veterinary normal histology

8/12/2019 Veterinary Normal Histology

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POD PRAC EXAM MID SEM STUDY

NORMAL ANATOMY

Respiratory System (lungs)- CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

o Basal cellso Goblet cellso Cilitated cells (apical nuclei) to move mucouso Brush cells (like ciliated cells but with short fat microvilli)o Neurosensory cell (long and skinny modified neuron with tentacles apically, nuclei randomly

everywhere giving the appearance of layers)o Sustenacular support cells

- Bronchi have cartilage plates embedded inthem, resp epi

- Bronchioles have cuboidal epi and nocartilage, have clara cells that secrete asubstance to maintain surface tension

- Alveolar sacs: simple squamous. Type 1 =flat cells, Type 2 cuboical cells that secretesurfactin.

- Spaces between 2 alveoli sacs are calledpores of kern

Circulatory (heart and vessels)

Generalised Vessel Structure

Tunica Interna

-endothelium, loose CT, elastic membrane

Tunica Media

- Smooth m layer, vasa vasorumnourishes outer half

Tunica Externa

- CT with vasa vasorum, nervi vasorum

Arteries: may be elastic or muscular


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Renal- Cortex: Glomeruli, Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule- Medulla: Proximal Straight tubule, Distal straight tubule, Collecting duct- Rule: the things named distal .. lack a well defined brush border whilst the things named

proximal have a nice brush border- Collecting duct cells = principal (pale) and intercalated (dark) cells

- Other things: papillary duct renal pelvis

NB: In normal slide Cat has lipid droplets in the PCT, whilst dog has lipid droplets in PST

Liver

- Hepatocytes in sheets/ laminae supported by a reticular network- Capsule and penetrating trabeculae that create lobules- Hepatocyte laminae radiate from central veins- Blood travels from incoming vessels > sinusoids (which interface with hepatocytes) >central vein- Kuppfer (macrophage) cells lining the sinusoids- Bile travels in the opposite direction towards the bile duct

o Intralobular duct (at lobule periphery, squam)>interlobular duct (cuboidal)> intrahepatic duct(columnar) >hepatic duct

- Portal triad- o Interlob bile duct,hepatic a, portal vein, lymphatic

- Classical Hepatic lobule = central vein surrounded by portaltriads

- Hepatic acinus (3 zones related to 02)o Zone 1 = closest to incoming vessels thus susceptibile to toxinso Zone 3=closest to the ventral vein. Most susceptible to hypoxia


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Bone

From Left to right.Osteoblasts (production) produce matrixOsteocytes (maintenance) which live in lacunae with processesOsteoclasts (removal) large and mulitinucleate.They are macrophages that absorb bone.

Bone layers

- Endosteum (progenitor cells) and periosteum (innerosteoprogenitor cells, outer vascular)

Generalised Compact Bone structure

- Basic unit is the osteon (canals with bv and nerves) withinterstitial lamellae between (this is where the osteocyteslive)

Trabecullae (spongy) bone structure

- No osteons, but has lamellae- No penetrating bv

Cartilage

-3 types, named by the matrix (hyaline, elastic , fibro)

- as per bone, chrondrocytes live in lacunae (sometimes multiple cells per lacunae)

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Type 2 collagen Type 2 Collagen +elastic Type 1 collagen

articular surfaces , resp Ear, larynx IV discs, menisci


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Pancreas

Function: Exocrine (digestive enzymes) Endocrine (hormones) 1-2%

Exocrine= compound acinar glands

Enzymes secreted in inactive form to preventautodigestion

Intercalated duct> (w centroacinar cell)intralobular duct > interlobular duct

Endocrine = Islets of Langerhands

CT capsule divideds organ into lobules via septa


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Brain and nervous system

Cerebral Cortex

Pyramidal cells which look likesperm

Dendrites>cell body>axon

Cerebellar Cortex

Purkinje cells look like big fat red trees

Connective Tissue Sheaths ofperipheral Nerves

Endoneurium (of individualnerves)

Perineureum (of nerve fascicles)Epineurum most outer edge ofa whole bundle of fascicles


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Meninges

Outer Dura Mater

Thick dense CT

Middle Arachnoid Mater

Delicate CT, arachnoid villiprojecting into subarachnoidespace

Subarachnoid space

Pia Mater

Highly vascular CT

Spleen- Functions: RBC and platelet reserve, Iron /Hb recyclying, immune responses, RBC mature- White pulp = lymphoid tissues and arterioles

o Periarterial lymphoid sheaths (PALS) T cells surrounding a central arteryo Follicles= B cellso Both Pals and Follicles have a pale marginal zone (of macrophages and B cells)

- Red pulp = vascular Splenic cords (reticular network with RBC< Lymphocytes, macrophages) Sheathed Capilleries (sheath of macrophages), pulp (penicillar) arteries, splenic

sinueses (venules)- Capsule with penetrating trabelculae

White Pulp Red Pulp

veterinary normal histology

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