• Useful Vocabulary for Giving Directions

• Expressing Locations Affected by Movement with Particle o

• Expressing Direction with the Particle ni

• Indicating the Result with the Conjunction sō suru to

• Progressive State

• Habitual State

• Expressing an Extreme Habit with bakari

• Resulting State

• Stative Verbs in English

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Class Session 14b Chapter 9

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Useful Vocabulary for Giving Directions (p170)

The following verbs and nouns are useful for giving and receiving directions:(items in red are not in the textbook):

iku to go

magaru to make a turn ( migi e magatte turn right and . . .)

( hidari e magatte turn left and . . .)

wataru to cross massugu straight ahead

sugiru to pass tomaru to stop

aruku to walk

kōsaten intersection

kado corner

tsukiatari end of the street

hashi bridge

michi street, road

san-dan-dōri Third Street

shingō traffic light

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Expressing Locations Affected by Movement with Particle o

• The location over which a movement action takes place is marked with the particle o:

hashi o wataru to cross a bridge

ano ginkō o sugiru to pass that bank

kono michi o massugu iku to go straight on this street

mit-tsu-me no kōsaten o magaru to make a turn through the 3rd intersectionmit-tsu-me no kōsaten de magaru to make a turn at the 3rd intersection

• Compare the following expressions that show the difference between particles:

sora e tobu to fly towards the sky

sora ni tobu to fly to the sky

sora o tobu to fly through the sky

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Expressing Direction with the Particle ni

The direction of movement (such as turning) is marked with the particle ni:

ano kōsaten o (de) migi ni magaruto make a right turn at the intersection

kono michi o kita ni ikuto go north on this street

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Indicating the Result with the Conjunction sō suru to

Use the conjunction soo suru to to state the resul after some action:

futa-tsu-me-no kōsaten de migi ni magatte (kudasai). Sō suru to, hidarini hon’ya ga arimasu.(Please) make a right turn at the second intersection. Then, you’ll see

(there will be) a bookstore on your left

Note the difference between soo suru to and sore kara (Chapter 7), both translated as then:

sore kara shows the action that takes palce after another action

soo suru to shows what happens as a result of the first action

This passage uses both sore kara and soo suru to:

kono michi o massugu itte kudasai. sore kara, futa-tsu-me no kōsaten o migi ni magatte kudasai. sō suru to, hidari ni hon’ya ga arimasu.Go straight on this street. Then, make a right turn at the second

intersection. Then, you’ll see (there will be) a bookstore on the (your) left.

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Progressive State

• The progressive state expresses on-going activity and is expressed with a te-form verb + iru (to exist):

haha wa ima ryōri o shite imasu.My mother is cooking now.

• irassharu can be use instead of iru to show politeness:

yamada-san no okāsan wa ima, ryōri o shite irasshaimasu.Ms. Yamada’s mother is cooking right now.

• If the iru is in the past tense, the sentence expresses prolonging activity in the past:

kinō no gogo wa shukudai o shite imashita.I was doing my homework in the afternoon yesterday.

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Habitual State

• When used with adverbs such as mainichi (every day), itsumo (always), and tokidoki (sometimes), the sentence expresses an habitual activity:

chichi wa mainichi orenji-jūsu o nonde imasu.My father drinks (is drinking) orange juice everyday.

haha wa itsumo hataraite imasu.My mother is always working.

watashi wa tokidoki undō o shite imasu.I sometimes do (am doing) exercise.

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Expressing an Extreme Habit with bakari

• bakari can be added at the end of the verb in the te-form to express an extreme habit:

otōto wa asonde bakari imasu.My younger brother does nothing but play (is only playing).

imōto wa tabete bakari imasu.My younger sister does nothing but eat (is only eating).

• bakari can also be added after a noun (according to Dr. Sato, these two sentences are almost synonymous):

ane wa terebi o mite bakari imasu.My older sister does nothing but watch ( is only watching) television.(The only thing she does is watch television)

ane wa terebi bakari mite imasu.My older sister only watches television.(She does not watch movies or anything else)

• bakari cannot be used with the particles ga and o, but it can be used with other particles such as ni:

ani wa izakaya ni bakkari itte imasu.My brother does not go anywhere but izakaya bars.

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Resulting State

• Some actions can cause a certain resulting state (e.g., a drinking action will cause the state of being intoxicated

• The te-form + iru is used to describe the current state that results from a past action:

o-sake o nonde imasu. Can mean “He is intoxicated.”

• Verbs that express change-of-state actions such as kekkon suru can only yield the resulting state interpretation when they are used in the te-form + iru construction:

maiku-san wa kekkon shite imasu.

Means “Mike got married in the past, and, as a result, he is married” or

“Mike married in the past, and continues to exist in a state of marriage”

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Stative Verbs in English

• English verbs such as to know and to live express a state rather than an action

• These states are often expressed by the te-form + iru in Japanese:

tanaka-san o shitte imasu ka.Do you know Mr. Tanaka?

ane wa pari ni sunde imasu.My older sister lives in Paris.

kono kanji o oboete imasu ka.Do you remember this kanji?