veal v. ahms
TRANSCRIPT
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 1/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
[dcg` eft nfrliggy ofesfgcbit`b' td`s` twf r`git`b ipp`igs-
w`r` d`irb it td` sil` tcl`' ieb w`r` ofescb`r`b tfk`td`r% Rdcsscekg` bcspfsctcfe ippgc`s tf jftd ipp`igs' ieb td` og`ra csbcr`ot`b tf ncg` i ofpy fn tdcs bcspfsctcfe ce `iod ipp`ig%
FZB@Z@B XPJGC_D@B
PECR@B _RIR@_ JIEAZPXROS IXX@GGIR@ XIE@G
FN RD@ ECERD OCZOPCR
Ce r`= # JIX Efs% I],98,9800,LaAcMu# I],98,980>,LaAcMu
DF[IZB ZCODIZB ̂ @IG' MZ%' ieb # $Z`git`b Ipp`igs#-
_D@GGC IS@_DI ̂ @IG' ## Ja% Ef% 83,92484
B`jtfrs% ###
DF[IZB ZCODIZB ̂ @IG' MZ%1 #_D@GGC IS@_DI ̂ @IG' #
#Ipp`ggiets' ##
v% # F X C E C F E#
IL@ZCOIE DFL@ LFZRKIK@ _@Z^COCEK'#CEO%1 [@GG_ NIZKF JIEA' E%I%' is #Rrust`` nfr Fptcfe Fe` Lfrtkik` #Gfie Rrust :88>,? Iss`t,Jioa`b #O`rtcncoit`s' _`rc`s :88>,?' ieb #cts suoo`ssfr ieb&fr isscke``s' #
#Ipp`gg``s% #
#Irku`b ieb _ujlctt`b fe Mue` 94' :898
it Xdf`ecx' Irczfei
Ncg`b , Mue` 98' :899
Ipp`ig Nrfl Rd` Pect`b _tit`s Jiearuptoy Ofurtnfr td` Bcstrcot fn Irczfei
Dfefrijg` Ziebfgpd M% Dice`s' Jiearuptoy Mubk`' Xr`scbcek
Ipp`irieo`s= Rruogy B% Xdil fn Mfde Mfs`pd ̂ fgce' X%O%' irku`bnfr Ipp`ggiets Dfwirb Zcodirb ^`ig' Mr% ieb _d`ggc
NCG@B
MPE 98 :899
_P_IE L _XZIPG' OG@ZAP%_% JAOS% IXX% XIE@GFN RD@ ECERD OCZOPCR
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 2/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
:
Iy`sdi ^`ig1 ieb A`vce Dide fn Ligofgl Ocse`rfsirku`b nfr Ipp`gg``s Il`rcoie Dfl` Lfrtkik`_`rvcocek' Ceo% ieb [`ggs Nirkf Jiea' E%I%' isRrust`` nfr Fptcfe Fe` Lfrtkik` Gfie Rrust :88>,?Iss`t,Jioa`b O`rtcncoit`s' _`rc`s :88>,?' ieb ctssuoo`ssfrs ieb&fr isscke``s%
J`nfr`= LIZA@GG' ACZ_OD@Z ieb MPZS' Jiearuptoy Mubk`s%
Rijg` fn Ofet`ets
C% CERZFBPORCFE% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % ?
CC% NIOR_% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 2I% IDL_C–s Xrffn fn Ogicl ieb td` ^`igs– Ogicl Fjm`otcfe
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 0
J% [`ggs Nirkf–s Z`gc`n nrfl _tiy Lftcfe ieb td` ^`igs–Z`spfes`% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % ; O% Mfcet D`ircek fe td` Ogicl Fjm`otcfe ieb td` Z`gc`n
nrfl _tiy Lftcfe% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 98
CCC% BC_OP__CFE% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 99I% _tiebcek ce Lfrtkik` Ois`s% % % % % % % % % % % % % 9:
9% Ofestctutcfeig _tiebcek% % % % % % % % % % % % 9::% Xrub`etcig _tiebcek% % % % % % % % % % % % % % 9??% Xrub`etcig _tiebcek ieb td` Z`ig Xirty ce Cet`r`st
Bfotrce`%% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 922% Z`ig Xirty ce Cet`r`st _titus ieb Cts Xfgcoc`s
%% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 90
J% Rd` _ujstietcv` Giw Z`git`b tf Eft`s _`our`b jy Z`igXrfp`rty% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 9; 9% Ippgcoijcgcty fn POO Irtcog`s ? ieb 3% % % % % 9;:% Irtcog` ? fn td` POO ieb td` Ofeo`pt fn i ‗X`rsfe
@etctg`b tf @enfro`“ i Eft`% % % % % % % % % % :8?% Irtcog` 3 ieb Rriesn`rs fn Fwe`rsdcp ieb Ftd`r
Cet`r`sts ce i Xrflcssfry Eft`%% % % % % % % % :2O% [`ggs Nirkf–s Gioa fn _tiebcek tf _``a Z`gc`n nrfl td`
Iutflitco _tiy% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % :; 9% _tiebcek tf _``a Z`gc`n nrfl Iutflitco _tiy% % :;:% [`ggs Nirkf–s Irkul`et Z`kirbcek _tiebcek% % % ?8?% [`ggs Nirkf–s Gioa fn i Ofee`otcfe tf td` Eft`
%% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % ?:
B% IDL_C–s Gioa fn _tiebcek Rf Ncg` Xrffn fn Ogicl%% % ?; 9% Rd` Gioa fn Ncebceks fe O`etrig Cssu`s%% % % % ?3:% Ieigyscs fn td` Z`ofrb ieb IDL_C–s _titus is i
‗X`rsfe @etctg`b tf @enfro`“ td` Eft`% % % % % 2:
C^% OFEOGP_CFE%% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 2>
- - - - -
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 3/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Peg`ss sp`ocnc`b ftd`rwcs`' igg odipt`r ieb s`otcfe9
r`n`r`eo`s ir` tf td` Jiearuptoy Ofb`' 99 P%_%O% §§ 989,90?:' igg‗Zug`“ r`n`r`eo`s ir` tf td` N`b`rig Zug`s fn JiearuptoyXrfo`bur`' Zug`s 9889,38?;' ieb igg ‗Ocvcg Zug`“ r`n`r`eo`s ir`tf td` N`b`rig Zug`s fn Ocvcg Xrfo`bur`%
Rd` jiearuptoy ofurt dib murcsbcotcfe ueb`r :4 P%_%O%:
§§ 9??2 ieb 90;$j#$:#$J# ieb $K#' ieb w` div` murcsbcotcfe ueb`r:4 P%_%O% § 904%
?
C% CERZFBPORCFE
Ce td` ncrst fn td`s` twf r`git`b ipp`igs' b`jtfrs ieb
ipp`ggiets Dfwirb ieb _d`ggc ^`ig $td` ‗^`igs“# odigg`ek` td`
jiearuptoy ofurt–s frb`r krietcek r`gc`n nrfl td` iutflitco stiyueb`r § ?>:$b# tf ipp`gg`` [`ggs Nirkf Jiea' E%I%' is Rrust``9
nfr Fptcfe Fe` Lfrtkik` Gfie Rrust :88>,?' Iss`t,Jioa`b
O`rtcncoit`s _`rc`s :88>,? $‗[`ggs Nirkf“#% Ce td` s`ofeb:
ipp`ig' td` ^`igs odigg`ek` td` jiearuptoy ofurt–s frb`r
fv`rrugcek td`cr fjm`otcfe tf i prffn fn ogicl ncg`b jy ipp`gg``
Il`rcoie Dfl` Lfrtkik` _`rvcocek' Ceo% $‗IDL_C“#% Rdcs prffn fn
ogicl r`git`s tf td` sil` fjgckitcfe tdit cs td` nfous fn [`ggs
Nirkf–s lftcfe nfr r`gc`n nrfl td` iutflitco stiy%
Ce `iod ipp`ig' td` cssu` pr`s`et`b cs wd`td`r td` ipp`gg``
`stijgcsd`b cts stiebcek is i r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st tf pursu`
td` r`gc`n ct r`qu`st`b% [ctd r`sp`ot tf [`ggs Nirkf–s r`qu`st
nfr r`gc`n nrfl td` iutflitco stiy' w` dfgb tdit i pirty dis
stiebcek tf s``a r`gc`n nrfl td` iutflitco stiy cn ct dis iprfp`rty cet`r`st ce' fr cs `etctg`b tf `enfro` fr pursu`
r`l`bc`s r`git`b tf' td` s`our`b fjgckitcfe tdit nfrls td` jiscs
fn cts lftcfe% [ctd r`sp`ot tf IDL_C–s prffn fn ogicl' w` dfgb
tdit i pirty dis stiebcek tf prfs`out` i prffn fn ogicl cevfgvcek
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 4/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
2
i e`kftcijg` prflcssfry eft` s`our`b jy r`ig prfp`rty cn' ueb`r
ippgcoijg` giw' ct cs i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro` td` eft`“ is
b`nce`b jy td` Pecnfrl Ofll`rocig Ofb`%
Ippgycek td`s` dfgbceks' ce td` r`gc`n nrfl stiy ipp`ig' w`b`t`rlce` tdit td` r`ofrb bf`s eft suppfrt td` jiearuptoy ofurt–s
ncebcek tdit [`ggs Nirkf dib stiebcek% [` tdus Z@^@Z_@ td`
jiearuptoy ofurt–s r`gc`n nrfl stiy frb`r% Ce IDL_C–s ogicl
fjm`otcfe ipp`ig' td` jiearuptoy ofurt bcb eft lia` ncebceks
e`o`ssiry tf b`t`rlce` IDL_C–s stiebcek is i p`rsfe `etctg`b tf
`enfro` td` ^`igs– fjgckitcfes' sf w` lust ^IOIR@ td` ogicl
fjm`otcfe frb`r ieb Z@LIEB nfr nurtd`r prfo``bceks%
CC% NIOR_
Rd` ^`igs bf eft bcsput` tdit' ce Iukust :88>' _d`ggc ^`ig
`x`out`b i prflcssfry eft` $td` ‗Eft`“# ce nivfr fn K_N Lfrtkik`
Ofrpfritcfe $‗K_N“#% Rf s`our` d`r piyl`et fjgckitcfes ueb`r td`
Eft`' Ls% ^`ig igsf `x`out`b i lfrtkik` $td` ‗Lfrtkik`“# ce nivfr
fn K_N ofv`rcek o`rtice r`ig prfp`rty gfoit`b ce _prceknc`gb'Cggcefcs $td` ‗Xrfp`rty“#%
Fe Mue` :3' :883' td` ^`igs ncg`b i odipt`r 9? jiearuptoy%
Rd` ^`igs gcst`b IDL_C fe td`cr _od`bug` B is i s`our`b or`bctfr%
Rdcs sod`bug`' sujlctt`b ueb`r p`eigty fn p`rmury' stit`b tdit
td` ^`igs fw`b IDL_C "908'04>%3: $td` ‗^`ig Gfie“#' ieb tdit
IDL_C d`gb s`ourcty fe td` Xrfp`rty s`ourcek tdit ceb`jt`be`ss%
It ef pfcet bcb td` ^`igs– sod`bug`s `v`r gcst td` ^`ig Gfie is
bcsput`b% Rd` ^`igs sclcgirgy r`n`rr`b tf IDL_C is i s`our`b
or`bctfr ce td`cr odipt`r 9? pgie ieb ce td`cr il`eb`b odipt`r 9?
pgie% It td` tcl` tdcs ipp`ig wis sujlctt`b' td` ^`igs dib eft
ofencrl`b td`cr pgie%www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 5/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rd` ^`igs stit`b ce i l`lfriebul ncg`b wctd td` jiearuptoy?
ofurt tdit ‗Qt\dcs QBfroduoa\ g`tt`r cs eft iblcssijg` Qsco\$ofetceu`b%%%#
0
I% IDL_C–s Xrffn fn Ogicl ieb td` ^`igs– Ogicl Fjm`otcfe
Fe Mugy 94' :883' IDL_C ncg`b i prffn fn s`our`b ogicl% Ce
td` prffn fn ogicl' IDL_C stit`b tdit ct wis ncgcek td` ogicl fe
j`dign fn [`ggs Nirkf is [`ggs Nirkf–s s`rvcocek ik`et%Ce ibbctcfe tf ie ct`lczitcfe fn td` ogicl ilfuets' IDL_C
ittiod`b td` nfggfwcek bfoul`ets tf td` prffn fn ogicl=
$9# i ofpy fn td` Eft`' sdfwcek ie cebfrs`l`et nrfl K_N
tf ‗Fptcfe Fe`“1
$:# i ofpy fn td` Lfrtkik`1
$?# i ofpy fn i r`ofrb`b ‗Issckel`et fn Lfrtkik`“
issckecek td` Lfrtkik` nrfl K_N tf Fptcfe Fe` Lfrtkik`
Ofrpfritcfe $‗Fptcfe Fe`“#1 ieb
$2# i g`tt`r bit`b Liy 90' :884' scke`b jy Mfrbie B%
Bfroduoa is @x`outcv` ^co` Xr`scb`et ieb Odc`n G`kig Fnnco`r
fn IDL_C' ibbr`ss`b tf ‗Rf [dfl ct Liy Ofeo`re“ $td`
‗Bfroduoa G`tt`r“#%
Fe cts nio`' td` Bfroduoa G`tt`r stit`s tdit IDL_C ioqucr`bFptcfe Fe`–s lfrtkik` s`rvcocek jusce`ss%
Rd` Bfroduoa G`tt`r cs must tdit1 i g`tt`r' ieb eftdcek
lfr`% Lr% Bfroduoa bf`s eft b`ogir` tdit dcs stit`l`ets ir` lib`
ueb`r p`eigty fn p`rmury' efr bf`s td` bfoul`et j`ir iey ftd`r fn
td` tribctcfeig `g`l`ets fn iblcsscjg` `vcb`eo`% Ef jiscs wis
gicb nfr iutd`etcoitcek fr ftd`rwcs` iblcttcek td` Bfroduoa
G`tt`r cetf `vcb`eo` it iey fn td` d`irceks ce tdcs litt`r%
Ceb``b' td` ^`igs fjm`ot`b tf cts ofescb`ritcfe is `vcb`eo`%?
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 6/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
$%%%ofetceu`b#?
`vcb`eo` fn ieytdcek%“ Rd` jiearuptoy ofurt bcb eft rug` fe tdcsfjm`otcfe%
Rd` ^`igs igsf irku`b tdit td`r` w`r` s`v`rig b`n`ots ce2
td` odice fn lfrtkik` issckel`ets j`tw``e K_N ieb [`ggs Nirkf'jut td` ^`igs `lpdiscz`b tdit td` a`y b`n`ot wis td` nicgur` tf`stijgcsd tdit `ctd`r IDL_C fr [`ggs Nirkf quigcnc`b is td`dfgb`r fn td` eft`%
>
Fe Efv`lj`r 0' :883' td` ^`igs ncg`b ie fjm`otcfe tf IDL_C–s
prffn fn ogicl% Ipprfxclit`gy i lfetd git`r' td` ^`igs ncg`b i
l`lfriebul fn pfcets ieb iutdfrctc`s ce suppfrt fn td`cr ogicl
fjm`otcfe% Ilfek ftd`r fjm`otcfes' td` ^`igs ofet`eb`b tditIDL_C gioa`b stiebcek% Ioofrbcek tf td` ^`igs' IDL_C e``b`b tf
`stijgcsd tdit ct wis iutdfrcz`b tf iot is s`rvcocek ik`et fe
j`dign fn [`ggs Nirkf' ieb tdit `ctd`r IDL_C fr [`ggs Nirkf dib
tf j` quigcnc`b is dfgb`rs fn td` Eft`' wctdce td` l`iecek fn
Irczfei–s v`rscfe fn td` Pecnfrl Ofll`rocig Ofb`% Rd` ^`igs
irku`b tdit td` prffn fn ogicl `xdcjcts bcb eft `stijgcsd iey fn
td`s` e`o`ssiry niots%2
Fe Efv`lj`r 93' :883' IDL_C ncg`b cts fppfsctcfe tf td`
^`igs– ogicl fjm`otcfe% Rd` fppfsctcfe ofetice`b ef g`kig
irkul`et ieb vcrtuiggy ef `vcb`eo`% Iglfst i pik` gfek' td`
fppfsctcfe sclpgy r`disd`b td` ofet`ets fn IDL_C–s prffn fn
ogicl% IDL_C igsf ittiod`b tf td` fppfsctcfe bupgcoit` ofpc`s fn
sfl` fn td` sil` bfoul`ets tdit ct dib pr`vcfusgy ittiod`b tf td`prffn fn ogicl' ikice wctdfut iey ippir`et oflpgcieo` wctd td`
rug`s fn `vcb`eo`' is IDL_C prfvcb`b ef b`ogiritcfe
iutd`etcoitcek iey fn td` bfoul`ets ittiod`b td`r`tf%
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 7/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rd` ^`igs bcb r`n`r td` jiearuptoy ofurt tf bfoul`ets0
ivicgijg` fe td` w`jsct` fn td` _`ourctc`s @xodiek` Ofllcsscfesuppfs`bgy r`git`b tf td` igg`k`b s`ourctczitcfe fn td` ^`igGfie' jut td`r` cs ef cebcoitcfe ce td` r`ofrb wd`td`r td`jiearuptoy ofurt iotuiggy gffa`b it fr ofescb`r`b td`s`bfoul`ets%
Rd`s` bfoul`ets' dib td`y j``e prfp`rgy iutd`etcoit`b' lckdtdiv` ncgg`b sfl` $jut eft igg# fn td` kips ce td` `vcb`eo`% Nfrcestieo`' td` bfoul`ets ofetice`b i Xffgcek ieb _`rvcek Ikr``l`et
$ofetceu`b%%%#
;
J% [`ggs Nirkf–s Z`gc`n nrfl _tiy Lftcfe ieb td` ^`igs–
Z`spfes`
L`iewdcg`' fe Fotfj`r :9' :883' [`ggs Nirkf ncg`b i lftcfe
nfr r`gc`n nrfl stiy tf `eijg` ct tf ofll`eo` nfr`ogfsur`prfo``bceks ikicest td` Xrfp`rty% [`ggs Nirkf igg`k`b ce td`
lftcfe tdit ct wis i s`our`b or`bctfr pursuiet tf i ncrst
prcfrcty lfrtkik`% Efe` fn td` tdr`` `xdcjcts ittiod`b tf td`
lftcfe' dfw`v`r' bcr`otgy suppfrt`b tdcs igg`kitcfe= cts ncrst
`xdcjct wis i ofpy fn td` sil` Lfrtkik` tdit IDL_C ittiod`b tf
cts prffn fn ogicl1 cts s`ofeb `xdcjct wis ie ct`lczitcfe fn
pfstp`tctcfe ilfuets bu`1 ieb cts nceig `xdcjct wis i ofpy fn td`
^`igs– _od`bug`s I ieb B% [`ggs Nirkf sujlctt`b ef ftd`r
bfoul`ets wctd cts lftcfe% Is i r`sugt' [`ggs Nirkf pr`s`et`b ef
`vcb`eo` is tf wdf pfss`ss`b td` Eft` ieb ef `vcb`eo` r`kirbcek
iey prfp`rty cet`r`st ct d`gb ce td` Eft`%
Fe Efv`lj`r 0' :883' td` ^`igs r`spfeb`b tf td` r`gc`n nrfl
stiy lftcfe% Rd`y irku`b tdit [`ggs Nirkf gioa`b stiebcek tfprfs`out` td` r`gc`n nrfl stiy lftcfe ieb tdit [`ggs Nirkf wis
eft td` r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st% Rd` ^`igs igsf sujlctt`b ef
`vcb`eo` wctd td`cr r`spfes`1 ritd`r' td`y r`gc`b fe td` ijs`eo`
fn `vcb`eo` sujlctt`b ce suppfrt fn td` r`gc`n nrfl stiy lftcfe%0
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 8/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
$%%%ofetceu`b#0
$‗X_I“# nfr i s`ourctczitcfe trust% Rd` X_I cb`etcnc`s ieb
ippfcets Fptcfe Fe` is s`rvco`r nfr td` trust iss`ts iebcb`etcnc`s [`ggs Nirkf is trust`` fn td` trust% Nurtd`r' td`sod`bug`s ittiod`b tf td` X_I ipp`ir tf cb`etcny td` ^`ig Gfie isfe` fn td` trust iss`ts% Rdus' td` X_I' dib ct j``e prfp`rgyiutd`etcoit`b ieb iblctt`b' wfugb div` tc`b jftd Fptcfe Fe` ieb[`ggs Nirkf tf td` ^`ig Gfie% Rd` X_I bcb eft' dfw`v`r' cb`etcnyIDL_C ce iey oipiocty' ceogubcek cts igg`k`b rfg` is suoo`ssfrs`rvco`r fr sujs`rvco`r fn td` ^`ig Gfie% Rd` X_I cs sclcgirgyued`gpnug is tf td` ourr`et dfgb`r fn td` Eft`%
4
[`ggs Nirkf bcb eft ncg` i wrctt`e r`pgy ce suppfrt fn cts
r`gc`n nrfl stiy lftcfe% Ct bcb' dfw`v`r' ncg` twf s`pirit`
pip`rs' `iod `etctg`b ‗Eftco` fn _uppg`l`etig @xdcjct%“ Rd`
ncrst eftco`' ncg`b fe Efv`lj`r 98' :883' ittiod`b i scekg``xdcjct ‟ i ofpy fn td` sil` Eft` tdit IDL_C dib ittiod`b tf cts
prffn fn ogicl% Rd` s`ofeb eftco`' ncg`b fe N`jruiry 9' :898'
ofetice`b twf `xdcjcts= $i# i ofpy fn td` sil` issckel`et fn
lfrtkik` tdit IDL_C dib ittiod`b tf cts prffn fn ogicl' ieb $j# i
ofpy fn i sujs`qu`et issckel`et fn lfrtkik`' bit`b Efv`lj`r 98'
:883 ‟ int`r td` bit` fn ncgcek fn td` r`gc`n nrfl stiy lftcfe ‟
issckecek td` rckdts ueb`r td` Lfrtkik` nrfl ‗_ieb Oieyfe
Ofrpfritcfe nfrl`rgy aefwe is Fptcfe Fe` Lfrtkik` Ofrpfritcfe“ tf
[`ggs Nirkf% E`ctd`r fn td`s` issckel`ets w`r` iutd`etcoit`b%
Rd`s` issckel`ets w`r` clpfrtiet% Rd`y purpfrt`b eft fegy
tf triesn`r td` Lfrtkik` tf `iod eil`b isscke``' jut igsf tf
triesn`r ftd`r rckdts is w`gg% Rd` purpfrt`b issckel`et nrfl K_N
tf Fptcfe Fe`' nfr `xilpg`' stit`b tdit ct isscke`b eft fegy td`Lfrtkik`' jut igsf ‗td` eft`$s# ieb fjgckitcfes td`r`ce b`sorcj`b
ieb td` lfe`y bu` ieb tf j`ofl` bu` td`r`fe wctd cet`r`st' ieb
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 9/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rdcs ofetriotuig issckel`et fn td` Eft` wis sup`rngufus>
kcv`e td` cebfrs`l`et fe td` frckceig eft`% _`` PecnfrlOfll`rocig Ofb` § ?,:82%
Fe` lckdt irku` tdit td` ogius`s ce td` issckel`et wdcod;
nfggfw td` ctigcocz`b ippfsctcv` pdris` ir` jrfib `efukd tf pcoaup td` Eft`' ieb tdus `nn`ot i triesn`r fn ct% Rd`y bf' int`r
igg' purpfrt tf triesn`r ‗igg rckdts td`r`ce ieb td`r`tf' % % %igg fjgckitcfes td`r`ce b`sorcj`b' Qieb\ td` lfe`y bu` ieb tfj`ofl` bu` td`r`fe wctd cet`r`st%“ Jut kcv`e td` oirv` fut fntd` Eft` it td` j`kceecek fn td` s`et`eo`' td` r`gitcv` prfefues‗td`r`ce'“ ‗td`r`tf'“ ieb ‗td`r`fe“ lfr` eituriggy r`n`r jioa tftd` fjgckitcfes ofetice`b ce td` Lfrtkik` cts`gn' suod is td`fjgckitcfe tf cesur` td` Xrfp`rty' ieb eft tf ie `xt`reigfjgckitcfe suod is td` Eft`% Ct wfugb j` fbb ceb``b cn' int`r
$ofetceu`b%%%#
3
igg rckdts iooru`b fr tf iooru` ueb`r suod Lfrtkik`%“>
Rd` purpfrt`b issckel`et nrfl Fptcfe Fe` tf [`ggs Nirkf wis
bcnn`r`et' dfw`v`r' ieb lfr` gclct`b% Ct purpfrt`b tf triesn`r
td` nfggfwcek b`sorcj`b lfrtkik`' s`ourcek td` piyl`etfn i o`rtice prflcssfry eft`$s# nfr td` sul gcst`b j`gfw' tfk`td`r wctd igg rckdts td`r`ce ieb td`r`tf'igg gc`es or`it`b fr s`our`b td`r`jy' igg fjgckitcfestd`r`ce b`sorcj`b' td` lfe`y bu` ieb tf j`ofl` bu`td`r`fe wctd cet`r`st' ieb igg rckdts iooru`b fr tfiooru` ueb`r suod lfrtkik`%
Rdus' uegca` td` issckel`et nrfl K_N tf Fptcfe Fe`' td`
purpfrt`b issckel`et nrfl Fptcfe Fe` tf [`ggs Nirkf bf`s eft
ofetice giekuik` `nn`otcek ie issckel`et fn td` Eft`% [dcg` td`
Eft` cs r`n`rr`b tf' tdit r`n`r`eo` s`rv`s fegy tf cb`etcny td`
Lfrtkik`% Lfr`fv`r' uegca` td` ncrst issckel`et' td` r`ofrb cs
b`vfcb fn iey cebfrs`l`et fn td` Eft` nrfl Fptcfe Fe` tf [`ggs
Nirkf% Is i ofes`qu`eo`' `v`e dib td` s`ofeb issckel`et j``e
ofescb`r`b is `vcb`eo`' ct wfugb eft div` prfvcb`b iey prffn fn
td` triesn`r fn td` Eft` tf [`ggs Nirkf% It lfst' ct wfugb div`
j``e prffn tdit fegy td` Lfrtkik`' ieb igg issfocit`b rckdtsircscek nrfl ct' dib j``e isscke`b%;
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 10/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
$%%%ofetceu`b#;
r`n`rrcek tf td` Eft` jut eft `xpgcoctgy liacek ct td` fjm`ot fntd` triesn`r $is td` cectcig issckel`et nrfl K_N bcb#' td` wfrbsw`r` lib` tf ourg jioa ieb pcoa up td` Eft` must j`oius` td`
Lfrtkik` l`etcfe`b td` Eft` ilfek cts liey t`rls% Igtdfukd td`ogius`s lckdt j` sunncoc`etgy viku` tf p`rlct pirfg `vcb`eo` tfogircny td`cr cet`eb`b l`iecek' ef suod `vcb`eo` wis fnn`r`b frr`qu`st`b%
Jiear% B% Ircz% Z% 3892,:$i# prfvcb`s=4
D`irceks fe Ofet`st`b Litt`rs
$i# Cectcig D`ircek wctdfut Gcv` R`stclfey%Xursuiet tf Jiearuptoy Zug` 3892$`#' igg d`ircekssod`bug`b fe ofet`st`b litt`rs wcgg j` ofebuot`bwctdfut gcv` t`stclfey `xo`pt is ftd`rwcs` frb`r`b jy
td` ofurt% Cn' it suod d`ircek' td` ofurt b`t`rlce`stdit td`r` cs i lit`rcig niotuig bcsput`' td` ofurtwcgg sod`bug` i ofetceu`b d`ircek it wdcod gcv`t`stclfey wcgg j` iblctt`b%
Jiear% B% Ircz% Z% 2889,9$c#$:# prfvcb`s=3
Iutflitco _tiy , Z`gc`n Nrfl
$c# Xrfo`bur` Ppfe Fjm`otcfe%$ofetceu`b%%%#
98
O% Mfcet D`ircek fe td` Ogicl Fjm`otcfe ieb td` Z`gc`n
nrfl _tiy Lftcfe
Int`r s`v`rig ofetceuieo`s fn `iod litt`r' fe N`jruiry ?'
:898' td` jiearuptoy ofurt d`gb i mfcet d`ircek fe td` ^`igs–ogicl fjm`otcfe ieb [`ggs Nirkf–s r`gc`n nrfl stiy lftcfe%
E`ctd`r pirty pr`s`et`b `vcb`eo` it td` d`ircek' ieb td` ofurt–s
Gfoig Zug`s prfdcjct`b td`l nrfl pr`s`etcek gcv` t`stclfey it
tdcs cectcig d`ircek ueg`ss td` ofurt dib frb`r`b ftd`rwcs`% _``
Jiear% B% Ircz% Z% 3892,:$i#% Ceb``b' td` jiearuptoy ofurt4
r`n`rr`b tf td` d`ircek fe td` r`gc`n nrfl stiy lftcfe is i
pr`gclceiry d`ircek' td`r`jy cebcoitcek tdit i sujs`qu`et
`vcb`etciry d`ircek wfugb j` s`t cn e`o`ssiry% _`` Jiear% B%
Ircz% Z% 2889,9$c#$:#%3
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 11/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
$%%%ofetceu`b#
3
$:# Z`gc`n liy j` kriet`b fr b`ec`b it td`pr`gclceiry d`ircek jis`b upfe td` inncbivcts'b`ogiritcfes' ieb ftd`r suppfrtcek bfoul`etitcfencg`b is pirt fn td` lftcfe fr fjm`otcfe cn td`fppfscek pirty–s inncbivcts' b`ogiritcfes iebsuppfrtcek bfoul`etitcfe nicg tf `stijgcsd td``xcst`eo` fn i lit`rcig cssu` fn niot tditr`qucr`s ie `vcb`etciry d`ircek%
99
Jftd pirtc`s pr`s`et`b frig irkul`et' int`r wdcod td`
jiearuptoy ofurt rug`b nrfl td` j`eod% Rd` jiearuptoy ofurt
fv`rrug`b td` ^`igs– ogicl fjm`otcfe ieb kriet`b td` r`gc`n nrfl
stiy lftcfe% Rd` ofurt nfueb tdit td` bfoul`ets pr`s`et`bib`quit`gy r`ng`ot`b [`ggs Nirkf–s stiebcek' ieb td` ofurt stit`b
tdit td` cssu` fn wdf quigcnc`b is dfgb`r fn td` eft` wis
crr`g`viet% Ioofrbcek tf td` jiearuptoy ofurt' ‗It lceclul' td`y
Q[`ggs Nirkf\ div` b`lfestrit`b td`y ir` ie isscke`` fn td` b`jt
ieb td` lfrtkik` dis ippir`etgy j``e isscke`b tf td`l%“
Eftwctdstiebcek tdcs stit`l`et' td` jiearuptoy ofurt lib` ef
ncebceks r`kirbcek IDL_C–s stiebcek k`e`riggy' fr lfr`
sp`ocncoiggy r`kirbcek wd`td`r IDL_C dib `stijgcsd`b tdit ct wis
[`ggs Nirkf–s iutdfrcz`b ik`et%
Rd` ^`igs tcl`gy ipp`ig`b jftd frb`rs%
CCC% BC_OP__CFE
Rd` ^`igs odigg`ek` [`ggs Nirkf–s stiebcek tf s``a r`gc`n
nrfl td` stiy ieb IDL_C–s stiebcek is i r`ig pirty ce cet`r`stwctd r`sp`ot tf td` prffn fn ogicl ct ncg`b% _tiebcek cs i g`kig
cssu` tdit w` r`vc`w b` efvf% [`bk`s&G`bk`s fn Oig%' Ceo% v%
Octy fn Xdf`ecx' :2 N%?b 0>' >9 $3td Ocr% 9332#1 Arfe`ly`r v% Il%
Ofetriotfrs Ceb`l% Of% $Ce r` Arfe`ly`r#' 280 J%Z% 390' 393 $3td
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 12/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
9:
Ocr% JIX :883#%
I% _tiebcek ce Lfrtkik` Ois`s
I n`b`rig ofurt liy `x`rocs` murcsbcotcfe fv`r i gctckiet
fegy wd`e tdit gctckiet l``ts ofestctutcfeig ieb prub`etcigstiebcek r`qucr`l`ets% @ga Krfv` Pecnc`b _od% Bcst% v% E`wbfw'
02: P%_% 9' 99 $:882#% _tiebcek cs i ‗tdr`sdfgb qu`stcfe ce
`v`ry n`b`rig ois`' b`t`rlcecek td` pfw`r fn td` ofurt tf
`et`rtice td` suct%“ [irtd v% _`gbce' 2:: P%_% 238' 234 $93;0#%
_`` igsf Irczfei Odrcstcie _od% Ructcfe Frk% v% [cee' 9?9 _% Ot%
92?>' 922: $:899#1 Octy fn Gfs Iek`g`s v% Ofuety fn A`re' 049
N%?b 429' 420 $3td Ocr% :883#%
9% Ofestctutcfeig _tiebcek
Ofestctutcfeig stiebcek r`qucr`s ie cemury ce niot' wdcod cs
oius`b jy fr nicrgy trio`ijg` tf sfl` ofebuot fr sfl` stitutfry
prfdcjctcfe' ieb wdcod td` r`qu`st`b r`gc`n wcgg gca`gy r`br`ss%
[cee' 9?9 _% Ot% it 922:1 _prcet Ofllo–es Of% v% IXOO _`rvs%'
Ceo%' 002 P%_% :>3' :;?,;2 $:884#1 Pect`b Nffb . Ofll–g [fra`rsPecfe Gfoig ;09 v% Jrfwe Krp%' Ceo%' 09; P%_% 022' 009 $933>#%
Jftd [`ggs Nirkf ieb IDL_C sitcsny td` r`gitcv`gy lceclul
r`qucr`l`ets fn ofestctutcfeig stiebcek= td`y `iod div` sdfwe
cemury ce niot' oiusitcfe' ieb r`br`ssijcgcty% Cemury ce niot cs
sdfwe wctd r`sp`ot tf [`ggs Nirkf jy td` iutflitco stiy–s
prfdcjctcfe fe cts rckdt tf `x`rocs` cts igg`k`b r`l`bc`s ikicest
td` ^`igs' ieb wctd r`sp`ot tf IDL_C jy td` `nn`ot fn ogicl
iggfwieo` prfo`bur`s fe cts ijcgcty tf r`o`cv` i bcstrcjutcfe
nrfl td` ^`igs– `stit`% Oiusitcfe `xcsts jy td` sclpg` niot tdit
e`ctd`r [`ggs Nirkf efr IDL_C liy `x`rocs` td`cr efejiearuptoy
r`l`bc`s bu` tf td` `xcst`eo` fn td` iutflitco stiy% Nceiggy'www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 13/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
9?
r`br`ssijcgcty `xcsts ce `iod ois` j`oius` td` r`gc`n r`qu`st`b'
cn ipprfprcit`' wfugb ibbr`ss ieb r`l`by td` ogicl`b cemury%
:% Xrub`etcig _tiebcek
@v`e tdfukd [`ggs Nirkf ieb IDL_C liy l``t td`ofestctutcfeig lcecli nfr stiebcek' tdcs b`t`rlceitcfe bf`s eft
`eb td` cequcry% Rd`y lust igsf sdfw td`y div` stiebcek ueb`r
vircfus prub`etcig gclctitcfes fe ioo`ss tf n`b`rig ofurts%
Xrub`etcig stiebcek ‗—`ljfbc`s mubcociggy s`gn,clpfs`b gclcts fe
td` `x`rocs` fn n`b`rig murcsbcotcfe%–“ _prcet' 002 P%_% it :43
$quftcek @ga Krfv`' 02: P%_% it 99#1 Ofuety fn A`re' 049 N%?b it
420%
Ce tdcs ois`' fe` oflpfe`et fn prub`etcig stiebcek cs
pirtcougirgy ippgcoijg`% Ct cs td` bfotrce` tdit i pgicetcnn
lust iss`rt cts fwe g`kig rckdts ieb liy eft iss`rt td` g`kig
rckdts fn ftd`rs% _prcet' 002 P%_% it :431 [irtd' 2:: P%_% it
2331 Fr`kfe v% G`kig _`rvs% Ofrp%' 00: N%?b 3>0' 3;9 $3td Ocr%
:883#%D`r`' td` ^`igs igg`k` tdit e`ctd`r [`ggs Nirkf efr IDL_C
div` sdfwe td`y div` iey cet`r`st ce td` Eft` fr iey rckdt tf j`
picb jy td` ^`igs% Rd`y s``a tf cevfa` prub`etcig stiebcek
prceocpg`s wdcod k`e`riggy prfvcb` tdit i pirty wctdfut td` g`kig
rckdt' ueb`r ippgcoijg` sujstietcv` giw' tf `enfro` ie fjgckitcfe
fr s``a i r`l`by wctd r`sp`ot tf ct cs eft i r`ig pirty ce
cet`r`st% Bfrie v% ;,@g`v`e' Ceo%' 0:2 N%?b 98?2' 9822 $3td Ocr%
:884#% Cn td` ^`igs– ofet`etcfe cs ofrr`ot is tf IDL_C ieb [`ggs
Nirkf' td`e jftd or`bctfrs nicg`b tf sitcsny td`cr prub`etcig
stiebcek jurb`e%
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 14/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Zug` ;89; ceofrpfrit`s Ocvcg Zug` 9;' ieb cs ippgcoijg`98
d`r` tdrfukd Zug` 3892$o#%_fl` ois`s div` sukk`st`b tdit Ocvcg Zug` 9;$i#' r`qucrcektd` ‗r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st“ tf prfs`out` n`b`rig ocvcggctckitcfe ce cts fwe eil`' oie `nn`otuit` td` prub`etciggclctitcfe fe tdcrb,pirty stiebcek% _``' `%k%' Buelfr` v% Pect`b_tit`s' ?04 N%?b 998;' 999: $3td Ocr% :882#1 Ce r` Diy`s' ?3?J%Z% :03' :>; $Jiear% B% Liss% :884#% Dfw`v`r' wdit`v`r td`priotcoig r`sugt fn Ocvcg Zug` 9;+s ippgcoitcfe' td` twf r`licebcstceot g`kig r`qucr`l`ets' is bcsouss`b j`gfw%
92
?% Xrub`etcig _tiebcek ieb td` Z`ig Xirty ce Cet`r`st
Bfotrce`
Rdcs nfrlugitcfe fn td` prub`etcig stiebcek bfotrce`'
dfw`v`r' ofengit`s sfl`wdit wctd td` r`ig pirty ce cet`r`stbfotrce` nfueb ce Zug` ;89;% [dcg` it g`ist fe` prflce`et98
iutdfrcty licetices tdit td` tdcrb pirty stiebcek bfotrce` ieb
td` r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st r`qucr`l`et ir` g`kiggy bcstceot' >I
Odirg`s Igie [rckdt' Irtdur Z% Lcgg`r . Liry Aiy Aie`' N`b`rig
Xriotco` ieb Xrfo`bur`' Ocvcg § 902: $?b `b% :898#' ieftd`r
iutdfrcty suooceotgy sullircz`s td` priotcoig bcstceotcfe=
‗K`e`riggy' r`ig pirtc`s ce cet`r`st div` stiebcek' jut eft `v`ry
pirty wdf l``ts td` stiebcek r`qucr`l`ets cs i r`ig pirty ce
cet`r`st%“ 2 Lffr`–s N`b`rig Xriotco` § 9;%98Q9\' it p%9;,90 $?b
`b% :898# $nffteft`s flctt`b#%
Is i r`sugt' cn e`ctd`r [`ggs Nirkf efr IDL_C cs i r`ig
pirty ce cet`r`st' w` e``b eft pirs` td` r`licecek bcnn`r`eo`s
j`tw``e stiebcek ieb r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st stitus% [` tdusofeo`etrit` fe r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st stitus ieb wd`td`r [`ggs
Nirkf fr IDL_C l`t td`cr jurb`e fn b`lfestritcek tdit td`y
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 15/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Ce igg fn cts vircfus isp`ots' td` stiebcek cssu` cs ie99
ced`r`etgy niotuig cequcry cetf td` eitur` fn td` rckdtsiss`rt`b' s``' `%k%' _prcet' 002 P%_% it :;9,;?' ieb td` pirty
iss`rtcek tdit ct dis stiebcek j`irs td` jurb`e fn prffn tf`stijgcsd cts stiebcek% _ull`rs v% @irtd Csgieb Cest%' 000 P%_%244' VVV' 9:3 _%Ot% 992:' 9923 $:883# $td` lfviet ‗j`irs td`jurb`e fn sdfwcek tdit d` dis stiebcek nfr `iod typ` fn r`gc`nsfukdt“#1 J`ee`tt v% _p`ir' 0:8 P%_% 902' 9>;‟>4 $933;#1 Dissf v%Lfzskic $Ce r` Gi _c`rri Nce% _`rvs%' Ceo%#' :38 J%Z% ;94' ;:>$3td Ocr% JIX :88:#% Rd`s` ois`s r`qucr` tdit td` lfviet j`irtd` jurb`e fn prfvcek jftd ofestctutcfeig ieb prub`etcigstiebcek%
90
quigcnc`b is r`ig pirtc`s ce cet`r`st%99
2% Z`ig Xirty ce Cet`r`st _titus ieb Cts Xfgcoc`s
Ocvcg Zug` 9;$i#$9# stirts sclpgy= ‗Ie iotcfe lust j`
prfs`out`b ce td` eil` fn td` r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st%“ Igtdfukdtd` `xiot b`ncectcfe fn i r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st liy b`ny
irtcougitcfe' cts nueotcfe ieb purpfs` ir` w`gg ueb`rstffb% Is
stit`b ce td` Ibvcsfry Ofllctt`` Eft`s nfr Ocvcg Zug` 9;'
Ce cts frckce td` rug` ofeo`recek td` r`ig pirty cecet`r`st wis p`rlcsscv` ce purpfs`= ct wis b`scke`b tfiggfw ie isscke`` tf su` ce dcs fwe eil`% Rdit divcekj``e iooflpgcsd`b' td` lfb`re nueotcfe fn td` rug` cects e`kitcv` isp`ot cs sclpgy tf prft`ot td` b`n`ebiet
ikicest i sujs`qu`et iotcfe jy td` pirty iotuiggy`etctg`b tf r`ofv`r' ieb tf cesur` k`e`riggy tdit td`mubkl`et wcgg div` cts prfp`r `nn`ot is r`s mubcoiti%
Eft`s fn Ibvcsfry Ofllctt`` fe 93>> Il`ebl`ets tf Zug` 9;% _``
igsf P,Diug Cet–g' Ceo% v% Mirtrie' Ceo%' ;3? N%:b 98?2' 98?3
$3td Ocr% 934># $‗—Rd` lfb`re nueotcfe fn td` rug` % % % cs
sclpgy tf prft`ot td` b`n`ebiet ikicest i sujs`qu`et iotcfe jy
td` pirty iotuiggy `etctg`b tf r`ofv`r' ieb tf cesur` k`e`riggytdit td` mubkl`et wcgg div` cts prfp`r `nn`ot is r`s mubcoiti%–“#
$quftcek Ibvcsfry Ofllctt`` Eft`s tf td` 93>> il`ebl`et fn Ocvcg
Zug` 9;#%
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 16/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
9>
Ce tdcs r`kirb' lfst r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st cequcrc`s nfous
fe wd`td`r td` pgicetcnn fr lfviet dfgbs td` rckdts d` fr sd`
s``as tf r`br`ss% _`` Lffr`–s' supri' § 9;%98Q9\% [is' nfr
`xilpg`' td` pgicetcnn i pirty tf td` ofetriot sfukdt tf j``enfro`b6 Bcb ct div` sfl` ftd`r cet`r`st ce td` ofetriot6
Jut ce sfl` ois`s' stitutfry fr ofllfe giw r`ofkecz`s
r`gitcfesdcps ce wdcod pirtc`s liy su` ce td`cr fwe eil` nfr td`
j`e`nct fn ftd`rs% Ce td`s` ois`s' r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st
bfotrce` pft`etciggy igt`rs r`sugts= ct iggfws td`s` tdcrb
pirtc`s tf su` ce td`cr fwe eil` fe iotcfes ce wdcod td`y liy eft
div` td` ugtclit` fr bcr`ot p`rsfeig stia` ce td` litt`r% I
kuirbcie' nfr `xilpg`' liy su` fe j`dign fn dcs fr d`r wirb' `v`e
tdfukdt td` r`ofv`ry cs sfg`gy td` wirb–s% Ocvcg Zug`
9;$i#$9#$O#% I jicg`` liy su` ce cts fwe eil` nfr bilik` tf
kffbs `etrust`b tf ct' `v`e tdfukd ct bf`s eft fwe td`l% Ocvcg
Zug` 9;$i#$9#$B#% @v`e isscke``s nfr ofgg`otcfe liy' ueb`r
o`rtice ocroulstieo`s' su` ce td`cr fwe eil` fe td`cr issckefr–sb`jt% _`` _prcet' 002 P%_% it :42 $bcotul#1 _tikk`rs v% Fttf
K`rbiu Of%' ?03 N%:b :3:' :32 $:b Ocr% 93>>#1 Acgjfure v% [`st`re
_ur% Of%' 94; N%:b 0>;' 0;9,;: $98td Ocr% 9309#%
Z`ig pirty ce cet`r`st bfotrce` tdus l`gbs prfo`burig ieb
sujstietcv` giw1 ct `esur`s tdit td` pirty jrcekcek td` iotcfe
fwes fr dis rckdts tdit oie j` vcebcoit`b jy prfvcek td` `g`l`ets
fn td` ogicl nfr r`gc`n iss`rt`b% Ct igsf dis ieftd`r a`y
isp`ot' is td` Ibvcsfry Ofllctt`` Eft`s ioaefwg`bk`= cn td` pirty
jrcekcek td` iotcfe gfs`s fe td` l`rcts' ct `esur`s tdit td`
p`rsfe b`n`ebcek td` iotcfe oie pr`ogub` ieyfe` nrfl `v`r s``acek
tf vcebcoit`' fr ofgg`ot fe' tdit ogicl ikice%www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 17/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rdcs bcsousscfe fw`s luod tf i p`ebcek ofll`etiry fn td`9:
X`rlie`et @bctfrcig Jfirb nfr td` Pecnfrl Ofll`rocig Ofb`% _``Mfde I% _`j`rt' Brint Z`pfrt fn td` X@J fe td` POO Zug`s
Ippgcoijg` tf td` Issckel`et fn Lfrtkik` Eft`s ieb tf td`Fwe`rsdcp ieb @enfro`l`et fn Rdfs` Eft`s ieb td` Lfrtkik`s_`ourcek Rd`l $Lirod :3' :899#' ivicgijg` itdttp=&&`xtrie`t%igc%frk&bcr`otfry&ncg`s&X@JVZ`pfrtVfeVLfrtkik`VEft`s,OcrougitcfeVBrint%pbn $gist vcsct`b Mue` 98' :899#%
Is igg ncnty stit`s div` `eiot`b td` POO' octitcfes tf td`9?
POO ce tdcs fpcecfe wcgg j` tf td` fnncocig t`xt wd`e bcsousscekk`e`rig prfpfsctcfes% _p`ocnco stit` `eiotl`ets wcgg j` oct`bwd`e ippgcoijg`%
@v`e cn td` Eft` cs eft i ‗e`kftcijg` cestrul`et'“ ieb
92
tdus Irtcog` ? wfugb eft bcr`otgy ippgy' ct liy ‗j` ipprfprcit`'ofescst`et wctd td` prceocpg`s stit`b ce § 9,98:$:# Qefw § 9,98?\' nfr i ofurt tf ippgy fe` fr lfr` prfvcscfes fn Irtcog` ? tftd` wrctcek jy ieigfky' tiacek cetf ioofuet td` `xp`otitcfes fntd` pirtc`s ieb td` bcnn`r`eo`s j`tw``e td` wrctcek ieb iecestrul`et kfv`re`b jy Irtcog` ?%“ Ofll`et : tf POO § ?,982%_`` igsf Nr`b D% Lcgg`r . Igvce O% Dirr`gg' Rd` Giw fn Lfb`reXiyl`et _yst`ls § 9%8?Q9\Qj\ $:88?#%
9;
J% Rd` _ujstietcv` Giw Z`git`b tf Eft`s _`our`b jy Z`ig
Xrfp`rty
Z`ig pirty ce cet`r`st ieigyscs r`qucr`s i b`t`rlceitcfe fn
td` ippgcoijg` sujstietcv` giw' sceo` ct cs tdit giw wdcodb`nce`s ieb sp`ocnc`s td` wrfek' tdfs` ikkrc`v`b' ieb td` r`br`ss
td`y liy r`o`cv`% >I N`b`rig Xriotco` ieb Xrfo`bur` § 902?' it
248,49 $‗Ce frb`r tf ippgy Zug` 9;$i#$9# prfp`rgy' ct cs
e`o`ssiry tf cb`etcny td` giw tdit or`it`b td` sujstietcv` rckdt
j`cek iss`rt`b % % % %“#% _`` igsf cb% § 9022%
9% Ippgcoijcgcty fn POO Irtcog`s ? ieb 39:
D`r`' td` pirtc`s issul` tdit td` Pecnfrl Ofll`rocig Ofb`
$‗POO“# ippgc`s tf td` Eft`% Cn ofrr`ot' td`e twf irtcog`s fn9?
td` POO pft`etciggy ippgy% Cn td` Eft` cs i e`kftcijg`92
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 18/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
_`` POO § ?,98: $‗Rdcs Irtcog` ippgc`s tf e`kftcijg`90
cestrul`ets%“#% Rd` t`rl ‗e`kftcijg` cestrul`et“ cs b`nce`b cePOO § ?,982$i# tf l`ie=
ie ueofebctcfeig prflcs` fr frb`r tf piy i ncx`b ilfuetfn lfe`y' wctd fr wctdfut cet`r`st fr ftd`r odirk`sb`sorcj`b ce td` prflcs` fr frb`r' cn ct=
$9# cs piyijg` tf j`ir`r fr tf frb`r it td` tcl`ct cs cssu`b fr ncrst ofl`s cetf pfss`sscfe fn idfgb`r1
$:# cs piyijg` fe b`lieb fr it i b`ncect` tcl`1ieb
$?# bf`s eft stit` iey ftd`r ueb`rtiacek fr
cestruotcfe jy td` p`rsfe prflcscek fr frb`rcek piyl`ettf bf iey iot ce ibbctcfe tf td` piyl`et fn lfe`y' juttd` prflcs` fr frb`r liy ofetice $c# ie ueb`rtiacek frpfw`r tf kcv`' licetice' fr prft`ot ofggit`rig tfs`our` piyl`et' $cc# ie iutdfrczitcfe fr pfw`r tf td`dfgb`r tf ofen`ss mubkl`et fr r`igcz` fe fr bcspfs` fnofggit`rig' fr $ccc# i wicv`r fn td` j`e`nct fn iey giwcet`eb`b nfr td` ibvietik` fr prft`otcfe fn ie fjgckfr%
Irtcog` ? oirrc`s nfrwirb ieb ofbcnc`s v`e`rijg`9>
ofll`rocig giw rug`s b`v`gfp`b fv`r s`v`rig o`eturc`s burcek
wdcod e`kftcijg` cestrul`ets pgiy`b i luod bcnn`r`et rfg` ceofll`ro` tdie td`y bf tfbiy% Is stit`b jy Kriet Kcglfr`' Irtcog`? cs eft uegca` i ‗lus`ul fn ietcquctc`s ‒ i tr`isur` dfus`orill`b nugg fn ieoc`et irtcniots wdfs` us` ieb nueotcfe div`gfek sceo` j``e nfrkftt`e%“ Kriet Kcglfr`' Nfrligcsl ieb td` Giwfn E`kftcijg` Cestrul`ets' 9? Or`ckdtfe G% Z`v% 229' 2>9 $93;3#%Dcs nfggfwcek quftitcfe cs ipt ieb fnt`e,r`p`it`b=‗ofbcncoitcfe % % % pr`s`rv`Qb\ td` pist gca` i ngy ce ilj`r“%Cb%
94
cestrul`et' Irtcog` ? prfvcb`s rug`s kfv`recek td` piyl`et fn90
td` fjgckitcfe r`pr`s`et`b jy ieb r`cnc`b ce td` Eft`%9>
Irtcog` ?' dfw`v`r' b`igs prclircgy wctd piyl`et fjgckitcfes
surrfuebcek i e`kftcijg` cestrul`et' ieb td` cb`etcncoitcfe fntd` prfp`r pirty tf j` picb ce frb`r tf sitcsny ieb bcsodirk` td`
fjgckitcfes r`pr`s`et`b jy tdit e`kftcijg` cestrul`et% Is wcgg
j` s``e' Irtcog` ? bf`s eft e`o`ssircgy `quit` td` prfp`r p`rsfe
tf j` picb wctd td` p`rsfe wdf fwes td` e`kftcijg` cestrul`et%
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 19/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Pegca` Irtcog` ?' Irtcog` 3 cs i r`gitcv`gy r`o`et9;
ceefvitcfe wdcod itt`lpts' ilfek ftd`r tdceks' tf r`kugircz`
efepfss`ssfry nceieocek% Ct wis gist oflpg`t`gy r`vcs`b ce 9333'igtdfukd td`r` ir` ourr`etgy il`ebl`ets tf tdit v`rscfe j`cekfnn`r`b nfr ibfptcfe jy td` stit`s%
POO § 3,983$i#$?# stit`s tdit Irtcog` 3 ippgc`s tf iey94
sig` fn i ‗prflcssfry eft`'“ wdcod cs b`nce`b ce § 3,98:$i#$>0#is ‗ie cestrul`et tdit `vcb`eo`s i prflcs` tf piy i lfe`tiryfjgckitcfe' Qfr\ bf`s eft `vcb`eo` ie frb`r tf piy % % % %“ Ceture' ie ‗cestrul`et“ ueb`r Irtcog` 3 cs b`nce`b is ‗i e`kftcijg`cestrul`et fr iey ftd`r wrctcek tdit `vcb`eo`s i rckdt tf td`piyl`et fn i lfe`tiry fjgckitcfe' cs eft cts`gn i s`ourcty
ikr``l`et fr g`is`' ieb cs fn i typ` tdit ce frbceiry ofurs` fnjusce`ss cs triesn`rr`b jy b`gcv`ry wctd iey e`o`ssirycebfrs`l`et fr issckel`et%“ POO § 3,98:$i#$2;#%
_`` POO § 3,:8?$k# $‗Rd` ittiodl`et fn i s`ourcty cet`r`st93
ce i rckdt tf piyl`et fr p`rnfrlieo` s`our`b jy i s`ourctycet`r`st fr ftd`r gc`e fe p`rsfeig fr r`ig prfp`rty cs igsfittiodl`et fn i s`ourcty cet`r`st ce td` s`ourcty cet`r`st'lfrtkik`' fr ftd`r gc`e%“#%
93
Efr bf`s ct purpfrt tf kfv`re oflpg`t`gy td` liee`r ce wdcod
tdfs` fwe`rsdcp cet`r`sts ir` triesn`rr`b% Nfr td` rug`s
kfv`recek tdfs` typ`s fn prfp`rty rckdts' Irtcog` 3 prfvcb`s td`
sujstietcv` giw% POO § 3,983$i#$?# $Irtcog` 3 ‗ippgc`s tf % %9;
% i sig` fn % % % prflcssfry eft`s“#% Irtcog` 3 ceogub`s94
rug`s' nfr `xilpg`' kfv`recek td` `nn`ot fn td` triesn`r fn i
eft` fe iey s`ourcty kcv`e nfr tdit eft` suod is i lfrtkik` fr i
b``b fn trust% Is i ofes`qu`eo`' Irtcog` 3 lust j` ofesugt`b93
tf iesw`r liey qu`stcfes is tf wdf fwes fr dis ftd`r prfp`rty
cet`r`st ce i prflcssfry eft`% Nrfl tdcs ct nfggfws tdit td`
b`t`rlceitcfe fn wdf dfgbs td`s` prfp`rty cet`r`sts wcgg cenfrl
td` cequcry is tf wdf cs i r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st ce iey iotcfe
cevfgvcek tdit prflcssfry eft`%
Is i r`sugt' tdcs fpcecfe `xilce`s td` r`g`viet prfvcscfes
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 20/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4 _`` POO § ?,98?$i#$;#%:8
:8
fn Irtcog` ? ieb Irtcog` 3 is td`y ippgy tf td` ^`igs– Eft` ieb
Lfrtkik`' is `iod Irtcog` liy prfvcb` sujstietcv` giw tdit sdip`s
td` r`g`viet r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st cequcry%
:% Irtcog` ? fn td` POO ieb td` Ofeo`pt fn i ‗X`rsfe@etctg`b tf @enfro`“ i Eft`
Irtcog` ? prfvcb`s i oflpr`d`escv` s`t fn rug`s kfv`recek
td` fjgckitcfes fn pirtc`s fe td` Eft`' ceogubcek dfw tf
b`t`rlce` wdf liy `enfro` tdfs` fjgckitcfes ieb tf wdfl tdfs`
fjgckitcfes ir` fw`b% _`` POO § ?,98:1 Lcgg`r . Dirr`gg' supri'
§ 9%8:% Ofetriry tf pfpugir fpcecfe' td`s` rug`s bf eft
ijsfgut`gy r`qucr` pdyscoig pfss`sscfe fn i e`kftcijg` cestrul`et
ce frb`r tf `enfro` cts t`rls% Zitd`r' Irtcog` ? stit`s tdit td`
ijcgcty tf `enfro` i pirtcougir eft` ‟ i ofeo`pt o`etrig tf fur
stiebcek cequcry ‟ cs d`gb jy td` ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“
td` eft`% POO § ?,?89%
I tdfrfukd ueb`rstiebcek fn td` ofeo`pt fn i ‗p`rsfe
`etctg`b tf `enfro`“ cs a`y tf sfrtcek fut td` r`gitcv` rckdtsieb fjgckitcfes fn td` vircfus pirtc`s tf i lfrtkik` triesiotcfe%
Ce pirtcougir' td` p`rsfe fjgckit`b fe td` eft` ‟ i ‗lia`r“ ce
td` irkft fn Irtcog` ? ‟ lust piy td` fjgckitcfe r`pr`s`et`b jy:8
td` eft` tf td` ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ ct% POO § ?,29:%
Nurtd`r' cn i lia`r piys i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` eft`'
td` lia`r–s fjgckitcfes ir` bcsodirk`b tf td` `xt`et fn td`
ilfuet picb% POO § ?,>8:$i#% Xut ieftd`r wiy' cn i lia`r lia`s
i piyl`et tf i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`'“ td` fjgckitcfe cs
sitcsnc`b fe i bfggir nfr bfggir jiscs' ieb td` lia`r e`v`r dis
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 21/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rd` :88: Il`ebl`ets tf Irtcog` ? prfvcb`b i gclct`b:9
`xo`ptcfe nfr eft`s triesn`rr`b wctdfut eftco` tf td` lia`r% POO§ ?,>8:$j#% _`` : Mil`s M% [dct` . Zfj`rt _% _ull`rs' PecnfrlOfll`rocig Ofb` § 9>,9:' it 92> $0td `b% :884#%
Ieftd`r l`tdfb cs ueofllfe ieb bf`s eft r`qucr` pfss`sscfe::
fn td` eft`% Peb`r POO § ?,?89$ccc#' i p`rsfe liy j` i ‗p`rsfe`etctg`b tf `enfro` td` eft`“ cn' ilfek ftd`r tdceks' ‗td` p`rsfeoieeft r`isfeijgy fjtice pfss`sscfe fn td` cestrul`et j`oius` td`cestrul`et wis b`strfy`b' cts wd`r`ijfuts oieeft j` b`t`rlce`b'
fr ct cs ce td` wrfeknug pfss`sscfe fn ie ueaefwe p`rsfe fr ip`rsfe tdit oieeft j` nfueb fr cs eft il`eijg` tf s`rvco` fnprfo`ss%“ POO § ?,?83$i#$?#% Rd` jurb`e fn sdfwcek td`s`niotuig pr`bcoit`s cs fe td` p`rsfe itt`lptcek tf `enfro` td`e`kftcijg` cestrul`et% D`r`' dfw`v`r' td` Eft` cs eft igg`k`b tfj` gfst fr stfg`e%
Rd` p`rsfe ce pfss`sscfe fn td` eft` lust j` cb`etcnc`b is:?
$ofetceu`b%%%#
:9
tf piy tdit ilfuet ikice% Cb% _`` igsf POO § ?,>8:$o#%
Cn' dfw`v`r' td` lia`r piys sfl`fe` ftd`r tdie i ‗p`rsfe
`etctg`b tf `enfro`“ ‟ `v`e cn tdit p`rsfe pdyscoiggy pfss`ss`s
td` eft` td` lia`r scke`b ‟ td` piyl`et k`e`riggy dis ef `nn`otfe td` fjgckitcfes ueb`r td` eft`% Rd` lia`r stcgg fw`s td`:9
lfe`y tf td` ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`'“ Lcgg`r . Dirr`gg'
supri' ¾ >%8?Q>\Qj\Qcc\' ieb' it j`st' dis fegy ie iotcfe ce
r`stctutcfe tf r`ofv`r td` lcstia`e piyl`et% _`` POO § ?,294$j#%
It g`ist twf wiys `xcst ce wdcod i p`rsfe oie ioqucr`
‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ stitus% Rf `enfro` i eft` ueb`r::
td` l`tdfb lfst ofllfegy `lpgfy`b' td` p`rsfe lust j` td`
‗dfgb`r“ fn td` eft`% POO § ?,?89$c#%
Rd` ofeo`pt fn i ‗dfgb`r“ cs s`t fut ce b`ticg ce POO
§ 9,:89$j#$:9#$I#' prfvcbcek tdit i p`rsfe cs i dfgb`r cn td`
p`rsfe pfss`ss`s td` eft` ieb `ctd`r $c# td` eft` dis j``e lib`
piyijg` tf td` p`rsfe wdf dis ct ce dcs pfss`sscfe fr $cc# td`:?
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 22/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
$%%%ofetceu`b#:?
suod% Rdcs ofeo`pt fn cb`etcncoitcfe j`kces wctd td` cssuieo` fni eft` tf i piy``% Rf j` ofv`r`b jy Irtcog` ?' td` eft` lust j`
e`kftcijg`' wdcod k`e`riggy l`ies td` eft` lust div` ‗wfrbs fne`kftcijcgcty1“ tdit cs' td` eft` lust j` cectciggy piyijg` tftd` stit`b piy``' ‗fr frb`r%“ Rd` twf wfrbs ‗fr frb`r“ div` ofl`tf l`ie tdit td` p`rsfe cb`etcnc`b nfr purpfs`s fn ‗dfgb`r“stitus k`e`riggy e``bs tf j` cb`etcoig wctd td` gist gcst`bcebfrs`r fe td` eft` $issulcek td` eft` dis eft j`ofl` i j`ir`rcestrul`et#%
_f cn I lia`s i eft` piyijg` tf ‗J fr frb`r'“ ieb J cebfrs`std` eft` tf O' O cs i dfgb`r cn O cs ce pfss`sscfe% Cn B st`igstd` eft` nrfl O' B cs eft td` dfgb`r' `v`e cn d` nfrk`s O–scebfrs`l`et% Rd` prfo`ss fn triesn`r cs oigg`b ‗e`kftcitcfe'“
wdcod POO § ?,:89$i# b`nce`s is ‗i triesn`r fn pfss`sscfe'wd`td`r vfguetiry fr cevfguetiry' fn ie cestrul`et jy i p`rsfeftd`r tdie td` cssu`r tf i p`rsfe wdf td`r`jy j`ofl`s ctsdfgb`r%“
Rdcs wfugb ceogub` od`oacek tf s`` cn iey purpfrt`b:2
iggfek` wis sunncoc`etgy inncx`b is r`qucr`b jy POO § ?,:82$i#%_`` Ce r` [`csjieb' 2:; J%Z% 9?' 93,:8 $Jiear% B% Ircz% :898#1 Cer` _dipfvig' 229 J%Z% ?3:' ?32 $Jiear% B% Liss% :898#%
::
eft` cs piyijg` tf td` j`ir`r fn td` eft`% Rdcs b`t`rlceitcfe
r`qucr`s pdyscoig `xilceitcfe eft fegy fn td` nio` fn td` eft`
jut igsf fn iey cebfrs`l`ets%:2
Rd` ^`igs ofet`eb tdit fegy i dfgb`r liy `enfro` td` Eft`'fr s``a r`gc`n nrfl td` iutflitco stiy tf `enfro` ct% Rd`cr
ieigyscs cs ceoflpg`t`' nfr Irtcog` ? prfvcb`s ieftd`r wiy ce
wdcod ie `etcty oie j`ofl` i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ i
e`kftcijg` cestrul`et% Rdcs tdcrb wiy cevfgv`s td` p`rsfe
itticecek td` stitus fn i ‗efedfgb`r ce pfss`sscfe fn td` Qeft`\
wdf dis td` rckdts fn i dfgb`r%“ POO § ?,?89$cc#% Rdcs
b`ncectcfe' dfw`v`r' s``ls it fbbs wctd cts`gn1 fe` oie
g`kctclit`gy isa dfw i p`rsfe wdf cs eft td` dfgb`r fn i eft`
pfss`ss`s td` rckdts fn i dfgb`r6
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 23/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
:?
Rd` iesw`r tf tdcs qu`stcfe cevfgv`s i ofljceitcfe fn
dcstfry ieb priotcoigcty% Efe,POO giw oie j`stfw tdcs typ` fn
stitus1 suod giw liy' nfr `xilpg`' r`ofkecz` vircfus ogiss`s fn
suoo`ssfrs ce cet`r`st suod is sujrfk``s fr iblcestritfrs fnb`o`b`et–s `stit`s% _`` Ofll`et tf POO § ?,?89% Lfr` ofllfegy'
dfw`v`r' i p`rsfe j`ofl`s i efedfgb`r ce pfss`sscfe cn td`
pdyscoig b`gcv`ry fn td` eft` tf tdit p`rsfe ofestctut`s i
‗triesn`r“ jut eft i ‗e`kftcitcfe%“ Oflpir` POO § ?,:89
$b`ncectcfe fn e`kftcitcfe# wctd POO § ?,:8?$i# $b`ncectcfe fn
triesn`r#% Peb`r td` POO' i ‗triesn`r“ fn i e`kftcijg`
cestrul`et ‗v`sts ce td` triesn`r`` iey rckdt fn td` triesn`rfr
tf `enfro` td` cestrul`et%“ POO § ?,:8?$j#% Is i r`sugt' cn i
dfgb`r triesn`rs td` eft` tf ieftd`r p`rsfe jy i prfo`ss eft
cevfgvcek ie Irtcog` ? e`kftcitcfe ‟ suod is i sig` fn eft`s ce
juga wctdfut cebcvcbuig cebfrs`l`et fn `iod eft` ‟ tdit ftd`r
p`rsfe $td` triesn`r``# fjtices nrfl td` dfgb`r td` rckdt tf
`enfro` td` eft` `v`e cn ef e`kftcitcfe tia`s pgio` ieb' tdus'td` triesn`r`` bf`s eft j`ofl` ie Irtcog` ? ‗dfgb`r%“ _``
Ofll`et 9 tf POO § ?,:8?%
Rdcs pgio`s i kr`it b`ig fn w`ckdt fe td` POO–s b`ncectcfe
fn i ‗triesn`r%“ POO § ?,:8?$i# stit`s tdit i eft` cs
triesn`rr`b ‗wd`e ct cs b`gcv`r`b jy i p`rsfe ftd`r tdie cts
cssu`r nfr td` purpfs` fn kcvcek tf td` p`rsfe r`o`cvcek b`gcv`ry
td` rckdt tf `enfro` td` cestrul`et%“ Is i ofes`qu`eo`' wdcg`
td` nicgur` tf fjtice td` cebfrs`l`et fn td` piy`` fr ftd`r
dfgb`r bf`s eft pr`v`et i p`rsfe ce pfss`sscfe fn td` eft` nrfl
j`cek td` ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` eft`' ct bf`s rics`
td` stia`s% [ctdfut dfgb`r stitus ieb td` itt`ebiet pr`sulptcfewww%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 24/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rd` ofev`rs` cs igsf tru`= fe` oie j` i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b:0
tf `enfro`“ wctdfut divcek iey fwe`rsdcp cet`r`st ce td`e`kftcijg` cestrul`et' suod is wd`e i tdc`n swcp`s ieb ijsofebswctd i j`ir`r cestrul`et% _`` Ofll`et 9 tf POO § ?,?89% Rd`ijcgcty fn i tdc`n tf g`kctclit`gy fjtice piyl`et fe j`ir`rcestrul`ets' suod is j`ir`r jfebs' dis niotfr`b ce gct`ritur` iebncgl nfouscek fe td` bira scb` fn duliecty% _``' `%k%' N% _ofttNctzk`rigb' Rd` Kr`it Kitsjy od% 3 $93:0# $pirt fn Kitsjy–sbfwenigg ofee`ot`b wctd td` td`nt fr nigscncoitcfe fn j`ir`rjfebs#1 Bc` Dirb $Rw`etc`td O`etury Nfx Ncgl Ofrp% 9344# $tdc`v`s
lisqu`ribcek is cet`reitcfeig t`rrfrcsts s``a tf st`ig i dckdgyviguijg` trfv` fn j`ir`r jfebs#1 J`v`rgy Dcggs Ofp $XirilfuetXcotur`s 9342# $nrc`eb fn prftikfecst cs lurb`r`b nfr st`igcekj`ir`r jfebs nrfl i bruk fp`ritcfe–s acekpce#%
J`ir`r jfebs ce td` Pect`b _tit`s $jut eft cet`reitcfeiggy#w`r` `ss`etciggy `gclceit`b ce 934: jy td` clpfsctcfe fn dckd tixp`eigtc`s fe td`cr cssuieo`% _`` Rix @qucty ieb NcsoigZ`spfescjcgcty Iot fn 934:' Xuj% G% 3;,:24' § 2;983' 3> _tit% 03>$ofbcnc`b it :> P%_%O% § 2;89$i##%
:2
fn i rckdt tf `enfro`' td` pfss`ssfr fn td` eft` lust b`lfestrit`
jftd td` niot fn td` b`gcv`ry ieb td` purpfs` fn td` b`gcv`ry fn
td` eft` tf td` triesn`r`` ce frb`r tf quigcny is td` ‗p`rsfe
`etctg`b tf `enfro`%“?% Irtcog` 3 ieb Rriesn`rs fn Fwe`rsdcp ieb Ftd`r
Cet`r`sts ce i Xrflcssfry Eft`
Rd` ‗triesn`r“ ofeo`pt cs eft fegy jfueb up ce td`
`enfro`l`et fn td` lia`r–s fjgckitcfe tf piy td` b`jt `vcb`eo`b
jy td` eft`' jut igsf ce td` fwe`rsdcp fn tdfs` rckdts% Xut
ieftd`r wiy' fe` oie j` ie fwe`r fn i eft` wctdfut j`cek i
‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`%“ Rdcs bcstceotcfe liy eft j` ie:0
`isy fe` tf briw' jut ct cs fe` td` POO og`irgy `ljrio`s% [dcg`
ce liey ois`s td` fwe`r fn i eft` ieb td` p`rsfe `etctg`b tf
`enfro` ct ir` fe` ieb td` sil`' tdcs cs eft igwiys td` ois`' ieb
tdfs` ois`s ir` pr`ocs`gy td` ois`s ce wdcod Ocvcg Zug` 9; wfugb
r`qucr` mfceb`r fn td` r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st%
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 25/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Is w`gg is iey cebfrs`r–s fjgckitcfe tf piy% _`` POO § ?,:>
290$i#%
Rf r`,`lpdiscz` td` fnt,fv`rgffa`b pfcet= Irtcog` ? cs
:;
sunncoc`etgy ng`xcjg` tf iggfw i scekg` cb`etcnc`b p`rsfe tf j`jftd td` ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` eft`' ieb ie ik`et nfrigg tdfs` wdf liy div` fwe`rsdcp cet`r`sts ce i eft`% Rdcs pfcetr`ng`ots td` vc`w tdit sf gfek is td` lia`r–s fjgckitcfe csbcsodirk`b jy piyl`et' td` lia`r sdfugb j` cebcnn`r`et is tfwd`td`r td` ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` eft` sitcsnc`s dcsfr d`r fjgckitcfes' ueb`r td` giw fn ik`eoy' tf td` ugtclit`fwe`rs fn td` eft`%
:0
Rdcs bcstceotcfe nurtd`r r`ofkecz`s tdit td` rug`s tdit
b`t`rlce` wdf cs `etctg`b tf `enfro` i eft` ir` ofeo`re`b
prclircgy wctd td` lia`r fn td` eft`% Rd`y ir` b`scke`b tf
prfvcb` nfr td` lia`r i r`gitcv`gy sclpg` wiy fn b`t`rlcecek tfwdfl td` fjgckitcfe cs fw`b ieb' tdus' wdfl td` lia`r lust piy ce
frb`r tf ivfcb b`niugtcek fe td` fjgckitcfe% POO § ?,>8:$i#'
$o#% Jy ofetrist' td` rug`s ofeo`recek triesn`r fn fwe`rsdcp ieb
ftd`r cet`r`sts ce i eft` cb`etcny wdf' ilfek oflp`tcek
ogicliets' cs `etctg`b tf td` eft`–s `ofeflco vigu` $tdit cs' td`
vigu` fn td` lia`r–s prflcs` tf piy#% Peb`r `stijgcsd`b rug`s':>
td` lia`r sdfugb j` cebcnn`r`et is tf wdf fwes fr dis ie cet`r`st
ce td` eft` sf gfek is ct bf`s eft inn`ot td` lia`r–s ijcgcty tf
lia` piyl`ets fe td` eft`% Fr' tf put tdcs stit`l`et ce td`
ofet`xt fn tdcs ois`' td` ^`igs sdfugb eft oir` wdf iotuiggy fwes
td` Eft` ‟ ieb ct cs tdus crr`g`viet wd`td`r td` Eft` dis j``e
nriotcfeigcz`b fr s`ourctcz`b ‟ sf gfek is td`y bf aefw wdf td`y
sdfugb piy% Z`turecek tf td` pitfcs fn Irtcog` ?' sf gfek istd`y aefw td` cb`etcty fn td` ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td`
Eft`' td` ^`igs sdfugb j` ofet`et%:;
Cectciggy' i eft` cs fwe`b jy td` piy`` tf wdfl ct wis
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 26/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rdit cs' ct triesn`rs i eft` ce i liee`r eft ofet`lpgit`b:4
jy Irtcog` ?%
Irtcog` 3 `xpgcoctgy ceofrpfrit`s b`ncectcfes nfueb ce:3
Irtcog` 9% POO § 3,98:$o#%
:>
cssu`b% Cn tdit piy`` s``as `ctd`r tf us` td` eft` is ofggit`rig
fr s`gg td` eft` futrckdt tf i tdcrb pirty ce i liee`r eft wctdce
Irtcog` ?' Irtcog` 3 fn td` POO kfv`res tdit sig` fr gfie:4
triesiotcfe ieb b`t`rlce`s wd`td`r td` purodis`r fn td` eft` fror`bctfr fn td` piy`` fjtices i prfp`rty cet`r`st ce td` eft`%
_`` POO § 3,983$i#$?#%
[ctd v`ry n`w `xo`ptcfes' td` sil` rug`s tdit ippgy tf
triesiotcfes ce wdcod i piyl`et rckdt s`rv`s is ofggit`rig nfr ie
fjgckitcfe igsf ippgy tf triesiotcfes ce wdcod i piyl`et rckdt cs
sfgb futrckdt% _`` POO § 3,:8?% Zitd`r tdie ofetice twf
pirigg`g s`ts fn rug`s ‟ fe` nfr triesiotcfes ce wdcod piyl`et
rckdts ir` ofggit`rig ieb td` ftd`r nfr sig`s fn piyl`et rckdts ‟
Irtcog` 3 us`s efl`eogitur` ofev`etcfes tf ippgy fe` s`t fn rug`s
tf jftd typ`s fn triesiotcfes% Rdcs cs iooflpgcsd`b prclircgy jy
b`ncecek td` t`rl ‗s`ourcty cet`r`st'“ nfueb ce POO
§ 9,:89$j#$?0#' tf ceogub` eft fegy ie cet`r`st ce prfp`rty:3
tdit s`our`s ie fjgckitcfe' jut igsf td` rckdt fn i purodis`r fni piyl`et rckdt suod is i prflcssfry eft`% On% POO § 9,
:89$j#$?0# $Rd` t`rl ‗s`ourcty cet`r`st“ igsf ‗ceogub`s iey
cet`r`st fn i ofesckefr ieb i juy`r fn ioofuets' oditt`g pip`r' i
piyl`et cetiekcjg`' fr i prflcssfry eft` ce i triesiotcfe tdit cs
sujm`ot tf Irtcog` 3%“#%
D`r`' e`ctd`r IDL_C efr [`ggs Nirkf wis td` cectcig piy`` fn
td` Eft`% Bu` tf tdcs niot' `iod wis r`qucr`b tf b`lfestrit`
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 27/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
:;
niots sunncoc`et tf `stijgcsd cts r`sp`otcv` stiebcek% _`` eft`
99' supri% Ce tdcs r`kirb' niots tdit wfugb j` sunncoc`et nfr
IDL_C ir` bcnn`r`et nrfl tdfs` tdit wfugb j` sunncoc`et nfr [`ggs
Nirkf% Is tf [`ggs Nirkf' ct dib tf sdfw ct dib i ofgfrijg`ogicl tf r`o`cv` piyl`et pursuiet tf td` Eft`' wdcod ct ofugb
iooflpgcsd `ctd`r jy sdfwcek ct wis i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf
`enfro`“ td` Eft` ueb`r Irtcog` ?' fr jy sdfwcek tdit ct dib sfl`
fwe`rsdcp fr ftd`r prfp`rty cet`r`st ce td` Eft`% Is tf IDL_C'
is ct sfukdt i bcstrcjutcfe nrfl td` `stit` ce piyl`et fn td`
Eft`' ct dib tf sdfw tdit ct wis i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“
td` Eft`' fr wis td` ik`et fn suod i p`rsfe%
O% [`ggs Nirkf–s Gioa fn _tiebcek tf _``a Z`gc`n nrfl td`
Iutflitco _tiy
[`ggs Nirkf sfukdt r`gc`n nrfl td` iutflitco stiy tf
nfr`ogfs` fe td` Xrfp`rty% Rd` iutflitco stiy' dfw`v`r' pr`v`ets
‗igg prfo``bceks r`gitcek tf i nfr`ogfsur` sig`%“ Liee v% IBC
Cevs%' Ceo% $Ce r` Liee#' 38; N%:b 3:?' 3:>‟:; $3td Ocr% 9338#%Is i r`sugt' tf tia` iey iotcfe ftd`r tdie ncgcek i prffn fn
ogicl' [`ggs Nirkf dib tf s``a r`gc`n nrfl td` stiy%
9% _tiebcek tf _``a Z`gc`n nrfl Iutflitco _tiy
Peb`r § ?>:$b#' td` jiearuptoy ofurt liy kriet r`gc`n nrfl
td` iutflitco stiy ‗Qf\e r`qu`st fn i pirty ce cet`r`st%“ Rd`
Jiearuptoy Ofb` bf`s eft b`nce` td` t`rl ‗pirty ce cet`r`st%“
‗_titus is —i pirty ce cet`r`st– ueb`r § ?>:$b# —lust j`
b`t`rlce`b fe i ois`,jy,ois` jiscs' wctd r`n`r`eo` tf td`
cet`r`st iss`rt`b ieb dfw Qtdit\ cet`r`st cs inn`ot`b jy td`
iutflitco stiy%–“ Arfe`ly`r' 280 J%Z% it 393 $quftcek Ce r`
[ffbj`rry' ?4? J%Z% ?;?' ?;4 $Jiear% B%_%O% :884##%www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 28/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
:4
Fur prcfr pr`o`b`et cs ipprfprcit`gy g`ec`et wctd r`sp`ot tf
stiebcek nfr stiy r`gc`n% Rdcs Xie`g sicb ce Arfe`ly`r tdit
‗Qo\r`bctfrs liy fjtice r`gc`n nrfl td` stiy cn td`cr cet`r`sts
wfugb j` dirl`b jy ofetceuieo` fn td` stiy%“ Arfe`ly`r' 280 J%Z%it 3:9% Ofggc`r us`s i sclcgirgy `xpiescv` stit`l`et= ‗Iey pirty
inn`ot`b jy td` stiy sdfugb j` `etctg`b tf s``a r`gc`n%“
? Ofggc`r fe Jiearuptoy ¾ ?>:%8;Q:\ $D`ery _fll`r ieb Igie
Z`secoa' `bs%' 9>td `b% :899#%
Rdcs t`st `xpiebs fr ofetriots tf litod td` cet`r`sts sfukdt
tf j` iss`rt`b% I s`rvco`r' nfr `xilpg`' lckdt j` b`g`kit`b igg
cts prceocpig–s rckdts' fr ct ofugb sclpgy j` iss`rtcek cts
s`pirit` rckdt tf j` picb fut fn td` lfrtkik` piyl`ets% On%
O[Oipctig Iss`t Lklt%' GGO v% Odcoikf Xrfps%' GGO' >98 N%?b 23;'
088,89 $;td Ocr% :898# $‗Rd` s`rvco`r cs luod gca` ie isscke``
nfr ofgg`otcfe' wdf lust r`eb`r tf td` issckefr td` lfe`y
ofgg`ot`b jy td` isscke``+s suct fe dcs j`dign $lceus td`
isscke``+s n``# jut oie su` ce dcs fwe eil` wctdfut vcfgitcekZug` 9;$i#%“#1 Ce r` Diy`s' ?3? J%Z% :03' :>; $Jiear% B% Liss%
:884# $‗Q_\`rvco`rs ir` pirtc`s ce cet`r`st wctd stiebcek jy
vcrtu` fn td`cr p`oueciry cet`r`st ce ofgg`otcek piyl`ets ueb`r
td` t`rls fn td` eft`s ieb lfrtkik`s td`y s`rvco`%“#1 Ce r`
[ffbj`rry' ?4? J%Z% ?;?' ?;3 $Jiear% B%_%O% :884#% Ce `ctd`r
`v`et' td` s`rvco`r dis stiebcek tf r`qu`st sfl` r`gc`n nrfl td`
iutflitco stiy%
Jut Arfe`ly`r bf`s eft pr`ocs`gy ibbr`ss td` bcsor`t` cssu`
pr`s`et`b d`r`= wd`td`r [`ggs Nirkf–s cet`r`sts ir` ‗dirl`b jy
td` ofetceuieo` fn td` stiy%“ Rd` iesw`r tf tdit qu`stcfe
r`qucr`s `xilceitcfe fn jftd td` eitur` fn stiy gctckitcfewww%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 29/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Ie fjvcfus `xo`ptcfe tf tdcs piribckl foours wd`e td`?8
jiearuptoy ofurt dis igr`iby sustice`b i ogicl fjm`otcfe tf i$ofetceu`b%%%#
:3
k`e`riggy ieb td` sp`ocnco eitur` fn td` efejiearuptoy rckdts
[`ggs Nirkf s``as tf vcebcoit`%
Z`gc`n nrfl stiy prfo``bceks suod is td` fe` jrfukdt jy
[`ggs Nirkf ir` prclircgy prfo`burig1 td`y b`t`rlce` wd`td`rtd`r` ir` sunncoc`et ofuet`rvicgcek `quctc`s tf r`g`is` ie
cebcvcbuig or`bctfr nrfl td` ofgg`otcv` stiy% Fe` ofes`qu`eo` fn
tdcs jrfib cequcry cs tdit i or`bctfr–s ogicl fr s`ourcty cs eft
nceiggy b`t`rlce`b ce td` r`gc`n nrfl stiy prfo``bcek% Mfdesfe
v% Zckd`ttc $Ce r` Mfdesfe#' ;0> N%:b ;?4' ;28‟29 $3td Ocr% 9340#
$‗D`irceks fe r`gc`n nrfl td` iutflitco stiy ir` tdus diebg`b ce
i sulliry nisdcfe% Rd` vigcbcty fn td` ogicl fr ofetriot
ueb`rgycek td` ogicl cs eft gctckit`b burcek td` d`ircek%“#1
Kr`ggi v% _ig`l Ncv` O`et _iv% Jiea' 2: N%?b :>' ?? $9st Ocr%
9332# $‗[` nceb tdit i d`ircek fe i lftcfe nfr r`gc`n nrfl stiy
cs l`r`gy i sulliry prfo``bcek fn gclct`b `nn`ot % % % %“#1 Ncrst
N`b% Jiea v% Zfjjces $Ce r` Zfjjces#' ?98 J%Z% >:>' >?9 $3td Ocr%
JIX :882#%Is i r`sugt' stiy r`gc`n gctckitcfe dis v`ry gclct`b ogicl
pr`oguscfe `nn`ot' ce pirt j`oius` td` ugtclit` r`sfgutcfe fn td`
pirtc`s– rckdts ir` fnt`e r`s`rv`b nfr prfo``bceks ueb`r td`
frkieco giw kfv`recek td` pirtc`s– sp`ocnco triesiotcfe fr
foourr`eo`% _tiy r`gc`n cevfgvcek i lfrtkik`' nfr `xilpg`' cs
fnt`e nfggfw`b jy prfo``bceks ce stit` ofurt fr iotcfes ueb`r
efemubcocig nfr`ogfsur` stitut`s tf nceiggy ieb b`ncectcv`gy
`stijgcsd td` g`eb`r–s ieb td` b`jtfr–s rckdts% Ce suod?8
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 30/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
$%%%ofetceu`b#?8
lfviet–s prffn fn ogicl% Ce suod ois`s' td` bfotrce` tdits`ourcty b`p`ebs fe td` b`jt ct s`our`s ofetrfgs' ieb wctd td`b`jt bcsiggfw`b' td` lfviet efrliggy oieeft pursu` td` r`igprfp`rty s`ourcty futscb` fn jiearuptoy% _`` 2 Zcodirb Z%Xfw`gg' Xfw`gg fe Z`ig Xrfp`rty' § ?;%:;Q:\ $:888#%
?8
ocroulstieo`s' td` ofeo`re fn r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st
murcsprub`eo` nfr ivfcbcek bfujg` piyl`et cs quct` r`buo`b%
Kcv`e td` gclct`b eitur` fn td` r`gc`n fjtice`b tdrfukd i
lftcfe nfr r`gc`n nrfl td` stiy' td` `xp`bct`b d`ircek sod`bug`§ ?>:$`# prfvcb`s' ieb j`oius` nceig ibmubcoitcfe fn td` pirtc`s–
rckdts ieb gcijcgctc`s cs y`t tf foour' tdcs Xie`g dis d`gb tdit
i pirty s``acek stiy r`gc`n e``b fegy `stijgcsd tdit ct dis i
ofgfrijg` ogicl tf `enfro` i rckdt ikicest prfp`rty fn td`
`stit`% Pect`b _tit`s v% Kfugb $Ce r` Kfugb#' 289 J%Z% 290' 2:0
e%92 $3td Ocr% JIX :883#1 Jckks v% _tfvce $Ce r` Guz Cet–g'
Gtb%#' :93 J%Z% 4?;' 42: $3td Ocr% JIX 9334#% _`` igsf Kr`ggi'
2: N%?b it ?:%
:% [`ggs Nirkf–s Irkul`et Z`kirbcek _tiebcek
Igtdfukd `xpiescv`' tdcs prceocpg` cs eft wctdfut gclcts%
Ce krietcek [`ggs Nirkf–s lftcfe nfr r`gc`n nrfl stiy' td`
jiearuptoy ofurt nfueb tdit [`ggs Nirkf dib `stijgcsd`b i
‗ofgfrijg` ogicl“ jis`b fe twf fn [`ggs Nirkf–s `xdcjcts= $9# iofpy fn ie issckel`et fn lfrtkik` nrfl K_N $td` frckceig g`eb`r#
tf Fptcfe Fe` $td` ‗K_N Issckel`et“#1 ieb $:# i ofpy fn ie
issckel`et fn lfrtkik` nrfl _ieb Oieyfe Ofrpfritcfe nfrl`rgy
aefwe is Fptcfe Fe` Lfrtkik` Ofrpfritcfe tf [`ggs Nirkf $td`
‗_ieb Oieyfe Issckel`et“#% Ioofrbcek tf td` jiearuptoy ofurt'
wdf`v`r pfss`ss`b fr d`gb rckdts ce td` Eft` wis crr`g`viet%
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 31/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
?9
I jiearuptoy ofurt–s b`t`rlceitcfes r`kirbcek stiy r`gc`n
ir` r`vc`w`b nfr ie ijus` fn bcsor`tcfe' Arfe`ly`r' 280 J%Z% it
393% Rd` ijus` fn bcsor`tcfe t`st cevfgv`s twf bcstceot
b`t`rlceitcfes= ncrst' wd`td`r td` ofurt ippgc`b td` ofrr`otg`kig stiebirb1 ieb s`ofeb' wd`td`r td` niotuig ncebceks
suppfrtcek td` g`kig ieigyscs w`r` og`irgy `rrfe`fus% Pect`b
_tit`s v% Dceasfe' 040 N%?b 9:2;' 9:>9,>? $3td Ocr% :883# $`e
jieo#%
Cn td` ofurt nicg`b tf ippgy td` ofrr`ot g`kig stiebirb'
td`e ct dis ‗e`o`ssircgy ijus`Qb\ cts bcsor`tcfe%“ Offt`r . K`gg
v% Dirtlirx Ofrp%' 23> P%_% ?42' 280 $9338#% Rdcs prfek fn td`
b`t`rlceitcfe cs ofescb`r`b b` efvf% Dceasfe' 040 N%?b it 9:>9,
>:% Cn td` ofurt ippgc`b td` ofrr`ot g`kig stiebirb' td` cequcry
td`e lfv`s tf wd`td`r td` niotuig ncebceks lib` w`r` og`irgy
`rrfe`fus% Cb% it 9:>:% Peb`r Dceasfe' niotuig ncebceks ir`
og`irgy `rrfe`fus cn td`y ir` ‗cggfkcoig' clpgiuscjg`' fr wctdfut
suppfrt ce cen`r`eo`s tdit liy j` briwe nrfl td` r`ofrb%“ Cb% it9:>?% _`` igsf Zug` 489?%
Ikicest td`s` dckd stiebirbs' td` ^`igs pursu` twf bcnn`r`et
irkul`ets% Cectciggy' td`y irku` tdit td` K_N Issckel`et cs
cevigcb j`oius` ct j`irs ie uebit`b eftircig ioaefwg`bkl`et%
Rd`y igsf irku` tdit td` _ieb Oieyfe Issckel`et cs cevigcb
j`oius` ct wis eft `x`out`b uetcg int`r td` ^`igs ncg`b nfr
jiearuptoy ieb int`r [`ggs Nirkf ncg`b cts r`gc`n nrfl stiy
lftcfe% _`` Ce r` Lics`g' ?;4 J%Z% 93' :9,:: $Jiear% B% Liss%
:88;# $b`eycek r`gc`n nrfl stiy j`oius` lfviet–s stiebcek wis
b`p`eb`et fe ie issckel`et fn lfrtkik` bit`b int`r td` ncgcek fn
td` r`gc`n nrfl stiy lftcfe#%www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 32/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Ct bf`s eft' fn ofurs`' inn`ot td` fjgckitcfes wdcod div`?9
j``e s`our`b1 fegy td` rckdts tf s`ourcty nfr tdfs` fjgckitcfesir` inn`ot`b%
?:
?% [`ggs Nirkf–s Gioa fn i Ofee`otcfe tf td` Eft`
Rd` ^`igs– ncrst irkul`et wfugb s``l tf r`qucr` i niotuig
cev`stckitcfe fn td` ocroulstieo`s ueb`r wdcod td` Lfrtkik` ieb
td` sujs`qu`et issckel`ets w`r` scke`b% Jut w` e``b eft r`liebnfr tdit b`t`rlceitcfe% Rd` ^`igs div` i s`ofeb irkul`et' ieb ct
dis l`rct% Rd`y iss`rt tdit' is i litt`r fn giw' td` jiearuptoy
ofurt ippgc`b ie ceofrr`ot g`kig prceocpg` ce b`t`rlcecek tdit
[`ggs Nirkf dib ie fwe`rsdcp fr ftd`r prfp`rty cet`r`st ce td`
Eft`% Rd` ^`igs irku` tdit dib td` jiearuptoy ofurt ippgc`b td`
ofrr`ot t`st' ct wfugb div` nfueb tdit [`ggs Nirkf dib eft
`stijgcsd`b suod ie cet`r`st' ieb tdus cts iss`rt`b rckdts ueb`r
td` Lfrtkik` bcb eft ofestctut` i ofgfrijg` ogicl tf `enfro` i
rckdt ikicest prfp`rty fn td` `stit`%
Rd` a`y tf tdcs irkul`et cs tdit' ueb`r td` ofllfe giw
k`e`riggy' td` triesn`r fn i lfrtkik` wctdfut td` triesn`r fn td`
fjgckitcfe ct s`our`s r`eb`rs td` lfrtkik` ce`nn`otcv` ieb
ue`enfro`ijg` ce td` diebs fn td` triesn`r``% Z`stit`l`et$Rdcrb# fn Xrfp`rty $Lfrtkik`s# § 0%2 olt% ` $933;# $‗ce k`e`rig
i lfrtkik` cs ue`enfro`ijg` cn ct cs d`gb jy fe` wdf dis ef rckdt
tf `enfro` td` s`our`b fjgckitcfe“#% Is stit`b ce i g`ibcek?9
r`ig prfp`rty tr`itcs`=
[d`e i eft` cs spgct nrfl i b``b fn trust ‗td` eft`j`ofl`s' is i priotcoig litt`r' ues`our`b%“ Z`stit`l`et$Rdcrb# fn Xrfp`rty $Lfrtkik`# § 0%2 olt% i $933;#%
Ibbctcfeiggy' cn td` b``b fn trust wis isscke`b wctdfuttd` eft`' td`e td` isscke``' ‗divcek ef cet`r`st ce td`ueb`rgycek b`jt fr fjgckitcfe' dis i wfrtdg`ss pc`o` fnpip`r%“
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 33/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rd` Lfrtkik` ofetices i odfco` fn giw prfvcscfe' wdcod?:
stit`s tdit td` giw fn td` stit` wd`r` td` r`ig prfp`rty csgfoit`b ippgc`s tf ‗tdcs _`ourcty Cestrul`et%“ Rd` Xrfp`rty csgfoit`b ce Cggcefcs' sf tdcs ogius` wfugb r`qucr` ippgcoitcfe fnCggcefcs giw tf cssu`s ofeo`recek `enfro`l`et fn td` Lfrtkik`%
Rdcs odfco` fn giw prfvcscfe cs ofescst`et wctd td` ofllfegiw% _`` Z`stit`l`et $_`ofeb# fn Ofengcot fn Giws § ::3% Iswcgg j` s``e git`r' td` Eft` cs kfv`re`b jy td` giw fn Irczfei%_`` eft` 29' cenri% Rd` ippgcoitcfe fn bcnn`r`et odfco` fn giwrug`s tf td` Eft` ieb td` Lfrtkik` cs ofescst`et wctd td` ofllfegiw= ‗Cssu`s wdcod bf eft inn`ot iey cet`r`st ce td` gieb'igtdfukd td`y bf r`git` tf td` nfr`ogfsur`' ir` b`t`rlce`b' fetd` ftd`r dieb' jy td` giw wdcod kfv`res td` b`jt nfr wdcod td`lfrtkik` wis kcv`e%“ Cb%
??
2 Zcodirb Z% Xfw`gg' Xfw`gg fe Z`ig Xrfp`rty' § ?;%:;Q:\ $:888#%
On% Ce r` Nfr`ogfsur` Ois`s' 0:9 N% _upp% :b >08' >0? $_%B% Fdcf
:88;# $ncebcek tdit fe` wdf bcb eft ioqucr` td` eft` wdcod td`
lfrtkik` s`our`b cs eft `etctg`b tf `enfro` td` gc`e fn td`lfrtkik`#1 Ce r` Lcls' 2?4 J%Z% 0:' 0> $Jiear% _%B%E%S% :898#
$‗Peb`r E`w Sfra giw —nfr`ogfsur` fn i lfrtkik` liy eft j`
jrfukdt jy fe` wdf dis ef tctg` tf ct ieb ijs`et triesn`r fn td`
b`jt' td` issckel`et fn td` lfrtkik` cs i euggcty%–“# $quftcek
Aguk` v% Nukizy' 0?> E%S%_%:b 3:' 3? $E%S% Ipp% Bcv% 9344##%
Ce tdcs ois`' Cggcefcs giw kfv`res td` cssu`s r`git`b tf td`
Lfrtkik`–s `enfro`l`et' ieb Cggcefcs nfggfws tdcs rug`%?:
Cggcefcs % % % ofurts tr`it i lfrtkik` is ceocb`et frioo`ssfry tf td` b`jt' ieb' ie issckel`et fn i lfrtkik`wctdfut td` eft` is i euggcty% Ce frb`r nfr td`Cggcefcs % % % ofurts tf `enfro` i lfrtkik` issckel`et'td` issckefr lust isscke td` ueb`rgycek b`jt s`our`b jytd` lfrtkik` b`jt% Ct cs ixcflitco tdit iey itt`lpt tfisscke td` lfrtkik` wctdfut triesn`r fn td` b`jt wcggeft piss td` lfrtkik``–s cet`r`st tf td` isscke``%
Sfra` v% Octcjiea $Ce r` JER R`rlceigs' Ceo%#' 9:0 J%Z% 3>?' 3;8$Jiear% E%B% Cgg% 9338# $octcek Aru`k`r v% Bfrr' 9>9 E%@%:b 2??'
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 34/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rd` Z`stit`l`et igsf s`ts up i k`e`rig pr`sulptcfe tdit??
td` triesn`r fn i lfrtkik` efrliggy ceogub`s ie issckel`et fn td`
fjgckitcfe ct s`our`b% Cb% § 0%2$j# $‗@xo`pt is ftd`rwcs`r`qucr`b jy td` Pecnfrl Ofll`rocig Ofb`' i triesn`r fn i lfrtkik`igsf triesn`rs td` fjgckitcfe td` lfrtkik` s`our`s ueg`ss td`pirtc`s tf td` triesn`r ikr`` ftd`rwcs`“#% Jut is w` div`pr`vcfusgy eft`b' s`` t`xt iooflpieycek eft` ; supri' td`lfrtkik` issckel`et tf [`ggs Nirkf bcb eft igsf isscke td` Eft`%
[` ir` iwir` fn stitutfry giw ieb uer`pfrt`b ois`s ce tdcs?2
ocrouct tdit liy kcv` g`eb`rs i efejiearuptoy rckdt tf ofll`eo`nfr`ogfsur` jis`b sfg`gy upfe td`cr stitus is isscke``s fn ilfrtkik` fr b``b fn trust' ieb wctdfut iey `xpgcoct r`qucr`l`ettdit td`y div` ie cet`r`st ce td` eft`% _``' `%k%' Oig% OcvcgOfb` §§ :3:2$i#$9# $i ‗trust``' lfrtkik`` fr j`e`ncociry fr ieyfn td`cr iutdfrcz`b ik`ets“ liy ofebuot td` nfr`ogfsur` prfo`ss#1:3:2$j#$2# $i ‗p`rsfe iutdfrcz`b tf r`ofrb td` eftco` fn b`niugtfr td` eftco` fn sig`“ ceogub`s ‗ie ik`et nfr td` lfrtkik`` frj`e`ncociry' ie ik`et fn td` eil`b trust``' iey p`rsfe b`sckeit`bce ie `x`out`b sujstctutcfe fn trust``' fr ie ik`et fn tditsujstctut`b trust``%“#1 Xutaaurc v% Z`ofetrust Of%' Ef% 84ov9393'
$ofetceu`b%%%#
?2
228,29 $Cgg% Ipp% Ot% 9303#1 Lffr` v% G`wcs' ?>> E%@%:b 032' 033
$Cgg% Ipp% Ot% 93;;#1 Ofll`rocig Xrfbs% Ofrp% v% Jrc`k`g' :2:
E%@%:b ?9;' ?:9 $Cgg% Ipp% Ot% 93>4#1 ieb Gueby v% L`ss`r' 9>;
E%@%:b :;4' :;3 $Cgg% Ipp% Ot% 93>8##%Rdcs rug` ipp`irs tf j` td` ofllfe giw rug`% _``' `%k%'
Z`stit`l`et $Rdcrb# fn Xrfp`rty $Lfrtkik`# § 0%2 $933;#1
Oirp`et`r v% Gfekie' 4? P%_% :;9' :;2,;0 $94;:# $‗Rd` eft` ieb
lfrtkik` ir` ces`pirijg`1 td` nfrl`r is `ss`etcig' td` gitt`r is
ie ceocb`et% Ie issckel`et fn td` eft` oirrc`s td` lfrtkik` wctd
ct' wdcg` ie issckel`et fn td` gitt`r igfe` cs i euggcty%“#1
Frlie v% Efrtd Igijili Iss`ts Of%' :82 N% :43' :3? $E%B% Igi%
939?#1 Zfoanfrb Rrust Of% v% Xurt`gg' 94? Ira% 394 $93?9#%??
[dcg` w` ir` iwir` tdit sfl` stit`s liy div` igt`r`b tdcs rug` jy
stitut`' tdit cs eft td` ois` d`r`%?2
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 35/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
$%%%ofetceu`b#?2
:883 [G ?:0>; it -: $_%B% Oig% Mie% 0' :883# $‗Xrfbuotcfe fn td`frckceig eft` cs eft r`qucr`b tf prfo``b wctd i efe,mubcocignfr`ogfsur`%“#1 Oieb`gf v% EB`x [`st' GGO' Ef% 84,939>' :884 [G
0?4::03 it -2 $@%B% Oig% B`o% :?' :884# $‗Ef r`qucr`l`et `xcstsueb`r td` stitutfry nril`wfra tf prfbuo` td` frckceig eft` tfcectcit` efe,mubcocig nfr`ogfsur`%“#1 _ie Bc`kf Dfl` _fgutcfes'Ceo% v% Z`ofetrust Of%' Ef% 84ov93;8' :884 [G 0:833;: it -: $_%B%Oig% B`o% 98' :884# $‗Oigcnfreci giw bf`s eft r`qucr` tdit td`frckceig eft` j` ce td` pfss`sscfe fn td` pirty cectcitcekefe,mubcocig nfr`ogfsur`%“#% Jut s`` Ce r` _igizir' VVV J%Z%VVV' :899 [G 9?342;4 it -2 $Jiear% _%B% Oig% :899# $vigcbnfr`ogfsur` ueb`r Oigcnfreci giw r`qucr`s jftd tdit td`nfr`ogfscek pirty j` `etctg`b tf ‗piyl`et fn td` s`our`b b`jt“ieb tdit cts ‗stitus is nfr`ogfscek j`e`ncociry ipp`ir j`nfr` td`sig` ce td` pujgco r`ofrb tctg` nfr td` Qp\rfp`rty%“#% [``xpr`ss ef vc`w fn td` cet`riotcfe fn td`s` stitut`s ieb r`igpirty ce cet`r`st r`qucr`l`ets ueb`r Ocvcg Zug` 9;%
Pgtclit`gy' td` lceclul r`qucr`l`ets nfr td` cectcitcfe fnnfr`ogfsur`s ueb`r ippgcoijg` efejiearuptoy giw wcgg sdip` td`jfuebirc`s fn r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st stitus ueb`r Ocvcg Zug` 9;wctd r`sp`ot tf r`gc`n nrfl stiy litt`rs% Is i ofes`qu`eo`' td`r`sugt ce i kcv`e ois` liy fnt`e b`p`eb upfe td` sctus fn td`r`ig prfp`rty ce qu`stcfe%
?0
Is i r`sugt' tf sdfw i ofgfrijg` ogicl ikicest td` Xrfp`rty'
[`ggs Nirkf dib tf sdfw tdit ct dib sfl` cet`r`st ce td` Eft`'
`ctd`r is i dfgb`r' is sfl` ftd`r ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`'“
fr tdit ct wis sfl`fe` wdf d`gb sfl` fwe`rsdcp fr ftd`r cet`r`stce td` Eft`% _`` Ce r` Dwiek' 2?4 J%Z% >>9' >>0 $O%B% Oig% :898#
$ncebcek tdit dfgb`r fn eft` dis r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st stitus#%
Efe` fn td` `xdcjcts ittiod`b tf [`ggs Nirkf–s pip`rs' dfw`v`r'
`stijgcsd cts stitus is td` dfgb`r' is i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf
`enfro`'“ fr is ie `etcty wctd iey fwe`rsdcp fr ftd`r cet`r`st ce
td` Eft`%
Eft surprcscekgy' [`ggs Nirkf bcsikr``s% Ct irku`s tdit ct
sujlctt`b bfoul`ets ce suppfrt fn cts r`gc`n nrfl stiy lftcfe
wdcod `stijgcsd`b i ‗ofgfrijg` ogicl“ ikicest prfp`rty fn td`
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 36/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4Is cebcoit`b ijfv`' s`` eft` :: supri' td`r` cs ef?0
irkul`et tdit td` eft` cs gfst fr b`strfy`b%
?>
`stit`% Ce tdcs r`kirb' ct oct`s Ce r` Zfjjces' ?98 J%Z% >:>'
>?9 $3td Ocr% JIX :882# $wdcod ce ture oct`s Kr`ggi' 2: N%?b it
?:#% Dfw`v`r' e`ctd`r Zfjjces efr Kr`ggi b`igt wctd i odigg`ek`
tf td` lfviet–s stiebcek wdcod' is w` div` sicb' cs ieceb`p`eb`et tdr`sdfgb cssu`% _clpgy put' td` ofgfrijg` ogicl
stiebirb s`t nfrtd ce Zfjjces bf`s eft nr`` [`ggs Nirkf nrfl td`
jurb`e fn `stijgcsdcek cts stitus is i r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st
iggfwcek ct tf lfv` nfr r`gc`n nrfl stiy' is tdcs cs td` wiy ce
wdcod [`ggs Nirkf sitcsnc`s cts prub`etcig stiebcek r`qucr`l`et%
Ce pirtcougir' j`oius` ct bcb eft sdfw tdit ct fr cts ik`et
dib iotuig pfss`sscfe fn td` Eft`' [`ggs Nirkf ofugb eft
`stijgcsd tdit ct wis i dfgb`r fn td` Eft`' fr i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b
tf `enfro`“ td` Eft`% Ce ibbctcfe' `v`e cn iblcsscjg`' td`?0
nceig purpfrt`b issckel`et fn td` Lfrtkik` wis cesunncoc`et ueb`r
Irtcog` 3 tf suppfrt i ofeoguscfe tdit [`ggs Nirkf dfgbs iey
cet`r`st' fwe`rsdcp fr ftd`rwcs`' ce td` Eft`% Xut ieftd`r wiy'
wctdfut iey `vcb`eo` t`ebcek tf sdfw ct wis i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf`enfro`“ td` Eft`' fr tdit ct dis ie cet`r`st ce td` Eft`' [`ggs
Nirkf dis sdfwe ef rckdt tf `enfro` td` Lfrtkik` s`ourcek td`
Eft`% [ctdfut td`s` rckdts' [`ggs Nirkf oieeft lia` td`
tdr`sdfgb sdfwcek fn i ofgfrijg` ogicl tf td` Xrfp`rty tdit wfugb
kcv` ct prub`etcig stiebcek tf s``a stiy r`gc`n fr tf quigcny is
i r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st%
Ioofrbcekgy' td` jiearuptoy ofurt `rr`b wd`e ct kriet`b
[`ggs Nirkf–s lftcfe nfr r`gc`n nrfl stiy' ieb w` lust r`v`rs`
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 37/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
?;
tdit rugcek%
B% IDL_C–s Gioa fn _tiebcek tf Ncg` Xrffn fn Ogicl
IDL_C–s prffn fn ogicl pr`s`ets sclcgir cssu`s' jut ce i
bcnn`r`et ofet`xt% Ie frb`r fv`rrugcek i ogicl fjm`otcfe oierics` g`kig cssu`s $suod is td` prfp`r ofestruotcfe fn stitut`s
ieb rug`s# wdcod w` r`vc`w b` efvf' is w`gg is niotuig cssu`s
$suod is wd`td`r td` niots `stijgcsd oflpgcieo` wctd pirtcougir
stitut`s fr rug`s#' wdcod w` r`vc`w nfr og`ir `rrfr% Oilpj`gg v%
^`rczfe [cr`g`ss $Ce r` Oilpj`gg#' ??> J%Z% 2?8' 2?2 $3td Ocr%
JIX :880#1 D`itd v% Il% @xpr`ss Rriv`g Z`git`b _`rvs% Of% $Ce r`
D`itd#' ??9 J%Z% 2:2' 2:4,:3 $3td Ocr% JIX :880#%
Rd` ^`igs ofet`eb tdit IDL_C–s purpfrt`b ogicl ‟ is fppfs`b
tf iey s`ourcty nfr tdit ogicl ‟ cs sujm`ot tf fjm`otcfe ueb`r
Irtcog` ? fn td` POO% Cn ofrr`ot' td`cr efejiearuptoy fjm`otcfe
prfvcb`s i sunncoc`et jiscs nfr bcsiggfwieo` fn td` ogicl%
§ 08:$j#$9#% [d`e rugcek fe suod ie fjm`otcfe' td` jiearuptoy
ofurt lia`s i sujstietcv` rugcek tdit jcebs td` pirtc`s ce iggftd`r prfo``bceks ieb liy nceiggy ibmubcoit` td` pirtc`s–
ueb`rgycek rckdts% Is stit`b ce Aitod`e v% Gieby' ?4: P%_% ?:?
$93>>#=
Rd` jiearuptoy ofurts ‗div` sulliry murcsbcotcfe tfibmubcoit` ofetrfv`rsc`s r`gitcek tf prfp`rty fv`rwdcod td`y div` iotuig fr ofestruotcv` pfss`sscfe%“
Cb% it ?:; $quftcek Rdflpsfe v% Likefgci X`trfg`ul Of%' ?83 P%_%
2;4' 249 $9328##% Ofurts div` ibfpt`b tdcs odiriot`rczitcfe fn
td` `nn`ot fn ogicl fjm`otcfe prfo``bceks ueb`r td` sfl`wdit
bcnn`r`et' ieb lfr` `xpiescv`' murcsbcotcfeig struotur` ce pgio`
ueb`r td` 93;4 Jiearuptoy Ofb`% @BX L`b% Oflput`r _ys%' Ceo% v%
Pect`b _tit`s' 248 N%?b >:9' >:2 $:b Ocr% :88;#1 _c`k`g v% N`b%www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 38/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rd` prfo`ss' fn ofurs`' cs sunncoc`etgy ng`xcjg` tf iggfw?>
jiearuptoy ofurts ce ipprfprcit` ois`s tf b`n`r tf efejiearuptoyofurts tf gcqucbit` ieb s`ttg` td` pirtc`s– ogicls iebofet`etcfes% _``' `%k%' _feeix Cebus%' Ceo% v% Rrc Oflpfe`etXrfbs% Ofrp% $Ce r` _feeix Cebus%' Ceo%#' 38; N%:b 9:48' 9:4> $:bOcr% 9338#1 Kfyi Nffbs' Ceo% v% Peieu`,Oisig $Ce r`Peieu`,Oisig#' 903 J%Z% 38' 3> $B% X%Z% 933?#' inn–b' :? N%?b ?30$9st Ocr% 9332#1 Jusod v% Jusod $Ce r` Jusod#' :32 J%Z% 9?;' 929e%2 $98td Ocr% JIX :88?# $ofgg`otcek ois`s#1 Rru`jrf' Ceo% v%Xgulj`r`x _p`ocigty Xrfbs%' Ceo% $Ce r` Xgulj`r`x _p`ocigtyXrfbs%' Ceo%#' ?99 J%Z% 009' 00;,04 $Jiear% O%B% Oig% :882#%
Rd` jiearuptoy ofurt' dfw`v`r' dis `xoguscv` murcsbcotcfefv`r td` `stit` prfp`rty tdit wcgg j` bcstrcjut`b fe suod ogicl':4 P%_%O% § 9??2$`#' ieb `xoguscv` murcsbcotcfe fv`r td`bcstrcjutcfe fn `stit` prfp`rty%
?4
Dfl` Gfie Lfrtk% Ofrp%' 92? N%?b 0:0' 0:3,?8 $3td Ocr% 9334#1
Jiea fn Giniy`tt` v% Jiubfce $Ce r` Jiubfce#' 349 N%:b ;?>' ;2:
$0td Ocr% 933?#%
Ofescst`et wctd tdcs vc`w' frb`rs ce ogicl fjm`otcfeprfo``bceks div` j``e kcv`e cssu` ieb ogicl pr`oguscv` `nn`ot%
Is stit`b ce Aitod`e'
Rd` efrlig rug`s fn r`s mubcoiti ieb ofggit`rig`stfpp`g ippgy tf td` b`ocscfes fn jiearuptoy ofurts%Lfr` sp`ocncoiggy' i or`bctfr wdf fnn`rs i prffn fnogicl ieb b`liebs cts iggfwieo` cs jfueb jy wdit csmubcociggy b`t`rlce`b1 ieb cn dcs ogicl cs r`m`ot`b'cts vigcbcty liy eft j` r`gctckit`b ce ieftd`rprfo``bcek fe td` ogicl%
?4: P%_% it ??2 $octitcfes flctt`b#% Ce sdfrt' i ogicls
fjm`otcfe prfo``bcek ce jiearuptoy tia`s td` pgio` fn td` stit`
ofurt giwsuct fr ftd`r iotcfe j`oius` suod iotcfes ir`
pr`sulptcv`gy stiy`b jy td` fp`ritcfe fn § ?>:%?>
Rd` ^`igs odigg`ek` IDL_C–s stitus is td` r`ig pirty ce
cet`r`st tf ncg` i prffn fn ogicl wctd r`sp`ot tf td` Eft`% Rdcs
irkul`et stiebs fe sfl`wdit bcnn`r`et krfuebs tdie td` sclcgirfjm`otcfe tf [`ggs Nirkf–s stiy r`gc`n% Pegca` i lftcfe nfr
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 39/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Rd` Ibvcsfry Ofllctt`` Eft`s iooflpieycek td` frckceig?;
v`rscfe fn Zug` ?88;' prflugkit`b ce 934?' ce r`g`viet pirt stit`tdit ‗Qt\d` ofet`st`b litt`r cectcit`b jy ie fjm`otcfe tf i ogiclcs kfv`re`b jy rug` 3892%“ Rd` Ibvcsfry Ofllctt`` Eft`siooflpieycek td` :88; il`ebl`ets bf eft igt`r tdcs vc`w%
?3
r`gc`n nrfl td` stiy' td` ogicl iggfwieo` prfo`bur` dis nceigcty'
is § 08:$j#$9# `xpgcoctgy bcr`ots i jiearuptoy ofurt tf bcsiggfw
i ogicl cn i g`kctclit` efejiearuptoy giw b`n`es` `xcsts% Ikice'
uegca` lftcfes nfr r`gc`n nrfl td` iutflitco stiy' td`r` wcgg j`ef sujs`qu`et b`t`rlceitcfe fn td` pirtc`s– r`gitcv` rckdts ieb
r`spfescjcgctc`s ce ieftd`r nfrul% Rd` prfo``bceks ce td`
jiearuptoy ofurt ir` td` nceig b`t`rlceitcfe% Is i r`sugt' Ocvcg
Zug` 9;–s pfgcoy fn pr`v`etcek lugtcpg` gcijcgcty cs nuggy
clpgcoit`b%
IDL_C ippir`etgy ofeo`b`b tdit [`ggs Nirkf d`gb td` `ofeflco
cet`r`st ce td` Eft`' is ct ncg`b td` prffn fn ogicl iss`rtcek
tdit ct wis [`ggs Nirkf–s iutdfrcz`b ik`et% Zug` ?889$j# p`rlcts
suod iss`rtcfes' ieb suod iss`rtcfes fnt`e kf ueodigg`ek`b% Jut
d`r` td` ^`igs bcb eft g`t ct piss1 td`y inncrlitcv`gy qu`stcfe`b
IDL_C–s stiebcek% Ce spct` fn tdcs odigg`ek`' IDL_C pr`s`et`b ef
`vcb`eo` sdfwcek iey ik`eoy fr ftd`r r`gitcfesdcp wctd [`ggs
Nirkf ieb ef `vcb`eo` sdfwcek tdit `ctd`r IDL_C fr [`ggs Nirkfwis i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` Eft`% Rdit nicgur` sdfugb
div` j``e nitig tf cts pfsctcfe%
9% Rd` Gioa fn Ncebceks fe O`etrig Cssu`s
Rd` ncgcek fn ie fjm`otcfe tf ogicl cectcit`s i ofet`st`b
litt`r' sujm`ot tf td` prfo`bur`s s`t nfrtd ce Zug` 3892% _``
Ibvcsfry Ofllctt`` Eft`s iooflpieycek Zug` ?88;% Ce ofet`st`b?;
litt`rs' i jiearuptoy ofurt lust lia` ncebceks fn niot' `ctd`r
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 40/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Ocvcg Zug` 0:$i#$9# prfvcb`s ce r`g`viet pirt=?4
$i# Ncebceks ieb Ofeoguscfes%$9# Ce K`e`rig% Ce ie iotcfe trc`b fe td` niots
wctdfut i mury fr wctd ie ibvcsfry mury' td` ofurt lustnceb td` niots sp`ociggy ieb stit` cts ofeoguscfes fn
giw s`pirit`gy% Rd` ncebceks ieb ofeoguscfes liy j`stit`b fe td` r`ofrb int`r td` ogfs` fn td` `vcb`eo` frliy ipp`ir ce ie fpcecfe fr i l`lfriebul fn b`ocscfencg`b jy td` ofurt%
Kcv`e td` gioa fn bfoul`etitcfe prfvcb`b ce r`spfes` tf?3
td` ^`igs– fjm`otcfe' ct cs eft surprcscek tdit td` jiearuptoyofurt lib` ef ncebceks fe td` bcsput`b niotuig cssu`s% _`` eft`;' supri%
28
friggy fe td` r`ofrb' fr ce i wrctt`e b`ocscfe% _`` Zug` 3892$o#
$ceofrpfritcek Zug` ;80:' wdcod ce ture ceofrpfrit`s Ocvcg Zug`
0:#% Rd`s` ncebceks lust j` sunncoc`et tf `eijg` i r`vc`wcek?4
ofurt tf b`t`rlce` td` niotuig jiscs nfr td` ofurt–s rugcek%^ieo` v% Il% Diwicc Orucs`s' Ceo%' ;43 N%:b ;38' ;3: $3td Ocr%
934>#% Igtdfukd td` jiearuptoy ofurt d`r` fv`rrug`b td` ^`igs–
fjm`otcfe tf IDL_C–s prffn fn ogicl' ct bcb sf wctdfut liacek iey
ncebceks fr `v`e iey stit`l`ets r`kirbcek td` niotuig jiscs nfr
td` ofurt–s ofeoguscfe tdit IDL_C dib stiebcek tf ncg` td` prffn
fn ogicl% Ct sclpgy d`gb tdit j`cek ie isscke`` $fr ik`et fn?3
td` isscke``# fn td` Lfrtkik` wis sunncoc`et%
@v`e wd`e i jiearuptoy ofurt bf`s eft lia` nfrlig ncebceks'
dfw`v`r' td` JIX liy ofebuot ipp`ggit` r`vc`w ‗cn i oflpg`t`
ueb`rstiebcek fn td` cssu`s liy j` fjtice`b nrfl td` r`ofrb is i
wdfg` fr cn td`r` oie j` ef k`euce` bcsput` ijfut flctt`b
ncebceks%“ Kirb`edcr` v% Cet`reig Z`v`eu` _`rv% $Ce r`
Kirb`edcr`#' ::8 J%Z% ?;>' ?48 $3td Ocr% JIX 9334#' r`v–b feftd`r krfuebs' :83 N%?b 9920 $3td Ocr% :888# $octcek ^ieo`' ;43
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 41/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
_`` t`xt iooflpieycek eft` ;' ijfv`% Ce ibbctcfe' td`28
bfoul`ets pr`s`et`b' `sp`ociggy td` Bfroduoa G`tt`r' ir` sujm`ottf i dfst fn `vcb`etciry prfjg`ls%
29
N%:b it ;3:1 Likei [`gb _ig`s Of% v% Likei Iggfys . Z`s`irod
Xty%' Gtb%' 020 N%:b >>4' >;9 $3td Ocr% 93;>##% _`` igsf M`ss v%
Oir`y $Ce r` M`ss#' 9>3 N%?b 9:82' 9:84,83 $3td Ocr% 9333#1
_wiesfe v% G`vy' 083 N%:b 403' 4>8,>9 $3td Ocr% 93;0#% Int`rsuod i r`vc`w' dfw`v`r' wd`e td` r`ofrb bf`s eft ofetice i og`ir
jiscs nfr td` ofurt–s rugcek' w` lust vioit` td` ofurt–s frb`r
ieb r`lieb nfr nurtd`r prfo``bceks% _``' `%k%' Igpdi Bcstr% Of%
v% Mioa Biec`g Bcstcgg`ry' 202 N%:b 22:' 20:,0? $3td Ocr% 93;:#1
Oieibcie Ofll–g Jiea v% Dft`g Dfggywffb $Ce r` Dft`g Dfggywffb#'
30 J%Z% 9?8' 9?:,?2 $3td Ocr% JIX 9344#%
[` div` ofebuot`b suod i r`vc`w fn td` r`ofrb' ieb w` div`
nfueb eftdcek ce td` r`ofrb tdit `stijgcsd`s IDL_C–s stiebcek tf
ncg` td` prffn fn ogicl% E`ctd`r pirty fnn`r`b iey t`stclfey'
`ctd`r jy wiy fn b`ogiritcfe fr jy wiy fn gcv` t`stclfey fn
wcte`ss`s' tf suppfrt td`cr r`sp`otcv` pfsctcfes fe td`s`
ofet`st`b niotuig cssu`s% Efe` fn td` bfoul`ets ittiod`b tf td`
pirtc`s– pip`rs sdfw tdit IDL_C wis td` s`rvcocek ik`et fn [`ggsNirkf' g`t igfe` i s`rvcocek ik`et fn i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf
`enfro`“ td` Eft`%28
[d`e b`jtfrs suod is td` ^`igs odigg`ek` ie igg`k`b
s`rvco`r–s stiebcek tf ncg` i prffn fn ogicl r`kirbcek i eft`
kfv`re`b jy Irtcog` ? fn td` POO' tdit s`rvco`r lust sdfw ct dis
ie ik`eoy r`gitcfesdcp wctd i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td`
eft` tdit cs td` jiscs fn td` ogicl% Cn ct bf`s eft' td`e td`
s`rvco`r dis eft sdfwe tdit ct dis stiebcek tf ncg` td` prffn fn
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 42/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
Nfr td` purpfs` fn b`t`rlcecek wdf cs td` r`ig pirty ce29
cet`r`st tf `enfro` td` Eft`' td` nfrul stit`–s odfco` fn giw$ofetceu`b%%%#
2:
ogicl% _``' `%k%' Ce r` Lcejitcwiggi' 2:2 J%Z% 982' 984,99
$Jiear% _%B%E%S% :898#1 Diy`s' ?3? J%Z% it :>>,;81 Ce r` Xirrcsd'
?:> J%Z% ;84' ;:8,:9 $Jiear% E%B% Fdcf :880#%
Rd` jiearuptoy ofurt d`r` ippir`etgy ofeogub`b is i litt`rfn giw tdit td` cb`etcty fn td` p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro` td`
Eft` wis crr`g`viet% Cts ieigyscs nfggfw`b td` Lfrtkik` cest`ib
fn td` Eft`% [` bcsikr``% Ce td` ofet`xt fn i ogicl fjm`otcfe'
jftd td` cemury,ce,niot r`qucr`l`et fn ofestctutcfeig stiebcek
ieb td` r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st r`qucr`l`et fn prub`etcig stiebcek
dcek` fe wdf dfgbs td` rckdt tf piyl`et ueb`r td` Eft` ieb d`eo`
td` rckdt tf `enfro` td` Eft`% Ce r` [`csjieb' 2:; J%Z% 9?' 94,
93 $Jiear% B% Ircz% :898#% _`` igsf P,Diug' ;3? N%:b it 98?4
$dfgbcek tdit r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st cs td` ‗pirty tf wdfl td`
r`g`viet sujstietcv` giw kriets i oius` fn iotcfe“#% Ce ftd`r
wfrbs' [`ggs Nirkf $fr IDL_C is [`ggs Nirkf–s s`rvco`r# lust j` i
‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` Eft` ce frb`r tf quigcny is i
or`bctfr $fr or`bctfr–s ik`et# `etctg`b tf ncg` i prffn fn ogicl%Ftd`rwcs`' td` `stit` liy piy nuebs tf i striek`r tf td` ois`1
ceb``b' td` prcliry purpfs` fn td` r`ig pirty ce cet`r`st
bfotrce` cs tf `esur` tdit suod lcstia`e piyl`ets bf eft foour%
:% Ieigyscs fn td` Z`ofrb ieb IDL_C–s _titus is i
‗X`rsfe @etctg`b tf @enfro`“ td` Eft`
D`r`' _d`ggc ^`ig ippir`etgy scke`b td` Eft` ce Irczfei%
Kcv`e td` gioa fn i odfco` fn giw ogius` ce td` Eft`' Irczfei giw
wfugb pr`sulptcv`gy kfv`re wdf dis rckdts tf `enfro` td` Eft`%29
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 43/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
$%%%ofetceu`b#29
rug`s b`t`rlce` wdcod stit`–s sujstietcv` giw ippgc`s% >I N`b`rigXriotco` ieb Xrfo`bur`' it § 9022% Irczfei–s ippgcoijg` odfco`fn giw stitut` prfvcb`s ce r`g`viet pirt tdit' ce td` ijs`eo` fnie ikr``l`et j`tw``e td` pirtc`s' Irczfei–s v`rscfe fn td` POOippgc`s tf triesiotcfes ‗j`ircek ie ipprfprcit` r`gitcfe“ tf td`stit` fn Irczfei% Ircz% Z`v% _tit% Iee% § 2;,9?89 $:899#% Rd`^`igs' wdf ir` td` lia`rs fn td` Eft`' r`scb` ce Irczfei iebippir`etgy `x`out`b td` Lfrtkik` ieb td` Eft` ce Irczfei% $Rd`Lfrtkik` j`irs i eftircig ioaefwg`bkl`et wctd i Eftiry–s stilpsdfwcek tdit td` Eftiry cs ofllcsscfe`b ce Lircofpi Ofuety'Irczfei%# Rd`s` ueofet`st`b niots `vcb`eo` i sunncoc`etr`gitcfesdcp wctd Irczfei tf mustcny ippgcoitcfe fn Ircz% Z`v%_tit% Iee% § 2;,9?89% _`` Jirogiys Bcsofuet Jiea Gtb% v% G`vy';2? N%:b ;::' ;:2,:0 $3td Ocr% 9342# $ippgycek Oigcnfreci–sofuet`rpirt tf Ircz% Z`v% _tit% Iee% § 2;,9?89 ueb`r sclcgirocroulstieo`s#%
2?
Peb`r Irczfei–s uecnfrl ibfptcfe fn td` POO' i eft`–s lia`r dis i
vigcb fjm`otcfe tf td` `xt`et tdit td` ogicliet cs eft i ‗p`rsfe
`etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` Eft`% Ircz% Z`v% _tit% Iee% § 2;,??89%
Is stit`b j`nfr`' IDL_C pr`s`et`b ef `vcb`eo` is tf wdf pfss`ss`btd` frckceig Eft`% Ct igsf pr`s`et`b ef `vcb`eo` sdfwcek
cebfrs`l`et fn td` eft` `ctd`r ce cts nivfr fr ce nivfr fn [`ggs
Nirkf' nfr wdfl IDL_C igg`k`bgy wis s`rvcocek td` ^`ig Gfie%
[ctdfut `stijgcsdcek td`s` `g`l`ets' IDL_C oieeft `stijgcsd tdit
ct cs i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` Eft`% Rd` ^`igs wfugb
tdus div` i vigcb ogicl fjm`otcfe ueb`r § 08:$j#$9#%
Octcek Oilpj`gg' ??> J%Z% it 2?:' IDL_C `ss`etciggy irku`s
tdit td` ^`igs ir` `stfpp`b fr div` wicv`b td`cr stiebcek
irkul`ets% Rd`y pfcet tf ‗iblcsscfes“ ce td` ^`igs– jiearuptoy
sod`bug`s ieb td`cr odipt`r 9? pgie' wdcod jftd gcst IDL_C is i
s`our`b or`bctfr wctd i gc`e fe td` Xrfp`rty%
[` bcsikr``% [dit td`s` wrctceks `vcb`eo` cs nir nrfl og`ir
fe tdcs r`ofrb% Ce ibbctcfe tf td` ofeoguscfe IDL_C ibvieo`s'
www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 44/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
22
td`y lckdt igsf t`eb tf sdfw= $9# tdit IDL_C wis td` ourr`et gfie
s`rvco`r' jut eft i ‗p`rsfe `etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` Eft`' $:#
tdit IDL_C wis td` dfgb`r fn td` Eft`' $?# tdit IDL_C wis td`
fegy `etcty ourr`etgy bueecek td` ^`igs nfr piyl`et fe td` Eft`'fr $2# tdit sfl`fe` dib dckdmioa`b td` piyl`et str`il' ieb up
uetcg td` ogicls fjm`otcfe' td` ^`igs dib j``e bup`b%
Oilpj`gg' fe wdcod IDL_C r`gc`s' stiebs nfr td` uer`liraijg`
prfpfsctcfe tdit td` jiearuptoy ofurt liy kcv` `vcb`etciry w`ckdt
tf swfre stit`l`ets ce td` b`jtfr–s sod`bug`s% Oilpj`gg' ??>
J%Z% it 2?>% Oilpj`gg bf`s eft siy tdit i b`jtfr–s sod`bug`s ir`
e`o`ssircgy ieb nceiggy b`t`rlceitcv` fn igg niots ofetice`b
td`r`ce% Cb% Rdcs irkul`et liy igsf j` ie itt`lpt tf wce ie
irkul`et eft pr`s`et ce tdcs ipp`ig= eftdcek ce td` r`ofrb
cebcoit`s tdit td` jiearuptoy ofurt lib` iey ncebceks fn td` sfrt
IDL_C iss`rts jis`b fe td` ofet`ets fn td` ^`igs– sod`bug`s fr
pgie% Efr cs ct fur rfg` tf lia` suod ncebceks%
IDL_C nurtd`r irku`s tdit Oilpj`gg ieb D`itd vigcbit` td`liee`r ce wdcod ct ncg`b cts prffn fn ogicl' ieb tdus ct cs
`etctg`b tf td` `vcb`etciry j`e`ncts fn Zug` ?889$n#% Zug`
?889$n# prfvcb`s tdit ie ftd`rwcs` oflpgciet prffn fn ogicl cs
prcli nioc` `vcb`eo` fn td` vigcbcty ieb ilfuet fn td` ogicl%
IDL_C iss`rts tdit sceo` cts prffn fn ogicl l`t td` stiebirbs s`t
nfrtd ce Oilpj`gg ieb D`itd' td` ^`igs dib td` jurb`e fn
prfbuotcfe fn bfoul`ets tf sustice td`cr fjm`otcfe% Is i
ofes`qu`eo`' ioofrbcek tf IDL_C' td` ^`igs– nicgur` tf fnn`r iey
`vcb`eo` tf ofuet`r td` vigcbcty fn IDL_C–s ogicl l`iet tdit td`
jiearuptoy ofurt ofugb eft div` `rr`b ce fv`rrugcek td` ^`igs–
ogicl fjm`otcfe%www%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 45/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
:;
:4
20
E`ctd`r Oilpj`gg efr D`itd b`igt wctd ogicl fjm`otcfes jis`b
fe gioa fn stiebcek% Is eft`b ijfv`' stiebcek cs ie ceb`p`eb`et
tdr`sdfgb cssu` ce igg n`b`rig ocvcg gctckitcfe% [irtd' 2:: P%_%
it 2341 Ofuety fn A`re' 049 N%?b it 420% Is cebcoit`bpr`vcfusgy' td` pgicetcnn fr lfviet j`irs td` jurb`e fn prffn
wctd r`sp`ot tf cts fwe stiebcek' s`` eft` 99 supri' ieb IDL_C
bcb eft l``t tdit jurb`e d`r`%
Lfr`fv`r' ueb`r i oir`nug r`ibcek fn td` `etcr`ty fn Zug`
?889' stiebcek cs i pr`r`qucsct` tf td` `vcb`etciry j`e`ncts s`t
nfrtd ce Zug` ?889$n#% Fe cts nio`' Zug` ?889$n# siys tdit i
prffn fn ogicl cs prcli nioc` `vcb`eo` fn td` vigcbcty ieb ilfuet
fn td` ogicl cn ct cs jftd `x`out`b ieb ncg`b ce ioofrbieo` wctd
td` Zug`' ieb Zug` ?889$j# r`qucr`s tdit i ogicl j` `x`out`b jy
td` or`bctfr fr cts iutdfrcz`b ik`et% _clpgy put' cn i ogicl cs
odigg`ek`b fe td` jiscs fn stiebcek' td` pirty wdf ncg`b td`
prffn fn ogicl lust sdfw tdit ct cs `ctd`r td` or`bctfr fr td`
or`bctfr–s iutdfrcz`b ik`et ce frb`r tf fjtice td` j`e`ncts fnZug` ?889$n#% Cest`ib fn fjvcitcek stiebcek r`qucr`l`ets' Zug`
?889 ofebctcfes td` ivicgijcgcty fn td` pr`sulptcfes ofetice`b ce
Zug` ?889$n# upfe td` or`bctfr ncrst sitcsnycek td` stiebcek
r`qucr`l`et ofetice`b wctdce Zug` ?889$j#% Rf dfgb ftd`rwcs`
wfugb ueb`rlce` td` r`qucr`l`ets fn jftd ofestctutcfeig ieb
prub`etcig stiebcek ieb td` clpfrtiet prceocpg`s tdfs`
r`qucr`l`ets sin`kuirb%
Ce sul' td` jiearuptoy ofurt–s frb`r fv`rrugcek td` ^`igs–
ogicl fjm`otcfe lust j` vioit`b ieb tdcs litt`r r`lieb`b tf iggfw
td` jiearuptoy ofurt tf r`eb`r ncebceks fe td` bcsput`b niotuig
cssu`s% Fe r`lieb' td` b`t`rlceitcfe fn wdf cs td` ‗p`rsfewww%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l
7/28/2019 VEAL v. AHMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/veal-v-ahms 46/46
9
:
?
20
>
;
4
3
98
99
9:
9?
92
90
9>
9;94
93
:8
:9
::
:?
:2
:0
:>
`etctg`b tf `enfro`“ td` Eft`' ieb fn IDL_C–s igg`k`b
iutdfrczitcfe tf s`rvco` td` ^`ig Gfie' liy e`o`ssctit` ie
`vcb`etciry d`ircek' jut w` g`iv` tdit b`ocscfe tf td` jiearuptoy
ofurt%C^% OFEOGP_CFE
Nfr igg fn td` nfr`kfcek r`isfes' td` jiearuptoy ofurt–s
frb`r krietcek [`ggs Nirkf–s r`gc`n nrfl stiy lftcfe cs Z@^@Z_@B'
ieb td` frb`r fv`rrugcek td` ^`igs– ogicl fjm`otcfe cs ^IOIR@B
ieb Z@LIEB@B nfr nurtd`r prfo``bceks ofescst`et wctd tdcs
fpcecfe%
w%_
tfpN
fr`
ogfs
ur`Nriub
%of
l