U.S. History

Gilded Age

1870-1890

Progressive Era

1890-1920

Populist Party—a progressive movement of farmers wanting inflation and government regulation of major services

Progressive Era

Circa 1890-1920

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-ztBdclkYU

Progressive Era: Defining Special Terms*=see notes

1. Progressive--reform2. Prohibition—making alcohol

illegal3. City manager—appointed

administrator of a city4. Referendum/initiative—when

voters can decide state issues and laws with ballots

5. Recall—taking a public official out of office after their election

6. Primary—first election to select candidates for office

7. Yellow journalism*8. Muckraking*9. Political corruption—using

government for private gain

10. Conservation--environmentalism11. “trustbuster”—politician who

enforced anti-trust laws12. Suffrage—right to vote13. Civil Rights—working toward

equal rights for races14. NAACP—Civil Rights organization15. Social gospel—duty to help the

poor16. Workmen’s

Compensation—requirement of insurance for people hurt on the job

17. Populist Party—People’s Party who sponsored farmers’ issues

Yellow Journalism

Exaggerated news to sell newspapers

Tended to sensationalize events for the purpose of entertainment and profit

Most notable were papers owned by Hearst and Pulitzer

Muckrakers

• Early 20th century journalists who exposed illegal business practices, social injustices and corrupt urban political bosses

• Exposed urban problems• The rise of mass circulation newspapers and

magazines enabled muckrakers to reach a large audience.

• Leading muckrakers included Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis and Ida Tarbell, Ida Wells, Lewis Hine, Thomas Nast, Lincoln Steffens

TR called Upton Sinclair a muckraker

• William Tweed, the boss of the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine

• He was arrested, tried and imprisoned

Thomas Nast exposed the political machine of Tammany Hall and its political boss, William Tweed

Nast drew the symbols of the two political parties

Nast also drew this familiar image

Nast exposed Reconstruction atrocities1. Describe the horrors of

Reconstruction (1865-77) as shown in the political cartoon.

2. How would Northerners respond to this cartoon?

3. How would Southerners respond?

Reconstruction—rebuilding the South after the Civil War

• Northern occupation• Southern resentments• Temporary rights for

freedmen• Cycle of poverty started

with sharecropping

Civil Rights Issues

• Segregation—two kinds

• De jure segregation— “by law”—in South

• De facto segregation— “by tradition”—in North

Civil Rights Activists

• Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. DuBois

Plessy v. Ferguson

• Louisiana train • Southern tradition vs. 14th Amendment (rights of citizenship)• Decision was a HUGE SETBACK for Civil Rights•

Promoted “separate but equal” doctrine and extended

segregation for 70 more years!

Women marched for suffrage (the right to vote!)

Women got the vote in 1920!

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYQhRCs9IHM

• See Triangle Shirtwaist Fire on Playlist

Music

• Ragtime by Scott Joplin

• Tin Pan Alley songs

by George M. Cohan, Irving Berlin, George and Ira Gershwin

J.P. Morgan

• TR’s Secretary of Treasury

• Known for financing the federal government in an emergency

Add to Notes

• YMCA and YWCA—promoted health of youth• Disasters led communities to reform:– Examples: Blizzard of 1888 (led to National

Weather Service)– Galveston Hurricane of 1900 (6000 dead—led to

sea wall)– Floods of Mississippi Delta and Ohio River

• Cities controlled utilities• Changed view of what government should be

and should do

1910--New ideas of Government?

• Be accountable to the people• Curb the power of the wealthy• Protect workers• Improve lives of citizens• Become more efficient and less corrupt• Control only utility businesses (water, gas,

electricity)

A New Brand of Patriotism

• The Pledge of Allegiance was written in the 1890s by Francis Bellamy

• changed in 1920s by Daughters of the American Revolution

• changed again in 1950s by Knights of Columbus

• “America the Beautiful was written by Katherine Bates in the 1890s

Temperance led to Prohibition

• Frances Willard led the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

• Carrie Nation “axed” saloons and bars

• 18th Amendment passed in 1920 (was repealed by 21st Amendment in 1933)

Progressive Era Posters Raised Awareness

Sort the issues

1. Home2. Conservation3. State/Local Reforms4. Finance5. Politicians6. Women7. Civil Rights8. Labor9. Federal Legislation10. Other Reformers

Answers to 1-10

• 1. Home Issues: social gospel, birth control, women’s suffrage, meat, education, poverty, architecture, prohibition, 18th amendment, 19th amendment, child labor laws, universities, yellow journalism, muckraking

• 2. Conservation Issues (see #XIII): water rights, forest management, national parks, public parks, landscaping, Sierra Club, Boy Scouts, T. Roosevelt’s presidency, U.S. Forest Service, Frederick Law Olmstead

• 3. State and Local Reforms: city managers, commissioners, secret ballot, referendums, initiatives, direct primaries, recall elections, prohibition, political corruption and machines, meat, food and drugs, settlement houses, poverty, lynching, architecture, conservation, women’s rights, birth control, socialism, unions, civil rights, education, social gospel, corporate welfare, segregation

• 4. Finance Reform: trustbusting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, Clayton Anti-trust Act, History of Standard Oil, break up of the Rockefeller monopoly, Federal Reserve Bank, corporate welfare, Workmen’s Compensation, unions, Department of Labor

• 5. Politicians: T. Roosevelt, W. Wilson, C.E. Hughes, H. Hoover, W.J. Bryan, Al Smith, Eugene Debs, Robert La Follette

• 6. Women’s Issues: suffrage, education, child labor, prohibition, universities, social gospel, Civil Rights, architecture, settlement houses, social work, poverty, meat, food, drugs, political corruption, muckraking, reforming local and state governments

• 7. Civil Rights: lynching, education, African American universities, NAACP, Niagra Movement, Plessy case, segregation, “separate but equal”, unions, poverty

• 8. Labor: unions, socialists, Workmen’s Compensation, income tax, corporate welfare, Department of Labor, child labor laws, mandatory education laws, Meat Inspection and Pure Food and Drug Act, trustbusting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, Clayton Anti-trust Act, social gospel

• 9. Federal Legislation: Amendments 16, 17, 18, 19, Federal Reserve Act, Sherman Anti-trust Act, Clayton Anti-trust Act, Workmen’s Compensation, Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Creation of U.S. Parks and Forests, child labor laws, mandatory education laws, National Park Service

• 10. Other Reformers (not politicians):Ida Wells, Upton Sinclair, Margaret Sanger, Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, Jane Addams, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, DuBois and Washington, Jacob Riis, Lincoln Steffens, Thomas Nast, Pulitzer and Hearst, Lewis Brandeis, Henry Ford

STAAR Amendments (Federal Legislation)

13th—free14th—citizens 15th—vote

16th—income tax17th—election of senators18th—no alcohol19th—women’s vote

Who is on STAAR? Politicians, Reformers, Activists

1. Hearst and Pulitzer—publishers2. Wright and Sullivan—architects3. T. Roosevelt—conservation/trustbuster4. Susan B. Anthony—suffrage5. Eugene Debs—union and socialist leader6. Booker T. Washington—Civil Rights education7. W.E.B. DuBois—Civil Rights—NAACP8. Jane Addams—Hull House/social worker9. Henry Ford—cars and corporate welfare10. Upton Sinclair—The Jungle11. Ida Wells—exposed lynching numbers12. Frances Willard—leader of Women’s Christian Temperance Union

STAAR Ideas1. Political machines—organizations using rewards and gain for

political service2. Civil service reform—efforts to end political corruption3. Labor unions—organizations of workers4. Women’s suffrage—women’s right to vote5. Civil Rights—effort toward political and social equality for minorities6. Social Gospel—application of Christian ethics to social problems7. Initiative—issue put to a vote after a petition8. Referendum—voters accept or reject a proposal9. Recall—voters can remove an elected official through their vote10. Muckrakers—journalists who expose the negatives in society11. Eugenics— “good genes”—effort to alter genetic traits—a form of

“scientific racism” based on faulty “science”12. Prohibition—legal ban on sale or transportation of alcohol 13. Tin Pan Alley—the “new” music of New York14. Populists—third party supported by farmers

Illustration of Progressive Issue

• Topic (number and title)• Terms/Issues• Picture—can be drawn or computer printout• Vivid and clear words and picture• Bonus points for color• (Consider this a “cheat sheet”)