unit 7: the progressive movement in the us 1890-1914

Unit 7: The Progressive Movement in the US

Unit 7: The Progressive Movement in the US

1890-19141890-1914

Jacob RiisJacob Riis

Wrote books and published photographs that drew attention to the horrible living conditions in city tenements.

How the Other Half Lives (1890)

Wrote books and published photographs that drew attention to the horrible living conditions in city tenements.

How the Other Half Lives (1890)

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Bandit’s Roost, 1889

Jane AddamsJane Addams

Established the Hull House in Chicago, which served as a center for social services in poor working-class neighborhoods.

IMPACT: Other settlement houses were inspired by the Hull House and pushed for reforms in cities across the nation.

Established the Hull House in Chicago, which served as a center for social services in poor working-class neighborhoods.

IMPACT: Other settlement houses were inspired by the Hull House and pushed for reforms in cities across the nation.



Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

In 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC. 500 seamstresses had been locked in on the 9th floor to prevent stealing or unauthorized breaks.

As the women tried to escape the fire, the fire escapes collapse. 146 people died.

IMPACT: Public outcry demanded reforms for safer working conditions.

In 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC. 500 seamstresses had been locked in on the 9th floor to prevent stealing or unauthorized breaks.

As the women tried to escape the fire, the fire escapes collapse. 146 people died.

IMPACT: Public outcry demanded reforms for safer working conditions.

The Rise of ProgressivismThe Rise of

ProgressivismExtreme inequality showcased the problems of industrialization.

While millionaires spent $25,000 on a bed and politicians robbed city treasuries, workers suffered from poverty and dangerous working conditions.

Reformers began to question the Social Darwinism ideas of the Gilded Age.

Extreme inequality showcased the problems of industrialization.

While millionaires spent $25,000 on a bed and politicians robbed city treasuries, workers suffered from poverty and dangerous working conditions.

Reformers began to question the Social Darwinism ideas of the Gilded Age.QuickTime™ and a

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ProgressivesProgressivesUrban, Northeast, educated, middle-class, Protestant reformers

Believed that laissez-faire, Social Darwinist ideas were morally wrong

Believed that people could use the government to correct problems caused by human nature or the free market.

Preached a social gospel theory that Christians have a moral obligation to help those in need.

Urban, Northeast, educated, middle-class, Protestant reformers

Believed that laissez-faire, Social Darwinist ideas were morally wrong

Believed that people could use the government to correct problems caused by human nature or the free market.

Preached a social gospel theory that Christians have a moral obligation to help those in need.

MuckrakersMuckrakers

Investigated and reported the injustices of the Gilded Age system.

Lincoln Steffens published The Shame of the Cities (1904) to expose how city politicians and business leaders worked together to keep power and exploit the city treasury. IMPACT: Public outcry led to more professionalized city governments.

Investigated and reported the injustices of the Gilded Age system.

Lincoln Steffens published The Shame of the Cities (1904) to expose how city politicians and business leaders worked together to keep power and exploit the city treasury. IMPACT: Public outcry led to more professionalized city governments.

MuckrakersMuckrakers

Ida Tarbell published History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) to document John D. Rockefeller’s rise to wealth and power. Many of Rockefeller’s techniques were exposed as illegal or unethical. IMPACT: The Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that the Standard Oil trust was an illegal monopoly that should be dissolved.

Ida Tarbell published History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) to document John D. Rockefeller’s rise to wealth and power. Many of Rockefeller’s techniques were exposed as illegal or unethical. IMPACT: The Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that the Standard Oil trust was an illegal monopoly that should be dissolved.

MuckrakersMuckrakersSocialist Upton Sinclair published The Jungle (1906) to expose the labor abuses and dangerous working conditions in the meatpacking industry of Chicago.

Americans were especially outraged over Sinclair’s descriptions of how the meat was processed. Spoiled meat covered with chemicals All parts of animals ground up Non-edible additives to add weight Rats, excrement & filthy water

IMPACT: Pure Food & Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act

Socialist Upton Sinclair published The Jungle (1906) to expose the labor abuses and dangerous working conditions in the meatpacking industry of Chicago.

Americans were especially outraged over Sinclair’s descriptions of how the meat was processed. Spoiled meat covered with chemicals All parts of animals ground up Non-edible additives to add weight Rats, excrement & filthy water

IMPACT: Pure Food & Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act

“Be a little careful, please! The hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies back there. Not that it would hurt them; kicks and

cuffs are their daily diet. Listen! That short hacking cough--what do they mean? Oh! sadly familiar

story--before the day is at an end. The child is dying with measles. With half a chance it might have

lived; but it had none. That dark bedroom killed it.”

“There were the woolpluckers, for the pelts of the sheep had to be painted with acid to loosen the

wool, and then the pluckers had to pull out this wool with their bare hands, till the acid had eaten their fingers off. There were those who made the tins

their hands, too, were a maze of cuts--a chance for blood-poisoning.”

“meat for canning & sausage was piled on the floor before workers carried it off in carts holding

sawdust, human spit & urine, rat dung, rat poison, & even dead rats”

“men who fell into steaming lard vats”

“The good we secure for ourselves is precarious and uncertain until it is secured for all of us and

incorporated into our common life.”

“The coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the

machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later and smothered and dead. Clouds of dust fill the

breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners’ consumption.”

“The visitor [to the city] is told of the wealth of the residents, of the financial strength of the banks, and of the growing importance of the industries; yet he sees

poorly paved, refuse-burdened streets, and dusty or mud-covered alleys; he passes a ramshackle firetrap crowded

with the sick and learns that it is the City Hospital. Finally, he turns a tap in the hotel to see liquid mud flow

into the wash basin or bathtub.”

“One had better die fighting against injustice than die like a dog or a rat in a trap.”

“The strong arm of the law must be brought to bear upon lynchers in severe punishment, but this cannot and will not be done unless a healthy public sentiment demands

and sustains such action.”

“Let no man think we can deny civil liberty to others and retain it for ourselves. When zealous agents of

the Government arrest suspected “radicals” without warrant, hold them without prompt trial, deny them access to counsel and admission of

bail....we have shorn the Bill of Rights of its sanctity…”

“Men are nicotine-soaked, beer-besmirched, whiskey-greased, red-eyed devils.”

“Rockefeller and his associates did not build the Standard Oil Co. in the board rooms of Wall Street banks. They fought their way to control by rebate and drawback, bribe and blackmail, espionage and price cutting, by

ruthless ... efficiency of [monopoly].”

Progressive PresidentsProgressive Presidents

Theodore Roosevelt William HowardTaft

Woodrow Wilson

Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”

Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”

“When I say I believe in a square deal, I do not mean to give every man the best hand. If good cards do not come to any man, or if they do come, and he has not got the power to play them, that is his affair. All I mean is that there shall be no crookedness in the dealing.”

-Theodore Roosevelt

“When I say I believe in a square deal, I do not mean to give every man the best hand. If good cards do not come to any man, or if they do come, and he has not got the power to play them, that is his affair. All I mean is that there shall be no crookedness in the dealing.”

-Theodore Roosevelt

Roosevelt as a Progressive


Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)Coal miners went on strike for better pay, shorter hours, and recognition of the United Mine Workers union.

Roosevelt pressured J.P. Morgan to compromise on a 10% increase in wages.

IMPACT: First time a president sided with laborers in a nationally-publicized strike.

Northern Securities v. US (1904)Roosevelt’s administration sues J.P. Morgan for his monopoly of railroad shipping. Supreme Court votes to dissolve Morgan’s Northern Securities Company.

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)Coal miners went on strike for better pay, shorter hours, and recognition of the United Mine Workers union.

Roosevelt pressured J.P. Morgan to compromise on a 10% increase in wages.

IMPACT: First time a president sided with laborers in a nationally-publicized strike.

Northern Securities v. US (1904)Roosevelt’s administration sues J.P. Morgan for his monopoly of railroad shipping. Supreme Court votes to dissolve Morgan’s Northern Securities Company.



Conservation of natural resourcesby establishing national parks

Teddy Roosevelt withJohn Muir

Taft as a ProgressiveTaft as a Progressive

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)Strengthened regulation of railroad, telegraph & telephone companies

American Tobacco v. US (1911)Suit brought by Taft administration against James Duke’s tobacco monopoly. Supreme Court ruled to break up the trust.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1912)Raised tariffs. Taft lost Progressive support over this issue in the 1912 election.

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)Strengthened regulation of railroad, telegraph & telephone companies

American Tobacco v. US (1911)Suit brought by Taft administration against James Duke’s tobacco monopoly. Supreme Court ruled to break up the trust.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1912)Raised tariffs. Taft lost Progressive support over this issue in the 1912 election.

Election of 1912Election of 1912

Progressives form a new party, nicknamed the “Bull Moose” Party after they nominated Roosevelt to run for president against Taft.Progressive Platform: improved working conditions, more regulation, women’s suffrage, no child labor

With the Republican vote split between Taft and Roosevelt, Democrat candidate Woodrow Wilson won the election.Democrat Platform: Attack the “Triple Wall of Privilege” (tariff, banks & trusts) without threatening free economic competition (New Freedom)

Progressives form a new party, nicknamed the “Bull Moose” Party after they nominated Roosevelt to run for president against Taft.Progressive Platform: improved working conditions, more regulation, women’s suffrage, no child labor

With the Republican vote split between Taft and Roosevelt, Democrat candidate Woodrow Wilson won the election.Democrat Platform: Attack the “Triple Wall of Privilege” (tariff, banks & trusts) without threatening free economic competition (New Freedom)

Wilson as a ProgressiveWilson as a Progressive

Federal Reserve Act (1913) to oversee the banking industry and make currency more flexible

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) made workers’ strikes, pickets & boycotts legal and outlawed using antitrust laws to break up strikes and labor unions

Federal Reserve Act (1913) to oversee the banking industry and make currency more flexible

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) made workers’ strikes, pickets & boycotts legal and outlawed using antitrust laws to break up strikes and labor unions

Wilson as a ProgressiveWilson as a Progressive

16th Amendment (1913) to collect income taxes

17th Amendment (1913) for direct election of Senators

18th Amendment (1919) to outlaw the manufacture, sale & transport of alcohol (Prohibition)Volstead Act passed by Congress to enforce the 18th amendment

19th Amendment (1920) guaranteed the right to vote for women

16th Amendment (1913) to collect income taxes

17th Amendment (1913) for direct election of Senators

18th Amendment (1919) to outlaw the manufacture, sale & transport of alcohol (Prohibition)Volstead Act passed by Congress to enforce the 18th amendment

19th Amendment (1920) guaranteed the right to vote for women

Progressive Local Government

Progressive Local Government

Robert La Follette initiated many of the Populist reforms in WisconsinDirect primary, referendum, recall, initiative, secret ballot

IMPACT: Setting an example for the nation

Commission, or city council, elected by the people to run the city instead of an individual mayorCity manager hired as a professional to run the government’s treasury; answered to the council

IMPACT: Less corruption & political machines

Robert La Follette initiated many of the Populist reforms in WisconsinDirect primary, referendum, recall, initiative, secret ballot

IMPACT: Setting an example for the nation

Commission, or city council, elected by the people to run the city instead of an individual mayorCity manager hired as a professional to run the government’s treasury; answered to the council

IMPACT: Less corruption & political machines

Segregation During the Progressive Era


After the Civil War, Republicans in Congress passed a Civil Rights Act and established military zones in the South to protect the rights of newly freed slaves.

In order to win the election of 1876, Republicans made the Compromise of 1877 with the Southern Democrats that they would pull out federal troops, effectively ending Reconstruction efforts.

After the Civil War, Republicans in Congress passed a Civil Rights Act and established military zones in the South to protect the rights of newly freed slaves.

In order to win the election of 1876, Republicans made the Compromise of 1877 with the Southern Democrats that they would pull out federal troops, effectively ending Reconstruction efforts.

Rutherford B. HayesPresident, 1876



Disenfranchisement - taking away the right to votePoll taxes were required & higher for black votersLiteracy tests were required & harder for black voters

Grandfather clauses based the right to vote on whether or not your grandfather voted

IntimidationKu Klux Klan organizations used terror tactics & lynching to confiscate property & intimidate African Americans

Disenfranchisement - taking away the right to votePoll taxes were required & higher for black votersLiteracy tests were required & harder for black voters

Grandfather clauses based the right to vote on whether or not your grandfather voted

IntimidationKu Klux Klan organizations used terror tactics & lynching to confiscate property & intimidate African Americans

Segregation During the Progressive

Era

Segregation During the Progressive

EraSegregationDe facto - segregation by custom (Northern states)Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities resulted in increased racial tension & segregation

De jure - segregation by law (Southern states)Jim Crow laws - legal segregation in all ways of life

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Supreme Court upheld de jure segregation as constitutional

Set the “separate but equal” precedent

SegregationDe facto - segregation by custom (Northern states)Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities resulted in increased racial tension & segregation

De jure - segregation by law (Southern states)Jim Crow laws - legal segregation in all ways of life

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Supreme Court upheld de jure segregation as constitutional

Set the “separate but equal” precedent

Wilmington Race Riot, 1898

Wilmington Race Riot, 1898

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. WashingtonEmancipated slave who completed school & became a teacher

Believed in training African Americans in practical skills

needed to increase their economic standing

Established the Tuskegee Institute as an agricultural & vocational

school for African Americans

Issued a speech at the Atlanta Exposition arguing that when whites saw blacks as productive members of society, equality would eventually come

Emancipated slave who completed school & became a teacher

Believed in training African Americans in practical skills

needed to increase their economic standing

Established the Tuskegee Institute as an agricultural & vocational

school for African Americans

Issued a speech at the Atlanta Exposition arguing that when whites saw blacks as productive members of society, equality would eventually come

W. E. B. DuBoisW. E. B. DuBoisBorn as a free black and obtained a Ph.D. from Harvard

Demanded immediate & full equality for blacks as guaranteed

by the Constitution

Called Washington’s speech the “Atlanta Compromise,” criticizing

his arguments for vocational education, cooperation & patience

Founded the Niagara Movement, which led to the NAACP in 1909 to

fight for equality & an improved self-image for African Americans

Born as a free black and obtained a Ph.D. from Harvard

Demanded immediate & full equality for blacks as guaranteed

by the Constitution

Called Washington’s speech the “Atlanta Compromise,” criticizing

his arguments for vocational education, cooperation & patience

Founded the Niagara Movement, which led to the NAACP in 1909 to

fight for equality & an improved self-image for African Americans

Ida B. Wells-BarnettIda B. Wells-BarnettJournalist and activist for African American rights and laws against lynching

Helped found the NAACP and established the National Association of Colored

Women to work alongside the NAACP

Ran for Illinois office to fight segregation laws and effects of poverty

Famous for refusing to stand at the back of women’s suffrage parades

Journalist and activist for African American rights and laws against lynching

Helped found the NAACP and established the National Association of Colored

Women to work alongside the NAACP

Ran for Illinois office to fight segregation laws and effects of poverty

Famous for refusing to stand at the back of women’s suffrage parades

LynchingLynching

According to the Constitutional Rights Foundation, between 1882 and 1968, mobs lynched over 3,300 African Americans.

Lynching peaked after the end of Reconstruction. By the 1920s, 95% of U.S. lynchings occurred in the South.

White mobs often justified their actions as defense of “white womanhood.” The usual reason given for lynching black men was that they raped white women.

Wells’ reports and research argued that the real motive was to keep African American men economically depressed and politically disenfranchised.

According to the Constitutional Rights Foundation, between 1882 and 1968, mobs lynched over 3,300 African Americans.

Lynching peaked after the end of Reconstruction. By the 1920s, 95% of U.S. lynchings occurred in the South.

White mobs often justified their actions as defense of “white womanhood.” The usual reason given for lynching black men was that they raped white women.

Wells’ reports and research argued that the real motive was to keep African American men economically depressed and politically disenfranchised.

The New ConsumerThe New Consumer



Mass CultureMass CultureElectricity led to factories operating more efficiently & for longer hours.Production increase = more stuff to sell

People started to wear pre-made clothes, paying attention to the latest styles and going out at night.

Movies, radio, and mail order catalogs encouraged people to wear the same fashions, buy the same products, and dance the latest dances.The US began to develop a national consumer culture

Electricity led to factories operating more efficiently & for longer hours.Production increase = more stuff to sell

People started to wear pre-made clothes, paying attention to the latest styles and going out at night.

Movies, radio, and mail order catalogs encouraged people to wear the same fashions, buy the same products, and dance the latest dances.The US began to develop a national consumer culture



Coca Cola



Water







Kodak Cameras



Firearms



Jewelry Boxes


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Sports Equipment



The Famous Ford Model-T

Henry FordHenry Ford

Not just a cool car, the Model T revolutionized consumerism.New assembly line production allowed parts to move down a conveyor belt while workers manned stations & repeated the same task all day.

This new mass production technique made the car super cheap & Ford wanted everyone to buy one, even his workers!

So, Ford decided to pay his workers an incredible, unheard of $5 a day!! (workers-as-consumers)

With workers making more money, businesses realized they could sell more stuff!

Not just a cool car, the Model T revolutionized consumerism.New assembly line production allowed parts to move down a conveyor belt while workers manned stations & repeated the same task all day.

This new mass production technique made the car super cheap & Ford wanted everyone to buy one, even his workers!

So, Ford decided to pay his workers an incredible, unheard of $5 a day!! (workers-as-consumers)

With workers making more money, businesses realized they could sell more stuff!



Air Travel BeginsAir Travel Begins

The Wright Brothers conducted their first successful flight in North Carolina in 1903.

By 1926, commercial air travel was being used by businessmen and wealthy passengers to move around the world faster than ever before.

The Wright Brothers conducted their first successful flight in North Carolina in 1903.

By 1926, commercial air travel was being used by businessmen and wealthy passengers to move around the world faster than ever before.

Advertising & Consumerism

Advertising & Consumerism

Click on the Moodle link “Advertising Age”Find 3 advertisements that interest you.

What is the product?What symbols (if any) are used?Who do you think is the intended audience?Is the ad primarily visual, verbal, or both?What does the ad tell you about life in the US at the time?

Click on the Moodle link “Advertising Age”Find 3 advertisements that interest you.

What is the product?What symbols (if any) are used?Who do you think is the intended audience?Is the ad primarily visual, verbal, or both?What does the ad tell you about life in the US at the time?