U.S. History Top 100

What every student should know to pass the U.S. History EOC.

Goals 1-5, 7

Goal 1: The New Nation (1789-1820)

The learner will identify, investigate, and assess the effectiveness of the institutions of the emerging republic.

Suffrage during the Federalist Era

Who could vote?• White males who

owned property.

Who could not vote?• White males who did

not own property• Women• African-Americans• Native Americans

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. The army put down the rebellion.

The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796

• Would not seek a third term

• Warned against competing political parties

• Warned against complicated entanglements of Europe

Development of the two-party system

Democratic Republicans

• Led by Thomas Jefferson• Thought states should

have more power• Wanted to base economy

on farming• Were pro-French• Supported a strict

construction of the Constitution

Federalists • Led by Alexander

Hamilton• Favored a strong central

government• Wanted to base economy

on industry and trade• Were pro-British• Supported a loose

construction of the Constitution

XYZ Affair, 1797

Delegates were sent to France to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand.

The American delegates were told they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a large bribe. They did not pay the bribe.

Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798

These laws were passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams.

The Alien Act increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years and the president could deport dangerous aliens.

The Sedition Act made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government. It was an attempt to silence opposition.

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

The case arose out of Jefferson's refusal to deliver the commissions to the judges appointed by Adams' Midnight Appointments.

This case established the Supreme Court's right to judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from France for $15 million.

Jefferson was interested in the territory because it was valuable for trade and shipping and provided room to expand.

The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.

Goal 2: Expansion and Reform (1801-1850)

The learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

1798 - The cotton gin was a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. Whitney’s invention made cotton a profitable crop. It also reinforced slavery in the economy of the South.

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of 36°30΄ would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Declared that Europe should not interfere in the Western Hemisphere and any interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.

Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until the late 1800s.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff of 1828 raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. It protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Indian Removal, 1838-1839

During the winter, troops evicted the Cherokee tribe from their homes in Georgia and moved them to Oklahoma. Many died on the trail. The journey became known as the "Trail of Tears".

Hudson River School of Art

In the 1820s, a group of American painters, painted landscapes.

NativismAn anti-foreign feeling that arose in the

1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

Women’s Reform Movement

In the 1800's, women were not allowed to be involved in politics or own property, had little legal status and rarely held jobs.

The women's movement was often overshadowed by the anti-slavery movement. Men who had been working with the women's movement worked for the abolition of slavery once it became a major issue.

Henry Clay

Clay helped heal the North/South rift by aiding passage of the Compromise of 1850, which served to delay the Civil War.

Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War and Reconstruction (1848-1877)

The learner will analyze the issues that led to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation.

Compromise of 1850• Admitted California as a free state• Organized Utah and N.M. without restrictions on slavery • Adjusted the Texas/N.M. border• Abolished slave trade in D.C. • Established tougher fugitive slave laws.

• Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of

national division.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854This act repealed the Missouri Compromise.

Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states.

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in free land had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided he could not sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Causes of Secession, 1860

After Lincoln was elected, seven Southern states seceded. They cited as their reason for seceding the election of a President “whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery.”

Emancipation Proclamation, 1862

Lincoln freed all slaves in states that had seceded. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.

Battle of Gettysburg, 1863

90,000 soldiers under Meade vs. 76,000 under Lee, lasted three days and the North won. Considered a turning point of the Civil War.

Civil War Amendments

13th - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery. 14th - It granted full citizenship to all native-born or

naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants. No state shall deny a person life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

15th - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.

Reconstruction Plans

Presidential Plans• Lincoln offered the

“Ten Percent Plan.”• Johnson’s plan was

similar to Lincoln’s, but required wealthy planters to request pardons and did not support voting rights for African-Americans.

Congressional Plan• “Radical Republicans”

passed the Wade-Davis Bill. Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill.

• Established Freedmen’s Bureau and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks or any other citizens.

Compromise of 1877

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

Goal 4: The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896)

The learner will evaluate the great westward movement and assess the impact of the agricultural revolution on the nation.

Motivation for Westward Movement

• Government Incentives

• Pacific Railway Acts• Morrill Land-Grant Act• Homestead Act

• Private Property• Miners• Cattle ranchers• Farmers

Challenges of Westward Movement

• Lack of resources; wood and water

• Severe weather, bugs, floods, prairie fires, dust storms, drought

• Conflicts with Native Americans

Improvements in Agriculture

• Mechanized reaper – reduced labor force• Steel plow – cut through dense sod• Barbed wire – kept cattle off crops, end of

open range• Windmills – powers irrigation systems• Hybridization – allowed greater yields

Transcontinental Railroad, 1869

Union Pacific began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Central Pacific went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah.

Dawes (Severalty) Act, 1887

It tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators.

Helen Hunt Jackson

A muckraker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act.

Cross of Gold Speech, 1896Given by William

Jennings Bryan, he said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.

Goal 5: Becoming an Industrial Society (1877-1900)

The learner will describe innovations in technology and business practices and assess their impact on economic, political, and social life in America.

Influence of Big Business

• Larger pools of capital

• Wider geographic span

• Broader range of operations

• Revised role of ownership

• New methods of management

Laissez-faire

A theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business.

Credit Mobilier Scandal, 1872 • Union Pacific received a government

contract to build the transcontinental railroad

• It "hired" Credit Mobilier to do the actual construction, charging nearly twice the actual cost of the project.

• The scheme was discovered and the company tried to bribe Congress with gifts of stock to stop the investigation.

• This was the biggest bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.

Jane Addams’ Hull House, 1889Social reformer who worked to improve the

lives of the working class. She founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

Social Darwinism

Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

Gospel of Wealth, 1889

Andrew Carnegie was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.

Labor Practices

Collective Bargaining - Discussions held between workers and their employers over wages, hours, and conditions.

Labor Unions – organization of workers

Strikes – refusal to perform work until demands are met.

Labor Unions

Knights of Labor• An American labor

union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869.

American Federation of Labor

• Began in 1886 with about 140,000 members; by 1917 it had 2.5 million members. It is a federation of different unions.

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel.

Goal 7: The Progressive Movement (1890-1914)

The learner will analyze the economic, political, and social reforms of the Progressive Period.

Causes of ProgressivismIneffectiveness of governmentPoor working conditionsEmergence of Social GospelUnequal distribution of wealthImmigrationUrban poorCorruption

Progressive Party Platform

The platform called for women's suffrage, recall of judicial decisions, easier amendment of the U.S. Constitution, social welfare legislation for women and children, workers' compensation, limited injunctions in strikes, farm relief, revision of banking to assure an elastic currency.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911A fire in New York's Triangle

Shirtwaist Company killed 146 people, mostly women. The doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Highlighted the poor working conditions and led to federal regulations to protect workers.

Muckrakers

Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen.

Robert LaFollette

Political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin and some of his ideas included recall, referendum and initiative

Wisconsin- Laboratory ofDemocracy

Federal Reserve Act, 1913

Regulated banking to help small banks stay in business. A move away from laissez-faire policies, it was passed by Wilson.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1886

The Supreme Court ruled against Plessy, saying that segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal as long as the facilities were of equal quality.

Disenfranchisement

The Mississippi Supreme Court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal.

Booker T. WashingtonWashington believed that African Americans

had to achieve economic independence before civil rights. In 1881, he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute.

W.E.B. DuBois

DuBois believed that black Americans had to demand their social and civil rights or else become permanent victims of racism. Helped found the NAACP. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories.

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