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The Ver b Wel l
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The Ver b Wel lA Themat ic Int r oduct ion t o Ver bs,
Verb Forms and Verb Use
by Chirawibha Sivell & John Sivell
Illustrations by Cynthia DiSimone
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Copyright 2000 FULL BLAST Productions
IN CANADA IN THE UNITED STATES
FB Productions FB Productions
Box 408 Box 1297
Virgil, Ontario Lewiston, New York 14092-8297
L0S 1T0
Photocopying rights are granted to the individual teacher
or the single school purchasing the materials. A copy of
this book purchased by an individual teacher is that
teacher's property and can travel with her from school to
school. A single copy of this book may not be kept at a
resource center and used to service several schools. To be
entitled to copy this book, a teacher in the school or theschool itself must own an original copy.
Please respect copyright.
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Printed in Canada.
ISBN 1-895451-36-1
Sivell, Chirawibha, 1950-
The verb well : a thematic introduction to verbs, verb forms and verb use
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 1-895451-36-1
1. English language - Textbooks for second language learners.* 2. English
language - Verb. I. Sivell, John, 1946- . II. DiSimone, Cynthia, 1959- .
III. Title.
PE1271.S58 2000 428.24 C00-932953-6
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INTRODUCTION
The design of this book
The Verb Wellthree-book series offers a carefully crafted set of verb-vocabulary materials to
cover 450 frequent and useful verbs, 150 verbs per book. Each book in the reproducible series
presents thirty easy-to-learn clusters of five verbs each, with each cluster organized according to
meaning. Some share a common activity or setting e.g. "Garden": dig - harvest - plant - rake -water. Others are governed by a key concept e.g. "Competition": compete - attack - fight - struggle
- race. Either way, the organization has a thesaurus-like quality, in that the verbs always appear in a
context created through inclusion of other related terms.
This organizational plan has two important advantages. First of all, it helps students
experience success with the crucial vocabulary-learning strategy of consistently grouping new words
to be learned around an easily recalled center of meaning. Such an approach facilitates
visualization, verbal association, chaining, and other familiar memory-enhancement techniques that
can definitely promote vocabulary learning. Secondly, the structure of the book is designed to
underline the necessity of recognizing and mastering distinctions between words that may be
generally similar in meaning but that cannot be substituted for each other. Thus, for instance, the
"Etiquette" group includes both insultand snub, and the "Liquids" group includespour, spill, and
sprinkle. Introducing this fairly simple but nonetheless eye-opening level of semantic subtlety helps
overcome learners' common tendency to take a one-word-fits-all approach to vocabulary learning;
that short-sighted expedient can lead to learning just very general expressions which are then over-
used and over-extended to the detriment of precision and flexibility.
The verbs presented in the Verb Wellseries were chosen for frequency and utility. Three
major word-frequency lists were consulted: West'sA General Service List of English Words (London:
Longman, 1953, rep. 1983), Kucera and Francis' Computational Analysis of Present-Day American
English (Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University Press, 1967), and Carroll, Davies andRichman's The American Heritage Word Frequency Book(New York: American Heritage Publishing,
1971). A methodical computer analysis was carried out to determine which verbs tended to appear
among the more frequent items on those lists and, from that selection, related items were
assembled to form the core of each cluster, sometimes along with a few other high-utility verbs to
round out the group. Of course, verbs make up only a part of the total word-store of any speaker, so
that a selection of 450 verbs as in the entire three-book series represents a sub-set of a quite
extensive vocabulary. Nevertheless, conscientious attention to frequency and utility has made it
possible to bring together a very convincing and practical survey of verbs that really are worth either
reviewing or learning from scratch.
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The following groupings are found in Book 1 of the series:
1 - Making things page 1
MAKE - BUILD - COMPOSE - CONSTRUCT - CREATE
2 - Arranging things page 7
PLAN - ARRANGE - DESIGN - ORGANIZE - RELATE
3 - Fixing things page 13
CORRECT - FIX - REPAIR - MEND - REPLACE
4 - Delivering things page 19
BRING - TAKE - DELIVER - DROP OFF - TRANSFER
5 - Buying and selling page 25
BUY - SELL - CHARGE - PAY - RENT
6 - Cause and effect page 31
CAUSE - BRING ABOUT - EFFECT - AFFECT - RESULT
7 - Beginnings and endings page 37
START - BEGIN - STOP - END - FINISH
8 - Comparison and contrast page 43
COMPARE - CONTRAST - DIFFER - DISTINGUISH - RESEMBLE
9 - The process of change page 49
CHANGE - INCREASE - GROW - DEVELOP - IMPROVE
10 - Existence page 55LIVE- EXIST - BE FOUND - OCCUR - HAPPEN
11 - Knowing and imagining page 61
DREAM - IMAGINE - KNOW - SEE THROUGH - WONDER
12 - Belief and hope page 67
ACCEPT - AGREE - BELIEVE - HOPE - WISH
13 - Giving advice page 73
ADVISE - SUGGEST - PROPOSE - TEACH - WARN
14 - Making comments page 79
COMMENT - INFORM - REMARK - TELL - REPORT
15 - Watching page 85
WATCH - GLANCE - NOTICE - CONSIDER - STUDY
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16 - Leaders and followers page 91
GUIDE - LEAD - FOLLOW - COMMAND - YIELD
17 - Competition page 97
COMPETE - ATTACK - FIGHT - STRUGGLE - RACE
18 - Pleasure page 103
ENJOY - LIKE - PLEASE - DELIGHT - PREFER
19 - Displeasure, discomfort page 109
TROUBLE - DISLIKE - MIND - MATTER - SUFFER
20 - Social relations page 115
DATE - FLIRT - INTRODUCE - INVITE - VISIT
21 - Etiquette page 121
COMPLIMENT - GREET - INSULT - SNUB - THANK
22 - Kitchen page 127HEAT - COOK - BOIL - FRY - ROAST
23 - Liquids page 133
POUR - FILL - SPILL - SPRINKLE - STIR
24 - Garden page 139
DIG - HARVEST - PLANT - RAKE - WATER
25 - Travel page 145
DEPART - TRAVEL - RIDE - DRIVE - FLY
26 - Getting there page 151
REACH - ARRIVE - COME - GO - ENTER
27 - Possession page 157
HAVE - OWN - BELONG - POSSESS - HOLD
28 - Giving and sharing page 163
GIVE - OFFER - PROVIDE - SUPPLY - SHARE
29 - Freedom and limits page 169
FREE - RELEASE - RESTRICT - LIMIT - REGULATE
30 - Ability page 175
KNOW HOW - BE UP TO - CAN - EMPOWER - ENABLE
ANSWER KEY page 181 to 210
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Sections of the book and how to use them
Illustrations: Each verb cluster begins with an illustration capturing some thematic dimension
of the group. The illustrations not only stimulate useful visualization but also underline the more
general point that each lesson exemplifies the principle of learning vocabulary through a focus on
patterns of meaning. As well, teachers can make use of the illustrations as jumping-off points for
brainstorming activities before attacking the related verb cluster: students may be invited to suggest
already-known verbs which are evoked by the illustration; then, when the actual lesson material is
studied, those familiar verbs can help provide scaffolding to facilitate new learning.
Definitions: The definitions have been written in a relatively informal style, with attention to
assuring that the vocabulary of definitions never slips into complexities that are more demanding
than the verbs actually being defined! A key feature is the careful ordering of verbs in each cluster,
so that a useful verb that has already been defined can then be re-used as part of a subsequent
definition. Additionally, it should be noted that one purpose of the example sentences (discussed
below) is to extend the definition process by presenting the verbs in contexts further demonstrating
their meaning.
Verb chart: Next, the principal parts of each verb are given. A concise overview of verbmorphology is thus available for student reference; to the extent that teachers judge necessary,
based on their knowledge of their own students, it can also be used by teachers as a platform for
more extensive grammar teaching in relation to the verbs. While there is a basic expectation that
students using this text will already be familiar with the general principles of subject-verb agreement,
sequence of tenses and so on, it is also recognized that specific grammatical patterns such as the
use, or not, of direct or indirect objects will have to be learned in relation to each new verb. Thus,
not only the verb chart but also some of the following examples and exercises are intended to
support relevant grammatical learning. Because meaning is central to the effective recall and use of
new verbs, there is a strong focus on meaning in this series, but the grammatical dimension
receives appropriate attention, too. In designing their own lessons around these materials, teachers
will find support for both aspects of the learning challenge.
Example sentences: Six example sentences for each verb demonstrate not only the various
meanings of the verb but also a selection of different tenses. When there are diverse meanings,
these are identified by letters. As well, these sentences demonstrate relevant grammatical patterns,
such as the use where appropriate of direct or indirect objects. And each example sentence has
been thoughtfully composed so as to be as short as possible while at the same time creating a vivid
mini-context in which the meaning will be clear and memorable. It can certainly also be helpful for
teachers to encourage students to build on the example sentences by proposing their own
personalized ones, which may well be even more memorable for them, but these need to be
monitored very carefully and corrected where necessary for accuracy both in grammar and inmeaning.
Verb-use exercise: Students are given four opportunities to manipulate the various forms of
the verbs and also to identify differing meanings according to the sentence-level context. As usual in
these materials, while the grammar-morphology aspect is not ignored, there is always a strong focus
on meaning. A good extension activity at this stage in the lesson is to ask students to go further and
to create some of their own cloze-type verb-use sentences, to challenge their classmates.
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Related words: The final section on each verb is where available a short list of related
words that can be derived from the verb by various different transformations. If grouping new words
by meaning is the number-one principle of effective vocabulary acquisition, there is little doubt that
the second most important rule is to maximize the benefit of new learning through awareness of
related words that can easily be derived from items that have just been mastered. Thus, although
straightforward past-participle/adjective derivations have been considered too obvious to be worth
including, related nouns and adjectives unless they are very eccentric have been listed along
with their own brief definitions. And this section not only provides a helpful increase in the number of
words that will be learned; it also illustrates, as students work from verb to verb, the most commonpatterns of derivation that should be mastered and used.
Review activities: The review activities at the end of each lesson covering all five verbs in
the cluster begin with a table in which students must recognize the missing elements based on
just one completed cell. Apart from rapidly revising that aspect of verb grammar, this table also
presents the five semantically related verbs all together in one diagram, which offers a comparative-
meaning overview as well.
Choose the best verb: This review activity focuses primarily on meaning but, since the verbs
are presented in various persons and tenses, there is also a grammatical dimension. The exerciseitself deliberately offers just three such review sentences, so that the multiple-choice aspect of the
work remains challenging because all the verbs will need to be considered at least once, although
only three will be applicable). However, teachers may well wish to extend this activity in a number of
ways, for instance by:
1) asking students to devise other multiple-choice sentence completions
2) creating their own additional sentence-completion activities, using just a blank with no
multiple-choice options (students refer to the five verbs in the group, select one, and
adjust it for the correct number, tense and mood)
3) combining verbs from more than one five-verb group in order to review a wider range
of items, using either a multiple-choice or a simple gap-filling format.
Write your own sentences using the prompts: In this final review exercise, students move
from highly structured cloze or multiple-choice work to considerably freer guided writing. Since
prompts are provided, there will be a general comparability among different learners' sentences, so
as to set the scene for meaningful discussion. Still, a good deal of individual creativity remains
possible. And, of course as noted above in the treatment of the Example sentences exercise
there is always the option of expanding work like this even further, inviting students to devise their
own illustrative sentences without prompts.
Write your own list of words with similar meanings: Each lesson ends with this extension
exercise, which directs attention out from the five-verb group to students' broader vocabulary
knowledge and interests. This exercise can be done individually if desired, but it will usually be most
fruitful when performed as a brainstorming activity either with the whole class working together or
probably better with a number of three- or four-student groups first brainstorming their own lists of
associated words, which are then presented to the entire class for discussion, amendment, and
adoption in the form of a final version comprising the best of all the suggestions. This activity serves
the important purpose of leaving students with a legitimate sense of being able to assimilate new
verbs to their existing vocabulary store and thus of being in control of the learning process. In a
word, the goal is commitment or ownership.
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A final note on the choice of verbs
Although no special attempt was made to include verbs in the Introduction artificially, teachers
may be interested to reflect on the fact that in the course of giving practical information in this
Introduction the following twenty-eight verbs just from Book 1 of the Verb Wellseries naturally
came into use: build, compose, create, make, design, organize,plan, relate, correct, bring, take,
begin, end, compare, differ, know, suggest, consider, guide, lead, follow, attack, go, give, offer,
provide, share, and can. This list would of course have been longer if all three books had been
taken into account, but the point is already clear: these verbs really do come in handy, and your
students will benefit from gaining a firm command of them!
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1: Making Things Make Build Compose Construct Create
MakeDefinition: Make
Make: Produce something either (a) by work or effort, (b) by changing something to get what youwant, or (c) by putting parts together.
Verb Chart: Make
Example sentences
1) Sandra wants to make a dress out of that cloth. (b)
2) Cheryl is a lawyer. She makes a lot of money. (a)
3) Bob is making a bow out of a branch. (b)
4) We made an igloo with blocks of snow. (c)
5) I am very busy but I will make time to see you. (a)
6) John and Susan were making a kite with pieces of paper and wood. (c)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Present) Mother ________________ a cake every time a family member has a birthday.
2) (Pres. Cont.) Do you think Alan ________________ a success of his studies?
3) (Past/negative) We ________________ a mess of the work that you gave us to do.
4) (Pres. Perf.) They ________________ a wonderful garden with just a few flowers and trees.
Related word
Maker (noun) A person or company that makes something.
Infinitive: to makePresent: I makePresent Continuous: I am makingFuture: I will makePast: I madePast Continuous: I was makingPresent Perfect: I have madePast Perfect: I had made
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1: Making Things Make Build Compose Construct Create
BuildDefinition: Build
Build: Make something by putting parts together or by using materials; this verb is typically used (a)for making places in which to live or work or (b) other objects, but it is also very often used (c)figuratively.
Verb Chart: Build
Example sentences
1) The mason builds a wall with bricks. (a)
2) Gerald and Marie are building a happy home together. (c)
3) We built our house in the suburbs. (a)
4) That company has built a new factory to contain its modern equipment. (a)
5) It is not easy to build a strong friendship. (c)
6) I would like to build a workstation for my computer equipment. (b)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Inf.) The company plans ________________ an apartment block near the park.
2) (Present) Cooperative effort ________________ trust among co-workers.
3) (Pres. Cont.) Steve ________________ a swimming pool in his back yard.
4) (Past) Mary is an excellent carpenter; she ________________ a very nice AV center for her livingroom.
Related words
Builder (noun) A person who builds things.
Building (noun) A house, store, school, factory, apartment block or other place that has been built.
Infinitive: to buildPresent: I buildPresent Continuous: I am buildingFuture: I will buildPast: I builtPast Continuous: I was buildingPresent Perfect: I have builtPast Perfect: I had built
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1: Making Things Make Build Compose Construct Create
ComposeDefinition: Compose
Compose: Make or form something by arranging the parts; this verb is typically used for (a) makingartistic products, especially music, but it is sometimes also used in the passive voice to refer to (b)the analysis of parts: BE COMPOSED OF.
Verb Chart: Compose
Example sentences
1) That musician had composed five songs by the time she entered high school. (a)
2) He will compose his next symphony in the spring and summer because he enjoys that time ofyear. (a)
3) Mozart composed several operas. (a)
4) The economy of this country is composed of agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing. (b)
5) The poet was composing the words of the sonnet in her mind before writing them down. (a)
6) This experienced writer has composed speeches for many different politicians and businessleaders. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Future) Paul says he ________________ new words for the melody of the old school song.
2) (Past Cont.) I watched her working when she ________________ her most recent ballet.3) (Present) Some poets ________________ their best work when they are poor and unhappy.
4) (Past) The mixed softball team ________________ six boys and six girls.
Related words
Composer (noun) A person who composes things (nearly always used for people who compose music).
Composition (noun) Something that has been composed (usually music), the action of composingsomething, or the pattern of organization inside something that has been composed.
Infinitive: to composePresent: I composePresent Continuous: I am composingFuture: I will composePast: I composedPast Continuous: I was composingPresent Perfect: I have composedPast Perfect: I had composed
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1: Making Things Make Build Compose Construct Create
ConstructDefinition: Construct
Construct: Make or build a house, machine or any other (a) thing or (b) idea, where the focus is onthe expert combination of parts.
Verb Chart: Construct
Example sentences
1) George was constructing his new garage all last month.(a)
2) Before my cousins came to stay with us, we had already constructed a swing for them to play on. (a)
3) No doubt he will construct a clever argument to prove that he is right! (b)
4) Henry Ford was the first person who constructed cars on an assembly line. (a)
5) Elaine constructs some of the most imaginative excuses I have ever heard! (b)
6) They are constructing a skyscraper in the center of town. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Past Perf.) Wanda ________________ a perfect model of Fort Niagara.
2) (Future) If I can, I ________________ houses as my profession.
3) (Past) The police officer ________________ a strong case to convict the criminal.
4) (Present) Abdul ________________ scientific apparatus at the university.
Related word
Construction (noun) The process of constructing something.
Infinitive: to constructPresent: I constructPresent Continuous: I am constructingFuture: I will constructPast: I constructedPast Continuous: I was constructingPresent Perfect: I have constructedPast Perfect: I had constructed
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1: Making Things Make Build Compose Construct Create
CreateDefinition: Create
Create: Basically, this verb means (a) make something new that did not exist before; it is often usedto focus on (b) artistic work or (c) the work of God.
Verb Chart: Create
Example sentences
1) When the traffic gets heavy, it often creates a lot of problems. (a)
2) I hear that the dance company is creating a new show. (b)
3) In the beginning, God created the world. (c)
4) Agatha Christie has created many interesting characters in her books. (b)
5) The designer created a new style by combining leather and denim. (b)
6) Heavy workloads will usually create tension. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Past Cont.) The good atmosphere in the office ________________ a great work environment.
2) (Past Perf.) I was excited because my favorite group ________________ a new album.
3) (Future) Although there have been many great novels in the past, I am sure that today's authors________________ others that are also excellent.
4) (Past) God ________________ Adam and Eve and the garden of Eden.
Related words
Creator (noun) A person who creates things, often used to refer to God (the Creator).
Creation (noun) The process of creating something, also used to refer to the divine origin of theworld (the Creation).
Infinitive: to createPresent: I createPresent Continuous: I am creatingFuture: I will createPast: I createdPast Continuous: I was creatingPresent Perfect: I have createdPast Perfect: I had created
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created
am building
compose
to constructInfinitive:
Present:
Present Continuous:
Future:
Past:
Past Continuous:
Present Perfect:
Past Perfect:
was making
1: Making Things Make Build Compose Construct Create
Review Activities
Complete the table
Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice
1) Bill created/built/composed a pen for his chickens.
2) That piece of music was composed/made/constructed by Beethoven.
3) We should work together to construct/compose/make a society in which everyone is respected.
Write your own sentences using the prompts
1) (make / trouble)
2) (build / house)
3) (compose / music)
4) (construct / theory)
5) (create / team)
Write your own list of words with similar meanings
6
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2: Arranging Things Plan Arrange Organize Design Relate
Plan
Definition: Plan
Plan: Decide what to do and how/when to do it.
Verb Chart: Plan
Example sentences
1) Before going on holiday, I think it is fun to plan my trip in detail.
2) Most people just live; they do not really plan their lives.
3) The team of engineers is planning how to supply the town with water.
4) Agatha planned to visit her aunt for New Years eve, but there was an airplane pilots strike.
5) When we know how long our guests will be able to stay with us, we will plan for their visit.
6) Jerry was planning a quiet evening with his friends.
Use the forms of the verb
1) (Present) Jessica _____________ her grocery shopping every Friday night.
2) (Pres. Cont./ negative) I________________ to buy a new vacuum cleaner now.
3) (Past) The town council _______________ to issue a by-law about water restrictions last month.
4) (Pres. Perf.) My father ________________ carefully for early retirement.
Related words
Plan (noun) A written or mental outline of how/when to do something.
Planner (noun) A person who plans something.
Infinitive: to planPresent: I planPresent Continuous: I am planningFuture: I will planPast: I plannedPast Continuous: I was planningPresent Perfect: I have plannedPast Perfect: I had planned
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2: Arranging Things Plan Arrange Organize Design Relate
ArrangeDefinition: Arrange
Arrange: Create a desired relationship among (a) things or (b) events.
Verb Chart: Arrange
Example sentences
1) Please arrange the flowers in the vase. (a)
2) Sally is arranging for her brother to meet some of her friends. (b)
3) Who arranged the meeting? (b)
4) Dave has arranged everything for our trip to the theatre. (b)
5) When tidying up their room the children have to arrange their toys neatly. (a)
6) Before the party, I will arrange the furniture in a different way. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Inf.) We havent had time ________________ the books on these shelves.
2) (Present) The merchant ________________ his goods according to price.
3) (Pres. Cont.) _________ anybody _______________ for a taxi to come?
4) (Past) She ________________ to greet the new Mayor at the party.
Related word
Arrangement (noun) The pattern of organization among things that are arranged; or, a plan thatpeople have agreed on.
Infinitive: to arrangePresent: I arrangePresent Continuous: I am arrangingFuture: I will arrangePast: I arrangedPast Continuous: I was arrangingPresent Perfect: I have arrangedPast Perfect: I had arranged
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2: Arranging Things Plan Arrange Organize Design Relate
OrganizeDefinition: Organize
Organize: Arrange (a) things or (b) events, with a special focus on practical results and on takingresponsibility for them.
Verb Chart: Organize
Example sentences
1) The conference was not successful because the planners had organized it badly. (b)
2) I hope someone will organize the goods in the stock room because right now I can't find anything! (a)
3) I want to complement you on the way you organized the school outing.(b)
4) Bob organizes all of our staff birthday parties. (b)
5) The office was a great place to work when Anne-Marie was organizing all the supplies. (a)
6) They have organized the cupboard in a way that is a lot more convenient. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Future) Mr. Martinez ________________ a political meeting in Puebla.
2) (Past Cont.) The public relations officer ________________ a tour for the President.
3) (Present) Kim always ________________ her ideas before she begins writing an essay.
4) (Past) The micro-organisms ________________ themselves into a chain after a very short time.
Related words
Organization (noun) The arrangement of things or events that are organized; or, an office orinstitution.
Organizer (noun) A person who organizes something.
Infinitive: to organizePresent: I organizePresent Continuous: I am organizingFuture: I will organizePast: I organizedPast Continuous: I was organizingPresent Perfect:
I have organizedPast Perfect: I had organized
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2: Arranging Things Plan Arrange Organize Design Relate
DesignDefinition: Design
Design: Either (a) prepare instructions or a picture to show how something should be made, or (b)create a thing or plan for a specific purpose.
Verb Chart: Design
Example sentences
1) Unfortunately, the house was already being designed before the full cost of materials was known. (a)
2) I had trouble with the course because it had been designed for people who knew more about thesubject than I did. (b)
3) Marika will design the electrical components for the new laboratory. (a)
4) Joel designed a line of trendy clothing for skateboarders. (b)
5) These tools are designed to be very easy to use. (b)
6) A special team of experts is designing the motor for our next model of car. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Past Perf.) Our office ________________ the system of dams along the Grand River.
2) (Future) I ________________ my own costume for the fancy dress party.
3) (Past/negative) Wilson and Co. ________________ that bridge.
4) (Present) They ________________ sewage systems to accommodate monsoon rains.
Related words
Design (noun) A plan for making something; or, an intention.
Designer (noun) A person who designs things.
Infinitive: to designPresent: I designPresent Continuous: I am designingFuture: I will designPast: I designedPast Continuous: I was designingPresent Perfect: I have designedPast Perfect: I had designed
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2: Arranging Things Plan Arrange Organize Design Relate
RelateDefinition: Relate
Relate: (a) Say or show that there is a connection between two or more things or ideas; also, (b)things or ideas RELATE TO or ARE RELATED TO each other when they seem to have a connection.
Verb Chart: Relate
Example sentences
1) Golda is related to Harry, her second cousin. (b)
2) New medical discoveries are relating diseases to genetic factors. (a)
3) Probably her hockey skills related to her careful training.(b)
4) In this presentation, Junki has related Korea's economic success to the school system there. (a)
5) The detective used fingerprints to relate the suspect to the crime. (a)
6) Futurologists say that job opportunities will relate more and more to computer skills. (b)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Past Cont./negative) I think the reason why you didnt understand that passage is because you________________ the events to their real cause.
2) (Future) Do you think that in future health problems ________________ more to theenvironment?
3) (Past Perf./passive) His parents said that Tims misconduct ________________ to drug addiction.
4) (Past) The police officer ________________ the witness testimony to the evidence at the crimescene.
Related word
Relationship (noun) Connection between things or people that are related.
Infinitive: to relatePresent: I relatePresent Continuous: I am relatingFuture: I will relatePast: I relatedPast Continuous: I was relatingPresent Perfect: I have relatedPast Perfect: I had related
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was relating
will arrange
organized
design
Infinitive:
Present:
Present Continuous:
Future:
Past:
Past Continuous:
Present Perfect:
Past Perfect: had planned
2: Arranging Things Plan Arrange Organize Design Relate
Review Activities
Complete the table
Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice
1) The window was planned/related/designed to open and close automatically according to thetemperature.
2) Nicoles father has arranged/designed/organized for a plane ticket for her.
3) Mustafa and Ali are organizing/planning/relating the route for their trip across Canada.
Make your own sentences using the prompts
1) (plan / birthday party)
2) (arrange / table)
3) (organize / agricultural fair)
4) (design / building)
5) (relate / soil)
Write your own list of words with similar meanings
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3: Fixing Things Correct Fix Repair Mend Replace
CorrectDefinition: Correct
Correct: When a mistake has been made, (a) take out the mistake or (b) say or do something tomake things right.
Verb Chart: Correct
Example sentences
1) I'm sorry, I should have introduced myself. I'd like to correct that: my name is Gareth Smith. (b)
2) You can correct any false impressions about your honesty by taking a lie detector test. (b)
3) She has corrected the error in the financial statement. (a)
4) He corrected their misunderstanding by explaining that his home town was New York, not NewOrleans. (a)
5) Ulrika cannot share in the driving right now but she will correct that problem next week if shepasses her test. (b)
6) The teacher was still correcting the students' assignments at 11:30 pm. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Present) The students ________________ their spelling mistakes before handing in theirwork.
2) (Pres. Cont.) The timing in the cars engine is off so the mechanic ________________it.
3) (Past) The police ________________ their poor public image by becoming friendlier and morehelpful.
4) (Pres. Perf.) Ashley ________________ the students wrong idea that the test would be Tuesday.
Related words
Correction (noun) The action of correcting something; or, the corrected thing itself.
Correct (adj.) Without errors.
Infinitive: to correctPresent: I correctPresent Continuous: I am correctingFuture: I will correctPast: I correctedPast Continuous: I was correctingPresent Perfect: I have correctedPast Perfect: I had corrected
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3: Fixing Things Correct Fix Repair Mend Replace
FixDefinition: Fix
Fix: Solve the problem with an object or machine (a) that is damaged or (b) that will not work; also,(c) make food ready to be eaten.
Verb Chart: Fix
Example sentences
1) Reza fixes any of the machines that break down in the factory. (b)
2) Sonomi is fixing the broken suitcase right now. (a)
3) They stayed for a light supper and I fixed them a nice big salad. (c)
4) Stop complaining; the door handle has been fixed for weeks now. (a)
5) Do you want to fix lunch today, or shall I do it? (c)
6) Who will fix the radio if it stops working again? (b)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Inf.) I will agree ________________ the dessert if you promise to do the main course.
2) (Present) Kentaro usually ________________ the computer himself when it is down.
3) (Pres. Cont.) The minute hand on the grandfather clock broke. My father ________________ it.
4) (Past) _______ Amy _________ the sewing machine or did she send it back to the store?
Infinitive: to fixPresent: I fixPresent Continuous: I am fixingFuture: I will fixPast: I fixedPast Continuous: I was fixingPresent Perfect: I have fixedPast Perfect: I had fixed
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3: Fixing Things Correct Fix Repair Mend Replace
RepairDefinition: Repair
Repair: Similar to FIX, but with only the first two meanings: solve the problem with an object ormachine (a) that is damaged or (b) that will not work.
Verb Chart: Repair
Example sentences
1) Look! That body shop has repaired my car's crumpled fender perfectly. (a)
2) If any of the paintings in the gallery get damaged, a skilled worked will repair them. (a)
3) Whenever her computer had a problem, Grace repaired it herself. (b)
4) Graham repairs small engines for a living. (b)
5) I was still repairing the lawn mower when the hedge clippers broke, too! (b)
6) I am glad that you have repaired that scratch on the woodwork so quickly. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Future) Dont worry, Jimmy. Mom ________________ your bicycle tire tomorrow.
2) (Past Cont.) I waited in the store while the man ________________ my VCR.
3) (Present) Mr. Wong ________________ radios. Some weeks he makes a lot of money.
4) (Past) The girls ________________ the chair before anyone noticed.
Infinitive: to repairPresent: I repairPresent Continuous: I am repairingFuture: I will repairPast: I repairedPast Continuous: I was repairingPresent Perfect: I have repairedPast Perfect: I had repaired
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3: Fixing Things Correct Fix Repair Mend Replace
MendDefinition: Mend
Mend: A narrower sense of FIX or REPAIR, typically used just for objects that (a) wear out or (b)break or tear, and almost never used for machinery.
Verb Chart: Mend
Example sentences
1) May was mending her torn collar with a new piece of cloth. (b)
2) The shoemaker had mended those shoes five times before I finally threw them away! (a)
3) If a window screen tears, I will mend it. (b)
4) Aaron mended the worn places on the handbag. (a)
5) These days people usually do not mend their old clothes; they just buy new ones. (a)
6) To save money, the team members are mending their own football gear whenever it getsdamaged. (b)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Pres. Perf.) Grandma ________________ two pairs of socks for Heidi.
2) (Future/negative) I ________________ that old racket. I want to buy a new one.
3) (Past) Silvia ________________ the upholstery on her armchair with duct tape.
4) (Present) Some of the nets get ripped every day. The fisherman ________________ themregularly.
Infinitive: to mendPresent: I mendPresent Continuous: I am mendingFuture: I will mendPast: I mendedPast Continuous: I was mendingPresent Perfect: I have mendedPast Perfect: I had mended
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3: Fixing Things Correct Fix Repair Mend Replace
ReplaceDefinition: Replace
Replace: (a) Get a new thing instead of something that is damaged, does not work, or has beenlost; also, (b) substitute one person for another.
Verb Chart: Replace
Example sentences
1) If possible we replace outdated computers immediately. (a)
2) That's the new coach. He's replacing Joe Green, who moved to a different team. (b)
3) She replaced the missing books with new ones that were just the same. (a)
4) Rachida's car was in a collision last week. I think she will replace it with a new one. (a)
5) We really need a better manager to replace the person who is doing the job now. (b)
6) Company policy is to replace old equipment only when it can no longer be repaired. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Past Cont.) During the flu epidemic, the principal ________________ teachers almost everyweek.
2) (Past Perf.) Elke ________________ the wilted flowers before her guests arrived.
3) (Future) From next year on, the company ________________ only two thirds of retiring workers.
4) (Past) Serge ________________ the batteries in the new radio just a few days ago.
Related word
Replacement (noun) The act or replacing somebody or something; or, the actual person or thingused for the replacement.
Infinitive: to replacePresent: I replacePresent Continuous: I am replacingFuture: I will replacePast: I replacedPast Continuous: I was replacingPresent Perfect: I have replacedPast Perfect: I had replaced
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had replaced
have fixed
repaired
am mending
Infinitive:
Present:
Present Continuous:
Future:
Past:
Past Continuous:
Present Perfect:
Past Perfect:
to correct
3: Fixing Things Correct Fix Repair Mend Replace
Review Activities
Complete the table
Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice
1) Juan is mending/correcting/repairing his old tractor in the field.
2) It took my husband a few days to find the right screw to replace/fix/repair the one that had
broken.
3) Mrs. Swamp fixed/mended/corrected her students bad behavior by praising them every time theydid the right thing.
Make your own sentences using the prompts
1) (correct / speech)
2) (fix / calculator)
3) (repair / photocopier)
4) (mend / silk shirt)
5) (replace / tire)
Write your own list of words with similar meanings
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4: Delivering Things Bring Take Deliver Drop off Transfer
BringDefinition: Bring
Bring: Come to a place (a) carrying a thing or (b) along with a person; also, (c) cause something tohappen.
Verb Chart: Bring
Example sentences
1) Ed wants to bring ice-cream to the pot-luck supper. (a)
2) When the air is humid, a cool wind often brings rain. (c)
3) I hear that Sarah is bringing her new boyfriend to the party. (b)
4) The reduction in revenues brought a change in government policy. (c)
5) If there is room for Raoul on the team, I will bring him to the next practice. (b)
6) Paula and Joan were bringing wood for the campfire. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Present) The students ________________ their own lunch to school.
2) (Pres. Cont.) That truck ________________ a load of bricks onto the construction site.
3) (Past) Monique ________________ her little son to her office because the baby-sitter was sick.
4) (Pres. Perf.) The arrival of spring ________________ increased sales of garden supplies.
Infinitive: to bringPresent: I bringPresent Continuous: I am bringingFuture: I will bringPast: I broughtPast Continuous: I was bringingPresent Perfect: I have broughtPast Perfect: I had brought
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4: Delivering Things Bring Take Deliver Drop off Transfer
TakeDefinition: Take
Take: (a) Get or hold something; (b) remove something from where you found it; or (c) carry or movesomething or somebody from one place to another.
Verb Chart: Take
Example sentences
1) Take whichever dessert you like. (a)
2) I can't find the scissors. Has anybody taken them? (b)
3) Mounia took an extra textbook over to her friend's house. (c)
4) It's okay. We are taking three more people to the meeting in our car. (c)
5) They offered me extra money for working late but I did not want to take it. (a)
6) Gerhard will take the paper work home with him and finish it there. (c)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Inf.) Dont forget ________________ an umbrella with you.
2) (Present) We usually ________________ our partner's hand when we are dancing
3) (Pres. Cont.) Lee-Anne ________________ her tour group on a walk around the Sydney OperaHouse.
4) (Past) Aziz ________________ a big load of laundry out of the washing machine and put it intothe dryer.
Infinitive: to takePresent: I takePresent Continuous: I am takingFuture: I will takePast: I tookPast Continuous: I was takingPresent Perfect: I have takenPast Perfect: I had taken
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4: Delivering Things Bring Take Deliver Drop off Transfer
DeliverDefinition: Deliver
Deliver: Take something to a place or a person.
Verb Chart: Deliver
Example sentences
1) Have they already delivered the mail this morning?
2) If you place an order today, we will deliver it to you tomorrow.
3) Marsha delivered the envelope by hand.
4) Sompon delivers parcels for the courier company.
5) It rained all day while I was delivering the newspapers.
6) I agreed to deliver the package to their house.
Use the forms of the verb
1) (Future) Next week the company ________________ the books that I ordered on the Internet.
2) (Past Cont.) All last week Mario ________________ files to the office of his boss.
3) (Present) Kelly ________________ supper to Mrs Smiths apartment every Saturday.
4) (Past) The lumber store ________________ ten fence posts to our house.
Related word
Delivery (noun) The act of delivering something.
Infinitive: to deliverPresent: I deliverPresent Continuous: I am deliveringFuture: I will deliverPast: I deliveredPast Continuous: I was deliveringPresent Perfect: I have deliveredPast Perfect: I had delivered
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4: Delivering Things Bring Take Deliver Drop off Transfer
Drop offDefinition: Drop off
Drop off: (a) Deliver something; also, (b) take someone in your car (etc.) where they want to go andleave them there.
Verb Chart: Drop off
Example sentences
1) I thought you were dropping her off at the train station. (b)
2) They wanted to know if I had dropped off my resum. (a)
3) If you ask, I'm sure Bill will drop you off at your house. (b)
4) Mary dropped off a note for you when she was on her way to work. (a)
5) That salesman drops off samples every week. (a)
6) I can't come home directly because I am dropping off a friend after the party. (b)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Past Perf.) Sasha ________________ his autumn coat at the dry cleaners.
2) (Future) Rieko ________________ a video cassette at her parents house, so that they couldwatch it.
3) (Past) Peter ________________ his son at the nursery.
4) (Present) My wife ________ me______ at my work before continuing to her own office.
Infinitive: to drop offPresent: I drop offPresent Continuous: I am dropping offFuture: I will drop offPast: I dropped offPast Continuous: I was dropping offPresent Perfect: I have dropped offPast Perfect: I had dropped off
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4: Delivering Things Bring Take Deliver Drop off Transfer
TransferDefinition: Transfer
Transfer: (a) Move something from one place or person to another; (b) move somebody from oneplace to another; or (c) change your own location from one place to another.
Verb Chart: Transfer
Example sentences
1) The company rarely transfers its employees to different branches. (b)
2) Did you hear? I have transferred from Buffalo to the factory in Toronto. (c)
3) Because of those problems I transferred my account to a new bank. (a)
4) Vlad has been transferred to the head office. (b)
5) Jane decided to transfer from college to university. (c)
6) If our service goes down, our customers will probably transfer their business to our competitors. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Past) The whole Martinez family moved to Japan when the fathers company _______________him there.
2) (Pres. Perf.) Some of those recruits ________________ from the navy to the air force.
3) (Future) In that case, I ________________ that file to you as soon as I receive it.
4) (Past/negative) The students found out that wood ________________ heat as well as iron.
Related word
Transfer (noun) The act of transferring something or somebody, or of being transferred.
Infinitive: to transferPresent: I transferPresent Continuous: I am transferringFuture: I will transferPast: I transferredPast Continuous: I was transferringPresent Perfect: I have transferredPast Perfect: I had transferred
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transfer
was taking
will deliver
to drop offInfinitive:
Present:
Present Continuous:
Future:
Past:
Past Continuous:
Present Perfect:
Past Perfect: had brought
4: Delivering Things Bring Take Deliver Drop off Transfer
Review Activities
Complete the table
Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice
1) Tina transferred/brought/delivered her little girl from a public school to a private school.
2) Supermarkets in big cities are starting to move/deliver/bring groceries to customers homes.
3) Laura will deliver/move/drop off her friend at the train station.
Write your own sentences using the prompts
1) (bring / swimming suit)
2) (take / purse)
3) (deliver / parcel)
4) (drop off / library card)
5) (transfer / new office)
Write your own list of words with similar meanings
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5: Buying and Selling Buy Sell Charge Pay Rent
BuyDefinition: Buy
Buy: Get something by paying money for it.
Verb Chart: Buy
Example sentences
1) Joanne plans to buy her own house next year.
2) Often I buy fruit at the outdoor market.
3) We are buying our television set on the installment plan: six payments over six months.
4) Albert did not buy the sports car because it was too expensive.
5) He will not buy that piece of land unless he can get a lower price.
6) Somebody said she was buying a big dog but I thought she only liked cats.
Use the forms of the verb
1) (Present) In some countries, people dont do much cooking; they simply ________________ready-to-eat food from vendors along the street.
2) (Pres. Cont./negative) I ________________ this dress! The price is terrible.
3) (Past) Where _______________ you ________________ the new computer in your office?
4) (Future) I think Tim and Terry ________________ this house when they see the recreation room.
Related word
Buyer (noun) A person who buys something.
Infinitive: to buyPresent: I buyPresent Continuous: I am buyingFuture: I will buyPast: I boughtPast Continuous: I was buyingPresent Perfect: I have boughtPast Perfect: I had bought
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5: Buying and Selling Buy Sell Charge Pay Rent
SellDefinition: Sell
Sell: Transfer something to another person in exchange for an amount of money.
Verb Chart: Sell
Example sentences
1) Marilyn works on commission. She sells steel to manufacturers.
2) Are you selling your car or keeping it?
3) Andr sold his old bicycle for $25.
4) Look! I have already sold five pairs of trousers.
5) They will quickly sell that computer if they reduce the price.
6) We have to sell our apartment in Miami before moving to Vancouver.
Use the forms of the verb
1) (Inf.) Do you really want ________________ this ring?
2) (Present) Farmers ________________ their products every Saturday at the open market.
3) (Pres. Cont.) The clerk ________________ tickets for the evening show.
4) (Past) Diana ________________ her property in Houston last month.
Related words
Seller (noun) A person who sells something.
Sale (noun) The act of selling something; or, sometimes, a special time when things are sold atlow prices.
Infinitive: to sellPresent: I sellPresent Continuous: I am sellingFuture: I will sellPast: I soldPast Continuous: I was sellingPresent Perfect: I have soldPast Perfect: I had sold
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5: Buying and Selling Buy Sell Charge Pay Rent
ChargeDefinition: Charge
Charge: Ask for a certain amount of money when you (a) sell something or (b) provide a service.
Verb Chart: Charge
Example sentences
1) What happened? You have never charged this much for eggs before. (a)
2) When they come to clean the garden, they will charge by the hour. (b)
3) I was only charged $10 for this beautiful shirt! (a)
4) The daycare center charges $100 per week. (b)
5) In those days the store was charging more for hardware than it does today. (a)
6) They have charged for travel time as well as for time actually on the job. (b)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Future) They ________________ you that special price if you purchase it before the end ofAugust.
2) (Past Cont.) I heard that Saul ________________ the company for organizing the conference.
3) (Present) The garage ________________ $18 per hour for their labor when they repair cars.
4) (Past) How much ______________ they ________________ you for your new hair cut?
Related word
Charge (noun) The amount of money requested in return for a thing or a service.
Infinitive: to chargePresent: I chargePresent Continuous: I am chargingFuture: I will chargePast: I chargedPast Continuous: I was chargingPresent Perfect: I have chargedPast Perfect: I had charged
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5: Buying and Selling Buy Sell Charge Pay Rent
PayDefinition: Pay
Pay: Give money to someone when (a) they sell you something or (b) they do work for you.
Verb Chart: Pay
Example sentences
1) I had to stop having the grass mowed because I was paying too much each week. (b)
2) Don't ask for the bill, I have already paid. (a)
3) I think Stella will pay for her swimming lessons by check. (b)
4) We now think that we paid too much for those books. (a)
5) They pay $50 a month to have the snow plowed. (b)
6) Cheng had paid a lot for the car that was stolen from him. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Past Perf.) Wilai ________________ $350 a month for restaurant meals before she moved intoher own apartment.
2) (Future) The company ________________ for your gas if you keep the receipts.
3) (Past) Sam ________________ for his new suit with his credit card.
4) (Present) Mrs. Pierce ________________ $20 twice a week to have someone clean her house.
Related words
Payee (noun) A person to whom money is paid for a thing or a service.
Payment (noun) The act of paying; or, the amount that is paid.
Infinitive: to payPresent: I payPresent Continuous: I am payingFuture: I will payPast: I paidPast Continuous: I was payingPresent Perfect: I have paidPast Perfect: I had paid
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5: Buying and Selling Buy Sell Charge Pay Rent
RentDefinition: Rent
Rent: (a) Pay an agreed amount of money (usually weekly or monthly) in return for being allowed touse something; also, (b) take an agreed amount of money in return for letting another person usesomething.
Verb Chart: Rent
Example sentences
1) We rent our apartment for $520 monthly. (a)
2) I am only renting this car; my own car is at the garage. (a)
3) Sammy rented his apartment to me while he was away for a year. (b)
4) Rita has rented storage space for her extra furniture. (a)
5) This August they plan to rent their cottage to a couple from Norwich. (b)
6) If I need money, I will rent my orchard to a local farmer. (b)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Past Cont.) Ted ________________ a small basement apartment when he lived in Toronto.
2) (Past Perf.) We ________________ our second-floor office space to a lawyer.
3) (Future) My husband ________________ a moving van when we move.
4) (Past) Malee ________________ computers from Johnson Computer Center to use in her newoffice.
Related word
Rent (noun) The amount requested or paid to rent something.
Infinitive: to rentPresent: I rentPresent Continuous: I am rentingFuture: I will rentPast: I rentedPast Continuous: I was rentingPresent Perfect: I have rentedPast Perfect: I had rented
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was renting
had sold
have charged
to payInfinitive:
Present:
Present Continuous:
Future:
Past:
Past Continuous:
Present Perfect:
Past Perfect:
will buy
5: Buying and Selling Buy Sell Charge Pay Rent
Review Activities
Complete the table
Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice
1) In the winter, the zoo wont pay/charge/sell children any entrance fee.
2) We did not want to buy/charge/rent a place at the Marina for our boat last summer because we
were going away.
3) My sister is paying/renting/selling too much for her clothes; thats why she is always broke.
Write your own sentences using the prompts
1) (buy / shoes)
2) (sell / insurance)
3) (charge / bottle of wine)
4) (pay / mortgage)
5) (rent / tractor)
Write your own list of words with similar meanings
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6: Cause and Effect Cause Bring about Effect Affect Result
CauseDefinition: Cause
Cause: (a) Make something happen, either deliberately or by accident; also, (b) make somebody dosomething.
Verb Chart: Cause
Example sentences
1) A good pitcher can cause batters to strike out quite often. (b)
2) Carelessness causes mistakes. (a)
3) His happy attitude is causing everyone to feel better. (b)
4) It seems that the electrical storm caused those problems with our telephone. (a)
5) She is confident that her excellent performance will cause her boss to raise her salary. (b)
6) We changed the part of the motor that was causing the break-downs. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Present) Heat and humidity ________________ rapid growth of bacteria.
2) (Pres. Cont.) The lack of clean water ________________ the people in this town to get sick.
3) (Past) My sons conduct ________________ me a lot of anxiety.
4) (Pres. Perf.) The results of the course evaluation ________________ Professor Gomez tochange her teaching method.
Related word
Cause (noun) The factor that causes something.
Infinitive: to causePresent: I causePresent Continuous: I am causingFuture: I will causePast: I causedPast Continuous: I was causingPresent Perfect: I have causedPast Perfect: I had caused
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6: Cause and Effect Cause Bring about Effect Affect Result
Bring aboutDefinition: Bring about
Bring about: Make something happen, either deliberately or by accident (i.e. similar to the firstmeaning of CAUSE).
Verb Chart: Bring about
Example sentences
1) The end of winter usually brings about higher temperatures.
2) The poor economy is bringing about many social problems.
3) Pedro brought about a decrease in pollution by starting a recycling program.
4) The change in management has brought about several resignations.
5) If you give her a chance, Lina can bring about many valuable improvements.
6) I fear that unsafe boating practices will bring about several deaths again this summer.
Use the forms of the verb
1) (Inf.) Too many strict rules in a classroom can ________________ discipline problems instead ofcuring them.
2) (Present) Urbanization often ________________ slums.
3) (Pres. Cont.) Industrialization ________________ an enormous increase in wealth in this country.
4) (Past) The new speed-camera used by the police _______________ a big improvement in drivinghabits.
Infinitive: to bring aboutPresent: I bring aboutPresent Continuous: I am bringing aboutFuture: I will bring aboutPast: I brought aboutPast Continuous: I was bringing aboutPresent Perfect: I have brought aboutPast Perfect: I had brought about
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6: Cause and Effect Cause Bring about Effect Affect Result
EffectDefinition: Effect
Effect: Make something happen deliberately (i.e. similar to BRING ABOUT, but only for deliberateactions).
Verb Chart: Effect
Example sentences
1) Before the first month was over, the new supervisor had effected most of the changes that wereneeded.
2) The bonus system will probably effect an improvement in productivity.
3) The medicine was very good; it effected a rapid cure.
4) A welcoming environment usually effects a transformation of student motivation.
5) We watched carefully to be sure that our actions were effecting the modifications we desired.
6) Since the recent victory, the army has effected a two kilometer advance.
Use the forms of the verb
1) (Future) I hope that the new teacher ________________ an increase in discipline.
2) (Past Cont.) Controlling expenses in that department ________________ a real decrease in total
costs for the company.
3) (Present/negative) Harsh punishment ________________ any change in the behavior of theseprisoners.
4) (Past) The regular use of morphine ________________ a useful reduction in the patients painlevel.
Related word
Effect (noun) The consequence of an action or situation (the cause).
Infinitive: to effectPresent: I effectPresent Continuous: I am effectingFuture: I will effectPast: I effectedPast Continuous: I was effectingPresent Perfect: I have effectedPast Perfect: I had effected
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6: Cause and Effect Cause Bring about Effect Affect Result
AffectDefinition: Affect
Affect: (a) Influence the way an event happens, or (b) have an impact on a thing or situation.
Verb Chart: Affect
Example sentences
1) For years corruption has been affecting the outcome of the elections. (a)
2) An old injury still affected the movement in his left arm. (b)
3) I am sure that my explanation will affect your decision. (a)
4) The good weather affected the growth of the plants. (a)
5) Hot sunshine affects me badly. (b)
6) The loud home-town crowd affected the result of the game. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Past Perf.) A wrong interpretation of the documents ________________ the witness testimony.
2) (Future) Martha believes that encouraging her son to read a lot ________________ his attitude toschool.
3) (Past) The pneumonia I had last Christmas still ________________ my breathing a few monthslater.
4) (Infinitive) Heavy rains can ________________ the grape harvest negatively.
Infinitive: to affectPresent: I affectPresent Continuous: I am affectingFuture: I will affectPast: I affectedPast Continuous: I was affectingPresent Perfect: I have affectedPast Perfect: I had affected
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6: Cause and Effect Cause Bring about Effect Affect Result
ResultDefinition: Result
Result: (a) Happen because of something else that is a cause; also, (b) RESULT IN causesomething to happen, either deliberately or by accident. (Note: RESULT and RESULT IN aretypically used in the 3rd person.
Verb Chart: Result
Example sentences
1) Traffic accidents often result from drunk driving. (a)
2) Global warming is slowly resulting in climate changes. (b)
3) The company's improved sales record resulted from better training. (a)
4) His love of fried potatoes has resulted in high cholesterol levels in his blood. (b)
5) A new government may result in a different foreign policy. (b)
6) If you study more regularly, better grades will probably result. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Present) Sunny days and cool nights ________________ maple leaves turning red.
2) (Past Perf.) Her habit of drinking heavily ________________ alcoholism.
3) (Future) If they dont plan how to spend money carefully now, financial problems ________________.
4) (Past) They cut down a lot of trees along the river, and erosion of the river bank ________________.
Related word
Result (noun) An effect, the consequence of an action or situation (the cause).
Infinitive: to resultPresent: it resultPresent Continuous: it is resultingFuture: it will resultPast: it resultedPast Continuous: it was resultingPresent Perfect: it has resultedPast Perfect: it had resulted
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results
to bring about
will effect
affected
Infinitive:
Present:
Present Continuous:
Future:
Past:
Past Continuous:
Present Perfect:
Past Perfect:
am causing
6: Cause and Effect Cause Bring about Effect Affect Result
Review Activities
Complete the table
Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice
1) The early frost has affected/resulted/caused fruit damage in many orchards.
2) The dam system on the river affects/effects/causes the speed of water flow
3) The doctor wanted to know if the injections would bring about/result/affect any improvement in thesick persons condition.
Write your own sentences using the prompts
1) (cause / cancer)
2) (bring about / poverty)
3) (affect / health)
4) (effect / rise)
5) (result / pollution)
Write your own list of words with similar meanings
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7: Beginnings and Endings Start Begin Stop End Finish
StartDefinition: Start
Start: (a) Do an action that you were not doing before; (b) do a project that you were not doingbefore; or (c) leave on a journey.
Verb Chart: Start
Example sentences
1) If I had enough money, I would like to start a magazine. (b)
2) The baby often starts crying when it is nearly mealtime. (a)
3) Myrna is starting to think about her vacation already! (a)
4) Last year they started a new business in their home. (b)
5) When Aldo has a clear idea for it, he will start his next painting. (b)
6) We should start from the town square no later than 6:30 tomorrow morning. (c)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Present) Because of bad traffic, Nina ________________ for her office very early.
2) (Future) If the temperature changes abruptly, I _______________ getting a headache.
3) (Past) After finishing her Business degree, Marilu ________________ an import-export companyin Madrid.
4) (Pres. Perf.) Mike ________________ preparing his thesis proposal even though the summervacation is not over yet.
Related word
Start (noun) The act of starting something.
Infinitive: to startPresent: I startPresent Continuous: I am startingFuture: I will startPast: I startedPast Continuous: I was startingPresent Perfect: I have startedPast Perfect: I had started
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7: Beginnings and Endings Start Begin Stop End Finish
BeginDefinition: Begin
Begin: Similar to START, but normally used only for the first meaning: do an action that you were notdoing before.
Verb Chart: Begin
Example sentences
1) Please begin eating whenever you are ready.
2) I have already begun opening the mail.
3) They began climbing the mountain as soon as daylight came.
4) We are beginning to feel worried.
5) He used to begin complaining wherever he saw his boss.
6) She will begin working as soon as you bring her the materials.
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Inf.) I dont like my husband ________________ vacuuming the floor while I am watchingtelevision.
2) (Present) Alex ________________ working on his farm every day as soon as he finishesbreakfast.
3) (Pres. Cont.) My little girl ________________ to get used to the idea of going to school everyday.
4) (Past) The monkeys ________________ jumping crazily when they saw a big snake.
Related words
Beginning (noun) The act of beginning something; or, the earliest part of a process.
Beginner (noun) A person who is beginning to do or to learn something, and who is therefore nothighly skilled.
Infinitive: to beginPresent: I beginPresent Continuous: I am beginningFuture: I will beginPast: I beganPast Continuous: I was beginningPresent Perfect: I have begunPast Perfect: I had begun
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7: Beginnings and Endings Start Begin Stop End Finish
StopDefinition: Stop
Stop: (a) No longer do something that a person or thing was doing before; (b) prevent somethingfrom happening that was happening before; or (c) prevent something from moving that was movingbefore.
Verb Chart: Stop
Example sentences
1) By the age of twenty-five Myriam had stopped smoking. (a)
2) The engineer will stop the train at the station. (c)
3) The rain stopped at about noon. (a)
4) This watch stops working whenever I get it wet. (a)
5) The wise coach was stopping the practice session often enough to keep the team rested. (b)
6) The noisy crowd stopped the show three times. (b)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Future) I ________________ complaining if you stop wearing muddy shoes in the house.
2) (Past Cont.) The police ________________ all the cars that came toward the accident scene.
3) (Present) We usually ________________ for gas at Mr. Alberts gas station.
4) (Past) By blowing her whistle, Miss Williams ________________ the chaotic scramble on thefootball field.
Related word
Stop (noun) The fact or process of stopping; or, the official place where a bus (etc.) stops forpassengers.
Infinitive: to stopPresent: I stopPresent Continuous: I am stoppingFuture: I will stopPast: I stoppedPast Continuous: I was stoppingPresent Perfect: I have stoppedPast Perfect: I had stopped
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7: Beginnings and Endings Start Begin Stop End Finish
EndDefinition: End
End: Similar to STOP, but only with the first two meanings: (a) no longer do something that a personor thing was doing before; or, (b) prevent something from happening that was happening before.
Verb Chart: End
Example sentences
1) The supervisor is ending the policy of heavy overtime. (b)
2) These new spark plugs have ended the problems I had with my car. (b)
3) Glenda knew that the storm would end before nightfall. (a)
4) Ted ended the water damage in his living room by installing a new roof. (b)
5) Our conversation was ending just as the others arrived. (a)
6) The first section of the music ends quietly. (a).
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Past Perf.) The Ministry of Education _______________ its policy of entrance exams for high-school.
2) (Future) We hope that these new regulations ________________ the traffic problems in Bangkok.
3) (Past) The movie ________________ earlier than usual.
4) (Present) According to the ad, this new drug ________________ migraine headaches withinfifteen minutes.
Related words
End (noun) The act of ending; or, the place where something ends.
Ending (noun) The part of a story or a piece of music (etc.) that brings it to an end.
Infinitive: to endPresent: I endPresent Continuous: I am endingFuture: I will endPast: I endedPast Continuous: I was endingPresent Perfect: I have endedPast Perfect: I had ended
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7: Beginnings and Endings Start Begin Stop End Finish
FinishDefinition: Finish
Finish: (a) Complete some action and then stop doing it, with nothing left to do, or (b) completesome project and then stop doing it, with nothing left to do.
Verb Chart: Finish
Example sentences
1) I'll come and watch television when I finish washing the dishes. (a)
2) I was finishing my homework when my friend telephoned. (b)
3) Julio finished painting the kitchen at midnight. (a)
4) I could not go because I had not finished my chores. (b)
5) Kaoru will try to finish her exercises by 5:00 pm. (b)
6) We will finish decorating for the party tomorrow afternoon. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Past Cont.) Miki ________________ getting dressed when her boyfriend knocked at the door.
2) (Past Perf.) The farmer ________________ milking the cows by 7:30 am.
3) (Future) Bob ________________ the next chapter of his book before the weekend.
4) (Past) They ________________ wrapping their daughters presents just before the guestsarrived.
Related word
Finish (noun) The last stage of a process.
Infinitive: to finishPresent: I finishPresent Continuous: I am finishingFuture: I will finishPast: I finishedPast Continuous: I was finishingPresent Perfect: I have finishedPast Perfect: I had finished
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to finish
begin
am stopping
had ended
Infinitive:
Present:
Present Continuous:
Future:
Past:
Past Continuous:
Present Perfect:
Past Perfect:
will start
7: Beginnings and Endings Start Begin Stop End Finish
Review Activities
Complete the table
Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice
1) The tragic event finished/ended/began the laughter and joy among the family members.
2) Tassanee will get married as soon as she ends/stops/finishes her degree.
3) They started/began/stopped the newspaper when they had enough money to print the first tenissues.
Write your own sentences using the prompts
1) (start / journey)
2) (begin / shouting)
3) (stop / medicine)
4) (end / party)
5) (finish / ice-cream)
Write your own list of words with similar meanings
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8: Comparison and Contrast Compare Contrast Differ Distinguish Resemble
CompareDefinition: Compare
Compare: Examine or describe two things or people, to see both how they are the same and howthey are different.
Verb Chart: Compare
Example sentences
1) Most parents do not like to compare their children; they love them all equally.
2) The scientist compares the litmus paper with the reference table.
3) In his essay Barny is comparing Canadian and US government structures.
4) Before I bought my car, I compared the various models in detail.
5) Sharon will compare the two designs and tell us which is preferable.
6) I have been comparing these two diamonds for twenty minutes, but I cannot decide betweenthem.
Use the forms of the verb
1) (Present) Most people ________________ carefully when they are choosing a holidaydestination.
2) (Pres. Cont.) Ken and Bonnie want to buy a house; they ________________ the advantages anddisadvantages of different parts of town.
3) (Past) The chef ________________ all the different tomatoes in order to select the best ones.
4) (Pres. Perf.) I feel good about working here because I ________________ this job with severalothers.
Related word
Comparison (noun) The action of comparing things; or, the information got by comparing things.
Infinitive: to comparePresent: I comparePresent Continuous: I am comparingFuture: I will comparePast: I comparedPast Continuous: I was comparingPresent Perfect: I have comparedPast Perfect: I had compared
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8: Comparison and Contrast Compare Contrast Differ Distinguish Resemble
ContrastDefinition: Contrast
Contrast: (a) Examine or describe two things or people, to see how they are different; also, (b) lookdifferent from something or somebody else in at least one way.
Verb Chart: Contrast
Example sentences
1) These shoes contrast with those ones because their toes are rounder. (b)
2) The politician is contrasting her own policies with those of her opponent. (a)
3) The green wallpaper contrasts nicely with the pink drapes. (b)
4) That terrible singer contrasts completely with the other one, whose CD just went gold. (b)
5) We want to contrast our plan with the one proposed by the other advisors. (a)
6) Good marketers will always contrast their company's products with any competing ones. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Inf.) It is easy ________________ those two basketball players because their styles are sodifferent.
2) (Present) Although they have the same chemical origin, coal ________________ strongly withdiamonds.
3) (Pres. Cont.) The judges ________________ the first-placed and second-placed entries in orderto explain their decision.
4) (Past) The black and white tiles ________________ very clearly.
Related word
Contrast (noun) The action of contrasting things; or, the information got by contrasting things.
Infinitive: to contrastPresent: I contrastPresent Continuous: I am contrastingFuture: I will contrastPast: I contrastedPast Continuous: I was contrastingPresent Perfect: I have contrastedPast Perfect: I had contrasted
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8: Comparison and Contrast Compare Contrast Differ Distinguish Resemble
DifferDefinition: Differ
Differ: Be different from some other thing or person in at least one way.
Verb Chart: Differ
Example sentences
1) The weather here has never differed much from the regional average.
2) Even though people may seem similar at first, over time their characters will usually differ.
3) Last year our company's performance differed from all previous years.
4) This coat differs from that one because it is much warmer.
5) As a singer, Marla's range differs greatly from Roy's.
6) I do not trust this gauge; every time I have taken a reading, it has differed from the time before.
Use the forms of the verb
1) (Future) If we go fishing again tomorrow, do you think our luck ________________ fromyesterday?
2) (Past Cont.) As they watched the results come in, their numbers ________________ more andmore from all of their competitors.
3) (Present) A really good teacher ________________ in important ways from a weaker one.
4) (Past) My opinion on that matter ________________ greatly from the rest of my group.
Related word
Difference (noun) The way in which either people or things differ from each other, or the extent towhich they differ.
Infinitive: to differPresent: I differPresent Continuous: I am differingFuture: I will differPast: I differedPast Continuous: I was differingPresent Perfect: I have differedPast Perfect: I had differed
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8: Comparison and Contrast Compare Contrast Differ Distinguish Resemble
DistinguishDefinition: Distinguish
Distinguish: (a) See the difference between two different people or things; (b) cause a difference thatmakes a person or a thing special.
Verb Chart: Distinguish
Example sentences
1) The team was distinguished by its outstanding endurance. (b)
2) If you bring in all the evidence, the lawyer will distinguish what is central to the case and what isnot. (a)
3) Jake can easily distinguish between computers that most people would think were the same. (a)
4) In fact I had distinguished between the good carpets and the bad ones even before you loanedme your book. (a)
5) Ella's intelligence really distinguishes her. (b)
6) Those engineers have been distinguishing themselves by their excellent designs for years. (b)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of thedefinition it matches
1) (Past Perf.) That student leader ________________ himself by his honesty and hard work.
2) (Future) The mechanic ________________ between the reliable parts and the ones that must be
changed.
3) (Past) Her outstanding artistic gift ________________ her from all others in the painting class.
4) (Present) Its very hard surface ________________ this paint from cheaper brands.
Related words
Distinction (noun) A feature that makes one person or one thing differ from another; or, a specialfeature that makes a person or thing remarkable.
Distinct (adj.) Clearly noticeable; or, separate (because different).
Infinitive: to distinguishPresent: I distinguishPresent Continuous: I am distinguishingFuture: I will distinguishPast: I distinguishedPast Continuous: I was distinguishingPresent Perfect: I have distinguishedPast Perfect: I had distinguished
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8: Comparison and Contrast Compare Contrast Differ Distinguish Resemble
ResembleDefinition: Resemble
Resemble: Be similar to another person or thing in at least one way.
Verb Chart: Resemble
Example sentences
1) Identical twins resemble each other perfectly.
2) The boy is resembling his father more and more.
3) My new house resembled my old house except that the kitchen was bigger.
4) Every picture you have painted has resembled something by Van Gogh.
5) I want the dog I buy to resemble the one I had when I was a child.
6) He hopes his daughter will resemble her mother when she grows up.
Use the forms of the verb
1) (Present) People say that I ________________ my grandfather.
2) (Past Perf.) I would have recognized her at the airport if she ________________ the picture yougave me.
3) (Future) If my carpentry is good, this table ________________ the one at your house veryclosely.
4) (Past) The story he told me ________________ something I had read in a book.
Related word
Resemblance (noun) The way in which either people or things resemble each other, or the extentto which they are similar.
Infinitive: to resemblePresent: I resemblePresent Continuous: I am resemblingFuture: I will resemblePast: I resembledPast Continuous: I was resemblingPresent Perfect: I have resembledPast Perfect: I had resembled
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resembled
to contrast
was differing
distinguish
Infinitive:
Present:
Present Continuous:
Future:
Past:
Past Continuous:
Present Perfect:
Past Perfect:
will compare
8: Comparison and Contrast Compare Contrast Differ Distinguish Resemble
Review Activities
Complete the table
Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice
1) The razor-edged new knife compared/contrasted/distinguished very obviously with the dull oldone.
2) Please compare/differ/distinguish the two offers and tell me which one I should accept.
3) That watch contrasts/resembles/compares the one that I lost, but it is not exactly the same.
Write your own sentences using the prompts
1) (compare / flower)
2) (contrast / pencil)
3) (differ / slightly)
4) (champion / distinguish)
5) (resemble / ghost)
Write your own list of words with similar meanings
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9: The Process of Change Change Increase Grow Develop Improve
ChangeDefinition: Change
Change: (a) Become different, or (b) make something or someone different.
Verb Chart: Change
Example sentences
1) Bad habits are not easy to change. (b)
2) Mika changes her hair style almost every week. (b)
3) The clouds are changing before our eyes. (a)
4) The vegetation changed when the cold weather came. (a)
5) Victor thinks he will change his girlfriend's behavior. (b)
6) The temperature was changing from minute to minute. (a)
Use the forms of the verb after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
definition it matches
1) (Present) The fur of some rabbits ________________ color to match the seasons.
2) (Pres. Cont.) We ________________ our living room entirely.
3) (Past) Last year I ________________ the shape of the flower beds in the front garden.
4) (Pres. Perf.) Last year's child ________________ into today's adult.
Related word
Change (noun) The fact of changing, or the process of changing.
Infinitive: to changePresent