UPSTREAM-DOWNSTREAM CONTAMINATION

GRADIENT OF THE FLUVIAL URBAN SYSTEM IN

CHENNAI (Tamil Nadu, India)

Saravanan S.P.a,b, Desmet. M.a, Ambujam N.K.b, Thenmozhi D.b, Manikandabharath K.b,

Rukkumany R.H.b, Grosbois. C.a

a University of Francois-Rabelais, Tours, Franceb Anna University, Chennai, India

1- 4 December 2015, Paris, France

Water

SoilAir

WaterUncontrolled Growth

Urban Sewer System

SoilMetals & Metalloids

Elemental or Compound

AirFossil Fuel Combustion

Motor Vehicle Exhaust

Urban activity( Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sn, Zn)

Electronic Industries( As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Sb)

Mechanical Industries( Cr, Cu, Ni, Sn, Zn)

Chemical Industries( Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb,

Sn, Zn)

Anthropogenic

Sources

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

2

Urban River, Chennai, South India

Urban River

Visible pollution

Non-visible pollution

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

Tokyo - Yokohama, Japan

Jakarta, Indonesia

Manila, Philippines

Karachi, Pakistan

Seoul–Incheon, South Korea

Shanghai, China

New York, U.S

Guangzhou–Foshan, China

São Paulo, Brazil

Mexico City, Mexico

> 20 Million

Mumbai, India

Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto, Japan

Lagos, Nigeria

Moscow, Russia

Greater Cairo, Egypt

Los Angeles, U. S

Bangkok, Thailand

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Istanbul, Turkey

Shenzhen, China

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Kinshasa, DR Congo

Tianjin, ChinaParis, France

Lima, Peru

London, U.K

Chennai, India

10 - 20 Million

MEGACITIES

3

Suburban Stream, Helsiniki, Finland

Xi River, Shenyang, China

Pearl River, Guangzhou, China

Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia

Urban Stream, Melbourne, Australia

Korota River, Bogra,

Bangladesh

Haraz River, Amol, IranAlmendares River, Havana City, Cuba

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn PbCu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Mantanza-Riachuelo River, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn

Kor River, Shiraz, Iran

Cu Zn Pb

Manzanares River, Madrid, Spain

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

0 - 25

25 - 100

100 - 500

> 500

TE (µg/g)

Cu Zn Pb

Tsurumi River, Yokohama, Japan

Urban rivers, Manila, Philippines

Cu Zn Pb

Culiacan river, Culiacan city, Mexico

Cu Zn Pb

Passaic River, New York, U.S

Cu Zn Pb Seine River, Paris, France

Cu Zn Pb

Congo River,

Kinshasa, DR Congo

Cu Zn Pb

4

Thames River, London, U.K

Cu Zn Pb

Indus River, Pakistan

Cu Zn Pb

Megacities River Urban River

Narmada River

Ganges River

Adyar River, Chennai

Subarnarekha River

Yamuna River

Brahmaputra River

Tapti River

Godavari River

Krishna River

Brahmani River

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

0 - 25

25 - 100

100 - 500

> 500

TE (µg/g)

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

5

Study area : Urban Rivers in Chennai City

6

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

Chennai flooding- November 2015

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

Chennai flooding alert – 1 December 2015

Objectives

• To identify potential agricultural, industrial and urban sources ofincoming pollutants

• To establish upstream-downstream characterization of the fluvialsystem

• To correlate the state of sediment contamination to the industrial,waste areas and urban planning

9

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

10

Sediment Sampling

Uwitec Coring Device

11

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

12

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

13

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1-4

µm

Cla

y

4-6

3 µ

m

Sil

t

63

-250

µm

Fin

e S

and

25

0-5

00 µ

m

Med

ium

San

d

50

0-2

000 µ

m

Co

arse

San

d

>200

0 µ

m

Gra

vel

Per

cen

tag

e %

Size Classification

Grain Size - Classification

Adyar

Cooum

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

This analysis is considered as random and no trace element signal trend should be

attributed to texture variation of the sediment deposits 14

River Range Ag As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Sb Sn U W Zn

Cooum RiverMinimum (mg/kg) 1.23 3.54 0.43 95.34 60.81 0.07 36.26 38.08 0.50 5.16 3.41 1.63 147.50

Maximum (mg/kg) 31.00 10.84 17.41 225.90 302.00 6.57 49.41 339.72 10.18 32.16 5.83 5.91 595.10

River Range (mg/kg) Ag As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Sb Sn U W Zn

Adyar RiverMinimum (mg/kg) 0.10 1.78 0.23 74.22 45.12 0.01 17.85 17.43 0.00 1.68 1.28 0.90 65.19

Maximum (mg/kg) 18.80 4.12 4.78 1517.00 325.00 1.83 76.44 65.23 2.85 304.00 3.37 9.64 1392.00

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

15

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

Ag, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, W and Zn Ag, Cd, Cu and W As, Hg, Pb and U

Sb

Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, W and Zn Ag, Cd, Hg and Zn As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Sn

W

Minimum Maximum

MaximumMinimum

16

Its common approach to estimate the enrichment of metal concentrations is tocalculating the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) as proposed by Muller (1969)

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

Igeo

value Polluted level

<1 From unpolluted to moderately

polluted

1-2 Moderately polluted

2-3 From moderately polluted to

strongly polluted

3-4 Strongly polluted

4-5 From strongly polluted to

extremely polluted

>5 Extremely polluted

Igeo = Log2 (Cn/1.5 x Bn)

Description of sediment quality according to Igeo (Muller, 1969) 17

Adyar River Cooum River

As, U Ni, U, W

Ni, Pb As

Sb, W Cr, Zn

Cu Cu, Pb, Sn

Cd, Cr, Hg, Zn Sb

Ag, Sn Ag, Cd, Hg

Adyar River Cooum River

As, U Ni, U, W

Ni (50%), Pb(40%) As(10%)

Sb(10%), W(10%) Cr(10%), Zn(77%)

Cu (40%) Cu(67%), Pb(10%), Sn(10%)

Cd(10%), Cr(20%),

Hg(20%), Zn(10%)

Sb(10%)

Ag(40%), Sn(10%) Ag(88%), Cd(67%),Hg(45%)

Results : Upstream - Downstream geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) of Ag, Cd and Hg associated to total carbon (%) and urban activities in Adyar River sediments

18

Results : Upstream - Downstream geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) of Ag, Cd and Hg associated to total carbon (%) and urban activities in Cooum River sediments

19

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

Narmada River

Ganges River

Adyar River, Chennai

Subarnarekha River

Yamuna River

Brahmaputra River

Tapti River

Godavari River

Krishna River

Brahmani River

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

0 - 25

25 - 100

100 - 500

> 500

TE (µg/g)

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

Cooum River, Chennai

20

Cu Zn Pb

Cu Zn Pb

21

Adyar River, Chennai

0 - 5

5 - 10

10 - 20

> 20

TE (µg/g)

Cooum River, Chennai

Ag Cd Hg

Ag Cd Hg

Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions

• Ag, Cd and Hg are used as urban tracers. This

may be ascertained to the various pollutants

discharge via diffuse urban and punctual

industrial sources operating in and around the

river bed.

• Concentration of trace elements (Cr, Cu, Pb,

Sb, Sn, W and Zn) are strongly influenced by

the local industrial input

• The results of this study indicates that

monitoring and immediate managerial

measures must be taken to avoid further

potentially toxic metal pollution of river

sediment

Special Thanks for