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TRANSCRIPT
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ADL/SCORM - What Does it Mean
for Developers of ICT Projects?
Daniel R. Rehak, PhD Technical Director
Learning Systems Architecture LabCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
Web: http://www.lsal.cmu.edu/Email: [email protected]
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Outline
• What’s ADL?• What’s SCORM?• Why is SCORM Important? • Does SCORM Change Learning?• What does SCORM mean to:
• The Learning System “Technologist”• The Content Developer• The Administrator• The Learner
• What’s Next?• What Do You Need to Know?
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What’s ADL?
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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ADL
• Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative• US Government-wide initiative to
improve education and training via learning technology
• Applicable across all learning communities and constituents
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ADL Goals
• Develop a common technical framework for (Web-based) e-learning • Specifications for sharable, reusable content• Prototypes and proof-of-principle
demonstrations
• Accelerate large-scale development of advanced online learning technologies
• Foster global acceptance and development of e-learning economy
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The “A” in ADL
LearningTechnologySystem
•
Content Objects from across the Web
Assembled in real time, on demand
Any learning, anytime, anywhere, for anybody
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ADL “ilities”
• Accessibility: access instructional components from one remote location and deliver them to many other locations
• Interoperability: use instructional components developed in one location, with one set of tools or platform, in another location, with a different set of tools or platform
• Reusability: incorporate instructional components into multiple learning experiences
• Durability: continue using instructional components when technology changes, without redesign or recoding
• Affordability: increase learning effectiveness significantly while reducing time and costs
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ADL Process
• Develop SCORM – the framework• Hold Plugfests – demonstrate it works• Provide support – www.adlnet.org• Get community to “agree to agree”
and then get out of the way
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What’s SCORM?
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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SCORM
• Sharable Content Object Reference Model• Informally a “standard”• Formally an “application profile”
• A collection of standards and extensions• Recommended practice of how to use these
standards within ONE community• User’s / Developer’s guide• Test-bed implementations• Sample content• Conformance test suite
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What Problem Does SCORM Solve
• Can’t move a “course” from one Learning Technology System to another
• Can’t reuse content “chunks” across different Learning Technology Systems
• Can’t create searchable (learning) content or media repositories across different environments
• … (just for starters…)
so what to do?so what to do?
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Pieces to Solve the SCORM Puzzle
• Content Objects• Learning Framework• SCORM Environment• Technical Architecture• Standards Bookshelf
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SCORM Content Objects
• Element of reusable content• Covers one learning topic• Designed for reuse• Described with metadata• Stored, managed, delivered, tracked• SCO – Sharable Content Object
• A content object that uses the SCORM API for communication between the content object and a learning technology system
• Not all content needs to be SCOs
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SCORM Learning Framework
• Self-paced learning experiences• Intentional strategy• Has specific knowledge about the learner• Can track certain data about the learner
within the learning experience• Instructional delivery decisions made
from knowledge and tracking data• Operates in a managed environment
• Typically an LMS
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SCORM Environment
• Only Learning Technology• Learning Delivery• Content Repository
• Not Learning Support• Back office Systems Integration• HR/Learner Management• Classroom, Course Environment
• Silent on• Authentication / Authorization / Identity• Security
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SCORM Technical Architecture
APIAdapter
SCORMAPI
DeliveryService
TrackingService
SequencingService
ContentManagementService
LearnerProfilesService
Testing/AssessmentService
CourseAdministrationService
LocalContentRepository
RemoteContentRepositories
SCORMContentPackages
Browser(Presentation)
Selection
Launch
SCORMTracking
Data
SCORMContent
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SCORM 1.3 Bookshelf
CoursePackagingFromIMS
MetadataFrom IEEE
MetadataXML BindingBest PracticeFrom IMS/IEEE
Content toRTS APIFrom AICC/IEEE
Content toRTS Data ModelFrom AICC/IEEE
RUN-TIMEENVIRONMENT
SequencingFrom IMS
CONTENT MODEL
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Why is SCORM Important?
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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A De Facto Standard
• Based on open standards• Industry and community acceptance• Flexible
• Adopt in / adapt to different communities
• Illustrative approach• Shown to work
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SCORM and Standards
SingaporeIMS Asia
PROMETEUS
CEN/ISSS
IMS Australia
ISO/IEC JTC1 SC36
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World Wide Adoption
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E-Learning Community Process
SpecificationDevelopment
I mplementation& Adoption
Research &Development
Certification& Testing
Govern
men
t
Pers
on
al
...
Ind
ustr
y
Hig
her-
Ed
K-1
2
Lib
rari
es
ProcessCoordination
Certificate
Users Community
Collaboration&
Dissemination
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Interoperable eLearning Works!
• Many available e-learning standards• Many tools • Many adopters• Emerging content collection• Worldwide community
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Does SCORM Change Learning?
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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eLearning with SCORM
• Good learning, design and pedagogy is good learning
• Good elearning is good learning• Good SCORM content is good learning• BAD … is BAD …
SCORM is about the “ilities”, not QoS/QoL
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SCORM versus Learning
• SCORM is a technical document• SCORM was written for vendors and
toolmakers• What tools must do• How systems must behave
• SCORM is not (directly) for content designers and developers• Not how to create learning experiences• Not what makes good learning
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SCORM versus Learning
• SCORM describes a solution for systems, component and content interoperability for learning• Data interoperability• Behavior interoperability
• SCORM does not impose any pedagogical or assessment model
• SCORM does not extend beyond learning
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What Does SCORM Mean To Me?
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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SCORM for the “Technologist”
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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SCORM Currently Is
• For One community• One profile• One set of standards• Complex• Evolving• Incomplete
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Missing Pieces for Learning
• Simulation• Collaboration• Intelligent Tutors / Adaptive• Assessment• Objective and Skills Mapping• Platform Independence• Customization, Personalization• …
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Missing Pieces for Pedagogy
• Model(s) of the learner• Model(s) of the problem domain
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Missing Specifications and Profiles
• Assessment• Learner Profiling and Characteristics• Content Repositories• Objectives and Competencies• Skill/Competency Maps• Accessibility• Workflow• Back office
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Missing Formal Architecture
• Services• Behaviors• Content models• Workflow models
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Emerging Conformance Program
• Conformance Suite• Compliance Program• Certification
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SCORM for the Content Developer
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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Where is the Good Content?
• It’s all about learning
• Good content is the key to making SCORM work
• Design good content• Fit it into SCORM• Fit it into the technology
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Current Content Issues
• How big is a SCO or learning object?• Lack of sequencing• No formal assessment model• No guidance for instructional designers• What are the “learning designs”?• Hard to find content• No content economy
ADL is working on enabling good content
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SCORM Learning Model
• Learning activities represented in a tree of content objects
• Sequencing rules defined for the activities
• Sequencing engine controls overall delivery behavior
• A learning activity may be an assessment activity
• Assessments may be complex activities• Assessment results modify sequencing
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SCORM Learning Model
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Reusing Content Objects
Learning ObjectGrowing Apples
Learning ObjectGrowing Oranges
Learning ObjectTypes of Apples
Learning ObjectCooking with Apples
Learning ObjectTypes of Oranges
Learning ObjectUses of Oranges
Learning ObjectGrowing Peppers
Learning ObjectCooking with Peppers
Learning ObjectTypes of Peppers
Learning ObjectGrowing Lettuce
Learning ObjectTypes of Lettuce
Learning ObjectUses of Lettuce
ContentRepository
ContentRepository
Course 1
Growing Fruit Trees
Course 2
Guide to Produce
Course 3
Preparing Produce
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SCORM Content Activity Tree
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Content Structure with Sequencing
. jpg
.m ov
A sset.h tm l
A sset.h tm l
S C O 1Content
.g if
.m ov
A sset.h tm l
S C O 2Content
Q 1.sw f
Q 2.sw f
A sset.h tm l
S C O -AAssessm ent
A ggrega t ion -1
. jpg
.m ov
A sset.h tm l
S C O 3Content
.g if
.m ov
A sset.h tm l
S C O 4Content
Q 3.sw f
Q 4.sw f
A sset.h tm l
S C O -BAssessm ent
A ggrega t ion -2
O R G A N IZ A T IO N
C R 1
C R 2
C R 3
C R 4
C om petency R e fs
C O N T E N T P A C K A G E
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Content Developers Guide
• Designing for SCORM• Identifying, Designing and Reusing
Learning Objects• Creating Interfaces and Experiences• Navigation• Sequencing• Assessments• Technical Details:
• Metadata, Packaging, GUIDs, File formats, Accessibility
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SCORM for the Administrator
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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Questions to Consider
• Do you want SCORM?• Do you need SCORM?
• What is your problem?• Will SCORM solve your problem?• Are you ready for it?• How do you ask for it?• How do you know if you get it?• What will you do with it if you get it?
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Why Conformance Testing?
• Standards aren’t perfect• Implementations are interpretations• Marketing literature isn’t the whole story• Third-party validation
• Does it do what it claims?• It is interoperable?• Independent• Reproducible
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Conformance Options
• Self-testing• Interoperability testing• Conformance program testing
you need all three
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Conformance Process
Standards
ConformanceProgram
Standards
ConformanceCriteria
ConformanceProcess
Test Suite
AccreditationBody
AccreditationBody
AccreditationBody
ConformanceTest Center
ConformanceTest Center
ConformanceTest Center
Product Result
Certificate
Certification
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SCORM for the Learner
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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It Should Not Matter
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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What’s Next?
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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SCORM is Evolving
• SCORM 1.3 coming soon• Additional components under discussion
• Assessments• Profiles• Repositories
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Beyond SCORM
• SCORM as a model for other communities of practice• Medical• K-12• Higher Education
• Everyone wants the “A” in ADL
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What Do You Need to Know?
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak
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What We Know
• SCORM works• SCORM is being adopted• Community is growing
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SCORM Isn’t
• Universal• Other models for other communities
• Prescriptive • Enabling
• Closed• Open and extensible
• Complete• Lots missing
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What You Need To Do
• Evaluate your requirements• Adopt the appropriate pieces• Develop content and tools• Evangelize open standards-based
interoperability• Cooperate to benefit the community• Compete on implementations
Fit SCORM to your needs
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What Do You Want To Know?
© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak