A House Divided

US I (Honors)A House DividedPart IThe Bitter Fruits of WarThe Wilmot Proviso1846, Rep (PA) David Wilmot attached amendment to a bill before Congress to prohibit slavery in all territories ceded by MexicoWhich territories are we speaking about? Reactions in N and S?Why did it pass in House? Why not in Senate? Pair-ShareSen. Lewis Cass (MI) proposes compromise-Popular Sovereignty; Pros and cons of Popular Sovereignty?Congress fails to pass, so becomes issue in 1848 ElectionZachary Taylor wins (Old Rough and Ready)

The Compromise of 18505 Major SECTIONALIST Issues that Divide North & South1. California, free or slave?2. Texas (slave state) border dispute with NM (undecided)3. North wants abolition in Washington, D.C. WHY?4. South wants North to enforce Fugitive Slave Act of 17935. Utah and New Mexico territories to become free or slave?Compromise of 1850Proposed by Henry Clay to prevent the South from seceding from the Union; he wanted to preserve the UnionGreat Compromiser; saved the Union 3 timesSEE HANDOUT ACTIVITY-COMPROMISE OF 1850Stephen Douglas gets its through Congress piece mail

The Compromise of 1850

Part IIThe Sectional Balance UndoneThe Fugitive Slave ActMost controversial part of Compromise of 1850Where did runaways have to flee to escape laws reach? Why?Due Process?Could not testify, no counsel, no public trial-WHY IMPORT?Affidavit of owner-OPEN TO CORRUPTION? WHY? HOW?Northern states respond with Personal Liberty LawsRight to counsel & public trial; draw out proceedingsWhat about federalism and the Supremacy Clause?Uncle Toms CabinHarriet Beecher Stowe, 1852 (later a play & movie!)Fanned the fires of sectionalism by rallying Northern abolitionists; portrayed slaves as people not propertyNo firsthand knowledge of slavery; relied accounts of her abolitionist friendsBestselling novel of the 19th Century; melodramaticSouth called it an unfair characterization and slanderousSlave owners depicted as both good and evilStephen A. Douglas (The Little Giant) Dem. Sen. from IL; got Comp. of 1850 thru Congress2 Main Political GoalsExpansion (manifest destiny-he supported War with Mexico while Lincoln did not)Popular Sovereignty on slavery issueWanted R.R. from Chicago to San Fran (his real estate)He needs to promote settlement of Nebraska Territory

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854Democrat Franklin Pierce wins in 1852Provisions of Douglas billSpilt Neb. Terr. In 2 (Neb. & Kan)Popular Sovereignty to both on slavery issueWhat did Douglas think final result would be?How will it make matters worse?President Pierce signs it; Violate the Missouri Compromise? How?Souths reaction? Norths reaction? THINK-PAIR-SHARECountry is dangerously close to civil warSketch map into your notes

Part IIIRealignment of the Party SystemThe WhigsSlavery splits the party in twoSouthern Whigs: Backed the Compromise of 1850 because it allowed them to be both pro-slavery and pro-union; EXPLAIN!Northern Whigs: Strongly opposed to the Fugitive Slave Act, so also opposed to the Compromise of 1850Because of Souths lack of support, Whig Scott loses to Democrat Pierce in 1852Sectionalism eventually destroys the party, and its members join other partiesThe Free-SoilersOpposed extension of slavery into the territories, but not necessarily abolitionWhat is the difference? Why is the difference important?-Think-Pair-ShareConcerned mainly with labor issues; did not want the spread of the slavery into the North because it would take away jobsHOW?

The Know-NothingsA.K.A. the American Party-story of nameWhy the response? Why membership not ever grow large?NATIVISM-main platformMiddle-class Protestants who feared the hordes of Catholic immigrants (like the Irish) coming to USFear of Pope gaining eventual control of U.S. governmentImmigrants backed DemocratsParty splits in 1856 (North and South)The Republicans1854-N. Whigs, anti-slavery Dems and Free-SoilersWhy were called the Big Tent Party?Platform-stop spread of slavery (e.g., Kan-Neb Act)Why? Would an abolitionist join the party? Full spectrum-from radical to conservativePros and cons of having this wide range of support?Main competition was Know-NothingsSupport after Bleeding Kansas and Bleeding SumnerThe DemocratsStrong support for state rights and limit federal powerJefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, and PolkNational party, but dominated by SOUTH-WHY?Dem. James Buchanan wins in 1856 b/c natl supportNortherner but support came from the South (many friends)What does it mean to be a national candidate?

Part IVFreedom under SiegeBleeding KansasKan-Neb Act of 1854 gives Kansas pop. sov. on slaveryFree-soilers and slave supporters wanted Kan.-WHY?1854 Election-MO Border Ruffians corrupt the votePro-slavery govt wins and set up capital at LecomptonFree-Staters dont recognize it; set up capital at TopekaPro-slavery supporters and Free-Staters get into series of violent confrontations (about 55 people were killed)

John Brown & Pottawatomie MassacreJohn Brown-abolitionist, God told him end slaveryFirm believer in racial equalityRumor that 5 abolitionists killed when pro-slavery raiders sacked Free-Stater town of Lawrence; revengeBrown also angered by violence on Senate floorNight raid of pro-slavery town Pottawatomie Creek5 men-hands cut off, hacked to death w/ broad swordTerrorist or hero? THINK-PAIR-SHARE

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)Facts of the case and Dred Scotts (slave) claimVisits Wisconsin Territory(free)-north of MO CompromiseReturns to MO (slave state); master dies; lawsuitIssue: Congress outlaw slavery in territories?Holding: Scott loses, stays a slaveCJ Taney wrote decision (slave owner, but did not like it)Blacks not citizens, so Scott did not have standing to sueHome state laws apply-MO is slave, so Scott stays oneResidence in free territory did not matter because MO Comp. unconst. (Congress cannot outlaw slavery in terr.)5th Amendment Due Process Clause argumentHonest Abe LincolnBorn in KY, 1809; successful lawyer1846, Whig elected to Congress (1 term)Becomes Republican in 1855 after Kan-Neb ActFelt slavery wrong, but compassionate to slave ownerWhite supremacist view like 99% of populationA house divided against itself cannot stand.Wanted to stop spread of slavery b/c felt that would stifle westward expansion and American DreamLincoln-Douglas Debates1858 IL Senate Race7 Debates2 distinct personages Neither wanted slavery in territories and neither wanted it abolishedBoth point the finger

Part VThe Union CollapsesJohn Browns Raid on Harpers FerryFederal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA (present-day WV)John Brown leads band and take arsenalPlan-distribute weapons to slaves and start rebellion that would spread throughout the SouthNo slaves showed up, but Lee and the Marines didMurder, treason, slave rebellion-hangedThoreau and Emerson (Courage)At first Northerners condemned his acts, but eventually started to be seen as a Christian hero, martyr

Election of 1860Republicans-Chicago Convention nominate LincolnLincolns moderate views won him the daySouth did not believe in these promises; famous quoteLincoln wins-carries North but not one Southern stateCarries North and wins election-WHY? Southern Democrats-John Breckinridge (wins South)Constitutional Union-John Bell (VA, TN, KY)Northern Democrats-Stephen Douglas (MO, of NJ)Lincoln wins and did not carry majority of popular voteDoes that matter? Should it matter? PAIR-SHARE

The Secession CrisisDec. 20, 1860-SC secedes from Union (days after Lincoln announced winner of 1860 Election)Buchanan a lame duck6 other states follow suitFebruary 4, 1861 create Confederate States of AmericaConstitutionEach state sovereign and independent-Familiar? Problems?Jefferson Davis (former MS Senator) 1st presidentWhat did the South fear in Lincoln and the Republicans?7 Southern states seceded leaving 8 slave states in the Union and Lincoln has yet to be sworn in