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 AvionicsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Radar and other avionics in a Cessna Citation

F -105 Thunderchief  with avionics laid out

Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites, and spacecraft

 !vionic systems include communications, navi"ation, the display and mana"ement of multiplesystems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functionsThese can #e as simple as asearchli"ht for a police helicopter  or as complicated as the tacticalsystem for an air#orne early warnin"platform

The term avionics is a portmanteau of the words aviation and electronics

Contents

  $hide%

• 1 &istory

o 11 'odern avionics

• ( !ircraft avionics

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o (1 Communications

o (( )avi"ation

o (* 'onitorin"

o (+ !ircraft fli"ht-control systems

o (5 Collision-avoidance systems

o ( lack o.es

o (/ Weather systems

o ( !ircraft mana"ement systems

• * 'ission or tactical avionics

o *1 'ilitary communications

o *( Radar 

o ** onar 

o *+ 2lectro-3ptics

o *5 2'4!

o * !ircraft networks

o */ isaster relief and air am#ulance

• + ee also

• 5 )otes

• References

• / 2.ternal links

History $edit%

Rou"hly (0 percent of the costs of the F152 is in avionics

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The term avionics was coined #y 6ournalist 7hilip 8 9lass as a portmanteau of aviationelectronics$1%$(% 'any modern avionics have their ori"ins in World War :: wartime developmentsFor e.ample, autopilot systems that are prolific today were started to help #om#er planes flysteadily enou"h to hit precision tar"ets from hi"h altitudes $*% Famously, radar was developed inthe ;9, <ermany, and the ;nited tates durin" the same period$+% 'odern avionics is asu#stantial portion of military aircraft spendin" !ircraft like the F -152 and the now

retired F -1+ have rou"hly (0 percent of their #ud"et spent on avionics 'ostmodern helicopters now have #ud"et splits of 04+0 in favour of avionics $citation needed %

The civilian market has also seen a "rowth in cost of avionics Fli"ht control systems =fly-#y-wire>and new navi"ation needs #rou"ht on #y ti"hter airspaces, have pushed up development costsThe ma6or chan"e has #een the recent #oom in consumer flyin" !s more people #e"in to useplanes as their primary method of transportation, more ela#orate methods of controllin" aircraftsafely in these hi"h restrictive airspaces have #een invented $citation needed %

Modern avionics$edit%

 !vionics plays a heavy role in moderni?ation initiatives like the Federal !viation !dministration@s=F!!> )e.t <eneration !ir Transportation ystem pro6ect in the ;nited tates and the in"le2uropean ky !T' Research =2!R> initiative in 2urope The 8oint 7lannin" and evelopment3ffice put forth a roadmap for avionics in si. areasA $5%

• 7u#lished Routes and 7rocedures B :mproved navi"ation androutin"

• )e"otiated Tra6ectories B !ddin" data communications to createpreferred routes dynamically

• ele"ated eparation B 2nhanced situational awareness in theair and on the "round

• owDisi#ility4Ceilin"!pproach4eparture B !llowin" operationswith weather constraints with less "round infrastructure

• urface 3perations B To increase safety in approach anddeparture

•  !T' 2fficiencies B :mprovin" the !T' process

Founded in 1E5/, the !ircraft 2lectronics !ssociation =!2!> represents more than 1,*00 mem#ercompanies, includin" "overnment-certified international repair stations speciali?in" inmaintenance, repair and installation of avionics and electronic systems in "eneral aviationaircraft The !2! mem#ership also includes manufacturers of avionics euipment, instrument

repair facilities, instrument manufacturers, airframe manufacturers, test euipmentmanufacturers, ma6or distri#utors, en"ineers and educational institutions

 Aircraft avionics$edit%

The cockpit of an aircraft is a typical location for avionic euipment, includin" control, monitorin",communication, navi"ation, weather, and anti-collision systems The ma6ority of aircraft powertheir avionics usin" 1+- or (-volt C electrical systemsG however, lar"er, more sophisticatedaircraft =such as airliners or military com#at aircraft> have !C systems operatin" at +00 &?, 115volts !C$% There are several ma6or vendors of fli"ht avionics, includin" 7anasonic !vionicsCorporation,&oneywell =which now owns endi.49in">, Rockwell Collins, Thales <roup, <2 !viation ystems, <armin, 7arker &annifin, ;TC !erospace ystems and !vidyne Corporation

3ne source of international standards for avionics euipment are prepared #y the !irlines2lectronic 2n"ineerin" Committee =!22C> and pu#lished #y !R:)C

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Communications$edit%

Communications connect the fli"ht deck to the "round and the fli"ht deck to the passen"ers3n-#oard communications are provided #y pu#lic-address systems and aircraft intercoms

The D&F aviation communication system works on the air#and of 11000 '&? to 1*E/5 '&?2ach channel is spaced from the ad6acent ones #y ** k&? in 2urope, (5 k&? elsewhere D&F is

also used for line of si"ht communication such as aircraft-to-aircraft and aircraft-to- !TC !mplitude modulation =!'> is used, and the conversation is performed in simple. mode !ircraft communication can also take place usin" &F =especially for trans-oceanic fli"hts> orsatellite communication

See also:  Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System

Navigation$edit%Main article: Radio navigation

)avi"ation is the determination of position and direction on or a#ove the surface of the 2arth !vionics can use satellite-#ased systems =such as <7 and W!!>, "round-#ased systems=such as D3R or  3R!)>, or any com#ination thereof )avi"ation systems calculate the position

automatically and display it to the fli"ht crew on movin" map displays 3lder avionics reuired apilot or navi"ator to plot the intersection of si"nals on a paper map to determine an aircraft@slocationG modern systems calculate the position automatically and display it to the fli"ht crew onmovin" map displays

Monitoring$edit%Main article: Glass cockpit 

The !ir#us !*0 "lass cockpit featurin" pull-out key#oards and two wide computer screens on the sides for

pilots

The first hints of  "lass cockpits emer"ed in the 1E/0s when fli"ht-worthy cathode ray tu#es =CRT>screens #e"an to replace electromechanical displays, "au"es and instruments ! H"lassH cockpitrefers to the use of computer monitors instead of "au"es and other analo" displays !ircraft were"ettin" pro"ressively more displays, dials and information dash#oards that eventually competedfor space and pilot attention :n the 1E/0s, the avera"e aircraft had more than 100 cockpit

instruments and controls$/%

<lass cockpits started to come into #ein" with the <ulfstream <-:D private 6et in 1E5 3ne of thekey challen"es in "lass cockpits is to #alance how much control is automated and how much thepilot should do manually <enerally they try to automate fli"ht operations while keepin" the pilotconstantly informed$/%

Aircraft flight-control systems$edit%Main article:  Aircraft flight control system

 !ircraft have means of automatically controllin" fli"ht Today automated fli"ht control is commonto reduce pilot error and workload at key times like landin" or takeoff !utopilot was first invented#y awrence perry durin" World War :: to fly #om#er planes steady enou"h to hit precisiontar"ets from (5,000 feet When it was first adopted #y the ;  military, a &oneywell en"ineer satin the #ack seat with #olt cutters to disconnect the autopilot in case of emer"ency )owadays

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most commercial planes are euipped with aircraft fli"ht control systems in order to reduce piloterror and workload at landin" or takeoff $*%

The first simple commercial auto-pilots were used to control headin" and altitude and had limitedauthority on thin"s like thrust and fli"ht control surfaces :nhelicopters, auto-sta#ili?ation was usedin a similar way The first systems were electromechanical The advent of fly #y wire and electro-

actuated fli"ht surfaces =rather than the traditional hydraulic> has increased safety !s withdisplays and instruments, critical devices that were electro-mechanical had a finite life Withsafety critical systems, the software is very strictly tested

Collision-avoidance systems$edit%Main article:  Aircraft collision avoidance systems

To supplement air traffic control, most lar"e transport aircraft and many smaller ones use a trafficalert and collision avoidance system =TC!>, which can detect the location of near#y aircraft, andprovide instructions for avoidin" a midair collision maller aircraft may use simpler traffic alertin"systems such as T7!, which are passive =they do not actively interro"ate the transponders ofother aircraft> and do not provide advisories for conflict resolution

To help avoid controlled fli"ht into terrain =CF:T>, aircraft use systems such as "round-pro.imity

warnin" systems =<7W>, which use radar altimeters as a key element 3ne of the ma6orweaknesses of <7W is the lack of Hlook-aheadH information, #ecause it only provides altitudea#ove terrain Hlook-downH :n order to overcome this weakness, modern aircraft use a terrainawareness warnin" system =T!W>

Black Boxes$edit%Main article: Flight recorder 

Commercial aircraft cockpit data recorders, commonly known as a H#lack #o.H, store fli"htinformation and audio from the cockpit They are often recovered from a plane after a crash todetermine control settin"s and other parameters durin" the incident

Weather systems$edit%

Main articles: Weather radar  and Lightning detector Weather systems such as weather radar  =typically !rinc /0 on commercial aircraft> and li"htnin"detectors are important for aircraft flyin" at ni"ht or in instrument meteorolo"ical conditions,where it is not possi#le for pilots to see the weather ahead &eavy precipitation =as sensed #yradar> or severe tur#ulence =as sensed #y li"htnin" activity> are #oth indications of stron"convective activity and severe tur#ulence, and weather systems allow pilots to deviate aroundthese areas

i"htnin" detectors like the tormscope or trikefinder have #ecome ine.pensive enou"h thatthey are practical for li"ht aircraft :n addition to radar and li"htnin" detection, o#servations ande.tended radar pictures =such as )2IR!> are now availa#le throu"h satellite data connections,allowin" pilots to see weather conditions far #eyond the ran"e of their own in-fli"ht systems'odern displays allow weather information to #e inte"rated with movin" maps, terrain, and traffic

onto a sin"le screen, "reatly simplifyin" navi"ation

'odern weather systems also include wind shear  and tur#ulence detection and terrain and trafficwarnin" systems$% :n-plane weather avionics are especially popular in !frica, :ndia, and othercountries where air-travel is a "rowin" market, #ut "round support is not as well developed $E%

Aircraft management systems$edit%

There has #een a pro"ression towards centrali?ed control of the multiple comple. systems fittedto aircraft, includin" en"ine monitorin" and mana"ement &ealth and usa"e monitorin"systems =&;'> are inte"rated with aircraft mana"ement computers to "ive maintainers earlywarnin"s of parts that will need replacement

The inte"rated modular avionics concept proposes an inte"rated architecture with application

software porta#le across an assem#ly of common hardware modules :t has #een used in fourth"eneration 6et fi"hters and the latest "eneration of airliners

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Mission or tactical avionics$edit%

'ilitary aircraft have #een desi"ned either to deliver a weapon or to #e the eyes and ears of other weapon systems The vast array of sensors availa#le to the military is used for whatever tacticalmeans reuired !s with aircraft mana"ement, the #i""er sensor platforms =like the 2-*,8T!R, !T3R, )imrod 'R!+, 'erlin &' 'k 1> have mission-mana"ement computers

7olice and 2' aircraft also carry sophisticated tactical sensors

Military communications$edit%

While aircraft communications provide the #ack#one for safe fli"ht, the tactical systems aredesi"ned to withstand the ri"ors of the #attle field ;&F, D&F Tactical =*0B '&?> and atComsystems com#ined with 2CC' methods, and crypto"raphy secure the communications atalinks such as ink 11, 1, (( and3W'!), 8TR and even T2TR! provide the means oftransmittin" data =such as ima"es, tar"etin" information etc>

Radar $edit%

 !ir#orne radar  was one of the first tactical sensors The #enefit of altitude providin" ran"e has

meant a si"nificant focus on air#orne radar technolo"ies Radars include air#orne earlywarnin" =!2W>, anti-su#marine warfare =!W>, and even weather radar  = !rinc /0> and "roundtrackin"4pro.imity radar

The military uses radar in fast 6ets to help pilots fly at low levels$citation needed % While the civil market hashad weather radar for a while, there are strict rules a#out usin" it to navi"ate the aircraft $citation needed %

Sonar $edit%

ippin" sonar fitted to a ran"e of military helicopters allows the helicopter  to protect shippin"assets from su#marines or surface threats 'aritime support aircraft can drop active and passivesonar devices =sono#uoys> and these are also used to determine the location ofhostile su#marines

Electro-!tics$edit%2lectro-optic systems include devices such as the head-up display =&;>, forward lookin"infrared =F:R>, infra-red search and track and other passive infrared devices =7assive infraredsensor > These are all used to provide ima"ery and information to the fli"ht crew This ima"ery isused for everythin" from search and rescue to navi"ational aids and tar"et acuisition

ESM"#AS$edit%

2lectronic support measures and defensive aids are used e.tensively to "ather information a#outthreats or possi#le threats They can #e used to launch devices =in some cases automatically> tocounter direct threats a"ainst the aircraft They are also used to determine the state of a threatand identify it

Aircraft net$orks$edit%The avionics systems in military, commercial and advanced models of civilian aircraft areinterconnected usin" an avionics data#us Common avionics data#us protocols, with theirprimary application, includeA

•  !ircraft ata )etwork = !)>A 2thernet derivative for Commercial !ircraft

•  !vionics Full-uple. witched 2thernet =!FI>A pecificimplementation of !R:)C + = !)> for Commercial !ircraft

•  !R:)C +(EA <eneric 'edium-peed ata harin" for 7rivateand Commercial !ircraft

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•  !R:)C +A ee !) a#ove

•  !R:)C (EA Commercial !ircraft =oein" ///>

•  !R:)C /0A Weather Radar for Commercial !ircraft

•  !R:)C /1/A Fli"ht ata Recorder for Commercial !ircraft

• :222 1*E+#A 'ilitary !ircraft

• ':-T-155*A 'ilitary !ircraft

• ':-T-1/0A 'ilitary !ircraft

• TT7 B Time-Tri""ered 7rotocolA oein" // reamliner , !ir#us !*0, Fly-y-Wire !ctuation 7latforms from 7arker !erospace

• TT2thernet B Time-Tri""ered 2thernetA )!! 3rion pacecraft

#isaster relief and air am%ulance$edit%

isaster relief and 2' aircraft =mostly helicopters> are now a si"nificant market 'ilitary aircraftare often now #uilt with a role availa#le to assist in civil o#edience $citation needed % isaster reliefhelicopters are almost always fitted with video4F:R systems to allow them to monitor andcoordinate real-time relief efforts They can also #e fitted with searchli"hts and loudspeakers

2' and disaster relief helicopters will #e reuired to fly in unpleasant conditions, this mayreuire more aircraft sensors, some of which were until recently considered purely for militaryaircraft

See also$edit%

•  !C!R

•  !cronyms and a##reviations in avionics

•  !R:)C

•  !vionics software

• istress radio#eacon

• Fli"ht recorder 

• :nte"rated modular avionics

Notes$edit%

1 &um! u! ' 'c<ou"h, 'ichael =!u"ust (, (005> H:n 'emoriamA7hilip 8 9lassA ! ;F3 =;folo"ist FriendJs 3#ituary>H kepticRetrieved !pril (, (01(

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( &um! u! ' haffer, Ro#ert H@;ne.plained Cases@B3nly :f Kou:"nore !ll 2.planationsH, Skeptical n!uirer , 'arch4!pril (011, pa"e5

* L 8ump up toA a b y 8effrey Roden"en :) 0-E+5E0*-(5-17u#lished #y Write tuff yndicate, :nc in 1EE5 HThe e"end of

&oneywellH

+ &um! u! ' Re"inald Dictor 8ones Most Secret War  :) E/-1-5*(-EE-/

5 &um! u! ' H)e.t<en !vionics RoadmapH =7F> 8oint 7lannin" andevelopment 3ffice eptem#er *0, (011 Retrieved 8anuary(5, (01(

&um! u! ' +00 &? 2lectrical ystems

/ L 8ump up toA a b  Avionics: "evelopment and mplementation #yCary R pit?er =&ardcover B ecem#er 15, (00>

&um! u! ' Ramsey, 8ames =!u"ust 1, (000> Hroadenin"Weather Radar@s copeH !viation Today Retrieved 8anuary(5, (01(

E &um! u! ' Fit?simons, ernard =)ovem#er 1*, (011> H&oneywellooks 2ast While :nnovatin" For afe <rowthH !viation:nternational )ews Retrieved ecem#er (/, (011

References$edit%

•  Avionics: "evelopment and mplementation #y Cary R pit?er=&ardcover B ec 15, (00>

• #rinciples of Avionics, +th 2dition #y !l#ert &elfrick, enuckwalter, and !vionics Communications :nc =7aper#ack B 8ul1, (00/>

•  Avionics $raining: Systems% nstallation% and $rou&leshooting  #yen uckwalter =7aper#ack B 8un *0, (005>

•  Avionics Made Simple, #y 'ouhamed !#dulla, 7hG 8aroslav Dvo#oda, 7h and uis Rodri"ues, 7h =Coursepack B ec

(005 - :) E/-0-E+/-E0-1>

External links$edit%

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to  Avionics.

Look up avionics in

Wiktionary, the free

dictionary.

•  Avionics Made Simple #ook

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•  !ircraft 2lectronics !ssociation =!2!>

•  Avionics 'e(s ma"a?ine

• #ilot)s Guide to Avionics

• The !vionic ystems tandardisation Committee

• pace huttle !vionics

•  !viation Today !vionics ma"a?ine

• R!2 !vionics homepa"e

• Dertical <yroscope !vionics :nformation

• 3n-oard 2lectronics related papers =7ortu"uese>Cate"oriesA

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