Using Impervious Surface as a spatially Using Impervious Surface as a spatially explicit Proxy Measure of COexplicit Proxy Measure of CO22 Emssions Emssions

Dr. Paul C. Sutton Dr. Paul C. Sutton Dr. Sharolyn AndersonDr. Sharolyn Anderson

Department of GeographyDepartment of GeographyUniversity of DenverUniversity of Denver

Dr. Chris Elvidge & Kim Baugh (NOAA)Dr. Chris Elvidge & Kim Baugh (NOAA)Tilotamma Ghosh & Ben TuttleTilotamma Ghosh & Ben Tuttle

EARSeL Workshop EARSeL Workshop Bonn, Germany November 2009Bonn, Germany November 2009

OutlineOutline• Brief overview of DMSP OLS nighttime lights data productBrief overview of DMSP OLS nighttime lights data product• Mapping & Estimating Impervious SurfaceMapping & Estimating Impervious Surface

– Multiple Regression using Landscan Population and Nighttime LightsMultiple Regression using Landscan Population and Nighttime Lights– Validation using High Resolution Aerial PhotographyValidation using High Resolution Aerial Photography

• Brief overview of gridded CO2 emission data for U.S.Brief overview of gridded CO2 emission data for U.S.– Vulcan CO2 dataVulcan CO2 data

– http://www.purdue.edu/eas/carbon/vulcan/index.php • Correlation Analysis of ISA and DMSP with CO2 emissionsCorrelation Analysis of ISA and DMSP with CO2 emissions

– SourcesSources: Commercial, Cement, Industrial, Mobile, Residential, Utilities, : Commercial, Cement, Industrial, Mobile, Residential, Utilities, Aircraft, Non-Road transportation, TotalAircraft, Non-Road transportation, Total

– ScalesScales: 10 km, 20 km, 30 km, 50 km, 100 km (1 degree x 1 degree): 10 km, 20 km, 30 km, 50 km, 100 km (1 degree x 1 degree)– Mapping & Monetization of National Ecological Deficits and Surpluses Mapping & Monetization of National Ecological Deficits and Surpluses

• Regression Model, Error Pattern, Global estimatesRegression Model, Error Pattern, Global estimates

Two sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellites (865 km orbit)

Observations at 1) ~ Dawn & Dusk, 2) ~ Noon & Midnight

Pixel Size: smoothed ~2.4 km2, fine ~ 0.5 km2, Swath Width ~3000 km

Two Bands: 1) Panchromatic VNIR, 2) Thermal Infrared

Dynamic Range: VNIR more than 4 orders of magnitude larger than traditional sensors optimized for daytime observation

(e.g. sees light from reflected moonlight to reflected sunlight)

Data available from early 1970’s to Present, Digital Archive est. in 1992

Data Products derived from imagery (hyper-temporal mosaicing):

% cloud cover, % light observed, Fires, Lantern Fishing, Gas Flares, City Lights, Radiance Calibrated City Lights, Atmospherically corrected radiance calibrated city lights

The Satellite SystemDefense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational LineScan System (DMSP OLS)

Example of Cloud Screening over ItalyExample of Cloud Screening over Italy

VNIR over Italy Thermal over Italy

City Lights Data Product for Conterminous United States

Mapping Impervious Surface

Impervious Surface Area (ISA) Data Product for Conterminous United States

New Question: How good a Proxy is ISA or Nighttime lights for CO2 Emissions?

Data Source: Spatially Explicit Accounting of CO2 emission sources obtained from The Vulcan Project http://www.purdue.edu/eas/carbon/vulcan/index.php

CO2 Emissions Tons of CO2 emittedPer year per 10 x 10 kmGrid Cell

CO2 Emissions Mapfrom Mobile Sources

423,140,828 Tons of Carbon Per Year ~28% of Total U.S. CO2 emissions

CO2 Emssions Mapfrom Utilities

586,694,308 Tons of Carbon Per Year ~39% of Total U.S. CO2 emissions

Aggregate ALL Datasets to Several Spatial Scales

~20 km x ~20 km grid cells ~30 km x ~30 km grid cells

~50 km x ~50 km grid cells 1 degree x 1 degree km grid cells

Correlation Matrix

Assessed for all Scales

• 10 km x 10 km

• 20 km x 20 km

• 30 km x 30 km

• 50 km x 50 km

• 1º x 1º

sol2000_1dx1d

airco2_1dx1d

isaINT

cemco2_1dx1d

comco2_1dx1d

indco2_1dx1d

mobco2_1dx1d

nordco2_1dx1d

resco2_1dx1d

utlco2_1dx1d

totco2_1dx1d

1.0000

0.9202

0.5149

0.1528

0.8070

0.4735

0.9572

0.9133

0.8147

0.4147

0.8364

0.9202

1.0000

0.4173

0.1458

0.7595

0.4218

0.9090

0.8728

0.7459

0.3419

0.7593

0.5149

0.4173

1.0000

0.1069

0.3502

0.2816

0.4759

0.4131

0.3649

0.2287

0.4305

0.1528

0.1458

0.1069

1.0000

0.1009

0.0549

0.1746

0.1475

0.0717

0.1184

0.1711

0.8070

0.7595

0.3502

0.1009

1.0000

0.3577

0.8218

0.8457

0.9127

0.3422

0.7459

0.4735

0.4218

0.2816

0.0549

0.3577

1.0000

0.4490

0.4180

0.3315

0.2320

0.6299

0.9572

0.9090

0.4759

0.1746

0.8218

0.4490

1.0000

0.9406

0.8302

0.4172

0.8477

0.9133

0.8728

0.4131

0.1475

0.8457

0.4180

0.9406

1.0000

0.8498

0.3890

0.8114

0.8147

0.7459

0.3649

0.0717

0.9127

0.3315

0.8302

0.8498

1.0000

0.3352

0.7412

0.4147

0.3419

0.2287

0.1184

0.3422

0.2320

0.4172

0.3890

0.3352

1.0000

0.7656

0.8364

0.7593

0.4305

0.1711

0.7459

0.6299

0.8477

0.8114

0.7412

0.7656

1.0000

sol2000_1dx1d airco2_1dx1d isaINT cemco2_1dx1d comco2_1dx1d indco2_1dx1d mobco2_1dx1d nordco2_1dx1d resco2_1dx1d utlco2_1dx1d totco2_1dx1d

505 row s not used due to missing or excluded values or frequency or w eight

variables missing, negative or less than one.

Correlations

0

2000000

0

200000

400000

0

10

20

0200000400000600000

0100000020000003000000

030000006000000

9000000

030000006000000

9000000

0300000600000900000

0200000040000006000000

0

3000000

6000000

0

10000000

20000000

0 2000000 0 300000 0 10 20 0 400000 0 2000000 0 6000000 0 6000000 0 500000 0 4000000 0 5000000 0

Scatterplot Matrix

Multivariate

Correlation (R) Matrix 10 km x 10 kmDMSP Airports ISA Cement Commercial Industry Mobile NonRoad Residential Utiltities TOTAL CO2

DMSP 1.00 0.36 0.82 0.03 0.53 0.22 0.77 0.58 0.58 0.10 0.39Airports 0.36 1.00 0.38 0.03 0.22 0.08 0.38 0.30 0.24 0.04 0.18

ISA 0.82 0.38 1.00 0.03 0.51 0.17 0.74 0.63 0.55 0.08 0.35Cement 0.03 0.03 0.03 1.00 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.07

Commercial 0.53 0.22 0.51 0.02 1.00 0.14 0.55 0.50 0.72 0.08 0.34Industry 0.22 0.08 0.17 0.01 0.14 1.00 0.20 0.14 0.14 0.06 0.52Mobile 0.77 0.38 0.74 0.03 0.55 0.20 1.00 0.71 0.63 0.10 0.43

NonRoad 0.58 0.30 0.63 0.02 0.50 0.14 0.71 1.00 0.58 0.09 0.34Residential 0.58 0.24 0.55 0.01 0.72 0.14 0.63 0.58 1.00 0.11 0.39

Utilities 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.11 1.00 0.84TOTAL CO2 0.39 0.18 0.35 0.07 0.34 0.52 0.43 0.34 0.39 0.84 1.00

Im perv iou s S u rface (IS A )

Mob

ile

Co2

Em

issi

o ns

R = 0.54

Tons CO2/Year (Mobile) =2,482 + 3,408.5 * ISA

2

0

1000 00

2000 00

3000 00

4000 00

5000 00

6000 00

7000 00

Correlation (R) Matrix 20 km x 20 kmDMSP Airports Cement Commercial Industry Mobile NonRoad Residential Utilities TOTAL CO2 ISA

DMSP 1.00 0.56 0.05 0.67 0.32 0.86 0.65 0.69 0.15 0.54 0.90Airports 0.56 1.00 0.05 0.38 0.17 0.53 0.45 0.37 0.07 0.31 0.56Cement 0.05 0.05 1.00 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.04

Commercial 0.67 0.38 0.03 1.00 0.24 0.65 0.61 0.81 0.12 0.47 0.63Industry 0.32 0.17 0.01 0.24 1.00 0.30 0.21 0.21 0.10 0.56 0.27Mobile 0.86 0.53 0.05 0.65 0.30 1.00 0.76 0.69 0.14 0.56 0.83

NonRoad 0.65 0.45 0.03 0.61 0.21 0.76 1.00 0.64 0.13 0.45 0.68Residential 0.69 0.37 0.02 0.81 0.21 0.69 0.64 1.00 0.13 0.49 0.63

Utilities 0.15 0.07 0.02 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.13 1.00 0.81 0.12TotalCO2 0.54 0.31 0.07 0.47 0.56 0.56 0.45 0.49 0.81 1.00 0.49

ISA 0.90 0.56 0.04 0.63 0.27 0.83 0.68 0.63 0.12 0.49 1.00

Im perv iou s S u rface (IS A )Co2

Em

isso

ns M

obile

R = 0.68

Tons CO2/Year (Mobile) =

8,523 + 14,744 * ISA

2

0

2000 00

4000 00

6000 00

8000 00

1000 000

1200 000

1400 000

1600 000

1800 000

2000 000

2200 000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Correlation (R) Matrix 30 km x 30 kmDMSP Airports Cement Commercial Industry Mobile NonRoad ISA Residential Utiltities TOTAL CO2

DMSP 1.00 0.67 0.06 0.68 0.35 0.90 0.72 0.74 0.68 0.19 0.61Airports 0.67 1.00 0.05 0.53 0.21 0.68 0.60 0.67 0.55 0.12 0.44Cement 0.06 0.05 1.00 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.08

Commercial 0.68 0.53 0.04 1.00 0.23 0.70 0.72 0.55 0.87 0.15 0.54Industry 0.35 0.21 0.01 0.23 1.00 0.31 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.13 0.58Mobile 0.90 0.68 0.07 0.70 0.31 1.00 0.83 0.76 0.73 0.19 0.63

NonRoad 0.72 0.60 0.04 0.72 0.24 0.83 1.00 0.72 0.77 0.18 0.56ISA 0.74 0.67 0.05 0.55 0.24 0.76 0.72 1.00 0.56 0.13 0.48

Residential 0.68 0.55 0.02 0.87 0.22 0.73 0.77 0.56 1.00 0.16 0.55Utilities 0.19 0.12 0.03 0.15 0.13 0.19 0.18 0.13 0.16 1.00 0.79

TOTAL CO2 0.61 0.44 0.08 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.56 0.48 0.55 0.79 1.00

D M S P O L S (S um o f L ig h ts)

Co2

Em

issi

ons

(Mob

ile)

R = 0.81

Tons CO2/Year (Mobile) =

5,130 + 2.26 * Sum of Lights

2

0

1000 000

2000 000

3000 000

0 2000 00 4000 00 6000 00 8000 00

Correlation (R) Matrix 50 km x 50 kmDMSP Airports Cement Commercial Industry Mobile NonRoad Residiential Utilities TOTAL CO2 ISA

DMSP 1.00 0.83 0.09 0.78 0.44 0.94 0.83 0.79 0.27 0.74 0.69Airports 0.83 1.00 0.09 0.69 0.35 0.84 0.76 0.67 0.22 0.64 0.64Cement 0.09 0.09 1.00 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.06

Commercial 0.78 0.69 0.04 1.00 0.34 0.78 0.75 0.88 0.22 0.66 0.53Industry 0.44 0.35 0.02 0.34 1.00 0.40 0.34 0.30 0.18 0.63 0.31Mobile 0.94 0.84 0.10 0.78 0.40 1.00 0.89 0.80 0.27 0.74 0.69

NonRoad 0.83 0.76 0.07 0.75 0.34 0.89 1.00 0.77 0.25 0.67 0.66Residential 0.79 0.67 0.03 0.88 0.30 0.80 0.77 1.00 0.21 0.65 0.57

Utilities 0.27 0.22 0.07 0.22 0.18 0.27 0.25 0.21 1.00 0.75 0.19TOTAL CO2 0.74 0.64 0.11 0.66 0.63 0.74 0.67 0.65 0.75 1.00 0.53

ISA 0.69 0.64 0.06 0.53 0.31 0.69 0.66 0.57 0.19 0.53 1.00

D M S P O L S (S um o f L ig h ts)

Co2

Em

issi

ons

(Mob

ile) R = 0.89

Tons CO2/Year (Mobile) =

8,935 + 2.45 * Sum of Lights

2

0

1000 000

2000 000

3000 000

4000 000

0 3000 00 7000 00 1100000 1500 000

Correlation (R) Matrix 1º x 1ºDMSP Airports ISA Cement Commercial Industry Mobile NonRoad Residential Utilties Total CO2

DMSP 1.00 0.92 0.51 0.15 0.81 0.47 0.96 0.91 0.81 0.41 0.84Airports 0.92 1.00 0.42 0.15 0.76 0.42 0.91 0.87 0.75 0.34 0.76ISA 0.51 0.42 1.00 0.11 0.35 0.28 0.48 0.41 0.36 0.23 0.43Cement 0.15 0.15 0.11 1.00 0.10 0.05 0.17 0.15 0.07 0.12 0.17Commercial 0.81 0.76 0.35 0.10 1.00 0.36 0.82 0.85 0.91 0.34 0.75Industry 0.47 0.42 0.28 0.05 0.36 1.00 0.45 0.42 0.33 0.23 0.63Mobile 0.96 0.91 0.48 0.17 0.82 0.45 1.00 0.94 0.83 0.42 0.85NonRoad 0.91 0.87 0.41 0.15 0.85 0.42 0.94 1.00 0.85 0.39 0.81Residential 0.81 0.75 0.36 0.07 0.91 0.33 0.83 0.85 1.00 0.34 0.74Utilities 0.41 0.34 0.23 0.12 0.34 0.23 0.42 0.39 0.34 1.00 0.77TOTAL CO2 0.84 0.76 0.43 0.17 0.75 0.63 0.85 0.81 0.74 0.77 1.00

0

1000 0000

2000 0000

3000 0000

0 1000 000 2000 000 3000 000 4000 000

D M S P O L S (S um o f L ig h ts)

Co2

Em

issi

ons

R = 0.72

Tons CO2/Year =

252,571 + 7.59 * Sum of Lights

2

These Models are applied Globally

Note: A global product was generated using both DMSP OLS and Landscan Population Data

Impervious Surface Area is a reasonable proxy measure of Ecological Footprint

Impervious Surface Area per Person vs. ecological footprint per person for 149 countries using Ecological Footprint Data from Wackernagel et. Al.

Questions?