usgs · cyperaceae, asteraceae, and typha (fig. 4). pediastrum is a consistent part of the assem...
TRANSCRIPT
USGSscience for a changing world
Long-Term Patterns of Vegetation and Salinity
Change in the Lake Pontchartrain Region, Louisianc
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 00-520
Debra A. Willard, Thomas M. Cronin, Scott E. Ishman, Marci Marot
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF VEGETATION AND SALINITY CHANGE IN THE
LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN REGION, LOUISIANA
Debra A. Willard 1 , Thomas M. Cronin 1 , Scott E. Ishman2, Marci Marot3
'U.S. Geological Survey, 926A National Center, Reston, VA 20192
2Dept. of Geology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
3U.S. Geological Survey Center for Coastal and Marine Geology, 600 4th St. South,
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
Abstract
Palynomorph, ostracode, and benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Lake Pontchartrain sediment cores were analyzed to reconstruct long-term trends in regional vegetation and salinity in the lake. Pollen assemblages from two short cores (9-7-96-7 and 9-7-96-9), mostly deposited after 1950 AD, indicate dominance ofPinus pollen and the common occurrence of Pediastrum, a colonial green alga typically indicative of eutrophication, throughout this time. A longer core (3.47 m), LP 97-la, includes middle Holocene sediments (5.5-4.2 ka), characterized by higher salinities and greater abundance of Quercus pollen. Younger sediments in this core record a transition to meso-to oligohaline conditions and wetter conditions later in the Holocene. The upper 30-40 cm of LP 97-la represents sediment deposition after 1950 AD. These sediments are characterized by oligohaline to limnic ostracode faunas and unprecedented abundance of colonial green algae indicative of eutrophication. This may represent the response of phytoplankton and benthic communities to the introduction of Mississippi River water and sediment resuspension resulting from openings of the Bonnet Carre' spillway during the last half of the 20th century.
Introduction
As part of a project documenting the impact of altered land management on Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, a series of cores was collected for analysis of trace metals and reconstruction of the vegetation and salinity histories of the lake and surrounding region. This report describes pollen records from three cores collected in Lake Pontchartrain and data from ostracode and benthic foraminiferal assemblages from one core to determine the feasibility of documenting both the climatic variability of the system and its response to anthropogenic changes of the last few decades and centuries.
Methodology
Palynomorph assemblages were examined from three cores from Lake Pontchartrain (Figure 1, Table 1), and ostracodes and benthic foraminifers were studied from one core,
1
TABLE 1. Locations of cores analyzed for palynomorphs, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana.
CORE ID
9-7-96-7
9-7-96-9
LP-97-la
LATITUDE
30.0775° N
30.1 105° N
30.253 1°N
LONGITUDE WATER DEPTH (m)
90.0363° W
90.1051° W
90.1 597° W
5.03
4.88
4.88
CORE LENGTH (cm)
62
59
347
LP-97-la. Sediment samples weighing from 5 to 15 grams were used for pollen preparation. Samples were dried and weighed before being spiked with Lycopodium marker tablets for calculation of absolute pollen concentrations (Stockman, 1971). Samples were treated with HC1 to remove carbonates, neutralized with deionized water, and treated with HF to remove silicates. After neutralization, the samples were sieved through 200 pm and 10 |0,m nylon mesh to remove extraneous plant material and clay- sized particles. Some samples were run through a heavy-liquid separation with ZnCl2 (S.G. = 1.8) to further clean samples. The pollen residue was mixed with warm glycerine jelly and mounted on microscope slides for examination.
To calculate percent abundance of pollen, at least 300 grains were counted from each sample; these results are provided in Appendices 1-6. Absolute pollen concentrations were calculated using the marker-grain method described by Benninghoff (1962). The
90°30' 90°20' 90°10' 90°OCT 89°50' 89°40'
29°501
Figure 1. Location of core sites, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana.
quantity of Lycopodium spores in the marker tablets was determined by the manufacturer with a Coulter Counter following the procedures of Stockmarr (1973) to be 12,542 +/- 416. Absolute pollen concentration was calculated using the formula (Maher, 1981):
pollen per gram dry sediment = ((pollen grains counted/markers counted) x 12,542)7weight of sediment.
Fossil pollen assemblages were compared statistically to modern assemblages from shallow marine sediments collected off the Gulf Coast of Mississippi and Alabama (Edwards and Willard, in press) and shelf assemblages collected along the east coast of North America (Litwin and Andrle, 1992; Willard, unpub. data) using the modern analog technique (MAT) (Overpeck, Webb, and Prentice, 1985).
Ostracode and foraminiferal assemblages were studied after washing sediment through a 63 jim sieve and qualitatively examining the assemblages under a binocular microscope. Ecological inferences were made based on published studies of foraminifers and ostracodes from Gulf and Atlantic coastal zones (Poag, 1978; Poag, 1981).
Three foraminifer samples for radiocarbon dating were obtained from LP 97-la, and results are listed in Table 2. Samples from 9-7-96-7 and 9-7-96-9 were analyzed for 210Pb and 137Cs activity. In 9-7-96-9, 137Cs is present throughout the core, indicating deposition of the entire core since 1950 AD (Flocks, et al, in press). In 9-7-96-7, 137Cs is present only in the upper 40 cm (Appendix 7), indicating that the lower part of the core (40-56 cm) was deposited before 1950.
TABLE 2. Radiocarbon dates from core LP 97-1. WW indicates laboratory numbers assigned by the USGS 14C Laboratory. Samples were processed at the 14C laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia. 14C ages were determined at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California. 513C values were estimated. 14C ages are reported with one sigma error.WW
1891
1892
1893
Depth (cm)
140-144
222-224
320-324
Material
Forams
Forams
Forams
613C°/
00
0
0
0
14CAge
yrBP
4,220
4,550
5,070
+/-
50
50
50
Calibrated age Cal yr BP*
4,426-4,152
4,846-4,602
5,562-5,299
Calibrated using CALIB 4.0 Radiocarbon Calibration software, after Stuiver and Reimer (1993), in conjunction with The Marine Calibration Data Set (Stuiver, and others, 1998). Calibrated age ranges are reported with a two-sigma error.
RESULTS
CORE 9- 7-96-7
Palynomorph assemblages were examined from every 2-cm interval in the upper 12 cm of Core 9-7-96-7 and every 5 cm below that. Pinus (see Table 3 for common names
of plant taxa) pollen dominates most assemblages, typically comprising 60% to 90% of the assemblages (Fig. 2). Other tree pollen commonly present includes Quercus, Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae/Taxaceae (TCT), Carya , and Liquidambar. Pollen of the herbaceous Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae usually ranks second in abundance, comprising up to 40% of the assemblages, and Asteraceae pollen also is common. Above 40 cm depth, pollen concentration increases fivefold, and Pediastrum, a colonial green alga, is present in concentrations of up to 18,000 grains/gram dry sediment; below 40 cm, it is absent.
0204060800 0 0 0 020
Percent Abundance of Pollen
0 10 20 30 0 5 1015
Total pollen/gram Pediastrum/gram dry sediment (x1 o3) dry sediment (x1 o3 )
Figure 2. Percent abundance of pollen of major plant groups, core 9-7-96-7, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. TCT - Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae/Taxaceae.
CORE 9- 7-96-9
Palynomorph assemblages were examined from every 2-cm interval of the 48 cm long core, and assemblages vary little. Pinus pollen dominates most assemblages, com prising 33-69% of the assemblages (Fig. 3). Other common pollen types include Quercus, TCT, and Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, each of which typically comprise about 10% of the assemblage. Pediastrum is common throughout the core, with peak abundances at 30-35 cm and 6-12 cm.
s
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 010 0 10 0
Percent Abundance
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 5 10 15 20 25
Total Pollen/gram PedJasfrurtVgram dry sediment (x103) dry sediment (x103)
Figure 3. Percent abundance of pollen of major plant groups, core 9-7-96-9, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. TCT - Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae/Taxaceae.
COREL? 97-la
Palynomorphs, ostracodes, and benthic foraminifers were examined every 5 cm in the upper meter of core and every 20 cm for the lower 2.5 meters. The basal 10 cm of core consists of a burrowed, Pleistocene clay with low concentrations of pollen. The upper 337 cm of core consists of Holocene sediments and is divided into four assemblage zones based on pollen, dinocysts, green algae, ostracodes, and benthic foraminifers. Zone I, between 340 cm and 90 cm depth (Fig. 4), is characterized by dominance of Pinus pollen (53-81%) and the highest abundances of Quercus in the core (9-21%). Dinocysts are common, comprising up to 2,600 cysts per gram; the dominant species is Polysphaeridium zoharyi, with Spiniferites spp. also common (Fig. 5). Ostracode and benthic foraminiferal faunas in this interval are comprised of polyhaline taxa (Fig. 6). Benthic foraminifer faunas have affinities to the Elphidium assemblage of Poag (1981), described from bays and lagoons of the Gulf Coast region. Common ostracodes in the assemblage include Paratocytheroma stephensi, Cytherura radialiratay Megacythere repexay and Cytheromorpha paracastanea.
Zone II, ranging from 90 to 50 cm depth, is characterized by faunas associated with mesohaline conditions (5-18 ppt). Foraminiferal assemblages are dominated by Ammonia parkinsonianay with abundant Elphidium gunteri. Ostracode assemblages are dominated by Perissocytheridea brachyforma, Candona spp., and, in the upper part of this interval, non-marine cyprids that indicate periodic fresh-water events. Pollen assem blages in this interval are characterized by much higher abundances of Chenopodiaceae
Table 3. Scientific and common names of plant taxa preserved in the pollen record, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana.
TREES AND SHRUBS FamilyAceraceaeBetulaceaeBetulaceaeFagaceaeUlmaceaeRubiaceaeCornaceaeCorylaceaeFacaceaeOleaceaeAquilifoliaceaeJuglandaceaeHamamelidaceaeMagnoliaceaeMagnoliaceaeMyricaceaeNyssaceaeBetulaceaePinaceaePinaceaeFagaceaeSalicaceaeTaxodiaceae/Cupressaceae/TaxaceaeUlmaceae
HERBACEOUS TAXAAsteraceaeApiaceaeAsteraceaeChenopodiaceae/AmaranthaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeEphedraceaeEricaceaeEuphorbiaceaeFabaceaeCelastraceaeLamiaceaeHaloragidaceaeNymphaeaceaePlantaginaceaePoaceaePolygonaceaeAlismataceaeTyphaceaeLentibulariaceae
GenusAcerAlnusBetulaCaryaCeltisCephalanthusCornusCorylusFagusFraxinusIlexJuglansLiquidambarLiriodendronMagnoliaMyrlcaNyssaOstrya/ CarpinusPiceaPinusQuercusSalix
Ulmus
Ambrosia
Cladium
Ephedra
Hippocratea
MyriophyllumNymphaeaPlantago
SagittariaTyphaUtricularia
Common NameMapleAlderBirchHickoryHackberryButtonbushDogwoodHazlenutBeechAshHollyWalnutSweet gumTulip treeMagnoliaWax myrtleTupelo/Black gumHophornbeamSprucePineOakWillowCypress/Cedar/Yew families
Elm
RagweedUmbel/parsley familyAster/daisy familyPigweed/Goosefoot familiesSawgrassSedge familyMormon teaHeath familySpurge familyBean/legume familyn/aMint familyWater milfoilWaterlilyPlantainGrass familyKnotweed familyArrowheadCattailBladderwort
IV
4846-4602 I
5562-5299 I
CLAY
LJ
^ tf *r
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 0
Percent Abundance
Figure 4. Percent abundance of pollen of major plant groups, core LP 97-la, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. TCT - Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae/Taxaceae.
pollen, with increased percentages of other herbaceous taxa, including the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, and Typha (Fig. 4). Pediastrum is a consistent part of the assem blage in this interval, although its concentrations are low (<300 per gram).
In zone III (50-30 cm depth), the transition from mesohaline to oligohaline (1-5 ppt) conditions is documented, with salinity maximums not exceeding 15 ppt and possibly reaching fresh-water conditions. Between 40 and 52 cm, Ammonia parkinsoniana and Elphidium gunteri are dominant components, indicating salinities as high as 10-15 ppt; Ammotium salsum and Trochammina spp. also are present. In the sample from 30-32 cm, the latter two taxa are dominant, indicating a salinity decrease to <5 ppt. Ostracodes present include cyprids, two non-marine taxa, Candona, and Darwinula, and Perissocytheridea (a genus characteristic of brackish water). This assemblage indicates salinities ranging from <5-10 ppt; the presence of charophytic algae and non-marine ostracodes indicates some fresh-water influence on the site. Pollen assemblages are similar to those in zone II, and an increased concentration of Pediastrum occurs at 30-32 cm.
In zone IV (30-0 cm depth), the agglutinated foraminifers Ammotium salsum and Trochammina spp. dominate the foraminiferal fauna. Ostracodes present include oligohaline-limnic taxa of cyprids, Cyprideis, and Perissocytheridea. These taxa com monly are associated with brackish environments with salinities usually exceeding 5 ppt, although further species-level work on ostracode assemblages is warranted. Charophytes
(fresh-water algae also referred to as stoneworts) are also present in this zone. Pediastrum concentration increased from < 1,000 per gram to >25,000 per gram in this zone, and Botryococcus, another colonial green alga, also occurs for the first time (Fig. 5). Although little is known about the ecology of Pediastrum, increased concentrations have been documented in polluted and nutrient-enriched lakes surrounded by rich macro- phyte vegetation (Digerfeldt, 1977; Fredskild, 1973; Korde, 1961; Parra Barrientos, 1979), and it has been used as an indicator of the trophic status and histories of lakes in Europe (Cronberg, 1982). Less is known about the ecology of Botryococcus', it typically is found in fresh-water bogs, pools, and lakes and may form thick surface scums (Baldwin and Hawker, 1915). Botryococcus proliferates in areas surrounded by scrub plants with nutrient enrichment from humic matter (Dulhunty, 1944). Dinocyst abun dance decreased in zone IV, with Polysphaeridium zoharyi becoming nearly absent and Spiniferites sp. the primary taxon present. Pollen concentrations increased up to three fold in this interval, but the only notable change in assemblage composition was the slight increase in Liquidambar.
0 10 20 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0102030405060010203040500 0
Palynomorphs/grarn dry sediment (x103)
Figure 5. Concentration (pollen/gram dry sediment) of pollen of major plant groups, core LP 97-la, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. TCT - Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae/Taxaceae.
DISCUSSION
Although mixing of the upper meter of sediment by 20th century shell mining pre cludes development of an age model for the past few centuries, both the past 50 years and middle Holocene sediments were identified in these cores. These correlations are based on radiocarbon dating, short-lived radioisotopes (137Cs), and biostratigraphic correlation between cores.
Assemblage Depth Zone (cm)
Salinity (parts per thousand)5 10 15 20
IV
0-2
10-1224-2630-3240-4250-5260-6274-7684-8690-9294-96100-102120-122140-142160-162180-182200-202220-222240-242260-262280-282300-302320-322344-347
Ostracodes Benthic Foraminifera
Cyprids jr AmmotiumCyprideis \ TrochamminaPerissocytheridea 11
Darwinula, Candona, Cyprids
PerissocytherideaCandonaCyprids
Ammotium, Trochammina Ammonia, Elphidium
Ammonia Elphidium
Paracytheroma Cytherura Megacythere Cytheromorpha
Elphidium Ammonia
V
Figure 6. Salinity estimates based on benthic foraminifera and ostracode assemblages, core LP 97-la, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana.
Middle Holocene sediments (-5,100 to 4,200 yrBP) are preserved in the interval between 340 and 90 cm in core LP 97-la; these were deposited in a polyhaline (18-25 ppt) bay environment, similar to many bays and lagoons of the modern Gulf coast. During that interval, pollen assemblages indicate few changes in terrestrial vegetation; close modern analogs for down-core assemblages occur along the Mississippi and Ala bama portions of the Gulf Coast and along the east coast of the U.S. between northern North Carolina and Key Largo. Summer (July) temperatures in these regions have ranged from 27.1-29.4° C between 1989 and 1998, winter (January) temperatures ranged from 10.0-22° C, and mean annual precipitation ranges from 98-203 cm (NOAA, 1989- 1997a; NOAA, 1989-1997b; NOAA, 1989-1997c; NOAA, 1989-1997d; NOAA, 1989- 1997e).
Faunal changes between 86 cm and 90 cm depth indicate a salinity shift to mesohaline conditions, and herbaceous taxa were more abundant in the pollen flora. In the interval above 120 cm, close modern analogs for pollen assemblages are found only along the Gulf Coast of Mississippi and Alabama and the east coast of southern Florida. Summer temperatures in these areas range from 26.9-28.7° F, winter temperatures range from 10.1 - 22.0° C, similar to those indicated for earlier assemblages. Mean annual precipitation, however, was higher, ranging from 153-203 cm. This is suggestive of greater precipitation during this interval of reduced salinity and is consistent with onset of wetter conditions beginning in the middle Holocene.
The high concentrations of pollen and Pediastrum in the upper 30 cm of LP 97- la are mirrored in core 9-7-96-7; in the latter core, sediments above that interval were deposited
Table 4. Openings of the Bonnet Carre' spillway (modified from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2001).
Date Duration Max. Flow (cfs)
1937 (1/30-3/7) 211,0001945 (3/23-5/18) 318,0001950 (2/10-3/19) 223,0001973 (4/8-6/21) 195,0001975 (4/14-4/26) 110,0001979 (4/18-5/21) 191,0001983 (5/20-6/23) 268,0001997 (3/17-4/18) 243,000
after 1950, and we suggest that these events are correlative with those in LP 97-la. The increased abundance of both Pediastrum and Botryococcus is consistent with greater influx of fresh water and may indicate increased eutrophication during this interval. This may reflect phytoplankton response to numerous openings of the Bonnet Carre' spillway after 1950 (Table 4). Such openings occurred during flood events of a great enough magnitude that Mississippi River water levels threatened the stability of the main levees in New Orleans and other downstream communities (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2001). Our data indicate that the impacts of spillway opening, including increased sediment and nutrient load, had an impact on phytoplankton assemblages that was un precedented during the last 5,500 years. More detailed study of benthic faunas would determine their response to such abrupt changes and the length of time needed to recover to their previous state.
CONCLUSIONS
Phytoplankton assemblages and benthic faunas from three cores collected in Lake Pontchaitrain indicate lower salinity and, possibly, increased eutrophication after 1950 AD. During this time, the Bonnet Carre' spillway was opened six times, releasing Mis sissippi River flood waters into the lake, and the floral and faunal changes appear to reflect the biotic response to changes in circulation, sedimentation, nutrient load associ ated with these releases. These recent assemblages contrast with those from middle to late Holocene sediments, preserved in core LP 97-la. Older benthic faunas document a gradual change from a polyhaline bay environment to a mesohaline environment. Pollen assemblages indicate a concommitant shift to greater precipitation. It is possible that analysis of faunas and phytoplankton assemblages from less-disturbed nearshore sites or marshes fringing the lake may clarify both how spillway openings affected these commu nities and their subsequent recovery from such events.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Patrick Buchanan, Andrew Fagenholz, Neil Waibel, and Lisa Weimer for
10
technical support to process samples for analysis of pollen and dinocysts. Neil Waibel also assisted in pollen counts. Sampling assistance was provided by Mike Brown, Jim Flocks, and Phil McCarty. We are grateful to Julie Damon for editorial assistance in assembling the report. We thank Jack Kindinger, Shea Penland, and Paul Conner for assistance in selection of cores for analysis. Jack McGeehin provided sample preparation for AMS dating of samples and calibration of radiocarbon dates. The research was supported by U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program.
REFERENCES
Baldwin, M., and Hawker, H.W., 1915, Soil Survey of the Fort Lauderdale Area, Florida:Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, U.S. Dept. Agric., v. 1915, p. 751-798.
Benninghoff, W.S., 1962, Calculation of pollen and spore density in sediments by addi tion of exotic pollen in known quantities: Pollen et Spores, v. 4, p. 332-333.
Cronberg, G., 1982, Pediastrum and Scenedesmus (Chlorococcales) in sediments fromLake Vaxjosjon, Sweden: Arch, fur Hydrobiologie, Suppl., v. 60, no. 4, p. 500-507.
Digerfeldt, G., 1977, Palaeoecological studies of recent development of Lake Vaxjoson.II. Settlement and landscape development: Archives Hydrobiologie, v. 27, p. 131-161.
Dulhunty, J.A., 1944, Origin of New South Wales torbanites: Proceedings of the LinneanSociety of New Southwales, v. 69, p. 26-48.
Edwards, L.E., and Willard, D.A., in press. Dinoflagellate cysts and pollen from sedi ment samples, Mississippi Sound and Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological SurveyBulletin.
Fredskild, B., 1973, Studies in the vegetational history of Greenland. Palaeobotanicalinvestigations of some Holocene lake and bog deposits: Meddedelser om Gronland, v.198, no. 4, p. 1-245.
Korde, N.W, 1961, Charakteristishce Merkmale der Stratification derBodenablagerungen in Seen rnit verschiedenartigem Zufluss: Verh. Internal. Verein.Limnol., v. 14, no. 524-532.
Litwin, R.J., and Andrle, V.A.S., 1992, Modern palynomorph and weather census datafrom the U.S. Atlantic Coast (Continental Margin Program samples and selectedNOAA weather stations): U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report, v. 92-263, p. 1-31.
Maher, L.J., Jr., 1981, Statistics for microfossil concentration measurements employingsamples spiked with marker grains: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 32, p.153-191.
NOAA, 1989-1997a, Florida: Climatological Data Annual Summary, v. 93-102, no. 13. NOAA, 1989-1997b, Georgia: Climatological Data Annual Summary, v. 93-102, no. 13. NOAA, 1989-1997c, Louisiana: Climatological Data Annual Summary, v. 94-103, no. 13. NOAA, 1989-1997d, Mississippi: Climatological Data Annual Summary, v. 93-102, no.
13. NOAA, 1989-1997e, South Carolina: Climatological Data Annual Summary, v. 92-101,
no. 13. Overpeck, J.T., Webb, T., Ill, and Prentice, I.C., 1985, Quantitative interpretation of fossil
11
pollen spectra: dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs: Quater nary Research, v. 23, p. 87-108.
Parra Barrientos, O.O., 1979, Revision der Gattung Pediastrum (Meyen) Chlorophyta:Bibliotheca phycologica, v. 48, p. 1-242.
Poag, C.W., 1978, Paired foraminiferal ecophenotypes in Gulf Coast estuaries: ecologi cal and paleoecological implications: Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association ofGeological Societies, v. 28, p. 395-421.
Poag, C.W., 1981, Ecological Atlas of Bentic Foraminifera of the gulf of Mexico:Stroudsburg, PA, Hutchinson and Ross, 174 p.
Stockmarr, J., 1971, Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis: Pollen etSpores, v. 8, p. 615-621.
Stockmarr, J., 1973, Determination of spore concentration with an electronic particlecounter: Danmarks Geologiske Unders0gelse, Arbog, v. 1972, p. 87-89.
Stuiver, Minze and Reimer, P.J., 1993, Extended 14C Database and RevisedCALIB Radiocarbon Calibration Program: Radiocarbon, v. 35, p.215-230.
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Beck, J.W., Burr, G.S., Hughen, K.A.,Kromer, B., McCormac, F.G., v. d. Plicht, J., and Spurk, M., 1998a.INTCAL98 Radiocarbon age calibration 24,000 - 0 cal BP Radiocarbon 40:1041-1083.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2001, The Bonnet Carre' Spillway, http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/pao/bcarre/.
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0.28
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1.68
1.79
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3.36
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0.84
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040
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42-4
444
-46
46-4
8
Euphorbs
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.00
Labiatae
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Leguminosae
0.00
0.51
0.00
0.31
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.67
0.28
0.26
0.00
0.56
0.00
0.33
0.00
Myriophyllum
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.00
a -2
c
-S
Q.
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Poaceae
3.64
4.09
5.17
3.43
5.64
1.78
3.33
7.37
3.78
6.31
3.69
6.73
4.23
1.99
7.47
3.65
5.39
8.84
8.72
6.75
4.78
8.62
8.28
3.20
Polygonaceae
0.28
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.60
0.67
0.00
0.26
0.66
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.55
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Pontederia
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sagittaria
0.56
0.77
0.00
0.62
0.31
0.00
0.61
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.53
0.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
0.00
0.61
0.00
0.69
0.33
0.29
! 2.24
2.05
3.34
3.43
5.64
1.78
1.82
1.60
3.51
3.30
1.01
1.35
2.38
4.32
4.89
2.74
1.01
5.25
3.85
2.45
2.53
2.76
4.30
2.62
Utricularia
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
App
endi
x 4.
C
once
ntra
tion
(pal
ynom
orph
s/gr
am d
ry s
edim
ent)
of
polle
n an
d al
gal
taxa
pre
sent
in
core
9-6
-96-
9, L
ake
Pon
tcha
rtra
in,
Loui
sian
a.
(TC
T=T
axod
iace
ae/C
upre
ssac
eae/
Tax
acea
e)
£: Q. o> Q 0-
2 cm
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-1
212
-14
14-1
616
-18
18-2
020
-22
22-24
24-26
26-28
28-30
30-3
232-34
34-36
36-38
38-40
40-42
42-44
44-46
46-48
1 <c 0 0 0 0 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 118
243
87 0 0 92 0
1 ^ 76 39 281
189
73 180
57 56 62 97 0 0 74 64 83 44 0 236 0 174
102
89 92 0
-S a o> CQ 227
39 0 189 0 0 57 0 0 0 79 0 0 64 83 44 0 0 0 0 0 89 0 0
£
(3 831
158
1,122
944
512
721
914
169
560
871
394
472
631
257
495
653
297
589
485
610
512
357
183
1,294
Castanea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 92 0
Cephalanthus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 87 0 0 0 0
Conocarpus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
§ I 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
§ I 151
79 140
378
73 90 57 0 0 97 79 67 74 0 83 87 742 0 243 0 0 179
367
72
! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fraxinus
76 79 421
378
146 0 57 0 62 97 0 67 0 0 165 0 594
118
324
174
51 179
183 0
1 0 0 0 189 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 297 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 S3 1 151 0 281 0 0 90 57 0 62 0 79 0 0 0 0 0 148 0 162
87 0 0 0 0
App
endi
x 4.
Con
tinue
d
JC
Q.
Q) Q 0-
2 cm
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-1
212
-14
14-1
616
-18
18-2
020-22
22-24
24-26
26-28
28-30
30-3
232-34
34-36
36-38
38-40
40-4
242-44
44-46
46-48
Liquidambar
453
276
701
1,88
921
9541
457
564
809
871
709
540
445
322
330
392
742
707
566
435
410
625
550
791
.<o ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 227
118
140
567
146 0 171
113
124
194
236
202
74 0 83 131
742 0 81 87 205
89 0 575
3 1 151
39 842
378
365
270
114
282
187
194
236
202
111
257
165
87 445
118
81 261
205
268
275
288
Ostrya/
Carpinus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 97 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
§ .c £15
,781
7,06
420,202
26,4
4414
,179
21 ,084
10,0
5210
,264
12,9
4013
,742
12,991
9,98
57,941
1 1 ,320
9,48
98,
797
14,3
9716
,856
11,4
9011
,236
10,042
11,1
669,
076
15,0
30
Quercus
1,96
31,
500
3,92
88,
122
1,82
71,
892
1,71
31,
692
2,24
03,
968
2,20
41,
687
1,00
21,
801
2,97
01,
219
4,75
04,126
3,23
72,
090
1,84
42,
680
2,567
1,942
.^
^6 CO 0 355 0 756 0 0 57 0 187
97 79 67 74 193
413 0
1,039
589
566
348
102
89 1,008
0
fc 378
1,697
4,77
04,533
439
901
1,25
6338
747
2,32
31,024
1,282
519
772
4,04
3131
4,89
81,886
2,26
62,
177
410
1,519
3,57
672
.jg
|2 0 0 0 0 0 0 171 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 0 0 0 0
§ .i :D 529
39 982
756
146
90 0 56 124
290
79 135
74 193
83 174
297
236
243
174
154
268
183
216
Ambrosia
302
276
281
567
146
90 0 0 560 0 315
67 148
64 165
218 0 707 0 0 102 0 0 144
® 1 604
79 421
378
146 0 0 0 0 97 0 135
37 0 0 87 0 118
162 0 102 0 183
216
App
endi
x 4.
Con
tinue
d
.c Q.
<D Q 0-
2 cm
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-1
212
-14
14-1
616
-18
18-2
020-22
22-24
24-26
26-28
28-30
30-32
32-34
34-36
36-38
38-40
40-42
42-44
44-46
46-48
Asteraceae
indet. 0 118
982
756
146
180
228
56 498
484
157 0 74 322
1,65
00
1,78
194
31,
376
1,39
425
698
355
014
4
Chenopodiaceae
2,19
01,
539
4,91
05,
478
1,16
91,
442
1,42
81,
297
1,68
03,387
2,12
62,
564
928
1,80
14,
126
479
5,04
65,
894
3,96
54,
268
1,43
53,
395
4,49
21,
294
Cyperaceae
227
592
1,26
32,
456
512
1,442
514
959
124
1,74
294
567
570
525
757
856
62,
820
2,47
51,376
1,48
176
91,
429
1,375
575
1 Q) s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72
Ericaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72
Euphorbiaceae
76 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 92 0
Labiatae 0 0 0 0 0 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 0 0 0 0 0
Leguminosae 0 79 0 189
73 0 0 0 62 0 79 0 0 0 0 44 297
118
81 0 102 0 92 0
Myriophyllum 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 0 0
Nymphaea 0 0 0 378 0 90 0 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 148 0 81 87 0 0 0 72
Plantago 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Poaceae
982
631
2,38
52,
078
1,31
654
1628
1,29
787
12,032
866
1,34
9594
386
2,145
523
2,375
3,77
22,751
1,916
871
2,233
2,29
279
1
Polygonaceae
76 0 140 0 73 0 0 0 62 194
157 0 37 129 0 0 148
236
81 0 0 0 0 0
App
endi
x 4.
Con
tinue
d
f 2 0-2
cm2-
44-
66-
88-
1010
-12
12-1
414
-16
16-1
818
-20
20-2
222
-24
24-2
626
-28
28-3
030
-32
32-3
434
-36
36-3
838
-40
40-4
242
-44
44-4
646
-48
Pontederia
76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sagittaria
151
118 0 378
73 0 114
56 0 0 79 0 74 64 0 0 0 118 0 174 0 179
92 72
I 604
316
1,54
32,
078
1,31
654
134
328
280
91,
065
236
270
334
836
1,40
339
244
52,
240
1,21
469
746
171
51,
192
647
Utricularia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pediastrum
7,09
88,
524
25,1
1229
,844
12,8
6426
,399
15,1
9211
,222
11,9
4513
,452
12,8
331 1
,807
7,19
97,
461
4,86
85,
095
20,0
3813
,674
28,6
4420
,468
14,5
501 7
,866
15,4
948,
054
App
endi
x 5.
P
erce
nt a
bund
ance
of
polle
n in
sam
ples
fro
m c
ore
Pon
97-
1a,
Lake
Pon
tcha
rtra
in,
Loui
sian
a.
(TC
T=T
axod
iace
ae/C
upre
ssac
eae/
Tax
acea
e)
f CD
Q 0-2
cm4-
6
10-1
2
14-1
6
20
-22
24-2
6
30-3
2
40-4
2
60-6
2
80-8
2
90-9
210
0-10
2
120-
122
140-
142
160-
162
180-
182
200-
202
220-
222
240-
242
280-
282
320-
322
344-
346
1 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.66
0.26
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.00
1
^ 0.00
0.31
0.64
0.92
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.32
0.33
0.52
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.30
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
ra
.3 3 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.52
0.78
1.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.75
1 <3 1.43
1.83
1.93
0.61
2.13
1.20
2.16
1.50
1.92
1.31
2.10
0.78
2.70
3.07
1.62
0.96
1.48
1.57
2.27
1.25
2.21
0.75
52 s 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.00
Cephalanthus
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Comus
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
! 0.00
0.00
0.64
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.62
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.52
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.63
0.00
0.00
I 0.00
0.31
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.31
^0.0
0
0.63
0.00
0.00
Fraxinus
0.00
0.61
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
0.60
0.96
1.64
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.96
0.00
0.31
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
1 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
C/J -35 I 0.
00
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.66
0.52
0.78
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Liquidambar
2.87
2.75
2.89
2.14
2.74
3.31
3.70
1.50
1.28
1.31
1.57
1.56
1.62
1.53
0.00
0.96
1.78
1.57
1.95
1.56
2.94
2.24
Liriodendron
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.27
0.26
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.75
.<« I
1 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
CO t 0.00
0.00
0.32
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.75
Nymphaea
0.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
App
endi
x 5.
Con
tinue
d
.c Q.
<D
Q 0-2
cm4-
6
10-1
2
14-1
6
20-2
2
24-2
6
30-3
2
40-4
2
60-6
2
80-5
2
90-5
2
100-
102
120-
122
140-
142
160-
162
180-
182
200-
202
220-
222
240-
242
280-
282
320-
322
344-
346
^ 0.36
0.61
0.32
1.53
1.22
0.30
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.27
0.51
0.40
0.00
0.00
1.26
0.97
0.31
0.37
0.00
Ostrya/Carpinus
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
SP 8 a: 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1 5:67
.38
45.8
749
.20
60.2
4
57.1
4
51.5
1
59.2
6
58.3
8
49.0
4
45.5
7
63.5
2
58.7
0
61.1
9
80.5
6
79.3
5
78.6
6
67.7
5
61.3
2
57.7
9
52.5
0
73.9
0
67.9
1
Quercus
6.81
12.5
4
18.6
510
.70
10.9
4
10.5
4
10.4
9
11.9
8
13.7
8
12.1
3
7.87
12.9
9
12.1
3
6.39
10.9
3
8.28
17.7
5
17.9
2
19.4
8
21.2
5
8.82
10.4
5
.* 3 0.36
0.31
0.96
0.31
0.30
0.60
0.00
0.30
0.32
2.30
0.26
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
e 5.73
3.67
0.96
1.22
1.22
6.33
1.85
2.99
3.85
3.93
3.67
5.19
2.70
2.30
1.62
1.27
2.96
1.57
4.55
4.38
0.37
2.24
:§ is 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1 0.00
1.53
0.64
1.22
0.00
0.00
1.85
0.00
0.64
0.66
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.65
0.94
1.10
0.75
Ambrosia
0.00
0.61
0.64
0.92
0.30
1.51
0.93
0.90
0.64
0.98
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.64
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.63
0.00
1.49
Asteraceae
2.15
2.75
1.93
1.83
0.91
3.92
1.85
3.59
4.81
3.28
1.84
2.34
1.89
0.26
0.40
0.64
0.89
0.94
2.27
2.50
1.47
3.73
Chenopodiaceae
2.87
12.5
48.
36
4.89
10.9
4
8.13
4.32
8.98
11.2
2
14.4
3
4.99
9.09
7.28
2.05
1.62
1.59
1.18
5.35
3.25
5.31
2.94
2.24
Cladium 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cyperaceae
4.66
4.89
3.54
5.20
5.17
3.61
3.70
1.80
4.17
4.26
3.94
0.78
1.08
1.28
0.81
1.91
1.48
1.89
1.30
1.56
2.57
2.99
Hippocratea
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.00
Labiatae
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Leguminosae
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1 1 0.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
App
endi
x 5.
Con
tinue
d
£ Q.
& 0-2
cm4-
6
10-1
2
14-1
6
20-2
224
-26
30-3
2
40-4
2
60-6
2
80-5
2
90-5
2
100-
102
120-
122
140-
142
160-
162
180-
182
200-
202
220-
222
240-
242
280-
282
320-
322
344-
346
Poaceae
3.23
3.98
3.86
4.59
2.13
5.72
3.09
2.99
3.85
4.59
6.30
3.90
4.04
1.28
2.43
0.96
2.66
3.14
2.92
3.44
1.10
3.73
Polygonaceae
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sagittaria
0.00
0.31
0.64
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
1 1.43
3.98
3.54
2.14
2.43
4.22
2.47
1.50
0.96
1.31
0.26
1.30
2.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.32
0.63
0.37
0.00
Umbelliferae
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
2 A£o>
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Depth
TREES AND SHRUBS
Acer
Alnus
Betula
Carya
Celtis
Cephalanthus
Cornus
Corylus
Fagus
Fraxinus
Ilex
Juglans
Liquidambar
Liriodendron
Magnolia
H 9- g x'
O 03 g. 0)' Oo oCD 13CD OCD CDo a
03O 03CD <"
B o03 T3
CO CDQ. 3'
CD
C^
T3CD"
03
Q.
02.CO0
Tl O
Tl O13 O
oTa.
App
endi
x 6.
Con
tinue
d
jr s O 0-2
4-6
10-1
2
14-16
20-2
224
-26
30-3
240
-42
60-6
280
-82
90-9
210
0-10
212
0-12
216
0-16
218
0-18
2
200-202
220-222
240-
242
280-282
320-322
344-346
I 0 0 116
118 0 0 48 0 39 0 0 0 28 0 41 0 0 0 88 0 6
^ 82 101
116
589
478
78 48 0 0 0 32 0 28 90 0 0 820
197
88 36 0
Ostrya/
Carpinus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 0 0
03 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 s:15
,351
7,574
17,768
23,2
2222,456
13,4
13
9,262
5,508
5,894
11,843
7,711
8,897
6,344
17,559
10,124
13,3
7739
,962
1 1 ,68
2
14,797
7,32
0501
Quercus
1,55
12,070
6,736
4,12
64,
300
2,74
5
1,640
1,13
01,
656
3,153
956
1,96
81,258
2,419
1,066
3,505
11,6
813,938
5,989
874
77
.*
3 82 50 348
118
119
157 0 28 39 596
32 39 0 0 0 0 205 0 88 0 0
£1,306
606
348
472
478
1,647
289
282
462
1,02
2446
787
279
358
164
584
1,02
5919
1,233
36 17
S .g :D 0 252
232
472 0 0 289 0 77 170 0 39 0 0 0 0 205
131
264
109 6
HERBACEOUS TAXA
Ambrosia 0 101
232
354
119
392
145
85 77 256
32 0 0 0 82 0 0 0 176 0 11
Asteraceae
490
454
697
707
358
1,020
289
339
578
852
223
354
196
90 82 175
615
459
705
146
28
Chenopods
653
2,070
3,019
1,886
4,30
02,
118
675
847
1,34
83,749
605
1,378
755
358
205
234
3,48
4656
1,497
291
17
Cladium 0 0 0 118 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cyperaceae
1,061
808
1,277
2,004
2,031
941
579
169
501
1,108
478
118
112
179
246
292
1,23
026
3440
255
22
Hippocratea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0
Labiatae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
App
endi
x 6.
Con
tinue
d
JZ s. 0)
Q 0-2
4-6
10-12
14-16
20-2
224
-26
30-3
240
-42
60-6
280-8
290
-92
100-
102
120-
122
160-
162
180-
182
200-
202
220-222
240-242
280-282
320-
322
344-
346
Leguminosae 0 0 0 0 119 0 0 28 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nymphaea
82 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 66 0 0 0
Plantago 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 205 0 0 0 0
Poaceae
735
656
1,39
41,
768
836
1,49
0482
282
462
1,19
3765
590
419
538
123
526
2,049
591
969
109
28
Polygonaceae 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sagittaria 0 50 232 0 119 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 58 0 0 88 0 0
1 § 327
656
1,27
7825
956
1,09
8386
141
116
341
32 197
224 0 0 0 205
66 176
36 0
Umbelliferae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 0
£ o CL I24,169
17,217
37,161
40,314
41 ,09
027,610
15,9
679,943
12,4
80
27,691
12,5
5515,983
10,8
9922,576
13,0
34
20,095
65,5
7920,345
28,625
10,3
06793
DINOCYSTS
Lingulodinium 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 0
Spiniferites
245
50 116
118
478
706
289
141
77 341
287
118
168
627
205
701 0 919
352
291
11
fc I a; 82 0 0 118 0 235
531
226
154
170
414
315
140
985
615
1,28
50
1,11
6
2,290
1,34
728
Nematospheropsis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 197 0 73 0
Operculodinium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| ' 5 % n 82 50 0 118 0 0 241 0 154
85 32 79 112
90 41 117 0 131 0 73 0
Reworked
grains
82 50 232
354
239 0 820
876
963
682
414
551
168 0 205 0 0 66 88 36 0
Total
Dincysts
408
101
116
354
478
1,02
0
1,06
1367
385
596
765
512
419
1,792
861
2,10
30
2,36
32,642
1,85
739
App
endi
x 6.
Con
tinue
d
1 o 0-2
4-6
10-1
214-16
20-2
224-2
6
30-3
240-4
260-6
280-8
290
-92
100-
102
120-
122
160-
162
180-
182
200-202
220-222
240-
242
280-282
320-322
344-346
GREEN
ALGAE
Botryococcus
1,38
8959
1,161
2,240
3,066
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pediastrum
17,6
3720,752
29,9
61
35,599
54,229
28,7
081,
785
169
116
256
64 79 0 0 0 58 0 66 0 0 99
Pseudoschizaea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 237
App
endi
x 7.
Lea
d-21
0 an
d ce
sium
-137
act
ivity
vs.
dep
th in
cor
e 9-
7-96
-7, L
ake
Pont
char
trai
n, L
ouis
iana
.
Cor
e
No.
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
9-7-
96-7
Dep
th
(cm
)
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-1
2
12-1
4
14-1
6
16-1
8
18-2
0
20-2
2
22-2
4
24-2
6
26-2
8
28-3
0
30-3
2
32-3
4
34-3
6
36-3
8
38-4
0
40-4
2
42-4
4
4446
4648
48-5
0
50-5
2
52-5
4
54-5
6
Mea
nD
epth
(cm
)
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55
Dry
Bul
k
Den
sity
(g/c
m3)
0.49
0.54
0.58
0.63
0.71
0.65
0.58
0.54
0.51
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.64
0.58
0.52
0.55
0.65
0.70
0.58
0.77
0.73
0.83
0.88
0.88
0.83
0.82
0.79
0.80
% W
ater
Con
tent
65.0
0
61.6
0
5923
58.4
2
54.7
0
57.8
5
59.8
7
61.8
9
63.7
1
6320
60.4
6
58.8
1
5726
59.8
4
64.1
3
61.5
5
56.6
6
55.6
0
5923
50.7
4
52.1
6
48.9
5
47.7
1
45.6
8
47.3
9
49.4
1
51.3
5
51.2
0
Loss
On
Igni
tion
(% D
ry W
t.)
10.4
6
9.18
8.64
8.66
7.92
9.16
9.70
9.40
1026
9.54
8.73
8.53
8.68
9.52
11.1
1
10.4
3
8.88
827
9.07
7.92
9.18
8.10
7.74
7.48
7.86
8.53
8.35
8.98
Tota
l Pb-
210
Act
ivity
(dpm
/g)
7.47
5.05
3.12
2.68
22
9
2.99
3.18
3.31
3.15
2.97
2.50
2.62
2.64
2.90
3.48
3.19
2.80
2.58
2.72
2.08
2.34
2.12
2.09
2.04
2.17
2.41
22
8
2.36
Tota
l Pb-
210
Err
or
+/-
(dpm
/g)
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
Ra-
226
Act
ivity
(dpm
/g)
2.37
2.24
2.41
2.00
2.37
1.95
1.98
1.93
1.92
1.90
2.12
2.05
1.99
2.14
1.92
2.06
2.28
2.19
2.29
2.20
1.85
1.85
2.01
2.04
2.17
2.19
2.07
2.18
Ra-
226
Err
or
+/-
(dpm
/g)
0.31
0.30
027
0.30
0.30
0.14
020
0.17
0.16
0.18
020
0.17
0.17
022
0.16
0.18
0.15
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.12
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.13
0.12
0.08
0.12
Exc
ess
Pb-
210
Act
ivity
(dpm
/g)
4.80
2.54
0.65
0.68
-0.0
8
1.04
120
1.38
123
1.07
0.38
0.57
0.64
0.77
1.56
1.11
0.53
0.39
0.42
-0.1
3
0.49
027
0.06
0.00
0.00
022
021
0.18
Exc
ess
Pb-
210
Err
or
+/-
(dpm
/g)
0.32
0.31
027
0.30
0.30
0.15
020
0.17
0.17
0.18
020
0.17
0.18
022
0.17
0.18
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.13
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.14
0.13
0.08
0.13
Cs-
137
Act
ivity
(dpm
/g)
0.40
0.34
0.47
0.59
0.53
0.47
0.55
0.58
0.56
0.55
0.50
0.54
0.59
0.66
0.85
0.79
0.65
0.63
0.56
0.54 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Cs-
137
Err
or
+/-
(dpm
/g)
0.12
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.05
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.11
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.06 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --