urban land development modes in shanghai, china

URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT MODES IN SHANGHAI, CHINA: 1993-2013Rongxu Qiu (Ph.D Candidate)Wei Xu

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Study Area: ShanghaiConstruction landDistrict

968 km2 1197 km2 4033 km2

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Research background:• Land development modeling and simulation:• unravel evolutionary trajectories of urban growth • reveal future growth possibility and expansion direction• provide an important tool to assess future impacts• understand complex causal relations

• However, modeling and simulation studies: • treated urban land development as a singular and uniform

process across space (Batty, 1971, 1991; White & Engelen, 1993; F. Wu, 1998)• neglected place-based decision-making processes• ignored possibility of multiple trajectories

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Theorizing land development• Market-based land

development modelo accessibility, bid for price, profit

maximization, a concentric land use pattern

with a price gradient descending from city center to suburb.

• Government-lead land development model

• Growth Machine Model (GMM) • Urban Regime Model (URM)

• government-funded developerso place-making, favourable

policy, government subsidymulti-centers, spatial inequality

Land

Commodity

PrivateOwnership

Juridical Individualism

Well-defined legal system

Market Economy

Competitive & efficient market

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Theorizing land development in China• City-based Land Development

(Ding, 2004; Lin & Ho, 2005; Hsing, 2006; Tian & Ma, 2009). • State, State-owned instituteso land expropriation, land

allocation, industrialization, infrastructure upgradation

urban land use expansion, suburbanization

• In-situ Land Development (Yeh & Li, 1999; Zhu, 2000; Xu, 2004; Lin, 2007;)• Local governments, collectives,

Township-Village Enterprises (TVEs)

o production process transformation, foreign investment attraction

rural construction land boom, agriculture land loss

Land

Social, political

State Own Collective Own


State policy Legal system

Socialist Market

Limited competition

market

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Theorizing land development: China• Zone-based Land Development

(Cartier, 2001;Yang & Wang, 2008 ;Wang & Chen, 2010)o special development zone fevero new city movement (Place-

making)leap-frog development, multi-

centers, urban sprawl

Land development of a city is a multi-trajectory process

Three land development modes in ChinaIncomplete, biased, insufficient

Land

Social, political

State Own Collective Own


State policy Legal system

Socialist Market

Limited competition

market

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Research objectives:• Objective I:• identify the modes of land development of Shanghai by

understanding how government agencies, regulatory policies, and various actors are involved in the development and decision-making process

• Objective II:• Assess significance and spatial effects of different modes

of land development in Shanghai

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Data I:•Objective I:• In-depth interviews: 40-120 min• Interviewee selection: key informant identification and snow-bow approach• 11 Interviews in summer 2015• government officials, developers, planners

• Government documents

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Data II:•Objective II:• Remotely sensed imageries (1993, 2013)• Source: USGS

• Land survey data (2002, 2006)• 1571 urban regulatory plans• Master plan• Source: Shanghai Urban

planning and Resource Administration bureau

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Types of urban land for development• Urban Built-up Area(UBA)• constructional uses of land

on the condition of government land expropriation

• Concentrated Construction Zones(CCZ)• Industrial Zones(IZ)• Urban industrial land,

industrial parks, industrial bases.

• 106

UBACCZ

IZ

ruralCCZIZ

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Five land development modes

Land reserve

Developer

Prefecture government

City government

Agriculture land(collective-owned)

Market

Land reserve

Developer

City/prefecture government

City government

Construction land(all type)

Market

Company

Village/Town


Rent

Developer

City government

Construction land(state-owned institutes)

House/office/commerce/factory

Office/commerce/Factory



Developer

Government

Land(all type)

Public facility/Infrastructure

Mode I Mode II Mode III Mode IV Mode V

Citygovernment

Prefecturegovernment

Village/Town

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Land reserve

Developer

Prefecture government

City government


Market


Mode I

Citygovernment


Village/Town

Mode IRurual UBACCZ

IZ

Agriculture land(collective)

Land reserve

Land market

Land use officeLand reserve center

(city)


(Prefecture)

Secondary developer

State-owned primary land developer

1025 km2

13

Company

Village/Town

Agriculture land(collective)

Rent

Factory

Mode II

Citygovernment


Village/Town

Mode II

Bottom-up

Rurual UBACCZ

IZ

1077 km2 336 km2

Development & reform commission

(city)Agriculture land

(collective)

Development & reform commission

(district)Village/Town

Enterprises (rent)

Collative Stakeshare Company

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Land reserve

Developer

City government

City governme

nt

Other land(state-owned)

Market


Mode III

Citygovernment


Village/Town

Mode IIIRurual UBACCZ

IZ

Construction land

Land reserve

Land market


(city)


(Prefecture)

Real estate Developers/Companies

State-owned primary land developer

60 km2 201 km2 211 km2

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Developer

City government

Other land(state-owned institution)


Mode IV

Citygovernment


Village/Town

Mode IV

Construction land(state-owned)

Land development

Non-construction land (state-owned)

36 km2

Bao Steel

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Developer

government

Land

Public facility/Infrastructure

Mode V

Citygovernment


Village/Town

Mode V

bottom-up / top-down

Construction land

Land development

Non-construction land

112 km2

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Conclusion:• Different from conventional wisdom, there is a complexity in

urban land development processes in a single city• Five modes identified • Out of five identified modes, Mode I and II are the most

important ones as the case of Shanghai• Market mechanism is in play in some modes of land

development by is very much contained in an institutional framework

• The results suggest the reasons why current land development models have limited success without a thorough understanding of these processes

• The study not only provides a land development framework for modeling and simulating land development in China but also present useful information of urban development policies and planning

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urban land development modes in shanghai, china

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