1. VITAMIN LIKE COMPOUNDSGandham. RajeevDepartment of Biochemistry,Akash Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre,Devanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.E-Mail: gandhamrajeev33@gmail.com

2. Vitamin Like Compounds 3. Choline is a trimethyl derivative of hydroxylethanalamine (betain) Synthesis: Choline is synthesized from serine or betain Sources: Animal sources:- liver, milk and eggs Plant sources:- cereals and vegetables 4. CH3IHC N+ - CH32 CHOH2ICH3Choline 5. Choline as a lipotrophic factor Choline is called as lipotrophic factor, it prevents theformation of fatty liver It is required for the formation of phospholipids Phospholipids are required for the formation ofVLDL VLDLs are responsible for the transport of TGL fromliver to the peripheral tissues 6. Choline is required for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidyl ethanolamine Phosphatidyl choline is present in membranestructure Choline is required for synthesis of acetylcholine Acetyl choline is a neurotransmitter 7. Due to the presence of three methyl groups, cholineis involved in one carbon metabolism Choline is indirectly required for the formation ofmethionine and SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) SAM is a major methyl group donor for severalmethylation reactions Deficiency of choline affects one carbon metabolismand transmethylation reactions 8. Lipoic acid is a sulfur containing fatty acid (6,8 dithio-octanoic acid) It exists in an oxidized (lipoic acid) and reducedform (dihydrolipoic acid) Lipoic acid is fat as well as water soluble It act as a cofactor for enzyme oxidation-reductionreactions 9. S CH2ICH2IS CHI(CH)24ICOOHHS CH2ICH2IHS CHI(CH)24ICOOHOxidized lipoic acid Reduced lipoic acid 10. Enzymes requiring lipoic acid are PDH complex - Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Branched chain - ketoacid dehydrogenase Therapeutic uses of lipoic acid Administration of high doses (100-600) of lipoic acidsuppress oxidative stress through decreased productionof reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasedformation of glutathione 11. Lipoic acid acts as an antioxidant It reduces the free radicals in the brain It stimulates the production of glutathione Reduces insulin resistance, and decreases plasmaLDL levels And also useful in the prevention of stroke andmyocardial infarction 12. Chemistry: Inositol is hexa hydroxy-cyclohexane Also called as myoinositol or meso-inositol It is a sugar alcohol Sources: Plant sources:- fruits, vegetables, whole grainsand yeast Animal sources:- muscle, brain, erythrocytes &also present in retina 13. OHHOHHOHHHOHOHHHOHInositol (Hexa-hydroxy-cyclohexane) 14. Required for the synthesis of phosphatidyl inositol,it is a constituent of cell membranes It acts as a lipotropic factor along with choline &prevents accumulation of fat in liver It act as a second messenger at membrane level forthe release of Ca2+ ions Phytic acid is a hexa phosphate derivative ofinositol Phytic acid is present in plants 15. Phytic acid present in diet, is not absorbed by humansbecause of very low activity of phytase enzyme The absorption of calcium, iron and magnesium isinterfered by the presence of high amounts of phyticacid in the diet Poor absorption of calcium, iron and magnesium isdue to the formation of insoluble calcium, iron andmagnesium salts of phytic acid 16. PABA is a structural constituent of folic acid PABA is synthesized by the bacteria & is esstial fortheir growth Sulfa drug sulfonilamide (p-amino benzenesulfanilamide) is a structural analogue of PABA Sulfanilamide competes with PABA and act as abacteriostatic agent Ingestion of large doses of PABA will compete withaction of sulfadrugs 17. Harpers Biochemistry Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry by Tietz A R Aroor DM Vasudevan MN Chatterjea Dr.U.Satyanarana 18. THANK YOU