US and the period US and the period of appeasementof appeasement

America’s response to America’s response to the rise of Dictators in the rise of Dictators in EuropeEurope

The rise of dictatorships in Europe after The rise of dictatorships in Europe after WWI made Americans feel like WWI made Americans feel like everything they had fought for during everything they had fought for during WWI was pointless.WWI was pointless.

Favor isolationism Favor isolationism

The Neutrality Acts -1935The Neutrality Acts -1935

Response to Hitler’s rearming of Response to Hitler’s rearming of GermanyGermany

Based on the idea that arms sales to the Based on the idea that arms sales to the allies during WWI had help bring the US allies during WWI had help bring the US into the war the act made it illegal for into the war the act made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at Americans to sell arms to any country at war. war.

Is anyone at war?Is anyone at war?

Neutrality Acts of 1937Neutrality Acts of 1937

Continued to ban weapons salesContinued to ban weapons sales Added that if nations wanted non-military Added that if nations wanted non-military

goods from the US they had to buy them goods from the US they had to buy them on a “cash-and-carry” basis.on a “cash-and-carry” basis.

Nation would have to send its own ships Nation would have to send its own ships to pick up the goods, and it had to pay to pick up the goods, and it had to pay cash.cash.

Loans were not allowed.Loans were not allowed.

Neutrality Acts of 1939Neutrality Acts of 1939

In response to Britain and France declaring In response to Britain and France declaring war on Germanywar on Germany

FDR wanted to support our Democratic allies.FDR wanted to support our Democratic allies. FDR had Congress Revise the Neutrality FDR had Congress Revise the Neutrality

Acts to allow for nations to buy military arms Acts to allow for nations to buy military arms on a “cash-and-carry” basis.on a “cash-and-carry” basis.

However businesses continued to sell other goods to BOTH sides However businesses continued to sell other goods to BOTH sides before the US entered the war.before the US entered the war.

See Reading/ClipSee Reading/Clip

World War Breaks World War Breaks out in Europeout in Europe

1939-19451939-1945

Hitler’s Lightning AttackHitler’s Lightning Attack

September 1September 1stst 1939 Hitler invaded Poland 1939 Hitler invaded Poland Blitzkrieg (lighting war) used fast moving Blitzkrieg (lighting war) used fast moving

planes and tanks, followed by massive infantry planes and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces.forces.

Britain and France declared war on Germany Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3on September 3rdrd..

Poland had already fallen to Nazi Germany.Poland had already fallen to Nazi Germany. Hitler annexed the Western half of PolandHitler annexed the Western half of Poland

The Fall of FranceThe Fall of France

Hitler invaded Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Hitler invaded Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.Netherlands.

With everyone’s attention on Hitler’s sweep of these With everyone’s attention on Hitler’s sweep of these nations he sent an even larger force into France nations he sent an even larger force into France through the Ardrennes Forest, avoiding the Maginot through the Ardrennes Forest, avoiding the Maginot Line - a system of fortifications along France’s border Line - a system of fortifications along France’s border with Germany. Allied forces and German forces with Germany. Allied forces and German forces stared at each other. Became known as Stizkriegstared at each other. Became known as Stizkrieg

The Fall of France Cont.The Fall of France Cont.

By June 14 Germans had taken ParisBy June 14 Germans had taken Paris French surrendered on June 22, 1940.French surrendered on June 22, 1940. Germans controlled the North and set up a Germans controlled the North and set up a

puppet government in the south. puppet government in the south. ““capital” in Vichy and headed by Marshall capital” in Vichy and headed by Marshall

PetainPetain Charles de Gaulle- set up a government-in-Charles de Gaulle- set up a government-in-

exile in Britain. exile in Britain. April 9April 9thth 1940 Hitler launched attack on 1940 Hitler launched attack on

Denmark and Norway.Denmark and Norway.

The Soviets make their The Soviets make their MoveMove

On September 17 1939, Stalin sent troops to On September 17 1939, Stalin sent troops to occupy the Eastern half of Polandoccupy the Eastern half of Poland

Stalin then moved to annex Lithuania, Latvia Stalin then moved to annex Lithuania, Latvia both fell without a struggle.both fell without a struggle.

Finland resisted- surrendered in March1940.Finland resisted- surrendered in March1940. Hitler turns his attention to Great Britain Hitler turns his attention to Great Britain

(1940-1941)(1940-1941)

Hitler prepares to Invade Hitler prepares to Invade the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union

Hitler was planning an invasion as early as Hitler was planning an invasion as early as 19401940

Hitler needed to control the Balkan states in Hitler needed to control the Balkan states in order to set up bases from which to attack the order to set up bases from which to attack the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Through the threat of force Hitler pressured Through the threat of force Hitler pressured Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to join the Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to join the axisaxis

Yugoslavia and Greece resisted due to pro Yugoslavia and Greece resisted due to pro British government, Yugoslavia fell in 11 days British government, Yugoslavia fell in 11 days Greece in 7 days. Greece in 7 days.

America and WWIIAmerica and WWII

1941-19451941-1945

FDR wins 1940 Presidential election (3FDR wins 1940 Presidential election (3rdrd term) term) Moves towards further intervention in WWII.Moves towards further intervention in WWII. Four-Freedoms speech US and Britain stand Four-Freedoms speech US and Britain stand

for for Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech Freedom of WorshipFreedom of Worship Freedom from WantFreedom from Want Freedom from FearFreedom from Fear

US begins mobilizing for US begins mobilizing for warwar

Mobilizing for WarMobilizing for War

When Hitler took France in 1940 FDR When Hitler took France in 1940 FDR began mobilizing the army for war.began mobilizing the army for war.

August 1940 - Selective Service and August 1940 - Selective Service and Training Act- peacetime draft. Training Act- peacetime draft.

Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act

1940 Britain ran out of money to wage war1940 Britain ran out of money to wage war Lend-lease act would allow the US to lend or Lend-lease act would allow the US to lend or

lease arms to any country considered “vital to lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the US.”the defense of the US.”

US could send arms to Britain if Britain US could send arms to Britain if Britain promised to return them or pay for them after promised to return them or pay for them after the war.the war.

US contributed over $50 Billion to Lend leaseUS contributed over $50 Billion to Lend lease US should become “The Great Arsenal of Democracy”US should become “The Great Arsenal of Democracy”

Hemispheric Defense Hemispheric Defense ZoneZone

Lend-lease Act did not make provisions of Lend-lease Act did not make provisions of getting the arms to Britain.getting the arms to Britain.

German submarine patrolling the Atlantic German submarine patrolling the Atlantic Ocean were sinking British ship.Ocean were sinking British ship.

US response – Roosevelt declared that the US response – Roosevelt declared that the entire western half of the Atlantic was part of entire western half of the Atlantic was part of the Western Hemisphere and therefore neutral.the Western Hemisphere and therefore neutral.

US navy patrolled the Atlantic and told the US navy patrolled the Atlantic and told the British where the German submarines were. British where the German submarines were.

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter

Secret Meeting between Churchill and FDRSecret Meeting between Churchill and FDR Committed the two nations to a postwar Committed the two nations to a postwar

world ofworld of DemocracyDemocracy Non-aggressionNon-aggression Free tradeFree trade Economic advancementEconomic advancement Freedom of the seasFreedom of the seasFoundation for United NationsFoundation for United Nations

Undeclared Naval War in Undeclared Naval War in the Atlanticthe Atlantic

German U-boat fired on an American German U-boat fired on an American destroyer.destroyer.

FDR responded with a “shoot-on-sight” FDR responded with a “shoot-on-sight” policy.policy.

Germans began targeting American Germans began targeting American DestroyersDestroyers

US and JapanUS and Japan

Japan’s goal was to build a Southeast Japan’s goal was to build a Southeast Asian empire. “Asia for Asians”Asian empire. “Asia for Asians”

Posed threat to US territories of the Posed threat to US territories of the Philippines and Guam.Philippines and Guam.

US aided the Chinese (unsuccessful)US aided the Chinese (unsuccessful) Japan took over French colonies of Japan took over French colonies of

Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

US aids Britain the PacificUS aids Britain the Pacific

Britain had a naval presence in the Pacific to Britain had a naval presence in the Pacific to protect its empire In Asia.protect its empire In Asia.

As German U-boats sank British ships in the As German U-boats sank British ships in the Atlantic they had to move their ships from the Atlantic they had to move their ships from the pacific to fight Hitler.pacific to fight Hitler.

This left Britain vulnerable to Japanese AttackThis left Britain vulnerable to Japanese Attack US helped the British by putting economic US helped the British by putting economic

pressure on Japan.pressure on Japan.

US Pressures JapanUS Pressures Japan

1940 Congress passed the Export 1940 Congress passed the Export Control Act.Control Act.

Japanese respond by formalizing their Japanese respond by formalizing their alliance with Germany and Italy.alliance with Germany and Italy.

FDR would lift embargo only if Japanese FDR would lift embargo only if Japanese would pull out of Indochina. would pull out of Indochina.

Japanese Attack Pearl Japanese Attack Pearl HarborHarbor

American intelligence knew that their was American intelligence knew that their was plans of a Japanese attack but the question plans of a Japanese attack but the question remained -- where?remained -- where?

December 7, 1941 Surprise attack on Pearl December 7, 1941 Surprise attack on Pearl HarborHarbor

. . December 8December 8thth Congress declared war Congress declared war December 11December 11thth Germany and Italy declared war Germany and Italy declared war

on the USon the US

Japanese VictoriesJapanese Victories

Japan swept through the pacific Japan swept through the pacific Acting as conquerors not liberatorsActing as conquerors not liberators Take the Philippines (Bataan death Take the Philippines (Bataan death

March) March)

The War at HomeThe War at Home

How do you get business to make war How do you get business to make war materials in a capitalist nation?materials in a capitalist nation?

by convincing corporations to build war by convincing corporations to build war materials i.e. warplanes.materials i.e. warplanes. Cost-plus contracts – The government paid the cost Cost-plus contracts – The government paid the cost

of the product plus a guaranteed percentage as of the product plus a guaranteed percentage as profit to companies.profit to companies.

RFC – allowed to give loans to companies to pay for RFC – allowed to give loans to companies to pay for the new equipment they needed in order to produce the new equipment they needed in order to produce war materialswar materials

By summer 1942 almost all major industries and By summer 1942 almost all major industries and most corporations converted to war production.most corporations converted to war production.

Daily Life during WWII Daily Life during WWII Cont. Cont.

Scrap drives – stations set up to collect vital Scrap drives – stations set up to collect vital war materials such as tin, aluminum, pots, war materials such as tin, aluminum, pots, rubber etc. rubber etc.

Mostly done to make people feel like they were Mostly done to make people feel like they were part of the war effort.part of the war effort.

Victory gardensVictory gardens Paid for the war by raising taxes and sellingPaid for the war by raising taxes and selling

Victory BondsVictory Bonds

Creating an ArmyCreating an Army

Men were given shots and Issued Uniforms Men were given shots and Issued Uniforms “Government Issued” GI“Government Issued” GI

Draftees were sent to basic training for eight Draftees were sent to basic training for eight weeks to learn how to handle guns, read maps, weeks to learn how to handle guns, read maps, dig trenches etc. dig trenches etc.

Army was segregated- African Americans were Army was segregated- African Americans were separated from whites, usually under white separated from whites, usually under white commanders. Wanted to keep them out of commanders. Wanted to keep them out of combat.combat.

Race, ethnicity and Race, ethnicity and Gender during Gender during WWIIWWII

““Double V”Double V”

African American leaders argued that African American leaders argued that blacks should join the war effort to fight blacks should join the war effort to fight for a double victory. for a double victory.

Victory over Hitler’s racism abroad and a Victory over Hitler’s racism abroad and a victory over racism at home. victory over racism at home.

FDR Responds to African FDR Responds to African American PressureAmerican Pressure

African Americans in the North voted for African Americans in the North voted for FDRFDR

FDR ordered The Navy, Marines and Air FDR ordered The Navy, Marines and Air Force to recruit Blacks.Force to recruit Blacks. Tuskegee Airmen –sent in to combat in ItalyTuskegee Airmen –sent in to combat in Italy

Did NOT integrate the military but it did Did NOT integrate the military but it did expanded roles of blacks and integrated expanded roles of blacks and integrated military bases. military bases.

A. Philip Randolph and the A. Philip Randolph and the Sleeping Car Porters StrikeSleeping Car Porters Strike

Businesses still refused to hire African Businesses still refused to hire African AmericansAmericans

Randolph threatened FDR with a fifty thousand Randolph threatened FDR with a fifty thousand man March on Washington if FDR did not open man March on Washington if FDR did not open up defense jobs to blacks. up defense jobs to blacks.

FDR executive order 8802 stated FDR executive order 8802 stated “there shall be no “there shall be no discrimination in the employment if workers in defense discrimination in the employment if workers in defense industries… because of race, creed , color or national origin.”industries… because of race, creed , color or national origin.”

Fair employment Practices Commission- First Fair employment Practices Commission- First piece of civil rights legislation since the end of piece of civil rights legislation since the end of the Civil Warthe Civil War

Women and the WarWomen and the War

Women could enlist in Women could enlist in army but could not fight army but could not fight

Companies needed so Companies needed so many laborers to produce many laborers to produce for war they could not for war they could not discriminate. discriminate.

Break-down of the married Break-down of the married women syndrome if you women syndrome if you were married you should were married you should stay home.stay home.

2.5 Million women began 2.5 Million women began working in shipyards, working in shipyards, aircraft factories etc.aircraft factories etc.

““Rosie the Riveter” Rosie the Riveter”

Daily Life During WWIIDaily Life During WWII

Government controlled prices, wages and Government controlled prices, wages and brokered between Unions and Owners.brokered between Unions and Owners.

Rationing – constricted consumption to make Rationing – constricted consumption to make sure there was enough for the army.sure there was enough for the army.

Every month each household would receive a Every month each household would receive a coupon book.coupon book. Blue coupons – controlled processed food Blue coupons – controlled processed food Red Coupons- controlled meats, fats and oilsRed Coupons- controlled meats, fats and oils Other coupons controlled things like sugar and Other coupons controlled things like sugar and

coffee coffee

The Zoot-Suit RiotsThe Zoot-Suit Riots

A type of suit that had a knee-length Jacket, A type of suit that had a knee-length Jacket, wide lapels and baggy pantswide lapels and baggy pants

Seen as unpatriotic because it used so much Seen as unpatriotic because it used so much fabric.fabric.

Worn by Mexican American TeenagersWorn by Mexican American Teenagers Upon hearing a rumor that A group of zoot-suit Upon hearing a rumor that A group of zoot-suit

teenagers attacked several sailors about 2,500 teenagers attacked several sailors about 2,500 soldiers and sailors stormed into Mexican-soldiers and sailors stormed into Mexican-American neighborhoods. American neighborhoods.

They cut their hair and tore off their suits. No They cut their hair and tore off their suits. No police intervention occurredpolice intervention occurred

Zoot-Suit Zoot-Suit

The Japanese InternmentThe Japanese Internment

After Pearl Harbor many Americans in the After Pearl Harbor many Americans in the West began discriminating Japanese West began discriminating Japanese AmericansAmericans

Mobs attacked Japanese businesses and Mobs attacked Japanese businesses and homes. Banks wouldn’t cash their checkshomes. Banks wouldn’t cash their checks

Feb. 12 1942 – FDR singed executive order Feb. 12 1942 – FDR singed executive order 9906. 9906.

See ReadingSee Reading

Japanese Internment and Japanese Internment and the 5the 5thth Amendment Amendment

No person shall be held to answer for a No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentation or indictment of unless on a presentation or indictment of a grand jury, except in the cases a grand jury, except in the cases arising… in time of war or public danger; arising… in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be deprived of life, nor shall any person be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of liberty or property, without due process of law. law.

Japanese Internment Japanese Internment Cont. Cont.

No Japanese American was ever tried for No Japanese American was ever tried for espionage or sabotage, espionage or sabotage,

1988 President Regan apologized and 1988 President Regan apologized and paid each surviving member of the paid each surviving member of the interment camps $200,000.interment camps $200,000.

Ending WWIIEnding WWII

V-E Day May 8V-E Day May 8thth 1945 –Victory in Europe 1945 –Victory in Europe The Manhattan Project – secret plan to build a The Manhattan Project – secret plan to build a

nuclear bomb. July 16nuclear bomb. July 16thth 1945 US detonated 1945 US detonated the first Atomic bomb in Los Alamos New the first Atomic bomb in Los Alamos New Mexico. Mexico.

After the success of the OkinawaAfter the success of the Okinawa Does the US invade Japanese Mainland?Does the US invade Japanese Mainland? Do you risk losing 500,000 lives or do you use Do you risk losing 500,000 lives or do you use

the newly designed A-bomb?the newly designed A-bomb?

Ending WWIIEnding WWII

August 6 1945 – US Drop the Atomic bomb on August 6 1945 – US Drop the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima Hiroshima

August 9 1945 – Soviets declare war on Japan August 9 1945 – Soviets declare war on Japan and the US dropped a second A- bomb on and the US dropped a second A- bomb on NagasakiNagasaki

V-J day – August 15V-J day – August 15thth 1945 Japan surrendered. 1945 Japan surrendered. Nuremburg Trials were set up to try German Nuremburg Trials were set up to try German

military leaders for war crimes – 36 Germans military leaders for war crimes – 36 Germans and 7 Japanese were executed. and 7 Japanese were executed.