visual display of dynamic information chapter 5. visual display of dynamic information uses of...

Visual Display ofVisual Display ofDynamic InformationDynamic Information

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Visual Display ofVisual Display ofDynamic InformationDynamic Information

Uses of Dynamic InformationUses of Dynamic Information

Quantitative Visual Displays Quantitative Visual Displays

Qualitative Visual Displays Qualitative Visual Displays

Signal & Warning Lights Signal & Warning Lights

Representational Displays Representational Displays

Head-up DisplayHead-up Display DiscussionDiscussion


Quantitative ReadingsQuantitative Readings

Qualitative ReadingsQualitative Readings– Trend, Rate of changeTrend, Rate of change

Check ReadingsCheck Readings– ““Normal” or notNormal” or not

Situation AwarenessSituation Awareness– Perceive and Attach meaning, Project into Perceive and Attach meaning, Project into

the near futurethe near future

– (e.g.) Air traffic controller(e.g.) Air traffic controller


Design or Select a DisplayDesign or Select a Display– Critical: All the Critical: All the informationinformation needsneeds of the user of the user

be fully understoodbe fully understood

– (e.g.) (e.g.) 汽車引擎溫度汽車引擎溫度 : check vs. qualitative: check vs. qualitative

– (e.g.) (e.g.) 鐘錶之秒針鐘錶之秒針

- End -- End -

Quantitative Visual DisplaysQuantitative Visual Displays

Basic Design of Quantitative Displays Basic Design of Quantitative Displays

Fixed scale / Moving pointer (analog)Fixed scale / Moving pointer (analog)

Moving scale / Fixed pointer (analog)Moving scale / Fixed pointer (analog)

Digital display Digital display Fig 5-1Fig 5-1

– Comparison of Different DesignsComparison of Different Designs

Digital: Precise numeric valueDigital: Precise numeric value Remain visible long enoughRemain visible long enough

Analog: Frequent or continual change of valueAnalog: Frequent or continual change of value Direction or rate of change (qualitative)Direction or rate of change (qualitative)


Basic Design of Quantitative Displays Basic Design of Quantitative Displays

– Guideline for selection of analog displaysGuideline for selection of analog displays

Moving pointer (circular) preferred, in generalMoving pointer (circular) preferred, in general

Natural interpretation (up, down, …): Straight-lineNatural interpretation (up, down, …): Straight-line

Do not mix types of pointer-scale indicatorsDo not mix types of pointer-scale indicators

Manual control: moving pointer (vs. scale)Manual control: moving pointer (vs. scale)

Slight changes in quantity are important: moving pointerSlight changes in quantity are important: moving pointer

Too great the range of value: (open-window) moving scalesToo great the range of value: (open-window) moving scales


Basic Features of Quantitative DisplaysBasic Features of Quantitative Displays

– Scale range Scale range Fig 5-2Fig 5-2

– Numbered intervalNumbered interval

– Graduation intervalGraduation interval

– Scale unit Scale unit


Specific Features of Conventional Specific Features of Conventional Quantitative DisplaysQuantitative Displays– Numeric Progressions of Scales Numeric Progressions of Scales Fig 5-3Fig 5-3

– Length of Scale Unit Length of Scale Unit Fig 5-4Fig 5-4

– Design of Scale MarkersDesign of Scale Markers

– Scale Markers and InterpolationScale Markers and Interpolation

– Design of Pointers: tip, meet (but not overlap) scale Design of Pointers: tip, meet (but not overlap) scale markers, color of pointers, close to the surfacemarkers, color of pointers, close to the surface

– Combining Scale Features Combining Scale Features Fig 5-5Fig 5-5 5-65-6

– Scale Size and Viewing DistanceScale Size and Viewing Distance


Specific Features of Electronic Specific Features of Electronic Quantitative Displays Quantitative Displays Fig 5-1Fig 5-1

– Only one of the segment shownOnly one of the segment shown

– Complete bar: speedComplete bar: speed


Design of AltimetersDesign of Altimeters

– VerticalVertical vs. Circular scales vs. Circular scales

– IntegratedIntegrated vs. Separated vs. Separated

– AnalogAnalog vs. Digital vs. Digital Fig 5-7Fig 5-7


Object Displays (Configural Displays)Object Displays (Configural Displays)– Integrate information about several variablesIntegrate information about several variables

– Compatibility of Proximity PrincipleCompatibility of Proximity Principle

Integrate (mental proximity): Close display proximityIntegrate (mental proximity): Close display proximity

(e.g.) closeness in space, common color(e.g.) closeness in space, common color

– Emergent Features (Pomerantz, 1981)Emergent Features (Pomerantz, 1981)

Combine dimensions → Perceptual objectCombine dimensions → Perceptual object

– Object displays vs. Bar graph display Object displays vs. Bar graph display Fig 5-8Fig 5-8 5-95-9

Integrate: Object displayIntegrate: Object display

Check indivisual: Bar graph displayCheck indivisual: Bar graph display (end)(end)

Qualitative Visual DisplaysQualitative Visual Displays

Quantitative Basis for Qualitative DisplayQuantitative Basis for Qualitative Display

– A limited number of predetermined rangesA limited number of predetermined ranges (( 例例 ) ) 溫度：冷、正常、熱溫度：冷、正常、熱

– Maintaining some desirable rangeMaintaining some desirable range (( 例例 ) ) 車速車速

– Observing trend, rate of changeObserving trend, rate of change (( 例例 ) ) 飛機：高度變化速度飛機：高度變化速度

– Qualitative vs. Quantitative readingsQualitative vs. Quantitative readings Tab 5-1Tab 5-1

Open-window (digital) vs. Circular vs. VerticalOpen-window (digital) vs. Circular vs. Vertical

Qualitative Visual DisplaysQualitative Visual Displays

Design of Qualitative ScalesDesign of Qualitative Scales– Color Coding Color Coding Fig 5-10Fig 5-10

– Shape Coding Shape Coding Fig 5-11Fig 5-11

Check ReadingCheck Reading– Normal position: 9 o’clock (or 12 o’clock) positionsNormal position: 9 o’clock (or 12 o’clock) positions

– Extended lines between the dials Extended lines between the dials Fig 5-12Fig 5-12

Status IndicatorsStatus Indicators– Reflect separate, discrete conditions: On /Off , Reflect separate, discrete conditions: On /Off , RR / /YY / /GG

– Lights: (e.g.) Traffic light (color & vertical position)Lights: (e.g.) Traffic light (color & vertical position)

(end)(end)

Signal & Warning LightsSignal & Warning Lights

DetectabilityDetectability

– Size, Luminance, & Exposure timeSize, Luminance, & Exposure time Fig 5-13Fig 5-13 Exposure time: Exposure time: summation effectsummation effect

– ColorColor of Lightsof Lights: : depend ondepend on

Absolute level of brightness of signalAbsolute level of brightness of signal

Relative brightness contrast: Signal/ BackgroundRelative brightness contrast: Signal/ Background

– Flash Rate of LightsFlash Rate of Lights:: << << flicker-fusion frequency (30Hflicker-fusion frequency (30Hz.)z.)


DetectabilityDetectability

– Context of Signal LightsContext of Signal Lights

Stationary → moving (misperceived)Stationary → moving (misperceived) Tab 5-2Tab 5-2

Discriminate signal lights with other lightsDiscriminate signal lights with other lights

Signal LightSignal Light Background LightBackground Light CommentComment

FlashingFlashing SteadySteady BestBest

SteadySteady SteadySteady OKOK

SteadySteady FlashingFlashing OKOK

FlashingFlashing FlashingFlashing WorstWorst


Recommendations Recommendations (p.151-152)(p.151-152)

– WhenWhen: Actual or potential dangerous condition: Actual or potential dangerous condition

– How manyHow many: : One (If several: Master warning light + One (If several: Master warning light + word panel)word panel)

– Steady or FlashingSteady or Flashing

Continuous condition: SteadyContinuous condition: Steady

Continuous but hazardous: FlashingContinuous but hazardous: Flashing

Occasional emergencies or new conditions: FlashingOccasional emergencies or new conditions: Flashing


Recommendations Recommendations (p.151-152)(p.151-152)

– Flash rateFlash rate

3 to 10 Hz (4 best) with equal intervals of light & dark3 to 10 Hz (4 best) with equal intervals of light & dark

Different rates: < 3Different rates: < 3

– Warning-light intensityWarning-light intensity: : at least at least twicetwice as bright as bk. as bright as bk.

– LocationLocation: : within 30ºwithin 30º

– ColorColor: Red: Red

– SizeSize: at least 1º visual angle: at least 1º visual angle

(end)(end)

Representational DisplaysRepresentational Displays

目的：目的： Situational AwarenessSituational Awareness

Bank Angle (aircraft) Bank Angle (aircraft) Fig 5-14 Fig 5-14

– Moving aircraftMoving aircraftOutside-in, Bird’s eye, Ground-based DisplayOutside-in, Bird’s eye, Ground-based Display

不符不符 pilot pilot 所見所見

– Moving horizonMoving horizonInside-out, Pilot’s eye DisplayInside-out, Pilot’s eye Display

不符不符 moving compatibilitymoving compatibility

– Combine Both Combine Both (Fogel, 1959)(Fogel, 1959)

Rapid: moving aircraft; Slow: moving horizonRapid: moving aircraft; Slow: moving horizon


3-D Perspective Display3-D Perspective Display

– Plan-view (2-D) vs. Perspective Display Plan-view (2-D) vs. Perspective Display Fig 5-15Fig 5-15

RT : 3D<2D (except head-on)RT : 3D<2D (except head-on)

3D: altitude maneuver (34%) & level turns (33%)3D: altitude maneuver (34%) & level turns (33%)

2D: level turns (60%)2D: level turns (60%)

– True 3-D DisplayTrue 3-D Display


Principles of Aircraft-Position DisplaysPrinciples of Aircraft-Position Displays

– Principle of pictorial realismPrinciple of pictorial realism

Spatial analog of the real worldSpatial analog of the real world

– Principle of integration Principle of integration Fig 5-7 5-9Fig 5-7 5-9

– Principle of compatible motionPrinciple of compatible motion

– Principle of pursuit presentation Principle of pursuit presentation Fig 10-12Fig 10-12

(vs. compensatory display)(vs. compensatory display)

(end)(end)

Head-up DisplaysHead-up Displays

DiscussionDiscussion

General Guide to Visual Display SelectionGeneral Guide to Visual Display Selection– Heglin (1973) Heglin (1973) Tab 5-3Tab 5-3

ViewView– Object DisplayObject Display

– Representational DisplayRepresentational Display

– Enhance Situational AwarenessEnhance Situational Awareness

visual display of dynamic information chapter 5. visual display of dynamic information uses of...

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scale features fig

digital fig

configural displays

length of scale unit

selection of analog

qualitative slide

pointer analog fixed

scale size