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The Verb Well

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The Verb WellA Thematic Introduction to Verbs,

Verb Forms and Verb Use

by Chirawibha Sivell & John Sivell

Illustrations by Cynthia DiSimone

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Copyright 2001 FULL BLAST Productions

IN CANADA IN THE UNITED STATES

FB Productions FB Productions

Box 408 Box 1297

Virgil, Ontario Lewiston, New York 14092-8297

L0S 1T0

Phone: 905-468-7558

Fax: 905-468-5706

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.fullblastproductions.com

Photocopying rights are granted to the individual teacher

or the single school purchasing the materials. A copy of

this book purchased by an individual teacher is that

teacher's property and can travel with her from school toschool. A single copy of this book may not be kept at a

resource center and used to service several schools. To be

entitled to copy this book, a teacher in the school or the

school itself must own an original copy.

Please respect copyright.

Printed in Canada.

ISBN 1-895451-38-8

National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data

Sivell, Chirawibha, 1950-

The verb well : a thematic introduction to verbs, verb

forms and verb use

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 1-895451-36-1 (v. 1).--ISBN 1-895451-38-8 (v. 2).--

ISBN 1-895451-40-X (v. 3)

1. English language - Textbooks for second language learners.*

2. English language - Verb. I. Sivell, John, 1946- . II. DiSimone,

Cynthia, 1959- . III. Title.

PE1271.S58 2000 428.24 C00-932953-6

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INTRODUCTION

The design of this book

The Verb Wellthree-book series offers a carefully crafted set of verb-vocabulary materials tocover 450 frequent and useful verbs, 150 verbs per book. Each book in the reproducible seriespresents thirty easy-to-learn clusters of five verbs each, with each cluster organized according to

meaning. Some share a common activity or setting e.g. "Garden": dig - harvest - plant - rake -water. Others are governed by a key concept e.g. "Competition": compete - attack - fight - struggle- race. Either way, the organization has a thesaurus-like quality, in that the verbs always appear in acontext created through inclusion of other related terms.

This organizational plan has two important advantages. First of all, it helps students experiencesuccess with the crucial vocabulary-learning strategy of consistently grouping new words to belearned around an easily recalled center of meaning. Such an approach facilitates visualization,verbal-association, chaining, and other familiar memory-enhancement techniques that can definitelypromote vocabulary learning. Secondly, the structure of the book is designed to underline thenecessity of recognizing and mastering distinctions between words that may be generally similar in

meaning but that cannot be substituted for each other. Thus, for instance, the "Etiquette" groupincludes both insultand snub, and the "Liquids" group includes pour, spill, and sprinkle. Introducingthis fairly simple but nonetheless eye-opening level of semantic subtlety helps overcome learners'common tendency to take a one-word-fits-all approach to vocabulary learning; that short-sightedexpedient can lead to learning just very general expressions which are then over-used and over-extended to the detriment of precision and flexibility.

The verbs presented in the Verb Wellseries were chosen for frequency and utility. Three majorword-frequency lists were consulted: West's A General Service List of English Words(London:Longman, 1953, rep. 1983), Kucera and Francis' Computational Analysis of Present-Day AmericanEnglish(Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University Press, 1967), and Carroll, Davies and

Richman's The American Heritage Word Frequency Book(New York: American Heritage PublishingCompany, 1971). A methodical computer analysis was carried out to determine which verbs tendedto appear among the more frequent items on those lists, and from that selection related items wereassembled to form the core of each cluster, sometimes along with a few other high-utility verbs toround out the group. Of course, verbs make up only a part of the total word-store of any speaker, sothat a selection of 450 verbs as in the entire three-book series represents a sub-set of a quiteextensive vocabulary. Nevertheless, conscientious attention to frequency and utility has made itpossible to bring together a very convincing and practical survey of verbs that really are worth eitherreviewing or learning from scratch.

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The following groupings are found in Book 2 of the series:

1 - Housekeeping page 1CLEAN - WASH - DRY - SWEEP - TIDY UP

2 - Managing money page 7COST - EARN - AFFORD - SPEND - OWE

3 - Attaching things page 13FASTEN - NAIL - PIN - TIE UP - WRAP

4 - Moving things around page 19SEND - MAIL - PACK - TRANSPORT - LOAD

5 - Foot travel page 25WALK - STEP - MARCH - SKIP - STROLL

6 - Going out page 31

GO OUT - ACCOMPANY - DRESS - TAKE IN - RESERVE

7 - Friends page 37MEET - GET TOGETHER - QUARREL - BREAK UP - MAKE UP

8 - Conversations page 43ASK - REQUEST - ANSWER - SPEAK - SAY

9 - Groups page 49INCLUDE - EXCLUDE - PARTICIPATE - INVOLVE - ASSOCIATE

10 - Managing people page 55ENCOURAGE - INFLUENCE - MANAGE - TRAIN - TREAT

11 - Winning and losing page 61WIN - DEFEAT - BEAT - LOSE - GO DOWN

12 - Strategy page 67CONTROL - DIRECT - GUARD - FOOL - TRAP

13 - Success and failure page 73SUCCEED - ACCOMPLISH - COMPLETE - FAIL - FALL SHORT

14 - Things go wrong page 79BREAK - BURST - BURN - EXPLODE - ROT

15 - Understanding things page 85UNDERSTAND - REALIZE - DECIDE - RECOGNIZE - REMEMBER

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16 - Spoiling things page 91DESTROY - SPOIL - MESS UP - TEAR - WASTE

17 - Artistic activities page 97ACT - DANCE - DRAW - PAINT - SING

18 - Appearances page 103LOOK - SEEM - APPEAR - DISAPPEAR - BECOME

19 - Looking for things page 109FIND - LOCATE - SEARCH - HUNT FOR - DISCOVER

20 - Getting things page 115GET - OBTAIN - GAIN - RECEIVE - SEIZE

21 - Sizes page 121ADD - EXPAND - EXTEND - REDUCE - REMOVE

22 - Senses page 127HEAR - SEE - SMELL - TASTE - TOUCH

23 - Surprise, fear page 133FRIGHTEN - FEAR - CRINGE - SURPRISE - STARTLE

24 - Emphatic expression page 139DECLARE - SHOUT - EXCLAIM - REPEAT - WHISPER

25 - Publishing page 145PRINT - PUBLISH - EDIT - ILLUSTRATE - POST

26 - Written communication page 151WRITE - TYPE - READ - SPELL - SIGN

27 - Disbelief page 157DOUBT - DISAGREE - REJECT - CRITICIZE - PROTEST

28 - Continuity page 163CONTINUE - PERSIST - KEEP ON - PAUSE - CEASE

29 - Possibility page 169

COULD - MAY - MIGHT - WOULD - TEND

30 - Futurity page 175WILL - WANT TO - PLAN - EXPECT - ANTICIPATE

ANSWER KEY page 181 to 210

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Sections of the book and how to use them

Illustrations: Each verb cluster begins with an illustration capturing some thematic dimensionof the group. The illustrations not only stimulate useful visualization but also underline the moregeneral point that each lesson exemplifies the principle of learning vocabulary through a focus onpatterns of meaning. As well, teachers can make use of the illustrations as jumping-off points forbrainstorming activities before attacking the related verb cluster: students may be invited to suggestalready-known verbs which are evoked by the illustration; then, when the actual lesson material isstudied, those familiar verbs can help provide scaffolding to facilitate new learning.

Definitions: The definitions have been written in a relatively informal style, with attention toassuring that the vocabulary of definitions never slips into complexities that are more demanding thanthe verbs actually being defined! A key feature is the careful ordering of verbs in each cluster, so thata useful verb that has already been defined can then be re-used as part of a subsequent definition.Additionally, it should be noted that one purpose of the example sentences (discussed below) is toextend the definition process by presenting the verbs in contexts further demonstrating theirmeaning.

Verb Chart: Next, the principal parts of each verb are given. A concise overview of verbmorphology is thus available for student reference; to the extent that teachers judge necessary,based on their knowledge of their own students, it can also be used by teachers as a platform formore extensive grammar teaching in relation to the verbs. While there is a basic expectation thatstudents using this text will already be familiar with the general principles of subject-verb agreement,sequence of tenses and so on, it is also recognized that specific grammatical patterns such as theuse, or not, of direct or indirect objects will have to be learned in relation to each new verb. Thus,not only the verb chart but also some of the following examples and exercises are intended tosupport relevant grammatical learning. Because meaning is central to the effective recall and use ofnew verbs, there is a strong focus on meaning in this series, but the grammatical dimension receivesappropriate attention, too. In designing their own lessons around these materials, teachers will find

support for both aspects of the learning challenge.

Example sentences: Six example sentences for each verb demonstrate not only the variousmeanings of the verb but also a selection of different tenses. When there are diverse meanings,these are identified by letters. As well, these sentences demonstrate relevant grammatical patterns,such as the use where appropriate of direct or indirect objects. And each example sentence hasbeen thoughtfully composed so as to be as short as possible while at the same time creating a vividmini-context in which the meaning will be clear and memorable. It can certainly be helpful forteachers to encourage students to build on the example sentences by proposing their ownpersonalized ones, which may well be even more memorable for them, but these need to bemonitored very carefully and corrected where necessary for accuracy both in grammar and in

meaning.

Verb-use exercise: Students are given four opportunities to manipulate the various forms ofthe verbs and also to identify differing meanings according to the sentence-level context. As usual inthese materials, while the grammar-morphology aspect is not ignored, there is always a strong focuson meaning. A good extension activity at this stage in the lesson is to ask students to go further andto create some of their own cloze-type verb-use sentences, to challenge their classmates.

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Related words: The final section on each verb is where available a short list of relatedwords that can be derived from the verb by various different transformations. If grouping new wordsby meaning is the number-one principle of effective vocabulary acquisition, there is little doubt thatthe second most important rule is to maximize the benefit of new learning through awareness ofrelated words that can easily be derived from items that have just been mastered. Thus, althoughstraightforward past-participle/adjective derivations have been considered too obvious to be worthincluding, related nouns and adjectives unless they are very eccentric have been listed along withtheir own brief definitions. And this section not only provides a helpful increase in the number of

words that will be learned; it also illustrates, as students work from verb to verb, the most commonpatterns of derivation that should be mastered and used.

Review activities: The review activities at the end of each lesson covering all five verbs inthe cluster begin with a table in which students must recognize the missing elements based on justone completed cell. Apart from rapidly revising that aspect of verb grammar, this table also presentsthe five semantically related verbs all together in one diagram, which offers a comparative-meaningoverview as well.

Choose the best verb: This review activity focuses primarily on meaning but, since the verbsare presented in various persons and tenses, there is a grammatical dimension as well. The exerciseitself deliberately offers just three such review sentences, so that the multiple-choice aspect of thework remains challenging because all the verbs will need to be considered at least once, althoughonly three will be applicable. However, teachers may well wish to extend this activity in a number ofways, for instance by:

1) asking students to devise other multiple-choice sentence completions2) creating their own additional sentence-completion activities, using just a blank with no

multiple-choice options (students refer to the five verbs in the group, select one, andadjust it for the correct number, tense and mood)

3) combining verbs from more than one five-verb group in order to review a wider range ofitems, using either a multiple-choice or a simple gap-filling format.

Write your own sentences using the prompts: In this final review exercise, students movefrom highly structured cloze or multiple-choice work to considerably freer guided writing. Sinceprompts are provided, there will be a general comparability among different learners' sentences, sothat the scene is set for meaningful discussion. Still, a good deal of individual creativity remainspossible. And, of course as noted above in the treatment of the Example sentences exercise there is always the option of expanding work like this even further, inviting students to devise theirown illustrative sentences without prompts.

Your own list of words with similar meanings: Each lesson ends with this extension

exercise, which directs attention out from the five-verb group to students' broader vocabularyknowledge and interests. This exercise can be done individually if desired, but it will usually be mostfruitful when performed as a brainstorming activity either with the whole class working together or probably better with a number of three- or four-student groups first brainstorming their own lists ofassociated words, which are then presented to the entire class for discussion, amendment, andadoption in the form of a final version comprising the best of all the suggestions. This activity servesthe important purpose of leaving students with a legitimate sense of being able to assimilate newverbs to their existing vocabulary store and thus of being in control of the learning process. In a wordthe goal is commitment or ownership.

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A final note on the choice of verbs

Although no special attempt was made to include verbs artificially, teachers may be interestedto reflect on the fact that in the course of giving practical information in this Introduction thefollowing fifty verbs from Book 1 and Book 2 of the Verb Wellseries naturally came into use: appear,ask, associate, attack, begin, bring,build, can, compare, complete, compose, consider, control,correct, create, design, differ, direct, encourage, end, expand, extend, follow, gain, give, go, guide,help, illustrate, include, know, lead, make, make up, may, offer, organize, plan, provide, receive,recognize, relate, share, suggest, take, tend, will, wouldand write. This list would of course havebeen longer if the third Book had also been taken into account, but the point is already clear: theseverbs really do come in handy, and your students will benefit from gaining a firm command of them!

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1: Housekeeping Clean Wash Dry Sweep Tidy up

Clean

Definition: Clean

Clean: (a) Remove dirt or marks from something; (b) CLEAN UP, make a place, person or thing neatand/or free of dirt.

Verb Chart: Clean

Infinitive: to clean

Present: I clean

Present Continuous: I am cleaning

Future: I will clean

Past: I cleaned

Past Continuous:I was cleaning

Present Perfect:I have cleanedPast Perfect:I had cleaned

Example sentences

1) It's not easy to clean large windows. (a)

2) Al always cleans up the kitchen after he cooks. (b)

3) Claire is cleaning up her apartment before her mother's visit. (b)

4) Osamu cleaned the heads on his VCR with a special tape. (a)

5) If I do the dishes, will you clean up the living room after the guests leave? (b)

6) I did not come inside right away because I was still cleaning my muddy shoes. (a)

Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches

1) (Present) Lina ____________ the plastic pots before putting them into the recycling bin.

2) (Pres. Cont.) The students ____________ the class for the Thanksgiving party.

3) (Past) Louis ____________ his garden last autumn.

4) (Pres. Perf./negative) I ____________ my contact lenses since last Saturday.

Related words

Cleaner (noun) Either a liquid or powder used for cleaning things, or a person who cleans things;also, a shop where clothes are cleaned: "the cleaner" or "the cleaners", or else "the dry cleaner" or"the dry cleaners".

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Wash

Definition: Wash

Wash: Use water (and soap) to clean something.

Verb Chart: Wash

Infinitive:to wash

Present:I wash

Present Continuous:I am washing

Future:I will wash

Past:I washed

Past Continuous:I was washing

Present Perfect:I have washed

Past Perfect:I had washed

Example sentences

1) Jeff washes his clothes at the laundromat.

2) Joanne held a towel for me while I was washing the baby.

3) Maria washed her jeans twice but they were still stained.

4) Now we are washing our dishes with a new detergent, and it's great!

5) Little children do not always remember to wash their hands.

6) If you can find a mop, Phan will gladly wash the floor.

Use the forms of the verb.

1) (Inf.) It s not my turn ____________ the dishes today.

2) (Present) Blanca ____________ her face several times a day.

3) (Pres. Cont.) Ali ____________ the car for his mother.

4) (Past) The chef ____________ the vegetables thoroughly before cooking them.

Related words

Washer (noun) Usually, a machine used to wash clothes, but a "dishwasher" is used to washdishes.

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Dry

Definition: Dry

Dry: (a) Cause something that is wet to lose the moisture in it; (b) lose moisture and not be wet anymore (sometimes, DRY OUT).

Verb Chart: Dry

Infinitive:to dry

Present:I dry

Present Continuous:I am drying

Future:I will dry

Past:I dried

Past Continuous:I was drying

Present Perfect:I have driedPast Perfect:I had dried

Example sentences

1) Check the clothesline to see if the sheets have dried. (b)

2) Be careful. If you don t water the garden, it will soon dry out. (b)

3) Jay dried the dishes with a tea towel. (a)

4) I usually dry my hair right after I get out of the shower. (a)

5) Magda was drying basil leaves to keep them for later. (a)

6) It was so hot that my bathing suit had dried completely before I left the beach. (b)


1) (Future) After painting the chair, leave it outside; it _____________ within an hour or so.

2) (Past Cont.) The lab technician ____________ the apparatus when the telephone rang.

3) (Inf.) The farmer cuts the hay and then leaves it ____________ in the sun.

4) (Past) Lilia ____________ her clothes in an electric dryer at the laundromat yesterday.

Related words

Dryer (noun) a machine used to dry things.

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Tidy Up

Definition: Tidy up

Tidy up: (a) Make a person, a place or a thing neat; (b) finish a job. Verb Chart: Tidy up

Infinitive:to tidy up

Present:I tidy up

Present Continuous:I am tidying up

Future:I will tidy up

Past:I tidied up

Past Continuous:I was tidying up

Present Perfect:I have tidied up

Past Perfect:I had tidied up

Example sentences

1) I want to tidy up the house before the real estate agent comes. (a)

2) Tomomi was just tidying up the last of her homework when her boyfriend called. (b)

3) They tidied up the locker room to make it nice for the visiting team. (a)

4) I have not tidied up all the work that the boss left for me; so, I think I'll stay late. (b)

5) Hank tidies up his room every night before he goes to bed. (a)

6) If you agree, we'll tidy up the rest of our business over a meal at the restaurant. (b)


1) (Past Cont.) Laura found her lost book while she ____________ the book shelf.

2) (Past Perf.) Don ____________ his presentation a few days before it was due.

3) (Future) I ____________ the garage before the winter comes so that we can park the car inside.

4) (Past) We ____________ the last few things in the contract; then, we presented it to the clients.

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Review Activities

Complete the table

Infinitive:

Present: tidy up

Present Continuous: am washing

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous: was cleaning

Present Perfect: have dried

Past Perfect: had swept

Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice

1) I think I'll wash/sweep/tidy up those dirty clothes.

2) Somebody will have to clean/dry/sweep the marks off the bathtub.

3) Please wash/dry/sweep the sand off the sidewalk.

Write your own sentences using the prompts

1) (dry / hands)

2) (sweep / hand)

3) (clean / computer screen)

4) (tidy up / desk)

5) (wash / cups)

Write your own list of words with similar meanings

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2: Managing Money Cost Earn Afford Spend Owe

CostDefinition: Cost

Cost: (a) When something has been bought for a certain price, or when it could be bought for thatprice, that is what it costs; (b) sometimes, COST also refers to the trouble or work that is required in

order to get something.

Verb Chart: Cost

Infinitive: to cost

Present: it costs

Present Continuous: it is costing

Future: it will cost

Past: it cost

Past Continuous: it was costing

Present Perfect: it has costPast Perfect: it had cost

Example sentences

1) If he loses this debate, it may cost him support in the election next month. (b)

2) A sports car usually costs more than a van. (a)

3) I'm keeping the business going, but it is costing me many sleepless nights! (b)

4) Each World War cost many people their lives (b)

5) How much will tickets to that concert cost? (a)

6) I gave up that expensive apartment because it was costing me over $1,500 a month. (a)


1) (Present) A garage usually____________ a few hundred dollars less if you build it yourself.

2) (Pres. Cont.) My car accident ____________ me my reputation as a good driver!

3) (Past) Sandra s new boots ____________ $150.

4) (Pres. Perf.) Working very late every night ____________ Mark a lot of sleep.

Related words

Cost (noun) The amount that something costs (in either of the two senses, above).

Costly (adjective) Expensive (in either of the two senses, above)

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Earn

Definition: Earn

Earn: (a) Receive money for work that you do; (b) get and deserve a particular result because ofsomething that you have done (usually either praise or a benefit of some sort, for good work).

Verb Chart: Earn

Infinitive: to earn

Present: I earn

Present Continuous: I am earning

Future: I will earn

Past:I earned

Past Continuous: I was earning

Present Perfect: I have earnedPast Perfect: I had earned

Example sentences

1) Valia earns good commissions at the advertising company. (a)

2) His excellent batting average is earning that player much praise. (b)

3) Because Kaoru was always in class, she earned extra marks for attendance. (b)

4) Pedro has almost earned enough money for a holiday on the coast. (a)

5) Don't become a teacher if you want to earn a big salary! (a)

6) Just keep working like that, and your efforts will earn you a promotion. (b)


1) (Inf.) If you want ____________ good grades, you have to study more.

2) (Present) Dominika ____________ over $1000 each month by investing wisely in the stockmarket.

3) (Pres. Cont.) High quality work and punctuality ____________ that company trust from clients.

4) (Past) Rex s sense of humor ____________ him a lot of popularity among the first-year students.

Related words

Earnings (noun) The money that a person earns.

Earner (noun) A person who earns money (usually in the expression, "wage earner").

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Afford

Definition: Afford

Afford: (a) Have enough money to pay for something; (b) be in a position to do something or to take arisk, without having to worry. Note: for these meanings, AFFORD is used only in the infinitive form.

Verb Chart: Afford

Infinitive: to afford

Present: ----------------

Present Continuous: ----------------

Future: ----------------

Past: ----------------

Past Continuous: ----------------

Present Perfect: ----------------Past Perfect: ----------------

Example sentences

1) We fly first class whenever we can afford it. (a)

2) She is so good at tennis that she may be able to afford skipping some practice sessions. (b)

3) Since he was new at the company, Thomas could not afford to make his boss angry. (b)

4) I can afford the course fees but the textbooks will be too much for me. (a)

5) Angela was unable to afford a new camera. (a)

6) They could afford to leave that car outside all winter since they had a better one in the garage. (b)

Use the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the definition itmatches

1) If we can ___________ a house this year, we should move.

2) Carlos could not ____________ to gain weight because of his diabetes.

3) Alicia can ____________ to eat candies every day because she is very slender.

4) I was so broke that I could not ____________ a Christmas present for my spouse.

Related word

Affordable (adjective) Not too expensive (in the sense of the first meaning, above).

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Spend

Definition: Spend

Spend: (a) Use your money to pay for things; (b) use your time, work or care etc. in order to achievesomething.

Verb Chart: Spend

Infinitive: to spend

Present: I spend

Present Continuous: I am spending

Future: I will spend

Past: I spent

Past Continuous: I was spending

Present Perfect: I have spentPast Perfect: I had spent

Example sentences

1) Cheng disliked that big car because he was spending too much on gas each week. (a)

2) Eileen has spent a huge amount of time and effort on helping her brother. (b)

3) This summer, I will spend all my time enjoying myself at the beach! (b)

4) Preeda spent a lot of time on his class project. (b)

5) Cathy spends very little on food because she lives at home. (a)

6) This has to stop! We are spending all of our money and saving nothing. (a)


1) (Past Perf.) Lina ____________ a few days checking the prices everywhere before buying hercomputer.

2) (Future/negative) I ____________ my money on that car! It s ridiculously expensive.

3) (Past) We ____________ a lot of time and effort improving the garden.

4) (Present) The government ____________ millions of dollars each year on the health system.

Related word

Spender (noun) A person who likes to spend money (often, "a big spender").

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Review Activities

Complete the table

Infinitive: to afford

Present: spend

Present Continuous:

Future:

Past: earned

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect: have owed

Past Perfect: had cost


1) A beautiful house like that could easily cost/afford/owe a half a million dollars.

2) Can we earn/afford/spend to stay at a luxury hotel?

3) Because she had such a good job, Agnes cost/earned/owed more than $4,000 a month.


1) (afford / arrive late)

2) (cost / her friendship)

3) (owe / too much)

4) (earn / respect)

5) (spend / salary)Write your own list of words with similar meanings

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3: Attaching Things Fasten Nail Pin Tie up Wrap

FastenDefinition: Fasten

Fasten: Join one thing to another, or one part of a thing to another part, in order to keep themtogether (a) permanently or (b) temporarily.

Verb Chart: Fasten

Infinitive:to fasten

Present:I fasten

Present Continuous:I am fastening

Future:I will fasten

Past:I fastened

Past Continuous:I was fastening

Present Perfect:I have fastened

Past Perfect:I had fastened

Example sentences

1) Can we fasten those pieces of wood together with glue? (a)

2) I usually fasten my notes together with a paper clip until I need to use them. (b)

3) They are fastening the posters to the wall with thumb tacks. (b)

4) Naomi fastened her scarf with a gold broach. (b)

5) She will fasten the sheets of paper with tape until they can be stapled. (b)

6) We were fastening the iron rods together by welding them. (a)


1) (Present) Silicone ________________ the glass walls of the aquarium together.

2) (Pres. Cont.) Abdul ________________ bundles of firewood with string.

3) (Inf.) I used an elastic band _______________ the top of the plastic bag.

4) (Pres. Perf.) We ________________ all the loose shingles to the roof with tar.

Related word

Fastener (noun) Something (a clip, a button, a zipper, etc.) that is used to fasten something.

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Pin

Definition: Pin

Pin: (a) Temporarily fasten two things (one or both are usually cloth or other fabric) together with astraight piece of thin steel wire that goes through both; also (b) PIN DOWN, limit a person's freedom

of action.

Verb Chart: Pin

Infinitive:to pin

Present:I pin

Present Continuous:I am pinning

Future:I will pin

Past:I pinned

Past Continuous:I was pinning

Present Perfect:I have pinned

Past Perfect:I had pinned

Example sentences

1) I have finally pinned the mayor down! She agreed to come to the reception. (b)

2) Will you sew the flowers to the dress or just pin them on? (a)

3) Each skater in the competition pinned a number on her costume. (a)

4) Whenever they have a parade, soldiers pin all their medals onto their uniforms. (a)5) The tailor was still pinning my new suit together when I arrived at the shop. (a)

6) Our army had pinned down the enemy in a valley outside town. (b)


1) (Future) I ____________ the pattern to the material for you and then you can cut it.

2) (Past Cont.) Joe ____________ decorations onto the display when the electricity went off.

3) (Present/passive) If he ____________, he will become even more aggressive.

4) (Past) Janine always ________________ the cloth together before using the sewing machine.

Related words

Pin (noun) A straight piece of thin steel wire that holds two pieces of cloth or paper together bygoing through both of them.

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Wrap

Definition: Wrap

Wrap: Cover a parcel or other object on all sides with paper, cloth, plastic or some similar material.Sometimes WRAP UP.

Verb Chart: Wrap

Infinitive:to wrap

Present:I wrap

Present Continuous:I am wrapping

Future:I will wrap

Past:I wrapped

Past Continuous:I was wrapping

Present Perfect:I have wrappedPast Perfect:I had wrapped

Example sentences

1) We normally wrap airmail parcels in strong paper.

2) Don't come in! I am still wrapping your birthday present.

3) Pierre wrapped the cheese in a white cloth.

4) I'm not cold any more. I've wrapped myself up in a warm coat.

5) My mother says you should wrap potatoes in aluminum foil before baking them.

6) When I pack my suitcase, I will wrap this pretty plate in a sweater to keep it safe.

Use the forms of the verb

1) (Past Cont.) I broke one of the glasses when I ____________ them in newspaper.

2) (Past Perf.) Khanh ____________ the bottle of fish sauce carefully before putting it in his car.

3) (Future) If you buy a gift from that store, they ____________ it for you.

4) (Past) Barb ____________ her baby in a warm blanket before she carried it to the bus station.Related words

Wrapper (noun) The paper or plastic package used to protect an object (e.g. a candy bar).

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Review Activities

Complete the table

Infinitive:

Present:

Present Continuous:

Future: will fasten

Past: wrapped

Past Continuous: was nailing

Present Perfect: have tied up

Past Perfect: had pinned


1) The carpenter will fasten/pin/nail plywood to the roof before he puts shingles on it.

2) The meat wasn t fastened/tied up/wrapped properly before it was put into the fridge.

3) You should pin/nail/tie up a plastic sheet on the table in order to stop it from getting wet.


1) (fasten / flag)

2) (nail / name plate)

3) (pin / flowers)

4) (tie up/ dog)

5) (wrap / tablecloth)Write your own list of words with similar meanings

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4: Moving Things Around Send Mail Pack Transport Load

SendDefinition: Send

Send: (a) Cause something or somebody to be taken away or delivered to a place that you choose;(b) ask or order a person to go somewhere.

Verb Chart: Send

Infinitive:to send

Present:I send

Present Continuous:I am sending

Future:I will send

Past:I sent

Past Continuous:I was sending

Present Perfect:I have sent

Past Perfect:I had sent

Example sentences

1) Sometimes parents have to send their children to school by bus. (a)

2) The office usually sends all its mail by courier. (a)

3) Our club is sending members to ask for funding from businesses all around town. (b)

4) The manager sent me to Tokyo to set up a new factory there. (b)

5) If you commit a crime, the judge will send you to jail. (a)

6) Pedro's team was angry because their opponents were sending spies to watch them practice. (b)


1) (Present) They ____________ newsletters to everybody on the mailing list.

2) (Pres. Cont.) Mrs. Cook ____________ little Jimmy to get milk from the corner store.

3) (Past) I ____________ my books back home by surface mail two weeks ago.

4) (Pres. Perf.) The company ____________Tom to demonstrate the new product in all the hospitals

in this area.

Related word

Sender (noun) A person who sends something (usually through the mail).

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Mail

Definition: Mail

Mail: Send a letter or parcel through the postal service.

Verb Chart: Mail

Infinitive:to mail

Present:I mail

Present Continuous:I am mailing

Future:I will mail

Past:I mailed

Past Continuous:I was mailing

Present Perfect:I have mailed

Past Perfect:I had mailed

Example sentences

1) Jessie and his wife mail over 100 cards every Christmas.

2) I cannot mail anything on Sunday because the Post Office is closed.

3) Betty mailed her mother a letter every week for the whole year when she was away.

4) I have already mailed the check. You should receive it soon.

5) We mail fewer letters now because we have e-mail.

6) I'll mail you a postcard when I am on holiday.


1) (Inf.) Sompon promised ____________ the package to me when he arrived in America.

2) (Present) The company ____________ a TV guide to my home every week.

3) (Pres. Cont.) Maria ____________ a birthday gift to her son who is studying in France.

4) (Past) They ____________ the business proposal on the day before the deadline.

Related word

Mail (noun) Things that have been mailed ("the mail").

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Pack

Definition: Pack

Pack: (a) Fill a bag or suitcase in preparation for a journey; (b) wrap something or put it in a box inorder to sell it; (c) wrap something or put it in a box in order to keep it safe (often PACK UP);

(d) completely fill a container, a room, etc.

Verb Chart: Pack

Infinitive:to pack

Present:I pack

Present Continuous:I am packing

Future:I will pack

Past:I packed

Past Continuous:I was packing

Present Perfect:I have packed

Past Perfect:I had packed

Example sentences

1) That last big snowfall came after we had already packed up all our warm clothes! (c)

2) I'm not leaving until after the weekend but I will pack tonight. (a)

3) The room was packed with fans who wanted to meet the movie star. (d)

4) Before taking them to the market, Marsha packs her chocolates in beautiful boxes. (b)5) Chris was packing his briefcase with books to use for his essay. (d)

6) I have packed up the Christmas decorations for another year. (c)


1) (Future) Akiko ____________ her suitcase this weekend.

2) (Past Cont.) We ____________ the pickup truck with all kinds of furniture when it started to rain.

3) (Present) They ____________ each item in a strong cardboard box before selling it.

4) (Past) Vern ____________ his Persian carpets in a wooden box with some mothballs in it.

Related word

Package (noun) Something that has been packed up so that it can be sent or stored; also, thecontainer in which something is packed to that it can be sent or stored.

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Transport

Definition: Transport

Transport: Move things or people from one place to another (usually over a long distance), especiallywhen this is done using vehicles or animals.

Verb Chart: Transport

Infinitive:to transport

Present:I transport

Present Continuous:I am transporting

Future:I will transport

Past:I transported

Past Continuous:I was transporting

Present Perfect:I have transportedPast Perfect:I had transported

Example sentences

1) In the 1850s merchants were still transporting their goods on wagons.

2) We had transported several loads of gravel to the building site before we learned that the projectwas off.

3) That airline will transport all of Maddalena's possessions to the USA when she moves.

4) Riccardo transported everyone to the game in his big van.5) That bus company transports workers in and out of the city every day.

6) You need a special permit if you are transporting dangerous products.


1) (Past Perf.) They ____________ the piano to the concert hall a few days before the musicianarrived.

2) (Future) The store ____________ your purchase to your house if you spend $300 or more.

3) (Past) They ____________ food and blankets to the flood victims by helicopter.

4) (Present) Some farmers still ____________ their products to the market by buggy.

Related word

Transportation (noun) The action of transporting something.

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Load

Definition: Load

Load: (a) Put things to be transported into a vehicle or onto an animal that will carry them; put either(b) things to be carried or (c) worries or responsibilities onto a person.

Verb Chart: Load

Infinitive:to load

Present:I load

Present Continuous:I am loading

Future:I will load

Past:I loaded

Past Continuous:I was loading

Present Perfect:I have loadedPast Perfect:I had loaded

Example sentences

1) Load your suitcases into the back of the minibus, please. (a)

2) The workers are loading big boxes onto the train. (a)

3) The tired travellers loaded the porter with all of their luggage. (b)

4) Poor Omar has been loaded with worries since the first day I met him. (c)

5) Parvin does not like to load her husband with parcels when they are shopping because he has abad back. (b)

6) A good boss will not load employees with more work than they can handle. (c)


1) (Past Cont.) Al ____________ gravel into the wheelbarrow when its front wheel broke.

2) (Past Perf.) Farideh ____________ the moving van with heavy furniture before she drove away.

3) (Future) Some teachers ____________ their pupils with more homework than is necessary.

4) (Past) My mother ____________ me with tons of food when I went camping with my friends.

Related word

Load (noun) The amount that is (or should be) loaded into the vehicle or onto the animal thatcarries it; the actual things that are loaded into a vehicle or onto an animal.

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Review Activities

Complete the table

Infinitive: to load

Present: transport

Present Continuous: am packing

Future:

Past:

Past Continuous: was mailing

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect: had sent


1) Julia mailed/transported/packed wedding invitations to her guests three months before theceremony.

2) The company will send/transport/load the new oven to my mother before the New Year holiday.3) Yang is mailing/sending/packing steamed bread into a box for his assistant to deliver to the store.


1) (send / doll)

2) (mail / brochure)

3) (pack / suitcase)

4) (transport / bricks)

5) (load / new information)


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5: Foot Travel Walk Step March Skip Stroll

WalkDefinition: Walk

Walk: Move about on foot at a slow or moderate speed.

Verb Chart: Walk

Infinitive:to walk

Present:I walk

Present Continuous:I am walking

Future:I will walk

Past:I walked

Past Continuous:I was walking

Present Perfect:I have walked

Past Perfect:I had walkedExample sentences

1) Dina likes to walk beside the river in the evening when there are cool breezes.

2) My children walk to school each day because it is not far.

3) Fuyuki is walking in the park with his girlfriend.

4) We are really tired now because we walked ten kilometres in the country on the weekend.

5) I need exercise; when the holidays come, I will walk for at least thirty minutes every day.

6) They saw a traffic accident when they were walking to the corner store.


1) (Present) Masako ____________ forty minutes from her home to school every day.

2) (Pres. Cont.) The students ____________ to the auditorium in single file.

3) (Past) Somchai ____________ to the counter when the clerk called out his name.

4) (Pres. Perf.) We ____________ to the lake quite often; so, we know a short cut.

Related words

Walk (noun) A short journey on foot, for pleasure (as in the expression, "go for a walk").

Walk-out (noun) The action of leaving the workplace in order to make a protest.

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Step

Definition: Step

Step: (a) Lift one foot and place it on the ground in front of the other foot; (b) STEP UP orSTEP UP TO is sometimes used to mean WALK in the direction of; also (c) STEP UP, increase.

Verb Chart: Step

Infinitive:to step

Present:I step

Present Continuous:I am stepping

Future:I will step

Past:I stepped

Past Continuous:I was stepping

Present Perfect:I have steppedPast Perfect:I had stepped

Example sentences

1) Step up to the microphone and tell everyone what you think! (b)

2) The factory is stepping up production because demand is strong. (c)

3) Naghmeh stepped over the puddle and continued on her way. (a)

4) Why is the boss complaining about us? He has never stepped into our work area even once! (a)

5) The band leader invited me to step up and make a request for a song. (b)

6) If you leave your books on the floor, someone will surely step on them. (a)


1) (Inf.) I don t think it s a good idea ____________ into that fast-moving stream.

2) (Present) The company ____________ its crude oil imports whenever the market is good.

3) (Past Cont.) Wanda ____________ onto the ice when her foot started to slip.4) (Past) Roberto ____________ the shrub where the rustling noise came from.

Related word

Step (noun) A place where you should put your foot when going up a ladder or a staircase; also, astage in a process.

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March

Definition: March

March: (a) Walk in a very exact way, with each step of the same length, and stepping at the sametime as others in a group; (b) walk in a very formal or determined way.

Verb Chart: March

Infinitive:to march

Present:I march

Present Continuous:I am marching

Future:I will march

Past:I marched

Past Continuous:I was marching

Present Perfect:I have marchedPast Perfect:I had marched

Example sentences

1) The army had marched for three days by the time it reached the capital city. (a)

2) At the graduation ceremony, each student will march across the stage to receive a diploma. (b)

3) Serena marched into her boss's office and demanded a raise, just like that! (b)

4) Boy Scouts and Girl Guides sometimes march in parades. (a)

5) I got sore feet when I was marching with the Army Reserve on Saturday. (a)

6) Those new recruits have never marched in formation before. (a)


1) (Future) My son ____________ in his school parade tomorrow; he is very excited.

2) (Past Cont.) Miss Swamp ____________ down the hallway toward the group of bullies.

3) (Present) The Mayor ____________ with the war veterans on Remembrance Day every year.

4) (Past) Little Keith ____________ up to the principal to report what he had seen on theplayground.

Related word

March (noun) The action of marching from one place to another; a kind of music designed to beplayed for soldiers when they are marching.

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Skip

Definition: Skip

Skip: (a) Walk in a happy, youthful way, jumping from one foot to the other; (b) leave out one or moreparts of a process or a procedure; (c) play a game in which you jump over a rope that swings under

your feet.

Verb Chart: Skip

Infinitive:to skip

Present:I skip

Present Continuous:I am skipping

Future:I will skip

Past:I skipped

Past Continuous:I was skipping

Present Perfect:I have skipped

Past Perfect:I had skipped

Example sentences

1) The children were skipping home happily on the last day of school. (a)

2) The program I wrote for my computer project crashed because I had accidentally skipped onesection. (b)

3) When we discuss the test, we'll skip any answers that everyone got right. (b)

4) When the farmer opened the barn door, the calves skipped out into the field. (a)

5) Sometimes boxers skip in order to increase their stamina. (c)

6) This CD player has not been repaired right: it is still skipping from time to time. (b)


1) (Past) The gym teacher ____________ first, before giving out ropes to the whole class.

2) (Future) I ____________ the first two parts and let you work on them at home.

3) (Past) Charles rarely ____________ any chance to get exercise because he wanted to stayhealthy.

4) (Present) My daughter ____________ all the way to the dentist's office because she never hasany cavities.

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Stroll

Definition: Stroll

Stroll: Walk in restful way, for pleasure only and with no urgent business or destination.

Verb Chart: Stroll

Infinitive:to stroll

Present:I stroll

Present Continuous:I am strolling

Future:I will stroll

Past:I strolled

Past Continuous:I was strolling

Present Perfect:I have strolled

Past Perfect:I had strolled

Example sentences

1) I don't like the way Bob strolls into most meetings ten minutes late.

2) By eight pm in my town, many people are strolling home from cafs around the square.

3) Sonia strolled over to her friend's house for a chat.

4) My parents have strolled in the park almost every afternoon since my father retired.

5) If I have time I will stroll along the edge of the river this morning.

6) Would you like to stroll into town with me this afternoon?


1) (Past Cont.) Majdi ____________ along the sidewalk when he heard a woman scream.

2) (Past Perf.) I ____________ along that old trail for years before they put up the fence.

3) (Future) We ____________ around the neighbourhood to look at the Halloween decorations.

4) (Past) Naomi ____________ home from work because the weather was very nice.

Related word

Stroll (noun) Similar to WALK, but more relaxed: a short journey on foot, for pleasure (as in theexpression, "go for a stroll").

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Review Activities

Complete the table

Infinitive:

Present: march

Present Continuous: am walking

Future: will step

Past: skipped

Past Continuous: was strolling

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect:


1) Geraldo didn t want his daughter to step/skip/stroll because her leg was still sore.

2) Sueko was skipping/walking/stepping on the suitcase to help her husband close it.

3) For the past month I have strolled/marched/walked to work because I m trying to lose weight.


1) (walk / office)

2) (step / ditch)

3) (march / street)

4) (skip / healthy)

5) (stroll / lake)Write your own list of words with similar meanings

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6: Going Out Go out Accompany Dress Take in Reserve

Go outDefinition: Go out

Go out: (a) Leave your home in order to participate in social events like movies, concerts, or parties;(b) GO OUT WITH sometimes means go to social events with a boyfriend or girlfriend.

Verb Chart: Go out

Infinitive:to go out

Present:I go out

Present Continuous:I am going out

Future:I will go out

Past:I went out

Past Continuous:I was going out

Present Perfect:I have gone out

Past Perfect:I had gone out

Example sentences

1) Gianluca likes to go out but he rarely does so now because he has so much homework. (a)

2) People who go out a lot need plenty of money. (a)

3) Who is he going out with these days? (b)

4) I did go out with Masami last night but she's not really my girlfriend. (a)

5) Parvin hopes that Alex will go out with her regularly. (b)

6) We reached their house just as they were going out to the theatre. (a)


1) (Present/negative) Lisa ____________ much because she cannot afford it.

2) (Pres. Cont.) Mr. and Mrs. Oshida ____________ to play bridge.

3) (Past) Tracy ____________ Steve quite a lot last summer.

4) (Pres. Perf.) Fatima ____________ George since she was 18.

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Accompany

Definition: Accompany

Accompany: Go places and spend time with another person, for social or business purposes.

Verb Chart: Accompany

Infinitive:to accompany

Present:I accompany

Present Continuous:I am accompanying

Future:I will accompany

Past:I accompanied

Past Continuous:I was accompanying

Present Perfect:I have accompanied

Past Perfect:I had accompanied

Example sentences

1) The accountant accompanies the manager to all important meetings.

2) The executive director is going to a conference in Hawaii but unfortunately nobody else isaccompanying her!

3) I accompanied my mother to the airport when she left for her holiday.

4) Janos has often accompanied his children to the doctor or the dentist.

5) Glenda wants to accompany her brother when he goes to see the lawyer.

6) I will certainly accompany you to the party if you want me to.


1) (Inf.) Do you want me ____________ you to the hospital?

2) (Present) Franco ____________ his grandparents to church every Sunday morning.

3) (Pres. Cont.) Claire ____________ one of her clients to the women s shelter.

4) (Past) The police officer ____________ the witness to court.Related word

Companion (noun) A person who lives with another person or a friend who is with another person alot.

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Dress

Definition: Dress

Dress: (a) Put your clothes on, or (b) put clothes on another person; (c) put on especially formal orbeautiful clothes (often DRESS UP).

Verb Chart: Dress

Infinitive:to dress

Present:I dress

Present Continuous:I am dressing

Future:I will dress

Past:I dressed

Past Continuous:I was dressing

Present Perfect:I have dressedPast Perfect:I had dressed

Example sentences

1) Mona will be down soon; she is still dressing (a)

2) We had fun when we dressed up for the big party. (c)

3) I have dressed the baby but I'm not ready yet myself! (b)

4) With four young children, it takes us a long time to dress them for school each morning. (b)

5) First give me time to take a shower. Then, I will dress. (a)

6) Karoly is really eccentric: he never dresses, even for very formal events. (c)


1) (Future) Laura ____________ as a princess for a Valentine party tonight.

2) (Past Cont.) Marvin ____________ the twin babies while his wife was preparing their bottles.

3) (Present) They always ____________ nicely when they go to church.

4) (Past) Yesterday I ____________ casually for work because we had to do a big clean-up at theoffice.

Related word

Dresser (noun) A piece of bedroom furniture with a mirror and with drawers to keep clothing.

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Take in

Definition: Take in

Take in: Be present, either at a social gathering such as a party or at a public event such as aceremony or a performance.

Take in

Infinitive:to take in

Present:I take in

Present Continuous:I am taking in

Future:I will take in

Past:I took in

Past Continuous:I was taking in

Present Perfect:I have taken inPast Perfect:I had taken in

Example sentences

1) I could not go to the play because I was already taking in a reception and a party that evening.

2) Until he heard the music again on a CD, he forgot that he had taken in that group's very firstconcert.

3) Ken says he will take in the exhibition some time next week.

4) When Blanka was Dean of her Faculty, she took in several university events every week.5) The Mayor takes in as many municipal celebrations as possible.

6) I am not taking in any more hockey games until I can afford better seats.


1) (Past Perf.) I ____ already ___________ that orchestra once, even before they performed here.

2) (Future/negative) Po Kwun ____________ the graduation ceremony because she must go backto China next week.

3) (Past) Michael ____________ the baseball game in Brooklyn last month.

4) (Present) Our Member of Parliament ____________ the town festival every year.

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Reserve

Definition: Reserve

Reserve: (a) Make an arrangement so that you or someone else will have a ticket or a place at anevent, a room at a hotel, or a seat on an airplane, etc.; (b) agree to keep a ticket, a place, a room or

a seat, etc. for somebody (often, BE RESERVED).

Verb Chart: Reserve

Infinitive:to reserve

Present:I reserve

Present Continuous:I am reserving

Future:I will reserve

Past:I reserved

Past Continuous:I was reserving

Present Perfect:I have reserved

Past Perfect:I had reserved

Example sentences

1) Babak never reserves a hotel room when he travels, but it always seems to work out fine. (a)

2) Yes, madame, I am reserving the table beside the window for you and your group. (b)

3) We reserved first class seats on the flight to Los Angeles. (a)

4) Every cabin on the ship is already reserved. (b)5) Please ask Hotta to reserve tickets for us, too, when she looks after her own. (a)

6) I am sure the tour guide will reserve places for us on the day trip. (b)


1) (Past Cont.) I only learned of the price increase when I ____________ my ticket for the flight.

2) (Past Perf.) Eva ____________ rooms at the resort before letting us know about the surprise trip.

3) (Future/passive) The front row ____________ for distinguished guests.

4) (Past) John ____________ two seats at the theatre for his parents on their anniversary.

Related words

Reservation (noun) The arrangement that reserves a seat, a room, or a ticket, etc.

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7: Friends Meet Get together Quarrel Break up Make up

Get together

Definition: Get together

Get together: (a) All come to the same place for a social occasion; also, (b) come together to dobusiness (similar to the last meaning of MEET, above).

Verb Chart: Get together

Infinitive:to get together

Present:I get together

Present Continuous:I am getting together

Future:I will get together

Past:I got together

Past Continuous:I was getting together

Present Perfect:I have got togetherPast Perfect:I had got together

Example sentences

1) My whole family usually gets together for supper on weekends. (a)

2) The class is getting together next Friday for a party. (a)

3) Once we had each prepared our part of the plan, we got together to compare notes. (b)

4) Team members have been getting together to celebrate New Years for as long as I can

remember. (a)5) We ought to get together in order to solve this problem. (b)

6) The company executives will get together soon to study the sales figures. (b)


1) (Inf.) Pablo likes ____________ for lunch with his friends from time to time.

2) (Present) The sales managers ____________ once a month to discuss their marketing plans.

3) (Pres. Cont.) The Oil Ministers ____________ to determine their export policies.

4) (Past) Betty and her classmates ____________ at a bowling club last Friday.

Related word

Get-together (noun) A gathering of people, usually for social purposes.

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Make up

Definition: Make up

Make up: (a) Become friends again with another person after an argument; (b) MAKE UP YOURMIND, make a decision about something.

Verb Chart: Make up

Infinitive:to make up

Present:I make up

Present Continuous:I am making up

Future:I will make up

Past:I made up

Past Continuous:I was making up

Present Perfect:I have made upPast Perfect:I had made up

Example sentences

1) Once Vera makes up her mind, she does not change. (b)

2) So, are you coming or not? I'm still making up my mind. (b)

3) Sam did make up with Ellen, but I doubt they will stay together much longer. (a)

4) Have you made up with your brother after that quarrel yesterday? (a)

5) Because of their big fight, they just could not make up again. (a)

6) Peymon will not make up his mind about the contract until he has all the information. (b)


1) (Past Perf.) I couldn t give you an answer until I ____________ about the cost.

2) (Pres. Perf.) Blanca ____________ to sell all her possessions and leave.

3) (Future) Probably Reg ____________ with his parents again after he calms down.

4) (Past) They finally ____________ on Valentine s Day.

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Review Activities

Complete the table

Infinitive:

Present: get together

Present Continuous:

Future: will quarrel

Past: broke up

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect: have met

Past Perfect: had made up


1) Greg met/broke up/got together with his girlfriend because she had forgotten his birthday.

2) A drunken man was breaking up/quarrelling/getting together with the shopkeeper when the police

arrived.3) The chess team quarrels/makes up/meets every third Thursday at 8 pm.


1) (meet / parents)

2) (get together / play bridge)

3) (quarrel / different opinion)

4) (break up / misunderstand)

5) (make up / happy)


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8: Conversations Ask Request Answer Speak Say

AskDefinition: Ask

Ask: (a) Use words to try to find out about something; (b) express a desire that someone will dosomething; (c) ASK FOR, express a desire to have something.

Verb Chart: Ask

Infinitive:to ask

Present:I ask

Present Continuous:I am asking

Future:I will ask

Past:I asked

Past Continuous:I was asking

Present Perfect:I have asked

Past Perfect:I had asked

Example sentences

1) I'd rather not ask him to help. (b)

2) In many classes, the teachers ask all the questions, and the students give the answers. (a)

3) My colleague is always asking for extra time. (c)

4) Akio asked his boss for a raise (c)

5) Lilia will ask her sister if she knows when that CD came out. (a)

6) They were asking their neighbors to join the party. (b)


1) (Present) When the students do not understand, they ____________ questions.

2) (Future) I bet Chip ____________ Rose to make a sandwich for his lunch tomorrow.

3) (Past) Sada ____________ Yoshio how to make tempura, but he did not know.

4) (Pres. Perf.) We ____________ a big room at the Lions Club for our club party.

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Request

Definition: Request

Request: Similar to the second and third meanings of ASK/ASK FOR, above: (a) express a desirethat someone will do something for you; (b) express a desire to have something.

Verb Chart: Request

Infinitive:to request

Present:I request

Present Continuous:I am requesting

Future:I will request

Past:I requested

Past Continuous:I was requesting

Present Perfect:I have requestedPast Perfect:I had requested

Example sentences

1) Ehab requested that we visit him for supper in his new apartment. (a)

2) We're not requesting much, just a small change in the rules. (b)

3) Parvin requested that I turn off the radio so that she could read. (a)

4) Nobody had requested any more food; so, we closed the restaurant. (b)

5) The next patient came in before I had time to request more information from the doctor. (b).

6) In future I will request assistance as soon as any problem comes up. (a)


1) (Inf.) I want ____________ another blanket; I think it ll be very cold tonight.

2) (Present) Many people ____________ application forms from our office every day.

3) (Pres. Cont.) Malee ____________ that the teacher bring the book to school tomorrow.

4) (Past) Fred ____________ that we change his schedule.

Related word

Request (noun) The action of requesting, or the words used to request something, in either of thetwo senses above.

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Answer

Definition: Answer

Answer: (a) reply to a question, a request, a message, or a greeting, by words or actions; (b) react tothe sound of a telephone or pager, a knock at the door, etc.

Verb Chart: Answer

Infinitive:to answer

Present:I answer

Present Continuous:I am answering

Future:I will answer

Past:I answered

Past Continuous:I was answering

Present Perfect:I have answeredPast Perfect:I had answered

Example sentences

1) That's fine: you have answered all of our questions. (a)

2) Don't worry. I'll answer as soon as you call. (b)

3) Elva answered the phone on the first ring. (b)

4) Taher was answering our request for help as generously as he could. (a)

5) She answered my greeting with a wave. (a)

6) He said that no one had answered the door. (b)


1) (Future) We ____________ all the letters that come before the end of June.

2) (Past Cont.) Emily knew she ____________ the questions in her interview very fluently.

3) (Present) Usually Wes is the one who ____________ the telephone in our office.

4) (Past/negative) Her parents knocked at the door but the little girl ____________.

Related word

Answer (noun) The action of answering, or the words used to answer, in either of the two sensesabove.

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Speak

Definition: Speak

Speak: (a) Communicate by talking; (b) give a lecture or an address to a group.

Verb Chart: Speak

Infinitive:to speak

Present:I speak

Present Continuous:I am speaking

Future:I will speak

Past:I spoke

Past Continuous:I was speaking

Present Perfect:I have spoken

Past Perfect:I had spoken

Example sentences

1) The Mayor was speaking at a meeting of the Town Council. (b)

2) I had never spoken to Judith until I met her at the party yesterday. (a)

3) Sandor will speak to his brother about a job for you. (a)

4) The new champion spoke to all the sponsors for 30 minutes after lunch. (b)

5) Just before the curtain went up, the playwright spoke to audience about her play. (b)

6) Have you spoken with them since the baby was born? (a)


1) (Past Cont.) At the assembly, the principal ____________ about bullying in the school yard.

2) (Future) The Queen ____________ on TV on Christmas Day.

3) (Past/negative) Hui-E ____________ to her boyfriend for three days.

4) (Present) Sudabeh ____________ very softly; so, it s difficult to hear her.Related word

Speech (noun) The pronunciation of words when speaking, in the first sense above; a lecture, inthe second sense above.

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Say

Definition: Say

Say: (a) Express an opinion or a fact by speaking; (b) promise to do something or give your word thatsomething is true; (c) express an opinion or a fact in print.

Verb Chart: Say

Infinitive:to say

Present:I say

Present Continuous:I am saying

Future:I will say

Past:I said

Past Continuous:I was saying

Present Perfect:I have saidPast Perfect:I had said

Example sentences

1) Lorenzo says he will be there at 8:00 pm, sharp. (b)

2) I was just saying that rain was likely when the storm began. (a)

3) The electric sign said the parking lot was full. (c)

4) Geraldine has already said a lot about her plans. (a)

5) What does the cookbook say about ways to roast chicken? (c)

6) We will not say we will help unless we are sure about it. (b)


1) (Past Cont.) Paul ____________ that a car could not get through there; it had to be a truck.

2) (Past Perf.) The Prime Minister ____________ that the housing problem would be dealt withpromptly.

3) (Present) The new law ____________ that there must be a minimum wage.

4) (Past) The soldiers were forced to retreat, but the general ____________, We will return .

Related word

Saying (noun) A proverb.

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Review Activities

Complete the table

Infinitive: to ask

Present: request

Present Continuous: am saying

Future: will speak

Past: answered

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect:


1) Ibrahim said/spoke/requested that they drove on the left in his country.

2) Nina will speak/ask/answer her professor to postpone the deadline of the assignment.

3) The guest is saying/answering/requesting an extra bed in Room 305.


1) (ask / go out)

2) (request / more food)

3) (answer / tough questions)

4) (speak / crowd)

5) (say / snow)Write your own list of words with similar meanings

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9: Groups Include Exclude Participate Involve Associate

IncludeDefinition: Include

Include: (a) Allow others to join your group; (b) consider that someone or something is part of a largergroup; (c) contain something inside a larger thing.

Verb Chart: Include

Infinitive:to include

Present:I include

Present Continuous:I am including

Future:I will include

Past:I included

Past Continuous:I was including

Present Perfect:I have included

Past Perfect:I had included

Example sentences

1) The new team should include all players who are not on any of the other teams. (a)

2) Continental Europe includes all members of the Common Market except Britain. (c)

3) The tableware set included bowls as well as plates. (c)

4) The club is including us as members now that we have applied. (a)

5) When I speak of students, I am including people who study either part-time or full-time. (b)

6) For most people, the idea of 'fruit' does not include tomatoes, although scientists say thattomatoes really are a kind of fruit. (b)


1) (Present) Our package ____________ a video cassette that demonstrates how to install theequipment.

2) (Pres. Cont.) They ____________ the whole team in the photo.

3) (Past/negative) In the past, the company insurance policy ____________ spouses.

4) (Pres. Perf.) Arthur _______ quickly ________ his Thai daughter-in-law as part of the family.

Related word

Inclusion (noun) The action of including, in any of the senses above.

Inclusive (noun) Including everyone or everything, in any of the senses above.

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Exclude

Definition: Exclude

Exclude: (a) Refuse to allow others to join your group; (b) stop somebody or something from enteringa place; (c) consider that someone or something is not part of a larger group.

Verb Chart: Exclude

Infinitive:to exclude

Present:I exclude

Present Continuous:I am excluding

Future:I will exclude

Past:I excluded

Past Continuous:I was excluding

Present Perfect:I have excludedPast Perfect:I had excluded

Example sentences

1) Because that is an amateur competition, professional players are excluded. (a)

2) My definition of farmers excludes people who own land but do not work on it. (c)

3) The doorman excluded anyone who had not bought a ticket. (b)

4) That restaurant has always excluded people who were wearing no shoes or no shirt. (b)

5) I think the law against speeding should exclude fire trucks going to emergencies. (c)

6) The new class is only for complete beginners. We will exclude others. (a)


1) (Future) It s easy to see that the new rules ____________ new immigrants from the profession.

2) (Present) The $50 price of the meal ____________ alcoholic drinks.

3) (Pres. Cont.) This cinema ________ now _________ people who want to smoke.

4) (Past) My very strict diet ____________ every kind of fat.

Related words

Exclusion (noun) The action of excluding someone or something; also, someone or something thatis named as being excluded, in any of the senses above.

Exclusive (adjective) Very selective, so that many are excluded.

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Participate

Definition: Participate

Participate: Take part in a project or activity along with others.

Verb Chart: Participate

Infinitive:to participate

Present:I participate

Present Continuous:I am participating

Future:I will participate

Past:I participated

Past Continuous:I was participating

Present Perfect:I have participated

Past Perfect:I had participated

Example sentences

1) Mirko had never participated in an amateur play until last year.

2) We will gladly participate in the fund raising drive if there is anything for us to do.

3) Some people participated by giving money, others by doing work.

4) Irma participates actively in class and so she learns quickly.

5) I could not join you that weekend because I was participating in a first aid course.

6) That party has participated in every election for the past 50 years.


1) (Future) When they hear about the contest, I'm sure they ________________.

2) (Past Cont.) Maria ____________ in a national conference last week.

3) (Present) Teachers and parents ____________ in an open house ceremony every September.

4) (Past) Last year, Richard ____________ in several projects with the Science Club.

Related words

Participation (noun) The action of participating.

Participant (noun) A person who participates in something.

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Associate

Definition: Associate

Associate: (a) Regularly spend time with another person or group; (b) BE ASSOCIATED, have aconnection with a group, a thing, or a cause; (c) say or think that one thing or person is connected

with another.

Verb Chart: Associate

Infinitive:to associate

Present:I associate

Present Continuous:I am associating

Future:I will associate

Past:I associated

Past Continuous:I was associating

Present Perfect:I have associated

Past Perfect:I had associated

Example sentences

1) Our real estate agent is associated with the big company on Main street. (b)

2) I don't like the way he is associating intelligence only with education. (c)

3) At university, Bert associated with people who became his business colleagues later on. (a)

4) Paola has been associated with that law office since she became a lawyer. (b)5) When I was small, my mother did not let me associate with very many other children. (a)

6) If you are wise, you will not associate being happy just with being rich. (c)


1) (Past) Because Noi ____________ sunshine with warm temperatures, she was amazed by thebright winter weather in Canada.

2) (Past Perf.) I ____________ with a lot of tourists before I moved to the Tourism Office.

3) (Future) In his new job, Lee ____________ with computer experts from all across the country.

4) (Inf./negative) Jurors must ____________ with anybody while the court case is in progress.

Related words

Association (noun) A club, a group of people who are associated (second meaning, above); aconnection that you say or think exists between two people or two things (third meaning, above).

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Associate (noun) A person who works with another person or a group (second meaning, above).

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Review Activities

Complete the table

Infinitive: to associate

Present: participate

Present Continuous:

Future: will exclude

Past: involved

Past Continuous:

Present Perfect:

Past Perfect: had included


1) Carbohydrates exclude/include/associate starches and sugars.

2) His job associated/participated/involved irregular hours, hard work, and low pay.

3) In North America we involve/associate/include spring with seeing the year's first robin.


1) (include / tax)

2) (exclude / dental service)

3) (participate / play)

4) (involve / Rotary Club)

5) (associate / hometown)


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10: Managing People Encourage Influence Manage Train Treat

EncourageDefinition: Encourage

Encourage: (a) Speak or act in a way that makes a person feel able to do something; (b) speak or actin a way that promotes a particular kind of behavior.

Verb Chart: Encourage

Infinitive: to encouragePresent: I encouragePresent Continuous: I am encouragingFuture: I will encouragePast: I encouragedPast Continuous: I was encouragingPresent Perfect: I have encouragedPast Perfect: I had encouraged

Example sentences

1) Parents try to encourage their children to do well at school. (a)

2) Although writing novels is very difficult, Giustino always encourages his sister to continue. (a)

3) By leaving your office unlocked, you are encouraging theft. (b)

4) We could see that giving more freedom to the workers encouraged creativity. (b)

5) Whenever I feel like giving up, I know my friend will encourage me to keep trying. (a)

6) By setting a good example, Lynette was encouraging her little brother to be more polite. (b)Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches

1) (Present) The friendly ESL teacher ____________ her students to speak English in class.

2) (Pres. Cont.) His boss ____________ him to consider taking a management course.

3) (Past) Butterfly bushes ____________ a lot of butterflies to come into our garden last summer.

4) (Pres. Perf.) The new parking rate ____________ people to use public transportation more often.

Related wordEncouragement (noun) The act of encouraging (in either sense, above).

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Influence

Definition: Influence

Influence: Speak or act in a way that has an effect (a) on another person's thinking or actions, or (b)on the outcome of an event.

Verb Chart: Influence

Infinitive: to influencePresent: I influencePresent Continuous: I am influencingFuture: I will influencePast: I influencedPast Continuous: I was influencingPresent Perfect: I have influencedPast Perfect: I had influenced

Example sentences

1) Careful parents influence their children in many ways. (a)

2) Do you think the economic crisis has influenced the outcome of the election? (b)

3) The cold weather influenced the crop negatively. (b)

4) Stan's friendship with Marla is influencing his study habits for the better. (a)

5) The wind speed can influence the time of a runner in a race. (b)

6) If I can, I will influence my co-workers to consider moving to the new building. (a)


1) (Inf.) One way ____________ your children is to spend a lot of time with them.

2) (Present) Droughts ____________ farm productivity in the Northeastern part of the country.

3) (Pres. Cont.) The new technology ____________ commercial fishing in the Great Lakes.

4) (Past) Louis Armstrong's music style ____________ musicians for generations.

Related word

Influence (noun) The power a person or thing has to influence another person or an event.

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Manage

Definition: Manage

Manage: (a) Lead or control the behavior of a person or group, by psychological influence rather thanforce; (b) be in charge of a group or a process.

Verb Chart: Manage

Infinitive: to managePresent: I managePresent Continuous: I am managingFuture: I will managePast: I managedPast Continuous: I was managingPresent Perfect: I have managedPast Perfect: I had managed

Example sentences

1) Bill had managed that section of the company for a year. (b)

2) You will have great results if you can manage that athlete's temper effectively. (a)

3) Toshiro managed the panicky group so as to get everyone out of the burning building. (a)

4) Annette m

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