Update on the status of Geothermal Development in

Africa Dr. Peter Omenda

President, IGA-Africa Regional Branch, Geothermal Consultant pomenda@sepco.co.ke

French Geothermal Cluster for

Heat & Power

Map of Africa Showing Geothermal areas Geothermal areas are associated with various tectonic regimes • Potential of >20,000MWe

is estimated for the East African Rift System countries

• Other regions have low to medium temperature resources

The East African Rift System Most medium and high temperature geothermal systems in Africa are associated with EARS:

Eastern Branch • Afar Rift • Ethiopian Rift • Kenya Rift

Western Branch • Albertine rift • L. Tanganyika – Rukwa - L.

Nyasa

Magmatism in EARS

Eastern Branch • Basalt - trachyte – rhyolite

volcanism dominant • Large caldera systems in the axis of

rift • Thick eruptive pile in the centre of

Kenya and Ethiopian domes • Shallow magma bodies present • Volcano hosted geothermal

systems dominant

Western Branch • Potassic alkaline volcanism dominant • Large caldera systems and volcanic

centers absent • Thin lava pile • Shallow magma bodies absent • Geothermal manifestations largely

associated with fault systems • Fault controlled geothermal systems

dominant

The EARS shows distinct characteristics in its two branches. The UN Environment ARGeo workshop in 2016 has been “a game changer” where it helped define new exploration strategies for the two sectors.

889 542 676 755

944 951 1,005

1,200 1,868

1,948 3,591

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Other Japan Kenya

Iceland Italy

Mexico New Zealand

Turkey Philippines

Indonesia United States

TOP 10 GEOTHERMAL COUNTRIES Total Installed capacity (MW) as of Sept. 2018 Total 14,369 MWe

ThinkGeoEnergy, Sept 2018

Africa Plans expansion as follows by 2025: • Kenya- 1,352 MW

(Menengai, Olkaria, Baringo-Silali, Barrier, Homa Hills, Akiira, Suswa)

• Ethiopia -985MW (Aluto, Corbeti, Tulu Moye,Abaya Tendaho)

- Djibouti- 250MW (Assal, Hanle, Gaggade etc..)

ETHIOPIA • Ethiopia has actively been exploring

for its geothermal resources since 1969

• Over 23 high temperature geothermal potential areas have been identified

• Majority of sites are volcano hosted geothermal systems

• Estimated potential of more than 10,000 Mwe

Ethiopia - Aluto • The 7.2 MWe Geothermal Combined Cycle

Unit was commissioned in 1998. • The plant had intermittent operation between

1998 and 2018 with challenges of maintenance

• Drilling is underway to allow for expansion of the field for 70 MWe

• Financing for drilling is from World Bank, Iceland, JICA and Government of Ethiopia

• Additional two wells (LA-9 and LA-10) were drilled between 2013 and 2015

Active Projects • Aluto - Langano – Project expansion to 70 MW in phases. Production

drilling to commence in 2019. US$230m committed. • Corbetti – Drilling and project development of 500 Mwe in phases.

US$2b committed. Drilling to commence in 2018 • Tendaho – Exploration is underway in Dubti, Alalobelda and Ayrobera.

Drilling and Well head plant planned (12MWe) and subsequent development to 100 MWe. Euro20 million committed for drilling at Dubti by AfD.

• Tulu Moye - Drilling and power development is planned = 100 MWe • Fantale, Dofan, Boku and North Abaya- Exploration is underway by

various private sector players.

GEOTHERMAL IN KENYA • All high enthalpy fields

are located within the axis of the Kenya rift valley

• Operating power plants are located at Olkaria and Eburru with over 676 MWe generated

• Production drilling ongoing at Menengai geothermal field

Developments in Kenya

• Olkaria I: 45 MWe commissioned in 1981-1983 • Olkaria I AU: 140 MWe commissioned in 2014 • Olkaria I AU unit 6 – 70 MWe under development • 100MWe of wellhead power generation • Olkaria II 105 commissioned in 2003/2009 • Olkaria III 140 MW – 2003 - 2014 • Oserian 4.3 MW 2006 • Olkaria IV 140 MW - 2014 • Eburru 2.52 MW - 2011

New Projects in Kenya • Olkaria V (2x77 MWe) • Construction is under way for the 154 MW

Olkaria V geothermal power project of Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) in Olkaria, Kenya.

• Menengai 1 • 3 x 35 MWe units under development by three

IPPs, namely, Orpower 22 Limited, Sosian Menengai Geothermal Power Limited and Quantum East Africa Power Limited.

• Olkaria I Redevelopment (50 MW). • Tender process to start in 2018

TANZANIA • Geothermal systems in Tanzania are

mainly associated with the western and eastern rift branches

• 4 prospects are prioritized: • Ngozi • Songwe • Kiejo-Mbaka • Luhoi- Rufiji

• Exploration drilling (Slim-hole) to commence in 2019/2020 by TGDC

• Ngozi is considered a high temperature volcanic hosted system. Slimholes are planned for 2019/2020

• Songwe, Luhoi and Kiejo-Mbaka prospects are considered low - medium temperature resources and are considered for direct use and small power project developments

• Projects are financed by AUC-GRMF, AfDB, Tanzania Government

Ngozi - Songwe – Kiejo-Mbaka Geothermal areas

Songwe hotsprings

Rungwe volcano

Mbaka fault

Mbeya Front fault

Kiejo volcano

UGANDA • Most of the geothermal

potential areas are associated with the western rift of the EARS

• The four major geothermal areas are:

• Katwe-Kikorongo, • Buranga, • Kibiro and • Panyimur

• Estimated potential in Uganda is 450 MWe

• Geothermometry indicates reservoir temperatures >150ᵒC

• The geothermal system is modeled as fault controlled

• Drilling of TG holes is planned for Kibiro

Kibiro

Buranga • The prospect has the largest

geothermal manifestation in Uganda – hot springs, mud pools, fumaroles, etc

• Fracture controlled system

Republic of Djibouti

No. Project area

1 Arta

2 Asal-Fiale-30 MW e

3 Djibouti Pk20

4 Dorra

5 Gaggadé

6 Hanlé

7 Lake Abhe

8 North-Ghoubet

9 North Lake Asal

10 Obock

11 Rouwéli

12 Sakalolo

13 South -Ghoubet

12

11

DJIBOUTI

1,000 MW Potential

Asal-Fiale Project

Lac Assal

Assal 1 & 3

Assal 6

Assal 2

Assal 4

Assal 5

Potential Geothermal Sectors

Lava Lake

Fiale Caldera

Seismic Activity

Geothermal Sectors and Location of Assal Exploratory Wells

Goubhet Al Kharab

Prefeasibility Study Promises: • Magma Chamber at only 3000 m

• Seawater Flow Between Goubhet Al Kharab and Lac Assal Provides Geothermal Fluid Recharge

• Rift fracturing for Improved Permeability

ASAL-FIALE CALDERA DRILLING TARGET

Republic of Djibouti

COMOROS • Geothermal potential highest within the Grand

Comoro Island • Further studies planned at Karthala and La

Grille volcanoes • Potential is estimated at >30 MWe • Phase one project development at Karthala

volcano • Exploration drilling planned is supported by,

among others, AUC-GRMF, NZ Govt., UNDP • Phase one Project goal: 10 MWe

Other potential projects • Eritrea: (Alid – potential high temperature resource) • Zambia (Bwengwa River, Kapisya; low - medium

temperature resources. Projects are being developed by Private and state agencies)

• Rwanda: (Gisenyi, Bugarama – low to medium temperature geothermal resources to be developed for DU and small size power plants)

• Burundi: low to medium temperature geothermal resources to be developed for DU and small size power plants

• Others: Malawi and Mozambique for low – medium temp utilization

Kapisya

Main Challenges to Geothermal Development • Inadequate finance for early stages of geothermal projects • High upfront costs and high risk • Inadequate grant support for exploration drilling • DFIs and agencies reluctance to support exploration of low-medium

temperature resources and direct use investments • Commercial banks reluctance to participate in the exploration phase • Inadequate trained human capacity • Lack of Clear and coherent policy and legislation in many African

countries

Conclusions • Africa Geothermal Centre of Excellence to be fully

established to meet practical training requirements for Africa.

• Financing and technical support to projects for low-medium temperature resources and small size/hybrid power projects should be enhanced as they promise maximum benefits to the communities in line with the goals of SDGs (Access to energy/job creation and income generation)

• Geothermal will Contribute to the achievement of Paris Agreement/UNFCCC for countries in Eastern Africa through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as one of the alternative renewable energy resource mitigating GHG emission.