance Of Flame Speed

And Effect Of Engine Variables

Chalk N

Talk

1 17

18 Type Of Abnormal Combustion, Pre-

Ignition And Knocking

Chalk N

Talk

1 18

19 Fuel Requirements And Fuel Rating, Anti

Knock Additives, Combustion Chamber,

Requirements,

Chalk N

Talk

1 19

43

Combustion In C.I. Engines :

20 Four Stages Of Combustion, Delay Period

And Its Importance

Chalk N

Talk

1 20

21 Effect Of Engine Variables , Diesel Knock,

Need For Air Movement, Suction,

Compression And Combustion Induced

Turbulence ,

Chalk N

Talk

1 21

22 Open And Divided Combustion Chambers

And Nozzles Used , Fuel Requirements

And Fuel Rating

Chalk N

Talk

1 22

UNIT-IV

Testing And Performance :

23 Parameters Of Performance -

Measurement Of Cylinder Pressure,

Fuel Consumption,

Chalk N

Talk

1 23

24 Air Intake, Brake Power

Chalk N

Talk

1 24

25 Determination Of Frictional Losses And

Indicated Power

Chalk N

Talk

1 25

26 Exhaust Gas Composition,Heat Balance

Sheet

Chalk N

Talk

1 26

27 Performance Test(Problems)

Chalk N

Talk

4 30

Reciprocating Air Compressors:

28 Classification, Positive Displacement And

Roto Dynamic Machinery ,Power Producing

And Power Absorbing Machines,

Chalk N

Talk

1 31

29 Fan, Blower And Compressor,Positive

Displacement And Dynamic Types,

Reciprocating And Rotary Types.

Chalk N

Talk

1 32

44

30 Reciprocating : Principle Of Operation,

Work Required,

Chalk N

Talk

1 33

31 Isothermal Efficiency Volumetric Efficiency

And Effect Of Clearance,

Chalk N

Talk

1 34

32 Stage Compression, Under Cooling,

Saving Of Work,

Chalk N

Talk

1 35

33 Minimum Work Condition For Stage

Compression.

Chalk N

Talk

1 36

34 Problems Of Reciprocating

Compresssor

Chalk N

Talk

3 39

UNIT-V

35 Refrigeration Cycles - Vapor Compression

Refrigeration Cycle

Chalk N

Talk

1 40

36 Bell Colman Refrigeration Cycle

Chalk N

Talk

1 41

37 Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System.

Chalk N

Talk

1 42

38 Problems

Chalk N

Talk

2 44

39 Psychometric Properties - Dry Bulb

Temperature, Wet Bulb Temperature, Dew

Point Temperature, Specific Humidity,

Relative Humidity,

Chart

Display

1 45

40 Degree Of Saturation, Specific Enthalpy,

Psychometric Chart,

Chart

Display

1 46

41 Psychometric Processes

Chart

Display

2 48

42 Problems

Chalk N

Talk

2 50

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