· web viewsection 1: history of printing. general objectives: the trainee will: appreciate the...

FIRST YEARSection 1: History of Printing

General Objectives: The trainee will:

1. appreciate the major developments in printing2. understand the various printing processes used in the printing industry

UNIT / TOPIC SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT TEACHING / LEARNING ACTIVITIES EVALUATION

1.0INTRO-DUCTIONTO PRINTING

The trainee will be able to:

1.1.1 Define printing

1.1.2 Trace the development of printing

1.1.3 Explain the development of the two common printing process

1.1.4 Distinguish between principles behind the

printing processes and give examples of works undertaken with them

Definition:

Printing – an art of expressing characters, illustrations etc. by mechanical means.

Development of printing:

The need for information dissemination precipitated the invention of:- Clay Tablet- Woodcuts - Movable types etc.

Common printing process- Letter press- Offset lithography

Types of printing processes:- Letter press- Offset lithography- Photo-gravure- Screen printing

Group trainees to brainstorm and come out with the meaning of printing.

Using models, group trainees to brainstorm the history of Printing.

Discuss the development of letterpress and offset lithography.

Show to trainees works produced with the various processes e.g. high quality mass newspapers, cheque books etc

Take trainees on a visit to presses to identify equipment.

Describe the major developments in the history of printing.

Outline the major development in letter press and offset

Homework Trainees to bring to class things they can use to make impression.

Write a report on the visit and discuss in class


2.0PRINCIPLES / CONCEPTS OF THEPRINTING PROCESSES

1.2.1 Prepare the printing surfaces for various

printing processes

Printing surface preparation for:

- Letterpress printing i.e. raised image areas

- Lithography i.e. plain or flat image areas

- Photo gravure is sunk in image areas

- Screen printing i.e. mesh image areas

Demonstrate the various methods of printing to trainees

Trainee to practise preparation of various printing surfaces for print production.

Draw Associate different printing surface preparation with their respective printing processes. e.g. Rubber stamp -raised

Stencil - mesh

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Section 2: Machines and Safety

General Objective(s): The trainee will

1. appreciate importance of machine2. understand principles of operating machines and maintaining them3. know how to maintain machines


1.0MACHINE MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS


2.2.1 State the importance of maintaining machines

2.2.2 Carry out basic maintenance activities

2.2.3 Apply safety precautions necessary in a press

Importance of maintenance: - Prolong machines life- Ensure efficiency- Prevents injury to operators etc.

Maintenance activities:

- Cleaning- Lubricating and greasing- Servicing- Repairs etc.

Safety Rules:

- Seek permission before operating any machine

- Always wear the appropriate clothing- Ensure proper electrical connections.- Ensure proper lighting systems.- Minimize noise in the press room.- Avoid obstructions to fire exists- Always keep the fire extinguishers intact. etc

Discuss the importance of machine maintenance

Demonstrate maintenance activities

Discuss safety precautions with trainees

Examine the dangers in failure to observe the safety rules

Search for other importance of maintenance

Visit press houses to ascertain their maintenance policies

Explain the need for observing these maintenance activities

i. Cleaningii. Lubricatin

g and greasingiii. Servicingiv. Repairs

Explain the need for observing the safety precautionsTrainees search for the Office, Shop And Factory Act governing the establishment of firm

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Section 3: Image Generation and Assembly

General Objective(s): The trainee will:

1. know history of letter assembly2. understand image generation and assembly techniques3. appreciate image generation and assembly methods4. prepare template and layout for jobs


1.0IMAGEGENERATION


3.1.1 Apply the techniques for generating images (texts, photos, illustrations etc.)

3.1.2 Make various originals for reproduction

Image Generation Techniques:

Hot type composition

- Foundry types- Machine types

Cold type composition

- Hand drawings- Pre-printed types- Strike-on types- Phototypesetting

Originals for reproduction:

- Line work- Air brush- Continuous tone- Wash drawing / paintings- Photographs.

Trainees to form smaller groups to examine which image generation technique is convenient for printing process.

Demonstrate to trainees how to apply the techniques for generating images

Show the various types of originals for reproduction to trainees and assist them to demonstrate.

Research work:Conduct research into conventional and modern methods of image generation.

Homework:Create your own forms of originals.

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2.0IMAGEASSEMBLY

3.2.1 Trace the history of letter assembly

History of Letter Assembly:

- The use of clay tablets and woodcuts.- The contribution of Pi Shang and Johannes

Guttenberg

Trainees to research in detail the development of letter assembly.

Homework:Identify the key developmental stages of letter assembly.


3.2.2 Identify the various composing room equipment and state their uses

3.2.3 Apply various methods of composing

3.2.4 Differentiate between spacing and justification

in composition

Composing room equipment and their uses:- Case - for storing types.- Tweezer - for picking type- Composing stick - for setting types- Chase – for locking set types- Furniture – for spacing etc.

Methods of composing:Hand composing procedure

- Take gauge in a composing stick- Pick type from the case- Place types correctly in the stick.- Transfer composed matter onto galley.

Machine Composing i.e.:Mechanical typecasting:

- Monotype- Intertype - Linotype- Ludlow

Spacing materials:

Inter-word spacing materials

- Em – quad

Show the various composing room equipment to trainees to observe.

Assign trainees to compose using the various equipment.

Demonstrate to trainees how to compose by hand.

Demonstrate to trainees how to compose by machine.

Group trainees to discuss the advantage and disadvantage of the mechanical typecasting methods.

Show and discuss the various spacing materials to trainees

Draw and state the uses of the composing room equipment.

Compose your own names using the various methods of composing

Visit a press and write a report on mechanical typecasting.

Explain the uses of the various spacing materials

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- En - quad- Thick- Middle space - Hair line- Thin space- Depress space band to create space in machine

composition.


3.2.5 Apply basic terminologies in composing

Interline spacing material i.e. lead of different sizes e.g. 1 point, 1 ½ point, 2 point, 3 point. etc.

Justification:- Flush left- Flush right- Centre- Justify

Basic Terms:

- Type font- Type alloy- Slug- Sort- Matrix etc.

Assist trainees to apply the terminologies commonly used in composing.

Explain composing terminologies

1.0INTRODUCTION TO IMPOSITION SCHEMES

3.3.1 Define Imposition

3.3.2 Draw a page layout or templates and

identify page elements

Definition:Arrangement of pages in a press forme so that when printed and folded, it will fall in correct sequence or order.

Dummy preparation:Prepare template consisting of gridlinesIndicate page elements:

- Text area- Gutter - Trim marks - Fold marks- Registration marks

Group trainees to brainstorm to come out with the meaning of Imposition.

Illustrate dummy preparation concept and drawing of templates. Trainees prepare

template for a sample work

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3.3.3 Apply the basic types of imposition

- Margins etc.

Basic types of imposition:

- One side imposition- Sheet wise imposition- Ganged imposition- Signature imposition

Demonstrate methods of imposition


4.0STRIPPING AND IMPOSITION

3.4.1 Define the terms stripping, imposition and dummy

3.4.2 Carry out stripping activities

3.4.3 Prepare schemes of imposition for jobs

Definition of stripping, imposition and dummy:

Stripping – process of assembling all pieces of film containing images that will be carried on a printing plate.Imposition – placement of images in position so that they will be in desired location on the final printed sheet. Dummy – blank sheet of papers folded in the same manner as the final job and marked with page numbers and heads.

The stripping procedure:- Place marking sheet on light table- Tape film with emulsion up on the ruled

marking sheet.- Turn over the flat on a light table to be

right reading.- Cut out sections of marking sheet to

expose image on the film.

Imposition Schemes:- work and turn- work and tumble- work and twist

Group trainees to brainstorm to come out with the meanings of the terms dummies and imposition schemes.

Guide trainees to practise stripping

Guide trainees to practise the various schemes

Prepare different schemes for different jobs.

Outline the stripping procedure

Homework:Visit a press to seedemonstration of work and turn, work and tumble and work and twist.

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5.0BASIC TYPOGRAPHY

3.5.1 Identify parts of typefaces

3.5.2 Classify typefaces

3.5.3 Enumerate the factors to consider when selecting typefaces

3.5.4 Sketch and label parts of a type

Parts of typefaces:

- Counter- Serifs- Bowl- Ascender etc

Classification:

- Serifs - San Serifs- Cursive

Factors to consider:

- Legibility- Readability- Appropriateness- Aesthetics

Parts of a type:- X-height- Descenders- Ascenders- Baseline- Mean line/waist line

Show parts of typeface(s) to trainees

Show typefaces to trainees and assist them to classify.

Discuss factors to consider with trainees

Through sketches, illustrate the various parts of a type to trainees

List the basic type of classification

Homework:Trainees to discuss in groups the importance of the factors.

Trainees to draw a type and identify the various parts discussed

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6.0TABLES AND TABULAR SETTINGS

3.5.5 Apply basic typography printing terminology

3.6.1 Set tables and tabular works

Terminologies:

- Solid Setting- Type Bodies- Type Design- Type Family

Tables and tabular setting:

- Tables – settings with rules inserted.- Tabular settings – settings with leaders.

Discuss the basic terms with trainees in groups

Demonstrate the setting of table and tabular works.

Research further into the terms

Explain thedifference between tables and tabular work.

Practice the setting of table and tabular works

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Section 4: Paper Making and Paper Sizes


1. recognize materials used in paper making2. apply methods used for paper making


1.0 PAPER AND PAPER SIZES


4.1.1 Identify the raw materials for paper making

4.1.2 Apply the methods of making paper.

4.1.3 Describe the paper making process

4.1.4 Describe the

Raw materials for paper:

- Wood (commonly used raw materials)- Cotton - Esparto (Grass)- Manila

Methods of paper making:

- By hand- By machine

Paper making process:

- Beating/Pulping- Mixing- Drying- Sizing - Pressing

Show the various raw materials for making paper to trainees.

Demonstrate the methods of making paper

Discuss the stages in paper making to trainees

Discuss the properties and how they can be

Home workVisit the internet for more information on raw materials for paper making and present in class for discuss

Summarize the machine method of making paper for assessment in class

Group work:In group discuss the activities carried out at each stage of paper making

Determine the properties of sampled papers

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properties of paper Paper properties:

- Grain direction- Absorbency- Weight- Bulk- Opacity

determined.


4.1.5 State the common paper sizes in the market

4.1.6 Recommend the appropriate paper types for jobs.

Sizes (IS0): international standard sizes: A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 etc.

Paper types:

Writing papers – Newsprint, Bond, Bank etc.Cards – Embossed, cartridge etc.Glossy papers – Art paper, Art Card, chromocoteBoards – straw boards, Art board, corrugated boards, chip board etc.

Discuss the paper sizes to trainees and state how they are derived

Show samples of types of papers to trainees to observe and handle

Homework:Determine other paper sizes that can be obtained in the market

Homework:Make album with various types of paper

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SECOND YEAR

Section 1: Basic Photography and Operations

General Objective(s) The trainee will:

1. know techniques in photography and operations2. appreciate printed works3. recognize press operations in printing


1.0BASIC PHOTO-GRAPHY IN PRINTING


1.1.1 Define Photography

1.1.2 Examine the basic concepts of photography

Definition:The process of graphic reproduction that uses only photomechanical means.

Object capturing and exposure:

Object capturing – Cameras are the major instruments used in capturing objects.

Types of Camera:

- Darkroom process cameras i.e. Horizontal and Vertical Gallery cameras

Exposure:

Group trainees to brainstorm the meaning of Photography

Discuss the basic concepts of Photography

Find out samples of process cameras available in the industry.

Visit presses and identify the most commonly used light sources

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Uses of light – for illuminating images / objects (on copy board) for exposure.

Light sources:

Natural – sunlight Artificial – incandescent, Halogen,

Tungsten, pulsed xenon, carbon arc etc.

Discuss effect of various sources of light in exposure to trainees.

State the reason (s) why such lights such as halogen are used in photography


2.0PHOTO CONVERSION

Trainee will be able to:

1.2.1 Explain photo conversion

1.2.2 Identify the darkroom tools and equipment

1.2.3 Classify the types of films available for use

Explanation:Processes by which light sensitive materials capture images on paper or films.

The materials and equipment includes:- Film processors- Light- Cameras- films- Chemicals- Light sensitive papers- Beaker/ graduate - funnel - Densitometers - Thermometers - Sinks/trays - Contact frame - Process cameras- Timers - Film processors etc.

Classification of films:

Discuss photo conversion with trainees

Show darkroom tools for trainees to observe

Show to trainees the types of films and assist them to classify

Describe photo conversion

State the type of materials and equipment use in photo conversion

Compare the types of films and identify

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in the industry Films can be classified according to:

- Speed e.g. Fast or slow- Light sensitivity e.g. Panchromatic, orthochromatic Blue sensitive

their differences.


2.1.4 Draw and label the structure of a film and state their functions

1.2.5 Define Process Camera

1.2.6 Describe the types of process cameras

1.2.7 Draw and label the parts of process camera and

state their functions

Firm structure:

- Protective layer- Emulsion - Base - Undercoating- Anti-halation

Definition:A camera designed specifically for a process lens, usually a large camera.

Process cameras:

- Gallery - Vertical- Horizontal

Parts and functions of the process camera.Copy Board - holds the copyLens - focuses image on the filmCamera back - holds the films during exposure Light - source of illumination etc.

Using sketches, assist trainees to draw and label structure of a film

Group trainees to discuss the types of process cameras

Group trainees to discuss the types of process cameras

Assist trainees to draw and label the parts of process camera

Draw the structure of a film and show its parts

Identify different types of cameras used in the industry

Draw and label a process camera

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1.2.8 Describe an ideal darkroom layout

Specification for darkroom layout: - Light tight room - Contains equipment and provide work space - No obstruction to progress of work - Air regulated room etc.

Discuss proper darkroom layout and arrangement with trainees

Homework

Recommend the ideal darkroom layout.


1.2.9 Describe the light controls in the darkroom

1.2.10 Identify the chemicals used in processing

photographic material (film) and state their functions

1.2.11 Write the processing procedure of a photographic material

Safelights used for various photographic films e.g. Yellow, red etc.

Processing chemicals:

- developer – brings out the latent images- Stop Bath – stops further action of the

developer.- Fixer – makes developed image

permanent.- Water – removes remaining chemicals on

films.

The processing procedure:

i. Exposed film from cameraii. Developer trayiii. Stop Bath trayiv. Fixer trayv. Washing trayvi. Developed film

Discuss with trainees the effect of light on films.

Trainees to observe the effects of different lights on films

Show chemicals to trainees to observe contents of the various chemicals

Discuss the processing procedure of a film with trainees

HomeworkVisit photo studios and observe what a darkroom is and write a report

State the functions of the various contents on the film

Describe sequentially the processing procedures

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Section 2: Design for Printing


1. apply principles for design2. apply appropriate primary, secondary and intermediate colours3. recognize elements of design


1.0DESIGNCONCERNS FOR PRINTING


2.1.1 Define design 2.1.2 Describe the elements

of design

2.1.3 Apply the principles of design

Definition:

Design – an arrangement of accepted elements following certain principles.

Design elements – lines, dots, shapes, colours, texture, form etc.Principles of design:- Space- Proportion- Balance - Contrast- Unity- Rhythm.

Group trainees to brainstorm to come out with the meaning of design

Using charts, assist trainees to discuss the elements of design

Demonstrates the principle of design to trainees using drawing.

Class Exercise:State the use of design elements in designing.

Home work:Draw/design in conformance with the principle of design

Project Work:

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2.1.4 Classify Primary, Secondary and Intermediate colours

Classification of colours: Primary colours – Yellow, Red and Blue.Secondary colour – A mixture of equal amounts of any two primary colour e.g. Blue + Yellow = GreenRed + Blue = Violet Red + Yellow = Orange.Intermediate – A mixture of equal amount of one primary colour and a secondary colour next to it in the colour wheel

Draw the colour wheel to depict the various classes of colours.

Discuss the types and classifications.

Produce a design showing balance, unity and rhythm

Which colours are referred to as primary colours and why

Home work:Use poster colours to produce the colour wheel


2.0 INTRO-DUCTION TO DESKTOP PUBLISHING


2.2.1 Apply the application software for typesetting, editing and designing

Application Software:

MS word – for typing/text generation. Corel Draw – for designing and illustrationsPage Maker - for page layout designPhotoshop – for photo editing

Demonstrate the use of the various applications software to trainees

Research workResearch for more applications software used in the industry

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Section 3: Reproduction


1. appreciate the concept of colours to the printer2. appreciate the concept of colour separation3. apply colours for printing


1.0COLOUR THEORY AND RE-PRODUCTION


3.1.1 Explain the concept of colour separation

3.1.2 Describe the conventional method of colour separation

3.1.3 Examine the concept of colour to the printer

Colour separation – splitting a colour copy into the primary colours of cyan, magenta, yellow and blackConventional separation i.e. use of filters:Red filter – cyanBlue filter – yellowGreen filter – magentaAll three filters – black

Light and colour – colour is basically the reflection of light on an object.

Discuss the need for colour separation with trainees

Discuss the conventional method of colour separation using various filters

Put trainees in a dark room and assist them examine items of different colours.

What is the purpose for colour separation

Match the process colours with their respective filters

Describe the colours of an object in a lighted room.

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3.1.4 Distinguish between subtractive and additive colours

Spots and process colours – are the most important colours to printers

Spot colour – any colour other than the process colours: cyan, magenta, yellow and black (C.M.Y.K)

Subtractive colours – cyan, magenta and yellow. They are called subtractive because they are the colours from which printers obtain all other colours they want.

Addictive colours – colours that combine to give white light

Discuss the differences between spot and process colours.

Discuss the difference between subtractive and additive colours.

Using the colour wheel, assist trainees to understand the concept.

Give examples of spot and process colour work.

Homework:Draw the colour wheel and show how to obtain the subtractive and additive colours


3.1.5 Determine the appropriate screen angles for process colour separation

Screen angles for separating coloursCyan - 1050

Magenta - 750

Yellow - 900 Black - 450

Demonstrate with a projector various screen angles.

Guide trainees to separate an image using the process camera

Write report on the separation of colours

2.0PRINTING INKS 3.2.1 Define Ink

3.2.2 Identify the ingredients of printing inks and state their functions

3.2.3 Examine the type of

Definition of Ink:Ink – a coloured liquid or solid for writing with a pen thick paste (printer’s ink) used in printing.

Ingredients and functions:

Pigment – gives colour to inks Vehicle – binds inks to substrateModifiers – influences drying, flowbehavior and abrasion resistance

Types of Ink:

Group trainees to brainstorm and come out with the meaning of ink.

Discuss various types of ink

Discuss the effect of various ingredients in inks and their function with trainees

Show types and discuss the characteristics of each of the types with trainees.

Match type to trainees

Homework:Search on the internet for

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inks and describe them

- Heat-set- Quick - set oil ink- Gloss inks- News inks- Metallic ink etc.

more of the ink types

3.2.4 State the properties of inks

Properties of Ink:

- Viscosity – flowing ability of inks- Tack – stickiness of inks- Opacity – the easiness to see through an ink.

Etc

Discuss the properties of ink with trainees Write down the properties of ink and state their functions

Section 4: Offset Machine Operation

General Objective(s): The trainee will

1. understand principles and operation of machines 2. appreciate the importance of machine operations3. know how to operate printing machines


1.0OFFSET MACHINE OPERATIONS


4.1.1 Define Offset

4.1.2 State the importance of make- ready

Definition:Offset – the most common form of lithographic printing in which the image and non-image areas exist on the plane (plate), separated by chemical repulsion.

Importance of ‘make-ready’ To obtain quality printed image.

- Ensure proper registration of image.- Reduce waste- Ensure impression in all the parts of the image

Group trainees to brainstorm and come out with the meaning of Offset

Discuss the make-ready activities with traineesEvaluate the need of make-ready

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4.1.3 Set the operational parts on printing machine

4.1.4 Apecify the printing requirements for blanket cylinder

Operational parts on printing machine:- Side and front lays- Lateral adjustment devices- Grippers- Air blowers- Suckers etc.

Requirements:- Correct fitting- Care and treatment- Selection for specific job- Characteristics

Demonstrate to trainees the setting of the various operational parts of a printing machine

Group trainees to discuss in details the requirements of blanket cylinder.

Explain how to set operational parts of printing machine

Explain how to fulfill the requirements of offset blankets


2.0PRESS OPERATIONS

4.2.1 Outline the development of printing machines

4.2.2 Identify the major units of a printing press.

4.2.3 Make a letterpress printing machine ready for printing

Trace the development of printing presses from Gutenberg’s invention to modern presses:- Platen press- Flatbed cylinder press- Rotary press i.e. sheet fed and web fed presses

Four major units of a press:- Feeding unit- Registration unit- Printing unit- Delivery unit

Make-ready activities: - Cleaning - Oiling/Greasing the press- Placing the form- Inking the press- Controlling image position- Take a proof

Guide trainees to brainstorm on the developments of printing from movable types.

Trainees to visit a press house to see the major units of a printing machine. Assist trainees to write group report and discuss in class

Demonstrate to trainees and assist them to design and make-ready letterpress for printing

Discuss the importance of make-ready to trainees

Demonstrate the dressing procedures on platen / cylinder presses to trainees

Distinguish between the various presses and their mode of operation

Explain the functions of the units in your report after visit

Practical work:Trainees carry out a make-ready letterpress printing machine.

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1.2.4 Classify the types of letterpress machines

- Dressing the press - Washing the press

Types of letterpress machines:- single revolving- two revolving- platen jobbing- rotary

Using charts, assist trainees to identify the differences in the various letterpress machines

Introduce trainees to the types of letterpress machines in the workshop.

Organize field trip to other printing workshop

Homework:Trainees write a report on the types of letterpress machines seen during the trip.

Section 5: Book Binding


1. know importance of binding2. recognize binding methods


1.0INTRO-DUCTION TO BOOK BINDING


5.1.1 Define book binding and its importance

Definition of Book Binding – process of fastening sheets of paper together.

Functions of Book Binding:

- Protection- Aesthetics - Identification- Construction etc.

Discuss book binding with trainees

Trainees to brainstorm to come out with importance of Book Binding.

Group trainees to discuss parts of a book.

Explain the term book binding and state its functions

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5.1.2 Examine the major parts of Book

Major parts of a Book:

Front matter:

- Half title- Frontispiece- Title page- Copyright page- Dedication- Acknowledgement etc.

Main text i.e. chapters in the book.

End matter:

- Appendix- Note- Bibliography - Glossary etc.

Class work:Take a book and identify its major parts

Write down the parts of the book which form the end matter


5.1.3 Examine parts of a Book cover

5.1.4 Identify book formats

5.1.5 Perform the types of Book Binding

Parts of a Book Cover:- Spine, - fore-edge- tail - head

- Book format- portrait- landscape

Types of Binding:- Adhesive / perfect Binding- Case Binding- Mechanical Binding

ii. Wire ‘O’iii. Comb Binding

- Stitching / Stapling1. Saddle stitch

Show to trainees, the various parts of a book cover.

Sketch to show the various formats of a book to trainees

Demonstrate to trainees the various types of binding.

Sketch and label parts of the Book Cover.

Brainstorm to come out with the characteristics of the formats

Project Work:Teams of trainees to undertake a binding project.

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5.1.6 Apply terminologies in Binding

2. Side stab

Common Terminologies in Binding:- Collate, - Fold, - Gather, - Jog - Sew etc

Assist trainees to use the terminologies in Binding Research work:Trainees to research for more binding terminologies on the net, library etc.

2.0BINDING TOOLS AND MATERIALS

5.2.1 Identify binding tools Binding tools:

- Type scale- Scissors- Hand cutter- Knives- Guillotine machine- Stitching machine- Sewing machine, etc.

Show to trainees the binding tools.

Demonstrate to trainees the use of the various tools.


5.2.2 Use binding materials Binding materials:- Binding cloth- Glue- Strawboard, etc.

Show to trainees materials listed.

Demonstrate to trainees how to use binding materials listed.

Class work:Group trainees to bind different types of book.

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Section 6: Finishing


1. know the various materials used for finishing 2. appreciate tools for finishing and apply printing finishes


1.0PRINT FINISHING


6.1.1 Explain print finishing

6.1.2 Identify tools, materials and equipment in print finishing operations.

Explanation – All the processes carried out to make printed material complete

Tools and equipment:

- Scissors- Straw boards- knives- Bone folder

Discuss with trainees the meaning of print finishing

Show to trainees the various tools and equipments

Explain print finishing

Enumerate tools, materials and equipment and state their uses.

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6.1.3 Describe finishing operation

- Thread- Tapes- Muslin- nipping/stand press- binding clothing- guillotine

Some finishing operation:

- Die cutting- Gathering- Collating- Jogging- Trimming - Inserting - Perforating- Scoring / creasing- Punching and drilling- Laminating etc

Group trainees to discuss finishing operations


6.1.4 Perform major folding operations

Types of folding:

- Hand folding- Machine folding i.e. - Knife folding - Buckle folding- Combination folding

Demonstrate the hand folding and the various mechanical folding methods to trainees

Perform hand and mechanical folding

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Section 7: Estimation and Costing


1. know the cost of printing artifacts 2. determine the cost of producing simple print work


1.0ESTIMATION AND COSTING


7.1.1 Explain estimation

7.1.2 State the content of Information on

Explanation: A price provided to a customer based on the specifications outlined on the estimate form.

Estimation information cards:- Work instruction ticket

Discuss with trainees the meaning of estimation and costing

Group trainees to discuss the content of information on estimation card

Estimate the cost of producing a

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Estimation card

7.1.3 Explain the terms used in estimation.

- Job cost sheet- Order book- Job card etc.

Estimation Terms:- Pages to view- Section- Flats- Impression- Colour work- Stock size - Minimum working size- Press sheet size- Monochrome work- Ream- Packs

Discuss the estimation information cards with trainees.

Discuss with trainees the meaning of the terms used in estimation

newsletter.

Prepare sample of a job cost sheet.

Distinguish between stock (paper) size, minimum working size and press sheet size.


7.1.4 Determine the cost of producing a job.

Factors to consider:- Nature of job.- Size of job- Machine to use- Quantity to produce etc.- Number of pages of the work

Basic steps in estimation:

- Determine quality of materials e.g. film, plate, paper etc.

- Determine cost of materials

Discuss the implication of the factors in estimation.

Illustrate to trainees how to estimate a job.

Guide trainees to solve an estimation question.

Discuss the importance of estimation.

Estimate the cost of producing a newsletter

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- Determine cost of processes e.g. film and plate making, impression, finishing etc.

THIRD YEAR

Section 1: Simple Print Work


1. appreciate the contributions of computers to print production2. recognize the technological trend in the printing industry


1.0IMAGE CARRIERS


1.1.1 Identify types of offset lithographic image

Types of offset lithographic image carriers: Show and discuss the types of offset lithographic image carriers.

Research work:Research more on types of

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carriers.

1.1.2 Differentiate between letterpress original plates and duplicates.

- Direct image plate e.g. paper plates, rubber plates etc.

- Direct photographic plate- Surface coated plates e.g. wipe on, pre-

sensitized etc.

Original and Duplicate plates:

Originals - first generation plates:- Woodcuts, - Linoleum Blocks, - Metal Types, - Polymers

Duplicates (2nd generation):- Stereotypes,- Electrotypes- Flexible rubber.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various offset lithographic image carriers.

Describe how the first and second generation plates are made.

Group trainees to discuss letterpress original and duplicate plates

offset lithographic image carriers for offset printing.

State the difference between first and second generation plates

2.0OFFSET LITHO-GRAPHIC PLATE PROCESSING

1.2.1 Prepare offset lithographic plates.

Preparations:- Place the film on the plate.- Expose the plate on a plate Maker - Develop the plate.- Wash the plate- Gum the plate- Dry the place

Guide trainees to prepare offset lithographic plate. Demonstrate how to prepare offset lithographic plate

Write a report on offset lithographic plate preparation

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Section 2: Proofs and Proof Reader’s Marks


1. understand proofs and proofreaders marks2. know types of proof and proofing processes


1.0PROOFS AND PROOF-READER’S MARKS

The training will be able to:

2.1.1 Define a proof

2.1.2 Identify the types of proof

Definition of proof – a trial printed sheet or copy made before the production run for the purpose of checking. The act of doing this is proofing.

Types of proof:

- Galley proof- Blue print

Group trainees to brainstorm and to come out with the meaning of proof

Show the types of proof to trainees.

Discuss their features

Home work

Research more into proofing.

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2.1.3 Use the proofing presses

2.1.4 Apply the proofreader’s marks to read the proofs.

- Colour proof- Press proof etc.

Proofing presses:

- Cromalin - Flat bed press- Galley press etc.

Proofreader’s marks – are symbols used in marking corrections on proofs e.g. insert, delete and close, transpose, change to caps, etc.

E.g. # - insert space#> 2- space between lines or paragraphs, etc.

Visit a printing house for demonstration on proofing presses.

Demonstrate to trainees how to use the proof reader’s marks to read the proofs.

Describe how proofing presses work.

Edit a copy using the symbols.

Section 3: Printing, Trouble Shooting and Press Systems


1. recognize printing problems and find remedies to them2. know how to troubleshoot3. understand the configuration of offset press


1.0PRINTING PROBLEMS AND TROUBLE SHOOTING

3.1.1 Explain the common ink related problems and their remedies

Ink related problem:

- Setoff - Strikethrough- Scumming - Hickies- Pickinng etc.

Discuss ink related problems and how they affect prints.

Explain how each ink problem affects prints

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3.1.2 Examine common paper related problems and their remedies

.

Remedies:- Setoff – use anti set off spray.- Scumming – increase flow of fountain solution.- Hickies – dust paper pile edges- Picking – reduce the tackiness of ink etc.

Paper related problems:

- See through- Chalking- Curling- Picking etc.

Remedies:See-through-high opaque papers.Curling – fan papers well.

Discuss paper related problems and their remedies with trainees.

Demonstrate how to remedy them to trainees

State how to solve the problem

Demonstrate how to solve some paper problems when printing


2.0PRESS SYSTEMS

3.2.1 Identify types of lithographic presses

3.2.2 Examine the configuration of offset press

Types of lithographic presses:

- Duplicators- Sheet fed- Web fed

Offset press configuration:

Feeding system

- Register board- Auto paper feeder- Vacuum and blower controls- Paper guide release lever etc.

Visit printing press with trainees to familiarize with the presses mentioned.

Trainees to visit a printing workshop for a demonstration of the various systems.

Show types

Explain the functions of the various systems on the offset press

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Cylinder system:

- Two-cylinder system- Three-cylinder system

Dampening system:

- Molleton- Aquamatic- Fountain Solution- Alcohol Dampening

Inking system – Basically consists of rollers i.e.

- Fountain rollers- Doctor rollers- Vibrator rollers- Form rollers etc.

Delivery system

- Chair delivery- Chute delivery

Section 4: Modern Printing and Advance Book Binding


1. appreciate the new trends in printing2. demonstrate new trends in printing3. apply the major steps involved in book binding


1.0MODERN

The trainee will be able to: Innovations in printing technology: Discuss the new trends in the printing Technology Group work:State new printing

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PRINTING 4.1.1 Apply the new trends in printing technology

- Computer to film (CtF) technology- Computer to press (CtP) technology.- Non impact printing (NIP) technology.

Discuss in detail, the major steps involved in book binding

techniques in groups

State the binding steps

2.0ADVANCE BOOK BINDING TECHNIQUES

4.2.1 Explain the major steps involved in book binding

4.2.2 Prepare a bound book

Book binding steps:

Sheet / web processing:

- Cutting- Folding- Forwarding- Processing and functional points preparation

Book production:

- Gathering to block- Binding blocks- Trimming blocks- Rounding blocks- Colouring edges- Joining of extra items

Demonstrate the binding procedures Project Work:Trainees undertake a book binding project


Case Making:

- Trimming case material- Jointing covers- Surface finishing covers- Rounding covers

Finishing:

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- Assembling the book- Shaping the book- Completing the book

Section 5: Entrepreneurial Studies


1. recognize the factors for setting up an enterprise2. know types of enterprise3. know how to manage an enterprise4. know career opportunities


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1.0ENTREPRENEURSHIP


5.1.1 List types of enterprises.

5.1.2 Examine the necessary factors to consider in setting up an enterprise

Types of enterprises:

- Sole proprietorship- Partnership- Limited liability enterprises- State owned enterprises etc.

Factors to consider:

- Interest and Strengths- Equipment needs- Capital- Land- Market

Discuss types of enterprises

Discuss the merits and demerits of the various enterprises.

Trainees to brainstorm to come out with the factors to consider when setting up an enterprise

State the reasons why you would consider any of the enterprises.

State factors to consider when setting an enterprise

2.0MANAGING A BUSINESS

5.2.1 Explain the concept of management.

5.2.2 Identify business risks and strategies for remedy.

The management concept – the ability to plan, direct, control and organize.

Business Risks:

- Direct risks e.g. theft, fire, flood etc- Indirect risks e.g. Low sales, poor worker

attitude, competition, etc.

Discuss the major functions of management i.e. planning, organizing, directing and controlling

Discuss business risks in relation to direct and indirect risks.

Describe the functions of management

Distinguish between direct and indirect risks.


Risks Management:

- Direct risks – can be managed by insurance, monitoring, etc.

Discuss the need for managing risk. State the need to take insurance and regular auditing.

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- Indirect risks – can be managed by advertising, market research, staff training, proper motivation, etc.

3.0CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

5.3.1 Identify career opportunities in printing industry.

Career Opportunities:

- Tradeshops e.g. typesetting, bindery, reproduction, etc

- Commercial printing e.g. machine minder, mechanics, proofreader, estimator, etc.

Discuss with trainees areas they can get employment or establish a business.

Home work:Write an essay on the topic: “What I would like to do after school”

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Adams et al. (1988), ‘Printing Technology’, Delmar Publishers, 3rd Edition, New York, USA.

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2. Barnard, M (1991), ‘Introduction to Printing Processes’, Blueprint, 1st Edition, London

3. Burdett, E. (1975), ‘The craft of book binding’, David and Charles Inc., USA

4. Dennis et al (1991), ‘Comprehensive Graphic Arts’, McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition, USA

5. Graham, N. K. (2004), ‘Introduction to Printing Techniques’, Ghana, Unpublished.

6. Incoom, P. K. (2006), ‘Syllabus Validation Guide’, Ghana, Unpublished

7. Kipphan, H. (2008), ‘Handbook of Print Media’, Springer Heidelberg, New York.

8. Lee, M. (1979), ‘Book Making’, R. R. Bowker Company, New York-USA.

9. Prust, Z. A. (1977), ‘Photo-Offset Lithography’, Good heart Wilcox Company Inc, USA.

10. Hird, F.K. (1919) Offset Lithographic Technology Good heart Wilcox Company, Inc. USA

11. Ruggles P.C. Estimation for Printing

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MATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Printing Machines – Preferably

Multilith AB Dick Kord 62/64 GTO Sorm Sord MOEquipment

Laser printer (Black) DeskJet Printer (Colour) Computers Image setter Plate Maker Refrigerator Numbering Machine (Automatic/hand)

Tools

Metal Rules Scissors Hand cutters Knives Light Tables ‘T’ Square Drawing Instruments Guillotine Machine Stitching Machine (Gang and one-hand) Sewing Machine (hand/automatic)

Materials

Films Plate Papers Sewing thread Stitching wire

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· web viewsection 1: history of printing. general objectives: the trainee will: appreciate the...

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