U.S. History Top 100

What every student should know to pass the U.S. History EOC

Goals 6,8-12

Goal 6: The emergence of the United States in World Affairs (1890-1914)

The learner will analyze causes and effects of the United States emergence as a world power.

Alfred Mahan

As Americans increased business overseas it became necessary to protect those investments. In order to protect those investments America built the "great white fleet" that had been requested by Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan.

Josiah Strong• One of the leading

proponents of imperialism was Minister Josiah Strong.

• Strong claimed that America as the leading nation in the world it was our destiny to acquire new lands. This idea sounds a lot like Manifest Destiny because it is the same idea.

Seward’s Folly, 1867

An eager expansionist, Seward was the energetic supporter of the Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the deal often called "Seward's Folly" because Alaska was not fit for settlement or farming.

Annexation of Hawaii, 1898

By the late 1800s, U.S. had exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory, for the use of the islands as naval ports.

Causes of Spanish-American War, 1898

An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havana crippled the warship USS Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain.

Open Door Policy, 1899

Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

Roosevelt Corollary, 1904

U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

Goal 8: The Great War and Its Aftermath (1914-1930)

The learner will analyze United States involvement in World War I and the war’s influence on international affairs during the 1920s.

U.S. - Neutrality to Involvement• May 1915 – U-boats sank the Lusitania• Sept. 1915 – Germany promised not to sink unarmed ships• March 1916 – Germany sank the Sussex• May 1916 – Germany promised not to sink unarmed ships• Jan. 1917 – Zimmerman note was intercepted• Feb. 1917 – Germany resumed unrestricted submarine

warfare• April 1917 – U.S. declared war on Germany

Russian Revolution, 1917

Instituted a Communist government lead by the Bolshevik party under Lenin. Lenin pulled Russia out of WWI.

Fourteen Points, 1918

Wilson's idea that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty, including freedom of the seas and the League of Nations.

League of Nations, 1919

Devised by President Wilson, it comprised of delegates from many countries, the U.S. did not join. It was designed to be run by a council of the five largest countries. It also included a provision for a world court.

Eugene V. DebsDebs repeatedly ran for president as a

socialist, he was imprisoned after he gave a speech protesting WWI in violation of the Sedition Act.

Schenck v. U.S., 1919

United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. During wartime, negative utterances tolerable in peacetime can be punished.

Sacco and Vanzetti

• Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory.

• Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Goal 9: Prosperity and Depression (1919-1939)The learner will appraise the economic, social, and political changes of the decades of “The Twenties” and “The Thirties.”

Assembly Line

Arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in a direct line until the product is assembled.

Impact of Mass Media

• Radio

• Marketing

• Advertising

• Jazz

• Silent & “talkie” films

• “The Jazz Singer”

• “Fireside Chats”

Lost Generation

Writer Gertrude Stein told Hemingway, "You are all a lost generation," referring to the many restless young writers who gathered in Paris after WW I. They thought the U.S. was materialistic and they criticized conformity.

Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes

Hughes was a gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry. Harlem was a center for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals.

Flappers, 1920’s

Women started wearing short skirts and bobbed hair, and had more sexual freedom. They began to abandon traditional female roles and take jobs usually reserved for men.

Fundamentalism

Movement or attitude stressing strict and literal adherence to a set of basic principles.

Scopes Trial, 1925Prosecution of school teacher, John Scopes,

for violation of a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism.

Stock Market Crash, 1929On October 24, 1929, panic selling occurred as

investors realized the stock boom had been an over inflated bubble. Margin investors were being decimated as every stock holder tried to liquidate. Millionaire margin investors became bankrupt instantly, as the stock market crashed on October 28 and 29.

Dust Bowl, 1930sA series of catastrophic dust storms caused

major ecological and agricultural damage to American prairie lands in the 1930s, caused by decades of inappropriate farming techniques.

Bonus Army, 1932Facing the financial crisis of

the Depression, WW I veterans asked Congress to pay their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army.

Bank FailuresDuring the first 10 months of 1930, 744 banks

failed. In all, 9,000 banks failed during the decade of the 1930s. By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion disappear through bank failures.

Causes of Great Depression

Much debt, stock prices spiraling up, over-production and under-consuming, the stock market crashed. Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S.

New Deal Agencies

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)• Works Progress Administration (WPA)• Public Works Administration (PWA)• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Long Term Effects of New Deal Programs

• Expansion of the role of federal government

• Government responsibility for the welfare of its citizens

• Expanding government role in the economy

• Deficit spending

Goal 10: World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War (1930s-

1963)The learner will analyze

United States involvement in World War II and the war’s influence on international affairs in following decades.

Lend-lease Act, 1941Authorized the president to transfer, lend, or

lease any article of defense equipment to any government whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the U.S. Allowed the U.S. to send supplies and ammunition to the Allies.

Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

Surprise attack by Japanese on U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

D-Day, June 6, 1944

Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

War Posters

The radio, print, and film industries reminded Americans that they were in a struggle between dictatorship and democracy.

Rosie the Riveter

Women found jobs, especially in heavy industry, that fell outside the traditional realm of women’s work.

Korematsu v. U.S., 1944

Upheld the U.S. government's decision to put Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World War II.

G.I. Bill, 1944

Servicemen's Readjustment Act, also called the G.I. Bill of Rights. Granted $13 billion in aid for former servicemen, ranging from educational grants to housing and other services to assist with the readjustment to society.

Marshall Plan, 1947

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall, he proposed massive economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

Korean War, 1950On June 25, 1950, the

Communist North invaded the Democratic South. The United Nations created an international army, lead by the U.S. to fight for the South and China joined the war on the side of North Korea. This was the first time the United Nations had intervened militarily.

Post-war OrganizationsUnited Nations, 1945 - Founded after WWII by

victorious Allied Powers to intervene in conflicts between nations and avoid war.

• NATO, 1949 - The member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force.

• SEATO, 1954 - Alliance of non-Communist Asian nations modeled after NATO. Unlike NATO, it didn't establish a military force.

Containment, George F. Keenan

A member of the State Department, he felt that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962After discovering the

Russians were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, the U.S. announced a quarantine of Cuba. After six days of confrontation that almost led to nuclear war, Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the launch sites.

Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil (1945-1980)

The learner will trace economic, political, and social developments and assess their significance for the lives of Americans during this time period.

McCarthyism, 1950-1953

Senator who began sensational campaign by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists. He accused the Army of covering up foreign espionage. The Army-McCarthy Hearings made McCarthy look so foolish that further investigations were halted.

Domino Theory, 1957

It stated that if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall, producing a domino effect.

Sputnik, 1957

The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

US will react with creation of NASA

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, promoted non-violent protest.

Malcolm X

Malcolm X expressed the feelings of many African American activists who had grown impatient with King’s nonviolent methods. Malcolm X preached a message of self-reliance and self-determination.

Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan, 1963

Depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity."

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964

After a U.S. Navy ship reportedly was fired on, Congress passed this resolution which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression.

My Lai Incident, 1968

An American unit destroyed the village of My Lai, killing many women and children. The incident was not revealed to the public until 20 months later.

War Powers Act, 1973

Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.

DétenteA lessening of tensions between U.S. and

Soviet Union and China. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget.

Watergate Scandal, 1972-1974

In 1972, five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel. Nixon admitted to complicity in the burglary. In 1974, as Nixon's impeachment began, he resigned.

Nixon vs. US

Cesar ChavezNon-violent leader of the United Farm Workers

from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit (esp. grapes) and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Goal 12: The United States since the Vietnam War (1973-present)

The learner will identify and analyze trends in domestic and foreign affairs of the United States during this time period.

Camp David Accords, 1978

Peace talks between Egypt and Israel mediated by President Carter.

Title IX, 1972

"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Affirmative Action

Policy that gives special consideration to

women and minorities to make up for past

discrimination.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978

Barred colleges from admitting students solely on the basis of race, but allowed them to include race along with other considerations when deciding which students to admit.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1992

The North American Free Trade Area is the trade bloc created by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), whose members are Canada, Mexico and the United States.

Election of 2000Bush v. Gore

In the presidential election of 2000 Republican George W. Bush was elected over Democrat Al Gore. SC ruled that FL must stop with recounting of votes.

September 11, 2001

The September 11, 2001 attacks consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist suicide attacks by Islamic extremists, Al Qaeda, on the United States on September 11, 2001.

No Child Left Behind, 2002

President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act. The law helps schools improve by focusing on accountability for results, freedom for states and communities, proven education methods, and choices for parents.

What did the Patriot Act do?

A) increased immigration quotas and removedother restrictionsB) created the Department of Homeland SecurityC) gave law enforcement more powers tomonitor suspected terroristsD) outlawed bilingual education

Why did the US sign the NAFTA agreementin 1992?

A) to outlaw US trade with Libya, Iran, and IraqB) to improve trade between the US, Canada, and MexicoC) to increase trade between the US and theEuropean UnionD) to impose heavy tariffs on goods importedfrom China

Which of the following is an example of affirmative action?

A) a better qualified Hispanic male is overlookedin favor of a less qualified white male who is related to the bossB) a better qualified white male is overlookedin favor of a less qualified white female for entrance to a college because the school wants more femalesC) a less qualified black man is laid off insteadof a better qualified Asian femaleD) a company award sales territories of differentsizes depending on sales performance and doesnot take gender or race into consideration

What did the Supreme Court rule in Roe vs. Wade?

A) women had the right to an legalabortionB) vouchers to pay for private schoolingwere legalC) teaching about the Bible in schoolwas illegalD) profanity on television or radio wasillegal

Which development profoundly transformedentertainment, education, commerce, andresearch in much of the world in the 1990s?

A) cable television newsB) biotechnologyC) InternetD) World Bank

Of the following countries, which one is considered to be part of George W. Bush’s“axis of evil?

A) ChinaB) IranC) IsraelD) India

Which of the following is true concerningAl-Qaeda?

A) it is a terrorist network that advocates the useof violence to promote radical Islamic viewsB) it almost disappeared when the Sovietsinvaded Afghanistan because its members believed its purpose was overC) no one ever heard of bin Laden or Al-Qaedabefore 9-11D) Al-Qaeda left Afghanistan in 1998 after it wasforced to flee missile strikes authorized byClinton

Which of the following policy changes wasmandated by the American with DisabilitiesAct?

A) All public employees must be able tocommunicate in American sign languageB) second-hand tobacco smoke is prohibitedin all office buildingsC) all cafes must now have high speed internetD) all public restrooms must be wheelchairaccessible