visual display terminals ppt

BY GROUP 2

2012 BATCH OPTOMETRY STUDENTS

UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABAD

VISUAL DISPLAY TERMINALS

VDTOCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS

Objectives


Objectives

Identify and Evaluate the Ergonomic Risk Factors Associated With VDT Environments

Develop Effective Engineering and Administrative Controls to Minimize Exposures Associated With VDT Environments

Identify and Evaluate the Ergonomic Risk Factors Associated With VDT Environments

Develop Effective Engineering and Administrative Controls to Minimize Exposures Associated With VDT Environments

CURRENT VDT ISSUESCURRENT VDT ISSUES

Visual Discomfort Electromagnetic Frequency ( EMF )

Exposure Fatigue / Stress Musculoskeletal Disorders

Visual Discomfort Electromagnetic Frequency ( EMF )

Exposure Fatigue / Stress Musculoskeletal Disorders

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Complaints

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Complaints

Eye Strain - Largest Single Complaint Burning / Itching Eyes Headaches Cataracts

Eye Strain - Largest Single Complaint Burning / Itching Eyes Headaches Cataracts

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Causes

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Causes

Eye Muscle Strain / Fatigue Dry Eyes Uncorrected Vision Problems Vision Correcting Eyewear - Focusing Difficulties Possible Indoor Air Quality ( IAQ ) Relationship

Eye Muscle Strain / Fatigue Dry Eyes Uncorrected Vision Problems Vision Correcting Eyewear - Focusing Difficulties Possible Indoor Air Quality ( IAQ ) Relationship

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Current Consensus

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Current Consensus No Evidence That VDT Work Leads

to Visual Damage No Proven Correlation Between VDT Usage

and Cataracts Eye Muscle Strain / Fatigue

Lighting / Glare Monitor Height & Distance to Eyes Visual Concentration on Monitor

Dry Eyes VDT Environment Less Humid Eye Blink Rate: 3. 6 / Min VDT vs. 18. 4 / Min Normal

Regular Vision Exams Recommended

No Evidence That VDT Work Leads to Visual Damage

No Proven Correlation Between VDT Usageand Cataracts

Eye Muscle Strain / Fatigue Lighting / Glare Monitor Height & Distance to Eyes Visual Concentration on Monitor

Dry Eyes VDT Environment Less Humid Eye Blink Rate: 3. 6 / Min VDT vs. 18. 4 / Min Normal

Regular Vision Exams Recommended

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Control Measures

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Control Measures Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness

Lighting / Glare VDT: 50 fc / 500 Lux Optimum Light Level Office: 100 fc / 1,000 Lux Optimum Light Level Don’t Place VDT Directly Under

Bright Overhead Lights Provide Indirect Lighting and Supplement

With Task Lighting Place VDT Parallel to Windows Low Reflective Walls / Work Surfaces Anti-Glare Screens: Last Resort Only

Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness Lighting / Glare

VDT: 50 fc / 500 Lux Optimum Light Level Office: 100 fc / 1,000 Lux Optimum Light Level Don’t Place VDT Directly Under

Bright Overhead Lights Provide Indirect Lighting and Supplement

With Task Lighting Place VDT Parallel to Windows Low Reflective Walls / Work Surfaces Anti-Glare Screens: Last Resort Only

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Control Measures

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Control Measures

Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness Ensure Monitor Display Quality

No Apparent Flicker (Older Monitors) Adjustable Brightness and Contrast High Resolution and Polarity

Adjust Monitor Height and Distance Top Character Line on Screen 15 - 20 Degrees

Below Horizontal Eye Level & Monitor Angled Appropriately Upward

Eye to Screen Distance 20”- 40” ( Operator Preference Studies 25. 5”- 31” )

Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness Ensure Monitor Display Quality

No Apparent Flicker (Older Monitors) Adjustable Brightness and Contrast High Resolution and Polarity

Adjust Monitor Height and Distance Top Character Line on Screen 15 - 20 Degrees

Below Horizontal Eye Level & Monitor Angled Appropriately Upward

Eye to Screen Distance 20”- 40” ( Operator Preference Studies 25. 5”- 31” )

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Control Measures

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Control Measures Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness

Eye Focusing / Muscle Defatigue Exercises 1 Min. Rest / Exercise Break ( Focus / Refocus )

After 15 Min. Continuous VDT Work Remember to Blink Eyes Frequently

> 18 Blinks / Min. Minimum to Refresh Eyes Contact Lens Wearers Should Supplement

Own Tears Via Eye / Rewetting Drops

Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness Eye Focusing / Muscle Defatigue Exercises

1 Min. Rest / Exercise Break ( Focus / Refocus ) After 15 Min. Continuous VDT Work

Remember to Blink Eyes Frequently > 18 Blinks / Min. Minimum to Refresh Eyes

Contact Lens Wearers Should SupplementOwn Tears Via Eye / Rewetting Drops

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Control Measures

VISUAL DISCOMFORT

Control Measures Vision / Eyewear

Regular Eye Exams New Hire / Transfer Annual

VDT Specific Corrective Lenses Fixed Focal Length No Bi / Tri-Focals

Inform Optometrist / Ophthalmologist of VDT Work and Eye / Screen Distance Some VDT Users May Need a Correction Diff.

From One Needed For Reading / Driving

Vision / Eyewear Regular Eye Exams

New Hire / Transfer Annual

VDT Specific Corrective Lenses Fixed Focal Length No Bi / Tri-Focals

Inform Optometrist / Ophthalmologist of VDT Work and Eye / Screen Distance Some VDT Users May Need a Correction Diff.

From One Needed For Reading / Driving

ELECTROMAGNETICFREQUENCY (EMF) EXPOSURE

Complaints

ELECTROMAGNETICFREQUENCY (EMF) EXPOSURE

Complaints Reproductive Disorders

Birth Defects Stillbirths Spontaneous Abortions

Cancer Leukemia Lymphomas Central Nervous System

Cataracts Clusters of Reported Problems

Reproductive Disorders Birth Defects Stillbirths Spontaneous Abortions

Cancer Leukemia Lymphomas Central Nervous System

Cataracts Clusters of Reported Problems

EMF EXPOSURE

Concerns

EMF EXPOSURE

Concerns

EMF Radiation ? Ionizing

X-Ray Non-Ionizing

Infrared Microwave Radiowave VLF ELF

Or Are Other Factors the Real Issue ?

EMF Radiation ? Ionizing

X-Ray Non-Ionizing

Infrared Microwave Radiowave VLF ELF

Or Are Other Factors the Real Issue ?

EMF EXPOSURE

Current Consensus

EMF EXPOSURE

Current Consensus

Recent Studies Conclude: Emissions of All Types of EMFs Are Well Below Accepted Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety Limits

No Direct Causal Link Established BetweenVDT Use and Reproductive Disorders, Canceror Cataract Formation

Other Factors ( Smoking, Alcohol, Drugs, Age,Socioeconomic Status, etc. ) Have a Greater Known Effect

Work Stress May be a Factor More Research Needed / Ongoing

to Determine Correlational / Causal Links

Recent Studies Conclude: Emissions of All Types of EMFs Are Well Below Accepted Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety Limits

No Direct Causal Link Established BetweenVDT Use and Reproductive Disorders, Canceror Cataract Formation

Other Factors ( Smoking, Alcohol, Drugs, Age,Socioeconomic Status, etc. ) Have a Greater Known Effect

Work Stress May be a Factor More Research Needed / Ongoing

to Determine Correlational / Causal Links

EMF EXPOSURE

Control Measures

EMF EXPOSURE

Control Measures

Monitor / CPU Position Front: Min. 12” Away = < 1 milligauss (mG) Rear: Min. 24” Away = < 1 milligauss (mG)

Essentially “ 0 ” Exposure Minimize Exposure to Known Reproductive

and Carcinogenic Risk Factors Smoking, Alcohol & Drugs

Workstation and Job Task Design / Redesignto Minimize Work Stress and Maximize Comfort Level

Monitor / CPU Position Front: Min. 12” Away = < 1 milligauss (mG) Rear: Min. 24” Away = < 1 milligauss (mG)

Essentially “ 0 ” Exposure Minimize Exposure to Known Reproductive

and Carcinogenic Risk Factors Smoking, Alcohol & Drugs

Workstation and Job Task Design / Redesignto Minimize Work Stress and Maximize Comfort Level

Fatigue / Stress

Complaints

Fatigue / Stress

Complaints

Generalized Aches and Pains Constant Fatigue Sleeping / Eating Disorders Increased Reliance Upon Coping Mechanisms

Smoking, Alcohol & Drugs Ulcers High Blood Pressure Coronary Heart / Artery Disease

Generalized Aches and Pains Constant Fatigue Sleeping / Eating Disorders Increased Reliance Upon Coping Mechanisms

Smoking, Alcohol & Drugs Ulcers High Blood Pressure Coronary Heart / Artery Disease

Fatigue / Stress

Causes

Fatigue / Stress

Causes

Anxiety About Job Security Anxiety About Ability to Operate Equipment

Computer Phobia Job Ambiguities Perceived Lack of Control Over Job Concerns About Productivity Shiftwork / OT / Repetitive Work Co-worker / Supervisor / Personal Issues Workstation Design / Layout

Anxiety About Job Security Anxiety About Ability to Operate Equipment

Computer Phobia Job Ambiguities Perceived Lack of Control Over Job Concerns About Productivity Shiftwork / OT / Repetitive Work Co-worker / Supervisor / Personal Issues Workstation Design / Layout

Fatigue / Stress

Current Consensus

Fatigue / Stress

Current Consensus

Lack of Job Satisfaction is Felt by Manyto be the Greatest Stressor

Stress is Related to Overall Job Contentand Not Just VDT Use

Physical Stressors Associated With Workstation Design / Layout Compound Effects of Mental Stressors

Economic Climate Can Significantly Impact Job Fatigue / Stress Levels

Lack of Job Satisfaction is Felt by Manyto be the Greatest Stressor

Stress is Related to Overall Job Contentand Not Just VDT Use

Physical Stressors Associated With Workstation Design / Layout Compound Effects of Mental Stressors

Economic Climate Can Significantly Impact Job Fatigue / Stress Levels

Fatigue / Stress

Control Measures

Design / Redesign Jobs to IncreaseEmployee Control and Involvement

Keep Employees Informed About Job Status, Anticipated Changes andProgress in Achieving Goals

Provide Ergonomically Well-DesignedWorkstations

Train Employees in Proper Adjustment of Workstation Features

Promote On / Off Job Wellness Programs

Design / Redesign Jobs to IncreaseEmployee Control and Involvement

Keep Employees Informed About Job Status, Anticipated Changes andProgress in Achieving Goals

Provide Ergonomically Well-DesignedWorkstations

Train Employees in Proper Adjustment of Workstation Features

Promote On / Off Job Wellness Programs

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Complaints

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Complaints

# 1 - Neck / Shoulder Pain # 2 - Low Back Pain # 3 - Wrist Pain

# 1 - Neck / Shoulder Pain # 2 - Low Back Pain # 3 - Wrist Pain

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

Causes


Causes Workstation Design / Adjustment

Postural Positioning Dynamic Movement Static Loading

Chair, Desk, Keyboard, Monitor, DocumentHolder, Telephone, etc.

Task Design Concentrated Effort / Repetition

Physical, Mental & Visual Physical Environment

Lighting / Noise / Temperature

Workstation Design / Adjustment Postural Positioning Dynamic Movement Static Loading

Chair, Desk, Keyboard, Monitor, DocumentHolder, Telephone, etc.

Task Design Concentrated Effort / Repetition

Physical, Mental & Visual Physical Environment

Lighting / Noise / Temperature


Current Consensus


Current Consensus

Continuous VDT Work Defined as > 2,000 Reps / Hr < 30 Sec / Cycle > 3.5 Hrs / Day Continuous

( > 50 % of Workshift ) Symptom Severity for Upper Extremity

and Low Back Injuries / Discomfort Closely Related to Typing Speed and Length of Time Typing

Continuous VDT Work Defined as > 2,000 Reps / Hr < 30 Sec / Cycle > 3.5 Hrs / Day Continuous

( > 50 % of Workshift ) Symptom Severity for Upper Extremity

and Low Back Injuries / Discomfort Closely Related to Typing Speed and Length of Time Typing


Current Consensus


Current Consensus

Prolonged Excessive Postural Deviations Dueto Poor Workstation Design / AdjustmentSignificantly Contribute to Injury / Discomfort

Appropriate Task and Workstation Design / Adjustment Can Alleviate Majority of Injuries / Discomfort

Prolonged Excessive Postural Deviations Dueto Poor Workstation Design / AdjustmentSignificantly Contribute to Injury / Discomfort

Appropriate Task and Workstation Design / Adjustment Can Alleviate Majority of Injuries / Discomfort


Control Measures


Control Measures

Chair - Maximum Adjustability Height - 5 Caster Base Seat Pan - Waterfall Edge Backrest - Lumbar Support Armrests - Optional but Preferred

Footrest - Adjustable Height / Tilt Relieves Body Weight Pressure

on Spine Improves Foot Position Relative

to Chair Height

Chair - Maximum Adjustability Height - 5 Caster Base Seat Pan - Waterfall Edge Backrest - Lumbar Support Armrests - Optional but Preferred

Footrest - Adjustable Height / Tilt Relieves Body Weight Pressure

on Spine Improves Foot Position Relative

to Chair Height

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERSControl MeasuresMUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERSControl Measures

Monitor Adjustability For Height and Distance

Top Character Line 15 - 20 Degrees Below HorizontalEye Level & Monitor Angled Appropriately Upward

Eye to Screen Distance 20” - 40” ( Operator Preference Studies 25. 5”- 31” )

Articulating Monitor Stand Keyboard / Mouse

Detached For Ease of Movement Adjustability For Height and Distance

Articulating Tray Wrist Support and Mouse Pad Detached Numeric Keypad

Monitor Adjustability For Height and Distance

Top Character Line 15 - 20 Degrees Below HorizontalEye Level & Monitor Angled Appropriately Upward

Eye to Screen Distance 20” - 40” ( Operator Preference Studies 25. 5”- 31” )

Articulating Monitor Stand Keyboard / Mouse

Detached For Ease of Movement Adjustability For Height and Distance

Articulating Tray Wrist Support and Mouse Pad Detached Numeric Keypad


Control Measures


Control Measures

Desk / Workstation Adjustable Desktop Height Sufficient Under-Desk Legroom / Clearance Good Housekeeping

Office Equipment Document Holder at Monitor Height

Primarily View Monitor: Monitor in Direct View Primarily View Document: Document in Direct View

Calculator, Telephone, etc. Within Individual Comfortable Reach Telephone Handset - Shoulder Rest or Headset

Desk / Workstation Adjustable Desktop Height Sufficient Under-Desk Legroom / Clearance Good Housekeeping

Office Equipment Document Holder at Monitor Height

Primarily View Monitor: Monitor in Direct View Primarily View Document: Document in Direct View

Calculator, Telephone, etc. Within Individual Comfortable Reach Telephone Handset - Shoulder Rest or Headset


Control Measures


Control Measures

Posture Head / Neck: Vertical and Forward Facing Shoulders: Comfortable / Neutral Posture Upper / Lower Arms: 90 Degree Angle Wrists: Horizontal Back: Upright / Lumbar Support / Contact

Backrest at All Times Upper / Lower Legs: 90 Degree Angle Feet: Supported by Footrest / Reposition

Periodically

Posture Head / Neck: Vertical and Forward Facing Shoulders: Comfortable / Neutral Posture Upper / Lower Arms: 90 Degree Angle Wrists: Horizontal Back: Upright / Lumbar Support / Contact

Backrest at All Times Upper / Lower Legs: 90 Degree Angle Feet: Supported by Footrest / Reposition

Periodically


Control Measures


Control Measures

Posture Office Equipment Within Individual

Comfortable Reach Monitor, Keyboard and Chair

Adjustments Are Interrelated Training: Proper Posture / Adjustment

of Workstation Features New Hire / Transfer / Periodic Refresher Supervisor Enforcement

Posture Office Equipment Within Individual

Comfortable Reach Monitor, Keyboard and Chair

Adjustments Are Interrelated Training: Proper Posture / Adjustment

of Workstation Features New Hire / Transfer / Periodic Refresher Supervisor Enforcement


Control Measures


Control Measures

Task Design Provide Ergonomically Well-Designed

Workstations Design / Redesign Jobs to Increase

Employee Control and Involvement 1 Min. Rest / Exercise Break

(Stretching / Eyes - Focus / Refocus)After 15 Min. Continuous VDT Work

15 Min. Rest Break (10 Min. Minimum)after 2 Hrs. Continuous VDT Work (NIOSH)

Task Design Provide Ergonomically Well-Designed

Workstations Design / Redesign Jobs to Increase

Employee Control and Involvement 1 Min. Rest / Exercise Break

(Stretching / Eyes - Focus / Refocus)After 15 Min. Continuous VDT Work

15 Min. Rest Break (10 Min. Minimum)after 2 Hrs. Continuous VDT Work (NIOSH)


Control Measures


Control Measures

Environment Humidity: 50 - 70 % Room Temperature: 70 - 75 Degrees ( F ) Lighting: VDT - 50 fc / 500 Lux Optimum

Office - 100 fc / 1,000 Lux Optimum

Environment Humidity: 50 - 70 % Room Temperature: 70 - 75 Degrees ( F ) Lighting: VDT - 50 fc / 500 Lux Optimum

Office - 100 fc / 1,000 Lux Optimum


SummaryEvaluation / Control Measures


SummaryEvaluation / Control Measures

Total Job Environment Workstation Design & Adjustment Physical Environment Task Design Training

Emphasize Good Ergonomics Design / Redesign / Adjustment

Promote On / Off Job Wellness

Total Job Environment Workstation Design & Adjustment Physical Environment Task Design Training

Emphasize Good Ergonomics Design / Redesign / Adjustment

Promote On / Off Job Wellness

QUESTIONS ?QUESTIONS ?

THANKS FOR LISTENING

TIME TO LOGOFF !

THANKS FOR LISTENING

TIME TO LOGOFF !

visual display terminals ppt

Health & Medicine

vdt environments

vdt usage

vdt users

strain fatigue dryness

upward eye

continuous vdt work

eye screen distance

eyes visual concentration