verbal and nonverbal and non-verbal cues ofverbal cues of … · 2008. 5. 16. · verbal and...
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Verbal and Non verbal cues ofVerbal and Non-verbal cues of deception
TTO 3402: Detecting Deception in InterviewsTTO 3402: Detecting Deception in Interviews
Scott WeemsScott WeemsPetra Scheck-Bradley
Elizabeth RoglerCarrie Clarady
Barbara Forsyth
OutlineOutline
• Overview of CASL deception detectionOverview of CASL deception detection
T f d ti• Types of deception cues
• Future CASL deception work
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TTO 3402 Detecting Deception in InterviewsTTO 3402 Detecting Deception in Interviews
• Recording interviews of people from non-g p pWestern cultures in a polygraph setting. Questions are asked regarding:– FamilyFamily– Residences– Contacts overseas
Naturalization– Naturalization
• These recordings are examined for verbal and• These recordings are examined for verbal and non-verbal cues of deception– Verbal coding: Montclair State University and
D ti D t ti T h l i
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Deception Detection Technologies– Non-verbal coding: University at Buffalo
TTO 3402 Detecting Deception in Interviews
Autonomic Behavioral
TTO 3402 Detecting Deception in Interviews
Engage in a deceptive act
Emotional and cognitive response to
i i
Autonomic reflex to emotion
BehavioralSpeechPhysiological
deceptive act engaging in deception Controlled
response to emotion
BehavioralLinguisticPhysiological
• Spotting deception requires the liar to “care.”• Punishments and rewards are key• Punishments and rewards are key• Conscious choice to deceive (i.e., control)
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Frank, M. and Ekman, P. (2005). Technological adjuncts to detecting malfeasant behavior. Poster presented at Annual Homeland Security Research Conference, Boston, MA, April 26-27, 2005.
TTO 3402 Detecting Deception in InterviewsTTO 3402 Detecting Deception in Interviews
• The challenge of studying non-WesternThe challenge of studying non Western deceivers
Very little is known about how culturally– Very little is known about how culturally universal (or culture-specific) deception cues are
– Linguistic and cultural background can have a strong influence on deceptiong p
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Deception cuesDeception cues
Liar?
T th t ll ??
Truth-teller?
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Deception cuesDeception cues
Eyes to the Upper Left When youEyes to the Upper Left. When you see someone’s eyes move quickly up-left, they are constructing images in their head. A person looking up-left is using their imagination to put a picture together in their mind. Ask a person to imagine a large blue house filled with marbles and they should look up andmarbles and they should look up and to the left.
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Deception cuesDeception cues
Eyes to the Upper Left When youEyes to the Upper Left. When you see someone’s eyes move quickly up-left, they are constructing images in their head. A person looking up-left is using their imagination to put a picture together in their mind. Ask a person to imagine a large blue house filled with marbles and they should look up and
NOT TRUEmarbles and they should look up and to the left.
“The science has come and gone, yet the belief still remains.”
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Devily, G. (2005) “Power therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry”
Deception cuesDeception cues
Cue type Example cuesCue type Example cues
Facial expressionsEmotionsBlinking ratesEye contactEye contact
Body behaviorsPostural shiftsLeg movementsVisible breathing
Pitch and timbreWord usage (contractions, passive
Acoustic and linguistic cuesg ( , p
voice, “uhms”)Hesitations
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Deception cues - verbalDeception cues verbal• Liars
– spend less time describing un-true incidents– provide fewer detailsp– use less immediate language (i.e., distance
themselves from their statements))– sound less certain than truth-tellers– repeat words morep– admit lack of memory more (“The Reagan
effect”)
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)DePaulo, B., Malone, B., Lindsay, J., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., Cooper, H. (2003).
Cues to deception, Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 74-118.
Deception cues - verbalDeception cues verbal
“I was traveling through the checkpoint and I knew that there might be a problem. I wasn’t alone. I was sort ofnervous that I had lost my passport the day before, which made me scared In the end they let us all through andmade me scared. In the end they let us all through and didn’t even check our documents. I was so relieved, I cried all the way home.”
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Deception cues - verbalDeception cues verbal
N ti di h iti ld dHedge
“I was traveling through the checkpoint and I knew that
Negative wording when positive would do
there might be a problem. I wasn’t alone. I was sort ofnervous that I had lost my passport the day before, which made me scared In the end they let us all through andmade me scared. In the end they let us all through and didn’t even check our documents. I was so relieved, I cried all the way home.”
Switch to plural pronounExtreme
exaggeration
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Bachenko, J. Fitzpatrick, E., and Schonwetter, M. (2008). Verification and implementation of language-based deception indicators in civil and criminal narratives.
Deception cues – Non-verbalDeception cues Non verbal
• Gaze aversionGaze aversion• Eye blinking
H d t• Head movements• Hand / arm movements
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Deception cues – Non-verbalDeception cues Non verbal
• Gaze aversionGaze aversion• Eye blinking
H d t*
• Head movements• Hand / arm movements
DePaulo (2003) failed to see any consistent pattern across studies for these cues for deceivers versus truth-tellers
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Deception cues – Non-verbalDeception cues Non verbal
Emotion as a potential cue of deception
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Frank, M., Friesen, W., and Hager, J. (2002) Facial Action Coding System Investigator’s Guide.
Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFearSadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFearSadnessSurprise* Surprise*
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFearSadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi t
*DistressFearSadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFearSadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi t* DistressFear
*
SadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFearSadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFear*SadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFearSadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger*
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFearSadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFearSadnessSurpriseSurprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbal
Anger
Deception cues Non verbal
AngerDisgustDi tDistressFearSadnessSurprise
*Surprise
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Deception cues – Non-verbalSURPRISE
Deception cues Non verbal
FEAR
Action Units: 1+2+5
Action Unit 1 Action Unit 2FEAR
Action Units: 1+2+4
Action Unit 1 Action Unit 2Inner eyebrow is raised
Center eyebrow is raised
SADNESS
Action Units: 1+4
ANGERAction Units: 4+5
Action Unit 4 Action Unit 5Whole eyebrow lowers, converge
Upper eyelid raises
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Action Units: 4+5
Deception cues – Non-verbalDeception cues Non verbal
“I really do trust and respect John”
Disgust Back to neutralNeutralRaising of the upper lip
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Deception cues – Non-verbalDeception cues Non verbal
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Paul Ekman video
Future CASL Deception DetectionFuture CASL Deception Detection
• Study deception cues in a simulatedStudy deception cues in a simulated security interview environment– Actual security interviews have high y g
ecological validity, but ground truth is difficult to collectC t ll d i ll h t– Controlled scenarios allow researchers to know when people are deceiving, but motivation to succeed must be inducedmotivation to succeed must be induced
• Target a specific non-Western group
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group
Future CASL Deception Detection
• Key issues when developing a deception
Future CASL Deception Detection
Key issues when developing a deception detection experiment– Motivation to lie– Cross-cultural differences– Control of the narrative– Extended narrative– Baseline of truthful behavior– Availability of ground truth– Choice of subjects
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SummarySummary
• Deception is a complex problem, and isDeception is a complex problem, and is not easily detected
• There exist a variety of cues, many are poorly understood.p y
• Extending deception study findings to theExtending deception study findings to the “real world” is a big challenge to experimental designs.
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p g