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Inspired by an interest in finding both a natural material alternative as

well as a successful treatment approach to powdering leather surfaces

on a Native American object, a comparative study of two novel

treatment materials and two established consolidants for leather with

red rot was undertaken. The study focused on evaluating each

material’s consolidation performance, the visual and physical changes

observed on the leather, and the chemical stability of the consolidant

following heat and light aging.

INTRODUCTION

There is a remarkable amount of objects in museums and libraries that

are made in part of vegetable tanned leather due to the desirable

visual and physical properties of the leather produced. Vegetable

tannins, especially the condensed variety, are particularly susceptible

to “red rot”.

Red Rot is the name for the distinct acidic deterioration of the

collagen fibers in vegetable tanned leather due to the hydrolysis of

condensed tannins (Florian 2007). It is a fast and aggressive

deterioration that is exhibited by continual powdering, reduced

strength, a lowered hydrothermal stability, as well as increased acidity

and red color.

Once active, however, intervention in the form of consolidation is the

most common treatment.

RATIONALE

• Neri has a stringy quality that is difficult to apply. The leather

darkened and denatured upon application. Neri would not solubilize

in any solvent other than water, which is not appropriate for

leather. However, neri did show high level of stability to heat and

light aging.

• When chitosan was applied to the leather, there was minimal

appearance change and the leather was adequately stabilized.

Unfortunately, chitosan showed the greatest about of chemical

instability. Both light and heat aging produced yellowing and

lightening.

• Both Klucel G with SC6000 wax and Cellugel were easy to apply and

consolidated the leather. Cellugel produced the least amount of

color change when applied to the leather. It also had the least

amount of color change after heat and light aging. Changes in the

FTIR spectra of Klucel G and Cellugel may indicate chain

scissioning.

RESULTS

• Consolidants were applied to samples of red rot taken from a pair

of deteriorating moccasins donated to the project.

• Consolidants were brushed onto glass slides for accelerated aging

that included dry heat and light.

Consolidants were compared and ranked based on results in the

following criteria:

Performance: observations of ease of application, visual and physical

changes to the leather as well as colorimetry results.

Chemical Stability: changes observed in Fourier Transfer Infrared

Spectroscopy results as well as yellowness and opacity changes in

colorimetry.

EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS RESULTS (CONTINUED)

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

Although neri proved to have excellent chemical stability, it is not

recommended for leather due to unavoidable water content and

unsatisfactory working properties. Though chitosan had no adverse

effects towards the appearance and feel of the leather, it is not

recommended as a consolidant until further research is conducted on

its chemical stability. The Klucel G with SC6000 mixture had great

application properties but the wax component is questionable due to

the opacity change of the aged wax. Cellugel demonstrated the most

desirable properties in performance and chemical stability; therefore

it was selected as the consolidant for the treatment on the Native

American object. Experimental results indicate that the natural

materials evaluated may be recommended as alternatives to synthetic

consolidants following additional research

Author Information

Caitlin Mahony is a third year graduate

student of the UCLA/Getty Program in

Archaeological and Ethnographic

Conservation. She is currently an intern at

the anthropology conservation laboratory

of the American Museum of Natural

History.

UCLA/Getty Program of the Conservation of Archaeological and Ethnographic Materials Caitlin Mahony and Ellen Pearlstein

Evaluation of Consolidants for the Treatment of Red Rot on Vegetable Tanned Leather

Contact: caitlinmahony@gmail.com

Ellen Pearlstein is an associate professor

at the University of California, Los

Angeles. She is co-director of the UCLA

and Getty Conservation Institute feather

research project as well as co-director of

the Hibulb Cultural Center conservation

internship in Tulalip, WA.

Consolidant Concentration Solvent Appearance

Chitosan

0.5 % (w/v) Deionized water/ ethanol (1:1)

Clear, slightly yellow, 5.5 pH when applied

Chitosan 0.5 % (w/v) isopropanol clear, slightly yellow

Neri 0.1 % (w/v) Deionized water/ ethanol (1:1)

Clear, colorless

Cellugel unknown isopropanol Clear colorless Klucel G with SC600

2%, 1:1 ratio isopropanol Somewhat opaque, yellowish

Novel Consolidants

• Neri (major components, L-rhamnose, D-galacturonic acid and D-

glucuronic acid) is an aqueous mucilage most commonly extracted

from the roots of the aibika plant that is used in the traditional

production of Japanese paper.

• Chitosan (1-4, 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan) is the main derivative of

the natural polymer chitin, which has recently been applied in

treatments of archaeological silk and paper.

Established Consolidants

• Klucel G (hydroxypropyl cellulose) with Sc6000 (blend of waxes and

an acrylic resin emulsified in aqueous isopropanol) is also known as

the “red rot cocktail”.

• Cellugel (hydroxypropyl cellulose) is a pre-made solution of with

added unknown fragrance in 100% isopropanol manufactured by

Preservation Solutions Inc.

CONSOLIDANTS

Average overall color changes calculated for slides

after accelerated aging

FTIR spectra showing Unaged (blue), heat aged (red) and light

aged (yellow) for each consolidant. L to R: chitosan, neri,

Cellugel, and Klucel G with SC6000

Leather Samples After Consolidant was Applied. Bottom row of each

column is control. L to R: Klucel G with SC6000, Cellugel, chitosan in

deionized water, neri, chitosan in isopropanol

Sample ∆L* ∆a* ∆b* ∆E’00 ∆E’94 ∆E’ 76

Chitosan in H2O/ETOH 0.39 0.24 0.7 0.86 0.93 0.96

Neri in H2O/ETOH 0.35 0.03 0.11 0.31 0.43 0.47

Cellugel in isopropanol 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.12 0.12

Klucel G with SC6000 in

isopropanol

0.27 0.06 0.11 0.23 0.30 0.31

Control Variance ±0.25 ±0.18 ±0.15 ±0.24 ±0.33 ±0.33

Image below shows tearing of leather on the object affected by red rot

Sample ∆L* ∆a* ∆b* ∆E’00 ∆E’94 ∆E’ 76

Chitosan in H2O/ETOH -10.80 -9.50 -18.40 13.72 15.67 23.27

Chitosan in isopropanol -4.49 0.32 -3.21 4.13 4.86 5.55

Neri in H2O/ETOH -9.38 -6.25 -17.02 11.91 13.28 20.54

Cellugel in isopropanol -1.62 0.136 -1.34 1.69 1.82 2.22

Klucel G with SC6000 in

isopropanol

-1.44 -0.172 -1.68 1.51 1.68 2.26

Control Variance ±0.368 ±0.315 ±0.845 ±0.66 ±0.60 ±1.04

Average overall color changes calculated for leather

after consolidants were applied