VERBSKinds of Verbs and Verb Tenses

Verb- a word that expresses time while showing an action, a condition or, the fact that something exists

ACTION CONDITION EXISTENCE

Elijah runs daily. Jacob will be sorry. Percival was here.

The verb runs shows an action.The verb will be shows a condition.The verb was expresses an existence.

KINDS OF VERBSAction Verbs, Auxiliary Verbs & Lexical Verbs, Dynamic Verbs & Stative Verbs, Finite Verbs & Nonfinite Verbs, Regular Verbs & Irregular Verbs,

Linking Verbs

I. ACTION VERBSTransitive and Intransitive

I. ACTION VERBSAction verbs are verbs that specifically describe what the subject of the sentence is doing. e.g. skip, smell, love, thinkMost of the action verbs are categorized as transitive or intransitive.

A. Transitive VerbsA transitive verb expresses an action which passes from the subject to a direct object or when the subject is acted upon. It needs a receiver of the action or a direct object.

e.g. owe, feed, paint, make, drive, lift, kick, produce, give, buy, pass, sell, take, show, offer

1. Azrael kicked Koko under the table.kicked = transitive verb; Koko = direct object

2. Hector wants a smile from Francesca, his beautiful but serious lab partner.

wants = transitive verb; smile = direct object

3.Portia painted the canvas in Brandon Rockwell fashion, dribbling bright colors from a heavily soaked brush.

painted = transitive verb; canvas = direct object

B. Intransitive VerbsVerbs that do not need an object or receiver of its action.e.g. run, nap, bark, gloat, wink, snore, grow, rain, arrive

1. Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare.

arrived = intransitive verb

2. James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew.

went = intransitive verb

3. To escape the midday sun, the cats lie in the shade under our cars.

lie = intransitive verb

II. AUXILIARY AND LEXICAL VERBSA. Auxiliary (or Helping) Verbs - used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to form a negative or question. They come before main verbs in a verb phrase.

Be Do Have

am does has

is do have

are did had

was having

were

being

here

Modal Auxiliariescan, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would

1. If all goes well, I will be going home today.

2. We shall meet tomorrow in the afternoon and discuss the matter we left pending.

3. We may go shopping anytime from now because the rains have stopped.

B. Lexical Verbs A lexical verb is any verb that is not an auxiliary. Also called a main verb or a full verb.e.g. come, rest, organize, handle

1. He will be coming home for dinner.2. He rested in the shadow after a tedious job in the garden.3. Thomas will be organizing the group before he travels.

III. Dynamic Verbs & Stative VerbsA. Dynamic Verb- A verb basically used to show a process, an action or a sensation

rather than a state. Most of them describe activities or events which can begin and finish.

e.g. drive, grow, throw, hit, repair, play, melt, eat, drink, go, type, read, write, listen, speak, watch, say, work, sleep, cook, talk

1.She plays tennis every Friday.She is playing tennis right now.

2.The snow melts every spring.The snow is melting right now

3.When one boxer hits another, brain damage can result. (This suggests only one punch.)When one boxer is hitting another, brain damage can result. (This suggests many repeated punches.)

Dynamic verbs can be used in the simple and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as well as the continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had been playing).

Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or unchanging. They can be divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which refer to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the relationships between things).

e.g. hate, believe, contain, own

B. STATIVE VERBS

1. I hate chocolate.

2. She believes in UFOs.

3. The box contains 24 cans of soda.

4. Yong owns three motorbikes.

Note that we cannot use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms, you can’t say "Yong is owning three cars." Owning is a state, not an action, so it is always in the simple form.

When describing states, they never take the continuous (‘-ing’) form.STATIVE VERB CORRECT USAGE INCORRECT USAGE

Like I like you. I am liking you.

Love I love you. I am loving you.

Hate I hate you. I am hating you

Appear It appears to be cloudy.

It is appearing to be cloudy.

Believe I believe in God. I am believing in God.

Fit This shoe fits me. This shoe is fitting me.

Sound This song sounds good.

This song is sounding good.

Remember I remember everything.

I am remembering everything.

IV. Finite Verbs & Nonfinite VerbsA. Finite Verbs- A verb that agrees with a given subject in a sentence. It is usually marked for tense.

e.g. appear, promise, enjoy, love, hate  1. He appears sick.2. Jane promised to change her behavior.3. Gladys said that she enjoyed learning more about verbs.

B. Nonfinite VerbsA verb that has no distinction in different tense. It cannot be used unaccompanied as the main verb in a given question or sentence.

e.g. expand, leave, smile

1. You can expand your boundary.2. We may leave after 10.00pm.3. She had a reason to smile.

V. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBSA.Regular Verbs

A verb whose past participle and past tense is attained by adding –d or –ed or –t for some. It is sometimes called a weak verb.

e.g. accept, arrive, fence, deliver

1. I accepted the offer.2. He has just arrived.3. He fenced the area.

B. Irregular Verbs- Also called a strong verb. It does not usually follow

the rules for common verb forms.  They usually do not have the predictable –ed ending.

e.g. get, go, say, see, come, take, sleep

1. He got (get) his business running at the right time.2. We went (go) home early.3. They came (come) by bus on a Saturday morning.

VERB TENSESSimple, Perfect, Progressive, and Emphatic Tenses

Tense- a form of a verb that shows the time of an action or a condition- there are 14 verb tenses in modern English and they are

classified according to:1. Simple Tenses2. Perfect Tenses3. Progressive Tenses4. Emphatic Tenses

I. SIMPLE TENSESA. Past TenseB. Present TenseC. Future Tense

A. Past Tense- denotes an action that was completed in a definite time in the

past- Usually a -d or -ed is added to the root verb. However, this rule is

not applicable to some verbs which are called irregular verbs.e.g.1. Mr. Rage Del Fierro’s father became the CEO of Del Fierro

Group of Companies for the past 24 years.2. He regarded Sunshine as the most beautiful woman he has

ever seen.

B. Present Tense- denotes a habitual action or anything that is true in the

present or in general

e.g.1. Klare uses strawberry scented shower gel everyday.2. Elijah likes the smell of the shower gel.

- The s-form of the verb is used in the two examples because the subjects are singular. The same is true with pronoun subjects he, she, it, and with other singular nouns.

- The base form of the verb is used for pronoun subjects I, you, we, they, and other plural nouns.

C. Future Tense- denotes the occurrence of an action that is yet to be done or

that will happen sometime in the future- The use of will/shall + present form of the verb indicates future

tense

e.g.1. Logan will try to win Portia’s heart back.2. I shall make a heart-shaped chocolate for Noah.

II. PERFECT TENSESA. Past Perfect TenseB. Present Perfect TenseC. Future Perfect Tense

A. Past Perfect Tense- Indicated completed or perfected action before some definite time in the

past- This tense is formed with the past tense form of "to have" (had) plus the

past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form)

e.g. 1. Riguel had studied Philippine Constitution at some point in time before

he came to class.2. Rozen had invested heavily in the air-conditioning industry before he

went to France.

B. Present Perfect Tense- This tense indicates either that an action was completed (finished or

"perfected") at some point in the past or that the action extends to the present

- Is formed with a present tense form of “to have” plus the past participle of the verb which can either be regular or irregular in form

- We should not use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.

- We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

e.g.1. Nobody has ever ruined the wall Allen made to protect himself.2. Methods of farming in Alegria have improved greatly because of

Jacob Buenaventura’s expertise.

C. Future Perfect Tense- indicates that an action will have been completed (finished or

"perfected") at some point in the future. - This tense is formed with "will" plus "have" plus the past participle

of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form)

e.g.1. If all goes well, by March 2018, I will have finished my college

degree.2. Wade will have solved all the Math problems by then.

III. Progressive TensesA. Past Progressive TenseB. Present Progressive TenseC. Future Progressive TenseD. Past Perfect Progressive TenseE. Present Perfect Progressive TenseF. Future Perfect Progressive Tense

A. Past Progressive Tense- indicates continuing action, something that was happening, going

on, at some point in the past. - This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the past

tense, plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending)

e.g. 1. Entice Esquivel was riding her horse, Abaddon, all day yesterday.2. Nicholas Revamonte was being a terrible role model for his

younger brother, Leon.

B. Present Progressive Tense- indicates continuing action, something going on now. - This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the present

tense, plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending)

e.g.1. Claudette is buying all her cousins’ New Year’s gifts early this

year.2. Freya is working through the holiday break.

C. Future Progressive Tense- indicates continuing action, something that will be happening,

going on, at some point in the future. - This tense is formed with the modal "will" plus "be," plus the

present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending)

e.g. 1. Pantaleon Revamonte III will be running in next year's national

elections.2. The Cuevas’ campaign plans suggest that the governor will be

winning the southern vote by May.

D. Past Perfect Progressive Tense- indicates a continuous action that was completed at some point

in the past. - This tense is formed with the modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus

the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending)

e.g.1. Denise had been studying in the library all day.2. Katarina had been drawing her house for weeks, but she

finally gave up.

E. Present Perfect Progressive Tense- indicates a continuous action that has been finished at some point

in the past or that was initiated in the past and continues to happen.- The action is usually of limited duration and has some current

relevance

e.g.1. The girl named Snow has been running and her heart is still

beating fast.2. Reina has been walking alone in the streets.

F. Future Perfect Progressive Tense- indicates a continuous action that will be completed at some

point in the future. - This tense is formed with the modal "WILL" plus the modal

"HAVE" plus "BEEN" plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending)

e.g.Next Thursday, I will have been working on this project for three years.

IV. Emphatic TensesThere are two emphatic tenses namely:

A. Past Emphatic TenseB. Present Emphatic Tense

The two receive their name because they are used for emphasis.More commonly, however, they are used with the negative not and with questions when the normal order is inverted and part of the verb comes before the subject.

A. Past Emphatic Tense- tense is formed by adding the basic present form of the verb to

the past tense of the verb to do (did)

e.g. He did come to work today.Didn't he stay home?He did not stay home today.

B. Present Emphatic Tense- is formed by adding the basic present form of the verb to the

present tense of the verb to do (do or does)

e.g. Does he run fast?He does run fast.He does not run slowly.

References:Prentice Hall: Grammar and Composition 1http://www.enkivillage.comhttp://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/verbsSmart English: More Than a Worktext for Grammar and Syntax (Third Edition) by San Miguel, Barraquio, Revillahttp://www.chompchomp.com/termswww.oxforddictionaries.com/wordshttp://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammarhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/stat.htmhttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar

http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000378.htmhttps://aliciateacher2.wordpress.com/grammar/verb-tenseshttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/tenseshttp://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs