Chapter-1 Power Sharing

Power sharing: Power sharing is the distribution of power among the organs of the government like – legislature, executive and judiciary. It is an intelligent step to ensure the stability of political order. Besides, power sharing also includes sharing at the different levels like union, state and local. Ethnic: A social division based on shared culture. Mostly people belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because they have similarities of physical type or culture or both. They may not have the same religion or nationality, e.g, French speaking, Dutch speaking, Sinhala speaking, etc.

Majoritarian: A concept which signifies a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants is known as Majoritarian. In this type of rule they disregard the wishes and needs of the minority. Community Government: A type of Government which is elected by people belonging to one language community is called community government. Dutch, French and German speaking no matter where they live. This is a very specific type of government in Belgium. Civil War: A violent conflict between opposing groups within a country is known as civil war. Sometimes it becomes so intense that it appears like a war.Prudential: It is a set of reason which favors power sharing. It is based on prudence, or on careful calculation of gains and losses. Prudential reasons stress beneficial consequences. Checks and Balances: A system in which each organ of the government checks the others which results in a balance of power among various institutions. It ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Vertical Division of power: It is a type of distribution of power which involves the higher and lower levels of government such as central, provincial and regional levels.Reserved Constituencies: It is a system in which constituencies are reserved in the Assemblies and the Parliament for minorities in order to give them a fair share in power. Coalition government: when the alliance of two or more parties gets elected and forms a government it is known as the Coalition Government. This is another form of power sharing.

Q.1. How did the Sri Lankan and the Belgium governments try to solve the ethnic problem?

Ans.1. The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions, whereas the Sri Lanka Government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism.2. The Belgium solution helped in avoiding civic strife, whereas the majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

Q. 2. Explain the prudential reasons for power sharing.

Ans. Power sharing is desirable because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between the various social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure political stability. Imposing the will of the majority community over the minority may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority, it often brings ruin to the majority as well.

Q. 3.  Explain the moral reason for power sharing.

Ans. Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy. A democracy rule involves sharing of power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. The basic principles of power, sharing include-1. Government of different political parties, i.e., a coalition government.2. Protection of minority rights.3. Decentralization of power.

Q. 4.  What is power sharing?

Ans. 1. Power sharing is a strategy under which all the major segments of the society are provided with a permanent share of power in the governance of the country. It is a potential tool for solving disputes in the society divided by deep ethnic, cultural or racial differences by giving the parties involved the wide range of power sharing to ameliorate the tensions through consensus-oriented governance.2. It involves a wide array of political arrangements – usually embodied in constitutional terms – in which the principal elements of society are guaranteed a place and influence, in governance. It relies on joint exercise of power where all principal groups are given a permanent share in the governance.

Q. 5. Mention the steps taken by the Sri Lankan government to achieve majoritarianism.Ans. 1. In 1956, an Act was passed under which English was replaced as the country’s official language not by Sinhala and Tamil but by Sinhala only.2. The governments followed preferential policies that favored Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.3. A new constitution was stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.4. Denial of citizenship to estate Tamils.

Q. 6.  Why is power sharing desirable?

Ans. 1. To avoid conflict: it reduce the possibility of conflict between the various social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure political stability. Imposing the will of majority community over the minority may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in long run, it undermines the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority, if often brings ruin to the majority as well.2. Spirit of democracy: Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves the sharing of power with those affected by its exercise, and those who have to live with its effects. A democratic government is chosen by the people. So they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where groups, through participation acquire a stake in the system.

Q.7.  Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical power sharing.

Ans. Horizontal Power sharing1. Under the horizontal power sharing power is shared among different organs of government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.2. Under horizontal distribution of power, organs of the government are placed at the same level to exercise different powers.3. Under horizontal each organ checks the other.

Vertical Power sharing1. Under the vertical sharing power, power is shared among the different levels of the governments.2. The vertical division of power involves the highest and the lower levels of government.3. Under vertical power sharing the lower organs work under the higher org.

Q.8.  Explain the power sharing arrangements among the political parties and pressure groups.

Ans. 1. In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements.2. Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.3. In the long run, power is shared among the different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.4. In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active. They also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process.

Q. 9 . How is a federal government better than a unitary government? Explain with examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka.

Ans.1. Federalism is a system of government under which power is divided between central authority and its various constituents units.2. The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting communities and regions by establishing a federal government, whereas Sri Lanka government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism.3. The Belgium solution helped in avoiding the civic strife, whereas the majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

Chapter– 2 Federalism

Federalism: Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. Unitary System: Unitary system is a system of government in which either there is only one level of government or sub units are subordinate to the central government. Jurisdiction: The area over which someone has legal authority, that area may be defined in terms of geographical units or in terms of geographical units or in terms of certain/specific matters, is known as Jurisdiction.Tier system: Tier system is the system which signifies levels of government. It may be two levels or two tiers and three levels or three tier.Coming Together Federation: It is a type of federation in which independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase their security. Holding Together Federation: It is a type of federation in which a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the National government. List System: List System states the distribution of powers or subjects through the list like Union List for central/union level, state list for state level, etc. It is the specific feature of Indian federalism Union List: It is the list given under the Jurisdiction of Union government. It includes the subjects or matter of national importance like defence, finance, external affairs, currency, etc. Union government alone can make laws on the Union List subjects.State List: State List is given under the jurisdiction of State Government. It includes the subjects or matters of state and local importance. State government alone can make laws on the state list subjects.

Concurrent List: Concurrent list stands for the subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the state government. For the concurrent list subjects both the Union as well as the state government can make laws.

Residuary subjects: Residuary subjects are the leftover subjects which do not fall in any one of the three lists. One the residuary subjects only the union government can legislate e.g., computer software and internet. Union Territories: Union Territories are the areas which are run by the Union Central government. They are too small to become an independent state but could not be merged with any of the existing states. E.g., Chandigarh. Coalition government: coalition government is a government formed by the coming together of more than two political parties, since no single party got a clear majority. Decentralization: When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government it is called Decentralization. This concept helps to inculcate a habit and culture of democratic participation even at the gross root level.

Q. 1  What is Gram Panchayat?

Ans. It is a council consisting of several ward members, often called panch and a president or a sarpanch.

Q. 2. .  What is a Panchayat Samiti?

Ans. A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form a panchayat Samiti or Block or a Mandal.

Q . 3.  Who is a Mayor?

Ans. A Mayor is an elected Chairperson of the Municipal Corporation.

Q. 4.  Mention any four features of the federalism.

Ans. 1. The power is divided between a central authority and its various constituent units.2. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens.3. The fundamental provisions of the government cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government.4. It has a dual objective, i.e., to safeguard and promote the unity of the country, and also to accommodate the regional diversity.

Q. 5 . Why were the linguistic states created? What are their advantages?

Ans. The Linguistic states were created to ensure that the people who spoke the same language lived in the same state.1. It has made the country more united and stronger.2. It has also made administration easier.

Q. 6. Mention any four difficulties of local government in India.

Ans.1. Most states have not transferred significant powers to the local governments.2. There is a shortage of resources.3 .Elections are not held regularly.4. Gram sabha are not held regularly.

Q. 7.  What is Gram Sabha? Mention its functions.

Ans . Every adult of the village who is 18 years of age constitute the Gram Sabha.1. It is the decision making body of the entire village.2. The village panchayat works under the supervision of the Gram Sabha.3. It approves the annual budget of the Gram Panchayat.

Q. 8.  What is Panchayati Raj? What is its importance?

Ans. Rural local government is known as the Panchayati Raj.1. It helps the people to directly participate in decision making.2. It helps in the decentralization of power.3 .It reduces the burden of the central government.

Q. 9.  Distinguish between coming together federation and holding together federation.

Ans. Coming Together federations1. Under this independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit.2. Under this, all constituent states usually have equal power.3. USA, Switzerland and Australia

Holding together federations1. Under this, a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government.2. Under this central government tend to be more powerful.3. India, Spain and Belgium.

Union List1. It includes subjects of national importance. This list consists of 97 subjects. Most important among these are defence, atomic energy, foreign affairs, etc.2. The parliament is solely empowered to enact laws on subjects included in the Union List.

State List1. State list contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade. It has altogether 66 subjects.2. The state legislature along can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List.

Concurrent List1. It includes subjects of common interests to both the union government as well as the state government, such as, education, forests, trade unions, marriage, adoption and successions, press, etc.2 .Both the union as well as state governments can make laws on the concurrent List subjects. But in case of a conflict between the central and states laws, central law prevails.3. Distinguish between Federal form of government and Unitary form of government.

Federal form of government1. Under the federal system there are two levels of government, one at the central level and other at the state level. Both levels have their areas of jurisdiction.2. In federal system a state government has power of its own for which it is not answerable to the central government.3. Central government cannot order the state government to do something.

Unitary form of government.1. But in Unitary form of government either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.2. On the other hand in unitary system the state government does not have power of its own.3. The central government can pass on orders to the local government.

Q. 10 . What is the importance or need for decentralization?

Ans.  1. The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. People have a better knowledge of problems in their localities. They also have better ideas on where to spend money, and how to manage things more efficiently.2. At the local level, it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation. Local government is the best way to realist one important principle of democracy, namely the local self government.

Q.11 Explain the major key features of federalism.

Ans . 1. Two or more levels or government:- Federalism is a system of government in which the government is divided between a central authority and its various constituent units. Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country, and the other governments at the state or provincial level.2. Same citizens separate jurisdiction:- Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.3. Superiority of constitution: The jurisdiction of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government are constitutionally safeguarded.3. Rigid constitution: The fundamental provisions of the constitutions cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.4. Dual objective: The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote the unity of the country, while at the same time, accommodate the regional diversity.

Chapter 3 - Democracy And Diversity

Social division:- Division of the society on the basis of language, region, caste, colour or race and sex. It signifies linguistic and regional diversity. Social differences:- Social differences are the situations where the people are discriminated against on the basis of social, economic and racial inequality. It gives way to social diversity which is different from society to society. The black power: It was a movement started by black people in 1966 against racialism and the practice of apartheid. It was a militant movement advocating even violence if necessary to end racism in the US. Overlapping differences: Social differences which overlap other differences are known as overlapping differences e.g., difference between the blacks and whites became a social division in US because the Blacks tend to be poor homeless and discriminated against.Cross-Cutting Differences: If social differences cross cut one another, it is known as cross cutting differences. In another way in this situation groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue.Homogenous Society:- Homogenous society signifies absence of significant ethnic differences. It is a society that has similar kinds of people or inhabitants. Migrants: Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country for the purpose of work or other economic opportunities. Minority: It refers to

community who are less than half of the total population of the country. The idea of minority at national level is totally different from what it is at state level.

Q.1.  ‘Most of the social differences are based on accident of birth.’ Explain.

Ans. The social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. Normally, we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born to it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday lives. People around us are male or female, they are tall and short, have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities.

Q.2.  What is a homogenous society? Give two examples.

Ans. A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences. For example, Germany and Sweden.

Q.3.  Mention one impact of migration.

Ans. The process of migration is converting the homogeneous countries into heterogeneous countries because migrants bring with them their own culture, and tend to form a different social community.

Q. 4 How are the social divisions reflected in politics? Explain.

Ans. 1. Political parties talk about social divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities, and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.2. Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer a party more than others. In many countries, there are parties that focus only on one community.

Q. 5. Name the two athletes who raised the issue of Civil Rights in the Mexico Olympics. What methods were used by them?

Ans. Tommie Smith and John Carlos1. They received their medals without shoes, but with socks to represent Black poverty.2. Smith wore a black scarf around his neck to represent Black pride.3. Carlos wore a string of beads to commemorate Black People, who had been killed.

Q. 6.  ‘Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.’ Explain.

Ans. 1. When one social difference overlaps another difference, it is known as overlapping social difference.2. Overlapping social differences between Blacks and Whites became a social division in the United States. Overlapping social difference became the main factor for the Black Power Militant Movement.3. Even in India, Dalits face discrimination and injustice. These kinds of situations produce social divisions which are harmful for democracy and weaken the basic foundation of democracy.

Q. 7. Explain the overlapping and cross-cutting differences.

Ans. Overlapping differences1. These social divisions take place when some social differences overlaps with many other differences.2. The difference between the Blacks and Whites becomes a social division in the United States because historically most of the Blacks are poor, homeless and discriminated.3. In India, the Dalits tend to be poor and landless. They often face discrimination and injustice.4. These kinds of situation produce social divisions which are harmful for democracy, and weaken the basic foundation of democracy.5. When one kind of social difference become more important than any other, and people start feeling that, they belong to different communities then this can lead to the disintegration of the country.

Cross-cutting differences1. Under cross cutting differences, people share common interest on one issue but are likely to be on different side on another issue.2. Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate.3. Netherland and Northern Ireland are Christian countries divided into Catholics and Protestants.4. In Netherland class and religion tend to cut across each other. This means Catholics and the Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich.

Q. 8. What are the bases of social differences?

Ans. Social Differences are based on two main factors:1. On the basis of accident of Birth2. On the basis of our choices.

Differences on the basis of Birth1. Normally we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we are born into it.2. People around us, have different physical abilities or disabilities.

Differences on the basis of choices1. Some people are atheists. They don’t believe in god or any religion.2. Some people choose to follow a religion other than the one in which they are born.3. Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to take up and which games or cultural activities to take part in.

Q. 9 How do social divisions affect politics?

Ans. Negative Impact1. It would appear that the combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive.2. Democracy involves competition among various political units/parties. Their competition tends to divide the society.3. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions it can make social division into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.

Positive Impact1. At the same time every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to such disasters because wherever social divisions exist, they are reflected in politics.2. In democracy political parties would talk about these divisions, they make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities.

3. Social divisions also affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others.

Q. 10. What are the three determinants to accommodate social divisions in politics?

Ans . 1. Role of Identity:- Outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. 2. Role of community and culture:- The outcome depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.3. The role of political party and government:- In another way political outcome of social divisions depends on how the government reacts to demands of different groups. This is very much observed in Belgium and Sri Lanka. If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions becomes less threatening for the country.

Chapter 4 - Gender, Religion And Caste

Sexual division of labour:- A system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women of the family, or organized by them through the labour of domestic workers.Feminist:- A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.Patriarchy:- Literally, rule by father, this concept is used to refer to a system that values men more, and gives them power over women.Family Law:- Those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different family laws apply to followers of different religions.Urbanization:- Shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.Occupational mobility:- Shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors.Sex ratio:- Number of girl children per thousand boys.Gender division:- It is a form of hierarchical social division based on social expectations and stereotypes.Secular State:- A state which has no official religion of its own is known as the secular state. The secular state provides religious equality and equal status to all religions.Secularism:- Secularism is an ideology which deals with the equal status to all religions and prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion. It implies religious freedom. People enjoy the right to preach, practice or profess a religion of their choice.Untouchability:- A state of affairs in which some backward and lower caste people are treated as outcaste people, untouchables. They are not allowed to mingle with so-called upper caste.Social changes:- Social changes signifies the modification which takes place in the lifestyle of people. i.e., the mode of living, the social status, and cultural changes.

Q. 1  Mention any four steps which can be undertaken to improve the women’s representation in politics.

Ans. 1. To make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.2. By reserving some seats in the Lok Sabha and the State assemblies for women.3. Political parties should also give due representation to women members.4. By raising the literacy rate.

Q. 2. How have feminist movements helped in improving women’s condition?

Ans. 1. Political expression of gender division and political mobilization on this question helped to improve the women’s role in public life.2. Now women are working in occupations such as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers, and college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women.3. In some parts of the world, for example, in the Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Q. 3. Mention any positive role of caste politics.

Ans. 1.Caste politics helped people from the Dalits and the OBC castes to gain better access to decision making.2. Several political and non-political organizations have been demanding and agitating for the end of discrimination against particular castes, for more dignity and more access to land, resources and opportunities.

Q. 4  Discuss the sexual division of labour.

Ans. 1. The sexual division of labour is not a new phenomenon. It has been under practice for time, immemorial.2. The result of this division of labour is that women have been confined to a private domain of family, while the public domain has been monopolized by the men.3. Although women constitute half of the population of the world, their role in public life especially politics is minimum in most of the societies.4. Though the role of women in world politics is increasing but still, it is male dominating.

Q.5  What are Feminist movements? What were their major demands?

Ans. These are the movements which are organized by various women organizations to create equality for women in personal and family law.1. These feminist movements demand equal rights for women in all spheres of life.2. There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women.3. The agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women.4. The movements also demanded in improving the educational and career opportunities for the women.

Q. 6.  How can religion influence politics? Explain.

Ans. 1. Gandhiji believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from all religions.2. Ideas, ideals and values drawn from different religions can and perhaps should play a role in politics.3. People should be able to express in politics, their needs, interests and demands as a member of a religious community.4. Those who hold political power should sometimes be able to regulate the practice of religion so as to prevent discrimination and oppression.5. These political acts are not wrong as long as they treat every religion equal.

Q. 7. When does the communalism problem become acute?

Or

What is communal politics? Explain.

Ans. Religion is used in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. This manner of using religion in politics is communal politics.1. Religion is seen as the basis of the nation.2. When one religion and its followers are discriminated against by another.3. When people start believing that beliefs of one religion are superior to those of other.4. When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another.5. When the state power is used to establish the domination of one religious group over the rest.

Q. 8.  State any four provisions of the Indian constitution which makes it a secular state.

Ans. 1. No official religion:- There is not official religion of the Indian state. Out constitution does not give a special status to any religion.2. Fundamental Rights:- Under the Right to Freedom of Religion, our Constitution provides to all citizens freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.3. Equality:- The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. To ensure equality, untouchability has been banned.4. Intervention of the state within religious communities:- The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matter of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.

Q. 9 Explain the different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantages in India.

Ans. 1. Literacy rate:- The literacy rate among women is only 54 % as compared to 76% among men. A smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies because parents prefer to spend their resources for their boys education than spending equally on their daughter.2. Unpaid work:- The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. Though on an average, the Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day, but most of them are not paid equally, and therefore, their work is often not valued.3. Sex ratio:- In many parts of India, parents prefer to have sons, and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. This led to a decline in the child sex ratio.4. Domestic violence:- There are reports of various kinds of harassment exploitations and violence against women. Both urban as well as rural areas have become unsafe for women. They are not safe even within their own home from beating and other forms of domestic violence.

Q. 10. ‘Politics too influences the caste system.’ Explain.

Ans. 1. Wide base:-  Each caste tries to widen its base to gain majority. Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it, the neighbouring caste or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.2. Coalition:- Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or communities, and thus

enter into a dialogue and negotiation. This strengthens the basic structure of democracy.3. New groups:- New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like backward and forward caste groups.

Q. 11. The rigid caste system is disappearing in India. Explain the major factors responsible for this. Suggest any two ways through which this can further be reduced.

Ans. 1. Social reformers: Social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R.Ambedkar, etc. advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.2. Economic factors: With economic development, large scale urbanization, growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility and the weakening the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down. Now, most of the time in urban areas, it does not matter much who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant.3. Constitution: The constitution of India prohibits discrimination of any type. It provides equal opportunities to all.4. Fundamental Rights: Provision of fundamental rights has played a major role because these rights are provided to all the citizens without any discrimination.

Q. 12. What forms can caste take in politics?

Ans. 1. While choosing candidates: When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate, and nominate candidates from different castes so as to get necessary support to win elections.2. While forming a government: When the governments are formed, political parties usually takecare that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.3. While campaigning: Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to people to give them their votes on the basis of caste. Some political parties are known to favor some caste, and are seen as their representatives.4. Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote, has compelled the political leaders to raise the caste based issues during elections.

Q.13. Give the measures to remove the inequality of women.

Ans. 1. Women should struggle for their equal rights through movements like Feminist movement.2. Political participation should be improved by reservation of seats in the legislatures like 33 percent seats should be reserved in all Legislative Assemblies.

Q.14.  What are the reasons for the great change in the caste system?

Ans. 1. With the economic development, large scale urbanization, growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of the landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.2. Now, most of the times, in urban areas it does not matter much who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant.

3. The constitution of India also prohibits any caste based discrimination and lays down the foundation of politics to reverse the injustice of the caste system.

Q. 15 Examine the causes of communalism in India.

Ans. 1. Historical background:- A major factor which led to the growth of communalism in India was “British Imperialism”. In keeping with their colonial designs they encouraged the policy of divide and rule. The British encourage communal politics and encouraged communal politics and introduced separate electorates.2. Socio Economic Causes:- On gaining independence India was an imbalanced, stagnant and underdeveloped country. There emerged competition for the limited resources of the country. Due to poverty it is easy to mobilize people on caste, communal and religious basis to demand a better share.3. Role of political parties:- many political parties are based on religion and use religion as a vote bank. They keep religious identity and allegiances alive.

Q . 16. “Caste system and politics in India cannot be separated.” Justify.

Ans. 1. There are many caste pressure groups which influences those who are in power by different methods to get their demands met.2. Caste also plays an important role when candidates are nominated by political parties for a particular constituency.3. Political parties like the DMK, AIADK and BSP have come up to protect the interests of the backward classes. Even while ministeries are formed, different castes are kept in mind.4. The SC and ST are given reservations in educations institutions, legislatures and government jobs. This is to remove their historically accumulated backwardness. But it has led to strengthening the casteism and caste identity and reservation conflicts.

Chapter 5 -Popular Struggles And Movements

Pressure Groups:- Pressure group is an organized aggregate group, which seeks to influence the government’s decision making without attempting to place their members in formal governmental capacity. A pressure group uses extra constitutional measures to influence and coerce the government. Organization:- A systematic arrangement of people who work collectively to achieve certain objectives for common benefit. Electorate: It refers to the entire body of people who are qualified to vote and participate in the election of representatives for the legislative or a local body. Public Opinion:- Opinion of the people of a country on an issue of national importance. It is mostly an aggregated, organized and considered opinion of a section or sections of people on an issue of public concern. Interest Groups:- Interest group is a group of persons formed to promote a specific goal/interest. This group represents the social, economic and political interests of a particular segment of the society. Interest groups have common aims and try to get them fulfilled through different means and not by capturing power.

Election manifesto:- A written document or statement published by each political party that consists of the policies and programmes of the party. The manifesto is implemented when the party comes to power and issued at the time of election. Movement:- The struggle in order to achieve certain aims like democracy, is known as movement. It aims at many forms of collective action. Universal Adult Franchise:- This term refers to the right to vote given to all the adult citizens of a country to elect their representative periodically. It ensures political equality and emphasis popular sovereignty. Public Interest Groups:- The groups which seek to promote the interest of the general people rather than

a particular section are termed as public interest group. They are also called promotional groups because they promote collective rather than selective good.

Q. 1.  Define political party.

Ans. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and to acquire political power. Political parties share common political view by acting as a political unit and try to control the government.

Q. 2.  What does SPA stands for? Examine its aims.

Ans.  SPA stands for Seven Party Alliance. This was formed by all the major political parties to protest against the dissolution of the popular elected parliament.Maoists: The communist who believe in the ideology of Mao, the leader of the Chinese Revolution. They seek to overthrow the government through an armed revolution so as to establish the rule of the peasants and workers.Sectional Interest groups:- The interest groups which seek to promote the interest of a particular section or group of society are known as the sectional Interest group. Trade Unions, Business Associations and Professional bodies are some examples of this type.

Q. 3. What is single-issue movement? How is it contrasted with a long term movement?

Ans. Single issue movement is a movement of specific nature that seeks to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame.For example: In India “Narmada Bachao Andolan” is a good example of this kind of movement.

Q. 4.  Distinguish between political parties and pressure groups.

Ans : Pressure groups1. Pressure groups have specific interest and work for the collective interests of its membership only.2. Membership of pressure groups is limited and that too of a particular kind.3. Pressure groups resort to agitation a politics like marches, demonstrations, strikes, fasts. Etc.4. Pressure groups are informal, often secretive, conceited and conspiratorial and sometimes even unrecognized entities.

Political parties1. While political parties have a broad based programme that covers many aspects of national life influence and coerce the government.2. Membership of the parties is very broad based and it is a wide coalition of diverse members and they have mass memberships.3. Political parties use only Constitutional means to achieve their aims.4. Political parties are the formal, open and recognized part of the political system competing for power.

Q. 5. Distinguish between Public Interest Group and Sectional Interest Group.

Ans . Sectional Interest Group1. Sectional interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society.2. They are sectional groups because they represent the section of society.3. Sectional interest groups principal concern is the betterment and well being of their members not society in

general.4. The Bolivian organizations FEDECOR, Indian trade Union, are some examples of this type of group.

Public Interest Group1. Public interest group seek to promote collective rather than selective good.2. But, they are public groups because they represent the general people of the society.3. The aim of public interest group is to help groups other than their own members.4. A group fighting against bonded labour fights not for itself but for those who are suffering under such bondage.

Q. 6 . Distinguish between interest groups and pressure groups.

Ans. Interest group1. Interest groups protect a specific interest but they do not use pressure, tactics and extra constitutional means to influence and coerce (check by force) the government2. The Interest groups are the neutral label and their decisions are very much formal.3. Interest Groups never depend on spontaneous mass participation.

Pressure Group1. Pressure groups protest the common interest and they use pressure tactics and extra constitutional means to influence and coerce the government.2. Pressure groups have a loose organization. Their decision making is more flexible and informal.3. On the other hand Pressure groups depend much more on spontaneous mass participation.

Q. 7. Mention any four features of promotional groups or public interest groups.

Ans. 1. They take up issues relating to common people.2. The members of the organization may not benefit from the issue.3. They promote collective good.3. They fight for social justice and social equality.

Q. 8. What are the major features of a movement?

Ans. 1. A movement attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition.2. Movements have a loose organization.3. Their decision making is more informal and flexible.4. They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.

Q. 9. Distinguish between Issue-specific Movements and Long term Movements.

Ans. Issue-Specific Movement1. Issue specific movements seek to achieve a single objective within a limited frame.2. The active life of issue specific movements is very short.3. The Nepalese Movement for Democracy arose with the specific objective of reversing the king’s order is an example of issue specific movement.

Long term Movement1. Long term movements seek to achieve a broad goal in the very long term.2. The active life of long term movements is very long.3. Environment Movement is a long term movements.

Q. 10. Explain the role of sectional interest groups in deepening democracy.

Ans 1. Where different groups function actively, no single group can achieve dominance over the society. If one grout puts pressure on the government to make policies in its favour, another will put counter pressure not to make policies in the way, the first group desires. This leads to a rough balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interests.2. While working for the interests of their sections, they also inspire others to put forward their demands.

Q. 11. How do pressure Groups and Movements exert influence on politics? Explain.

Ans . 1. Raising Public issues:- They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goal, and their activity by carrying out information campaigns, organizing meetings, file petitions, etc. Most of these groups try to influence the mass media into giving more attention to these issues.2. Participation in the working of government:- They often organize protest activities like strikes, disrupting government programmes. Workers organizations from pressure groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies and committees that offer advice to the government.3. Impact on political parties:- Most of the political parties take agenda from these organizations. Most of the movement groups take political stance without being a party.4. New Parties:- These movements give birth to a new political party. DMK, AIADMK etc.

Q 12. “The pressure groups interest groups and movements have both negative as well as positive points.” Explain.

Ans. Negative impacts:1. These promote interests of one section.2. These weaken the basic structure of democracy because mostly they work for a particular group or issue whereas a democracy must look after the interests of all, not just one section.3. These groups wield power without responsibility. Political parties have to face the people in elections, but these groups are not accountable to the people.4. Pressure groups and movements may not get their funds and support from the people. Sometimes, pressure groups with small public support, but lots of money can hijack public discussion in favour of their narrow agenda.5. Sometimes, these pressure groups can create political instability.

Positive impacts:1. Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. Putting pressure on the rulers is not an unhealthy activity in a democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity.2. Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering the undue influence of rich and powerful and reminding the, government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.

Q. 13. What are the two different ways of participating in a struggle?

Ans. 1. Direct participation – In this people try to influence the decisions in a democracy by directly participating in active politics.2. Indirect participation -  In this people try to voice their interests by forming organizations and influence the government policies without sharing the political power i.e., in a very indirect manner.

Q.14.  State the similarities and levels of popular mass struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.

Ans. Similarities1. Both these were the instances of popular political conflict that led to popular struggles.2. In both the bases struggle involved mass mobilization. Public demonstration of mass support, clinched the dispute.3. Lastly, both instances involved critical role of political organizations.

Level of Popular struggleThe two movements involved mass mobilization and public demonstration of mass support. Both these struggles shows how democracy evolved all over the world like:1. Democracy evolved through popular struggle.2. Democratic conflict and mobilization.3. Democracy and political organization.

Chapter – 6 Political Parties

Political parties: A political party is a political association or a voluntary group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programs. Election Commission: It is an independent multi-member body which is constituted for the superintendence, direction and conduct of elections. Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction. Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to take a balanced view on an issue. One party: it means a system in which only one party operates in the political system for various reasons. In this system there is no opposition. E.g, China.Bi-party system: A political system where there are two major parties. In this system power usually changes between two main parties. USA and United Kingdom.

Multi Party system: It is a political system where more than two parties exist and contest elections to come to power. National Parties: Parties that are present in only one of the federal units and are countrywide parties known as national parties. These parties have their units in various states. Regional Parties: The parties that is present in several or all units of the federation known as state or regional parties. Opposition: The political party or group of parties that form part of a legislature but are not in the government. They check the activities of the government.

Q. 1. Name three components of political parties.

Ans . 1. The leaders.2. The active members.3. The followers.

Q. 2. ‘Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.’ Explain.

Ans1. Laws are debated and passed in the legislature. The legislature is made by parties.2. The party in power supports the bill, whereas the opposition tries to find the negative points. So the common people can know the positive and negative points of the bill.

Q. 3 What is a partisan?

Ans. A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction.

Q. 4 What are the limitations of a multiparty system?

Ans.1. It leads to political instability.2. It delays the decision making power of the parliament.

Q. 5 What are the advantages of multiparty system?

Ans 1. It allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.2. It provides chance even to small and local parties to flourish and, to be a part of the government.

Q. 6. What is an alliance or front?

Ans. When several parties in a multiparty system join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance or a front.

Q. 7. Why is multiparty system in India?

Ans. Because the social and geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily absorbed by two or even three parties.

Q. 8.  What are recognized political parties? Give two examples.

Ans. The parties which have been recognized by the election commission as known as recognized political parties.1. These parties are given a unique symbol.2. Only the official candidate of that party can use the election symbol.

Q. 9.  What is defection?

Ans. Changing party allegiance from the party on which a person got elected to a different party.

Q. 10. What is the need to have political parties?

Ans. 1. Formation of policies: It is very difficult to imagine democracy without political parties because without political parties every candidate in the election will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promise to the people about any major policy changes and new policies.

2. Uncertain government: The government may be formed, but its life will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they did to the locality. But no one will be responsible as to how the country will run.3. Representative democracy: The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies. Large scale societies need to representative democracy.4. To gather public opinion: As societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency to gather different views on various issues, and to present these to the government. This is fulfilled by the political parties.

Q. 11 Distinguish between regional and national parties.

Ans . Regional parties1. A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State, and wins at least two seats is recognized as a State Party.2. These parties exist, operate and function at the regional level.3. These raise regional issues.4. For example, the Akali Dal, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, etc.

National Parties1. A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in the Lok Sabha elections or the Assembly elections in four states, and wins at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha in recognized as a national party.2. These exist, operate and function throughout India.3. These raise national issues.4. For example, the Indian National Congress, The Bharatiya Janata Party etc.

Q.13.  Write some basic elements which are necessary to form a political party.

Ans . 1. Common Aim:- Its members much have a similar and unanimous opinion regarding public matters and issues.2. Organization:- The members with common objectives must form themselves into an organization.3. National Interest:- The political parties must aim at promoting national interest.4. Constitutional Mean:- A political party must follow peaceful and constitutional means to order to capture political power.

Q. 14. What are the merits and demerits or Bi-party system?

Ans.Merits1. Stable Government:- The government in this government is very stable  as it comes to power by a majority and thus, there will be continuity of policies and programmes.2. Strong Opposition:- The opposition will be very strong and effective as only one party forms the opposition.

Demerits1. Undemocratic:- sometimes Bi-party is considered as undemocratic as the ideological choice is very limited between two parties. The opinion of people cannot be expressed properly.2. Cabinet Dictatorship:- as the party comes by an absolute majority it is difficult to remove it as it can result dictatorship of the cabinet.

Q. 15. How do the political parties help in the formation of public opinion? Explain.

Ans. 1. Political parties shape the public opinion. They raise the highlight issues. Parties have lakh of members and activists spread all over the country.2. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of the society. 3. Parties sometimes also launch movements for the solution of problems faced by the people. Often opinions in the society crystallize on the lies parties take.

Q.16 n Explain the role of opposition.

Ans. 1. The party which fails to form government, constitutes the opposition, and performs the most important functions of criticism of the working of government, its policies and its failures.2. They check the government from assuming dictatorial powers. The opposition party moves the adjournment and the no confidence motion in the Legislature.3. The function of the opposition is said to be to oppose, to expose and to depose. In this way, they aim at ensuring good governance in the country.

Q. 17. Distinguish between a political party and a pressure group.

Ans .Political Party1. It is a group of people, who come together to contest elections.2. Political parties are generally of two types (National Party and regional party).3. Political parties contest elections.4. Example. BJP, Congress etc.

Pressure Group 1. It is group of people, who seek to promote the interests of a particular section or society.2. Pressure groups are also of two types (Sectional and public interest groups).3. They do not contest elections.4. Example, The Trade Unions and All Indian Sikh Students Federations.

Q. 18. What are the various challenges faced by political parties?

Ans. 1. Lack of Internal Democracy:- Party do not hold organizational meetings and do not conduct internal elections regularly. They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.2. Unfair Advantage and dynastic succession:- Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functions, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.3. Money and Muscle Power:- Growing role of money and muscle power in parties especially during the elections. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use shortcuts to win elections.4. Absence of Meaningful Choice:- Very often parties do not seen to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different.

Chapter – 7 Outcome of Democracy

Characteristics of Democracy: Promotes equality, enhances the dignity of the individual, improves the quality of decision making, and provides methods to resolve conflicts, accommodates correct mistakes.

Monarchy: The government ruled by the monarchy or king of the country.Dignity: The word denotes privileged position, honourable rank or importance given to any particular post or personality.

Outcome of democracy: Political position, honourable rank or importance given to any particular post or personality.

Poverty:- It is a socio-economic phenomenon which in general terms is the denial of opportunities to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living.

Inequality: Absence of equal opportunities, equal treatment and equal status at any level, social, economic or political is known as inequality.

Civil Liberties: These are privileges or rights thought to be valuable in themselves and important for the functioning of democratic society.

Transparency:  A person has the right and means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency.Accountable government: A government which is answerable to the people.Responsive government: A government that takes decisions by following the norms and a proper procedure.

Q. 1. Why democracy preferred as the better form of government than dictatorship?

Ans. Democracy is better than dictatorship because:1. Promotes equality among citizens.2. Enhances the dignity among citizens.3. Improves the quality of decision making.4. Provides a method to resolve conflicts5. Allows room to correct mistakes.

Q. 2.  Why is democracy better than other forms of government?

Ans. Promotes the dignity of the individual.1. Improves the quality of decision making.2. Provides a method to resolve conflicts.3. Allows a room to correct mistakes.

Q. 3. ‘Democratic government is a legitimate government.’ Explain.

Ans. 1. A democratic government is people’s own government elected by the people.2. People all over the world wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them.3. Various surveys conducted by various agencies show that most of the people favour democracy as the government.4. Democracy provides people the option to choose their own rulers.

Q. 4.  What should be the basic outcome of democracy?

Ans.  It produces a government that is accountable and representative to the citizensIt is responsive and legitimate to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

Q. 5.  What is the importance of costs of time in decision making?

Ans. The cost of time that democracy pays in decision making is perhaps worth it. As, democracy is based on the idea of deliberations and negotiations so, some delay is bound to take place.

Q. 6. What do democracies ensure regarding decision making?

Ans .1. Democracies do ensure right of the citizen to choose their rulers and have control over the rulers.2. Democracies also ensure the process of transparency in decision making.

Q. 7.  Why decisions are delayed in democracy?

Ans. Democracies are delayed in democracy because democratic governments are based on the ideas of:Deliberation (carefully) Negotiation

Q. 8. What is the essence of democracy?

Ans. Free and fair election is the essence of democracy.

Q. 9  Democracy is not free from corruption. Is it true?

Ans. There is no denying the fact that democracy is not free from corruption but, it is only in a democracy that people can openly expose this evil and ask for its elimination.

Q. 10.  Why do people prefer democracy? Explain with four reasons.1. Democracy promotes equality among citizens. There is no discrimination on the basis on religion, caste, colour race etc.2. It enhances dignity of the individual and no individual is discriminated against on the basis of caste, religion, class etc.3. It involves the quality of decision making as it is based on deliberation and negotiation. And in democracy every citizen take part in decision making through the process of election.4. It provides method to resolve conflicts. It also tries to reduce tension.

Q.11.  What do you mean by civil liberties?

Ans. Civil liberties denote freedoms and rights which are valuable in them and vital to the functioning of a liberal and democratic society.It comprises various basic freedoms and privileges:1. Freedom of speech and expression.2. Freedom of religion and thought.3. Freedom to form association and freedom to movement.4. Legal liberty or freedom to a fair trial.

Q. 12.  Examine the political outcome of democracy.

Ans. 1. It produces accountable and representative government.2. It also produces responsible and legitimate government.3. Provides procedures and development mechanism for decision making.4. Promotes free and fair election.5. Above all, it generates its own political support for itself.

Q. 13. Examine the social outcome of democracy.

Ans. 1. Accommodation of social diversity.2. Dignity and freedom of the citizens3. Dignity of women.4. Strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes,5. A public expression and dissatisfaction with democracy in one of the most important outcomes of democracy.

Q.14.  Write the factors that denote the successful working of democracy in India.

Ans. 1. Aware and vigilant citizens: Aware and vigilant citizens can exercise their voting behavior in a very meaningful way and contribute towards the success of democracy.2. Freedom of press and media: A free press and media keep the people in touch with governmental activities but also ventilate the grievances of the public.3. Health literacy level: Uneducated people are the liable to our country and educated and healthy people are assets to the country.4. High Morals: It helps in preventing corruption, dishonesty, negligence and ignorance. High moral people help in the achievement our democratic goals as well.

Q.15.  How does democracy lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens? Explain.

Ans 1. In the political field: Democracy provides a political environment to citizens for their popular participation in politics.2. Every citizen has the right to vote and right to contest election.3. In the economic field: Democracy stands for equal economic status to all citizens.4. Government undertakes extensive social welfare schemes and achieve universal literacy rate.5 In the social field: Democracy tries to help its citizens to lead a peaceful and harmonious life by accommodating various social divisions and providing social equality to its citizens.6. It try to resolve differences, respect differences and try mechanisms, which can negotiate differences.

Chapter 8 - Challenges To Democracy

Challenges: Difficulties which are significant and which can be overcome are known as challenges.

Political Reforms: Suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called Democratic reforms or political reforms. Right to Information Act: It is an act that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government and acts as watchdogs of democracy. Challenges to democracy: Challenges to democracy means various problems that come while ensuring a democratic set up in a country.

Q. 1. Mention the major types of challenges which most of the democracies of the world are facing.

Ans. 1. Challenge of democratic rights.2. Challenge of free and fair elections.3. Challenge of decentralization.4. Challenge of accommodating diversity.

Q. 2. What is meant by the term ‘Challenges to democracy’? Give two examples of the various challenges of democracy.

Ans. A demanding situation that requires some kind of action. Challenges to democracy mean various problems that come while ensuring a democratic set up in a country. A challenge is not just any problem. We call those difficulties a challenge which are significant, and which can be overcome. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge, we go up to a higher level than before. Ex: Poverty and Unemployment.

Q. 3. Mention some important qualification for a democracy.

Ans . 1. The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions.2. Elections must offer a choice and a fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.3. This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis.4. The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and the citizens’ rights.

Q. 4. Discuss the broad challenges to democracy.

Ans. 1. Foundation Challenge: Non-democratic countries face the foundational challenge of making the instituting democratic government. This involves bringing down non-democratic regime, keeping the military away and establishing a sovereign and functional state.2. Challenge of Expansion: Challenges of expansion involves applying the basic principle of a democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions. Ensuring greater power to the local governments, extension of the federal principle to all the units of the federation.3. Deepening of democracy: This challenge involves strengthening of the institution and practices of democracy. This should happen in such a way that people can realize their expectations of democracy. But ordinary people have different expectations from democracy in different societies.

Q. 5. How do we define a good democracy?

Ans .   A good democracy is one in which:1. All the people get equal status and opportunities.2. Government is limited by basic rulers of the constitution and citizens rights.

Q. 6  How can the principles of democracy be applied to all spheres of life?

Ans.  The principles of democracy can be applied in such a way like:1. A democratic decisions involves consultation with and the consent of all those who are affected by the decision.2. Every individual irrespective of his wealth, status and power has the same right in decision-making. This can equally apply to a government, a family or any other organization.

Q. 7 .  Write a note on the challenge of deepening democracy?

Ans.  The challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another. This challenge involves strengthening of the institutions and practice of democracy.1. In general terms, challenge of deepening of democracy means strengthening those institutions that help people’s participation and control.2. All these aspects require an attempt to bring down the control and influence of the rich and powerful people in making government decisions.

Q. 8. Why is a democracy considered the best form of government?

Ans. 1. Democracy produces accountable government: It is more accountable and responsible form of government. It responds to the needs of the people in a better way than any other form of government.2. Based on consultation and discussion: It is based on consultation and discussion. This reduces the chances or rash or irresponsible decisions.3. Accommodates Social diversities: It provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. In democracy no one is permanent winner or loser. Different groups can live in peace and harmony.4. Ensures dignity of individual: Democracy is based on the principles of political equality, so it enhances the dignity of citizens.