unrwa 3mw solar pv power project

UNRWA 3MW SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

15 November 2020

REV - 1

Final ESIA – UNRWA 3MW Solar PV Power Project

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Document title ESIA for the UNRWA 3MW Solar PV Power Project

Status REV - 1

Date 15 November 2020

Client Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) / United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)

REVISION RECORD

Rev.

No.

Created By Internal

Review By

Date Submission

Status

Reviewed By Date

Rev 0 ECO Consult ECO Consult 30 Sep 2018 Draft KFW 3 Nov 2020

Rev 1 ECO Consult ECO Consult 15 Nov 2020 Final


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CONTACTS

ECO Consult

Physical Address:

ECO Consult

Jude Centre, 4th floor, Building #1

Salem Hindawi Street

Shmeisani

Amman

Jordan

Mailing Address:

ECO Consult PO Box 941400 Amman 11194 Jordan

Tel: +962 6 569 9769

Fax: + 962 6 569 7264

Email: [email protected]

Contact Persons:

Ibrahim Masri

Project Manager – ECO Consult

E: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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TABLE OF CONTENT

Contacts ............................................................................................................................................................ ii

Table of Content .............................................................................................................................................. iii

List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... v

List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................... vi

Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... vii

Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................................................ix

1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Project Background ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 The Environmental and Social (ESIA) Report .................................................................................... 1

1.3 Document Structure .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.4 Project Proponent and Key Contributors .......................................................................................... 2

2 Project Description ................................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Project Location ................................................................................................................................ 3

2.2 Project Components .......................................................................................................................... 5

2.3 Workforce and Training .................................................................................................................... 8

2.4 Overview of Project Phases ............................................................................................................... 8

2.5 Resource Use Efficiency .................................................................................................................... 9

3 Regulatory and Policy Framework ......................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Jordanian Environmental Clearance Process .................................................................................. 10

3.2 Summary of Jordanian Environmental and Social Regulatory Context .......................................... 11

3.3 International Agreements ............................................................................................................... 12

3.4 Requirements for Project Financing ................................................................................................ 14

3.5 World Bank E&S Requirements ....................................................................................................... 15

4 Analysis of Alternatives .......................................................................................................................... 18

4.1 Site Selection Alternatives .............................................................................................................. 18

4.2 Technological Alternatives .............................................................................................................. 18

4.3 Design Alternatives ......................................................................................................................... 20

4.4 The ‘No Project’ Alternatives .......................................................................................................... 21

5 Stakeholder Consultation and Engagement .......................................................................................... 23

5.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 23

5.2 Requirements for Stakeholder Engagement ................................................................................... 23

5.3 Identification of Stakeholders ......................................................................................................... 24

5.4 Stakeholder Consultation and Engagement to Date ....................................................................... 26

5.5 Future Stakeholder Engagement Activities ..................................................................................... 30

6 ESIA Approach and Methodology .......................................................................................................... 31

6.1 Delineation of Study Boundaries and Scope of Assessment ........................................................... 31

6.2 Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions ............................................................................... 33


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6.3 Impact Assessment Methodology ................................................................................................... 33

6.4 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................................ 36

6.5 Development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) ..................................... 36

6.6 Summary of Anticipated Impact ..................................................................................................... 36

7 Landscape and Visual ................................................................................................................... 40

8 Land Use ...................................................................................................................................... 50

9 Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology ......................................................................................... 61

10 Biodiversity .................................................................................................................................. 70

11 Archeology and Cultural Heritage ................................................................................................. 77

12 Air Quality and Noise .................................................................................................................... 80

13 Infrastructure and Utilities ............................................................................................................ 84

14 Socio-Economic Conditions ........................................................................................................... 96

15 Occupational Health and Safety and Worker Accomodation ........................................................ 101

16 Community Health, Safety and Security ...................................................................................... 105

17 Cumulative Impacts .................................................................................................................... 108

18 Impacts from Associated Facilities .............................................................................................. 110

19 Environmental and Social Management Plan ............................................................................... 116

19.1 Institutional Framework and Procedural Arrangement for ESMP Implementation ..................... 116

19.2 Environmental, Health, Safety and Social Management System (EHSS-MS) ................................ 118

19.3 Compilation of Environmental and Social Management Plan ...................................................... 119

20 References ................................................................................................................................. 126

21 Annexes ..................................................................................................................................... 127

21.1 Annex I – Stakeholder Engagement Strategy and Plan ................................................................. 128

21.2 Annex II – Stakeholder Grievance Mechanism ............................................................................. 132

21.3 Annex III – List of Surrounding Local Community Members Consulted ........................................ 134


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Project Site Boundaries ...................................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2: Location of Cypress Trees Onsite ....................................................................................................... 4

Figure 3: Typical Power Arrays Composed of PV Panels ................................................................................... 6

Figure 4: Preliminary Layout of Project Components ....................................................................................... 7

Figure 5: Underground Power Evacuation Line Route ...................................................................................... 7

Figure 6: Location of Mediterranean Cypress Trees within the Project Site .................................................. 20

Figure 7: Study Area ........................................................................................................................................ 32

Figure 8: Project Site ....................................................................................................................................... 40

Figure 9: General Topography of the Project Site ........................................................................................... 41

Figure 10: Typical Views towards the North, East, West, and South .............................................................. 42

Figure 11: Reflectivity of Various Materials based on Incident Angles ........................................................... 45

Figure 12: PV Modules Installed near the Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada – USA .......................................... 45

Figure 13: Location of 50MW Solar PV Project and Nearby Village ................................................................ 46

Figure 14: Land Use Planning by GAM for ATC Area ....................................................................................... 51

Figure 15: Areas of Critical Environmental Concern in Relation to Project Site ............................................. 52

Figure 16: Location of MoA Grazing Reserve in Relation to Project Site ........................................................ 53

Figure 17: Formal Letters from the MoA ........................................................................................................ 54

Figure 18: Supporting Documents for Land Purchase .................................................................................... 55

Figure 19:Components of the ATC .................................................................................................................. 55

Figure 20: Activities within Project Site .......................................................................................................... 56

Figure 21: Fire Hydrants .................................................................................................................................. 57

Figure 22: Septic Tank ..................................................................................................................................... 57

Figure 23: Diesel Generator ............................................................................................................................ 57

Figure 24: Old Steel Goals ............................................................................................................................... 58

Figure 25: Transformer Station ....................................................................................................................... 58

Figure 26: [A] Old Manhole, [B] New Manhole ............................................................................................... 58

Figure 27: Geological Formations of the Project Area .................................................................................... 61

Figure 28: Surface and Ground Water Basins within the Project Site ............................................................ 62

Figure 29: Catchment Area of the Project Site................................................................................................ 62

Figure 30: Aquifer Thickness ........................................................................................................................... 63

Figure 31: Catchment Area of the Project Site................................................................................................ 63

Figure 32: General View of Project Area showing Fruit trees, Grasses and Cypress Trees ............................ 71

Figure 33: Mediterranean Cypress (left) and Aleppo Pine (right) ................................................................... 72

Figure 34: Location of Mediterranean Cypress Trees in Project Site .............................................................. 72

Figure 35: Tree Habitat Areas Surrounding the Project Site ........................................................................... 75

Figure 36: MEGA Jordan Results ..................................................................................................................... 77

Figure 37: Official Letter from DoA Providing Clearance for Project Site ....................................................... 78

Figure 38: Amman Main Water System Schematic ......................................................................................... 85


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Figure 39: Water System near the Project Site ............................................................................................... 85

Figure 40: Existing Wastewater Network within the Project Area ................................................................. 86

Figure 41: Location of Al Jizah WWTP in Relation to Project Site ................................................................... 87

Figure 42: Al-Ghabawi Landfill in Relation to the Project Site ........................................................................ 88

Figure 43: Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility in Relation to the Project Site ................................. 89

Figure 44: Access Roads to the Project Site .................................................................................................... 90

Figure 45: Nearby Solar PV Project ............................................................................................................... 108

Figure 46: Underground Power Evacuation Line Route ................................................................................ 110

Figure 47: Selected Photos of the Evacuation Line Route ............................................................................ 111

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Summary of ESIA Content ................................................................................................................... 1

Table 2: Administrative Setup of Amman Governorate .................................................................................... 3

Table 3: Coordinates of the Project Site ........................................................................................................... 3

Table 4: Summary of Key Project Components................................................................................................. 5

Table 5: Specifications of PV Modules .............................................................................................................. 5

Table 6: Legal Requirements Related to the Project....................................................................................... 11

Table 7: Overview of WB Environmental and Social Standards ...................................................................... 16

Table 8: Summary of Qualitative Analysis of PV and CSP ............................................................................... 18

Table 9: Summary of Qualitative Analysis of PV and CPV ............................................................................... 19

Table 10: Comparison of Crystalline and thin-Film Technology ..................................................................... 19

Table 11: Identified Groups of Stakeholders .................................................................................................. 24

Table 12: Stakeholder Consultation and Engagement to Date ....................................................................... 26

Table 13: Determination of Significance ......................................................................................................... 35

Table 14: Summary of Anticipated Impacts during Planning and Construction Phase ................................... 38

Table 15: Summary of Anticipated Impacts during Operation Phase ............................................................. 39

Table 16: Flood Risk Assessment Results ........................................................................................................ 64

Table 17: List of Plant Species Recorded during Field Visit ............................................................................. 71

Table 18: Literature Review of Mammal Species in the Project area ............................................................. 73

Table 19: Literature Review of Herpetofaunal species in the Project area .................................................... 73

Table 20: Literature Review of Avifaunal species in the Project area ............................................................. 74

Table 21: Socio-economic Conditions of Local Communities ......................................................................... 97

Table 22: Summary of Anticipated Cumulative Impacts ............................................................................... 108

Table 23: Potential E&S Impacts from Associated Facilities ......................................................................... 112

Table 24: Roles and Responsibilities of Entities Involved in ESMP ............................................................... 116

Table 26: ESMP for the Planning and Construction Phase ............................................................................ 120

Table 27: ESMP for the Operation Phase ...................................................................................................... 124

Table 28: Stakeholder Engagement Strategy and Plan ................................................................................ 128


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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AC Alternating Current

ARC Anti-Reflective Coating

ATC Amman Training Center

Asl Above sea level

CARC Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission

CBO Community Based Organization

CMS Construction Method Statement

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CPV Concentrated Photovoltaic

CSP Concentrated Solar Power

DC Direct Current

DoA Department of Antiquities

DoM Department of Meteorology

DoS Department of Statistics

E&S Environmental and Social

EHS Environment, Health and Safety

EHSS MS Environment, Health, Safety and Social Management System

EMF Electric & Magnetic Field

EPC Engineering, Procurement, and Construction

ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment

ESS Environmental and Social Standard

ESMP Environmental & Social Management Plan

GAM Greater Amman Municipality

GIP Good International Practice

GWh Gigawatt Hour

IBAs Important Bird Areas

IEA International Energy Agency

IFIs International Financial Institutions

ILO International Labor Organization

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

JEPCO Jordan Electric Power Company

KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau

kV Kilovolt

KWh Kilowatt Hour

MCM Million Cubic Meter

MEGA Jordan Middle Eastern Geodatabase for Antiquities

MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources


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MoA Ministry of Agriculture

MoEnv Ministry of Environment

MoH Ministry of Health

MoL Ministry of Labor

MoMA Ministry of Municipal Affairs

MoTA Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities

MPWH Ministry of Public Works and Housing

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

MW Mega Watt

MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation

NEPCO National Electric Power Company

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OHS Occupational Health and Safety

OHSP Occupational Health and Safety Plan

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PV Photovoltaic

PVHI Photovoltaic Heat Island

RJAF Royal Jordanian Air Force

RJGC Royal Jordanian Geographic Center

RSCN The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature

SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

WAJ Water Authority of Jordan

WB World Bank

WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT

In accordance with the “Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law No. (13) of the year 2012”, Electric Power Wheeling projects are allowed. Under such a procedure, electricity generated by renewable energy is allowed to be developed by a consumer throughout connecting to a transmission and/or distribution network, in order to offset the electricity consumed by the same consumer during a billing period.

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) (hereafter referred to as ‘the Developer’) is planning to develop a 3 Mega Watt (MW) solar Photo Voltaic (PV) project (hereafter referred to as ‘the Project’) under the “Electric Power Wheeling” procedure. The Project will supply electricity for the UNRWA facilities in South Amman, North Amman and Zarqa area (to include but not limited to schools, health stations, administrative offices, etc. for a total of approximately 106 installations).

The environmental clearance process for the Project is governed by the Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) whom does not require any environmental assessment for solar PV projects that are less than 5MW in capacity (i.e. similar to this Project). However, the Developer will be seeking financial support from the German Government through the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) Development Bank, whom required an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study for the Project. This document provides the main outcomes of the ESIA that was undertaken.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

(i) Project Location

The Project site is located within Amman Governorate and more specifically within the Moqabaleen area of Qwaismeh District. From a municipality perspective, the Project site is located within Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) boundaries.

The Project site is located within the premises of the Amman Training Center (ATC), owned by UNRWA and which includes a college, university and an educational center. ATC has a total area of 0.1km2 (presented in red below). Within the ATC there is a vacant land with an area of 0.47km2 allocated for the PV Project (presented in blue below). The ATC is located within a highly urbanized area that include residential, commercial areas, and service areas. Directly surrounding the site are various housing structures and buildings as well as a school and a kindergarten.


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(ii) Project Components

The key component of the Project includes the power arrays – shown in the figure below. Power arrays are composed of several Photovoltaic (PV) panels which convert solar energy (radiation from the sun) into electricity. Other Project components include the following:

Electrical equipment: Project will feed electricity directly into the National Grid. Thus, several electrical equipment are required to convert the electricity produced from the arrays in a form that is appropriate for connection with the National Grid; and

Infrastructure and utilities: those include a warehouse for storage of equipment and machinery and a road network within the site for operation and maintenance purposes.

The construction of the PV Project is anticipated to commence in July 2021 and will require around 18 months. Operation is anticipated to commence in December 2022 for a period of 25 years.

The Project will require the following workforce throughout the construction and operation phase:

Around 39 job opportunities during construction for a duration of approximately 18 months. This will mainly include engineers, electrical and mechanical technicians, as well as unskilled workers; and

Around 5 job opportunities during operation phase to include Around skilled labor (manager, engineer, etc.) and unskilled labor (such as module cleaners) for a duration of 25 years.

(iii) Project Phases

The likely activities to take place during the Project development include two distinct phases: (i) planning and construction; and (ii) operation.

Planning and Construction: this mainly includes preparing a detailed design for the Project, transportation of the various Project components to the site (e.g. PV modules), and onsite preparation activities for installation of the PV arrays and various other components. Site preparation activities could include excavations, grading, levelling, and land clearing activities;

Operation: such a Project requires limited operational activities which mainly include maintenance of the arrays and the various electrical equipment to optimize the energy yield and the life of the system. This includes, for example, regular PV module cleaning to prevent dust build-up which in turn could affect their performance.


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THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROJECT

(i) Analysis of Alternatives

The Project site in general is vacant, however within the central and western parts of the Project site are 162 introduced and planted Mediterranean cypress trees (refer to figure below) which could require removal for development of the Project. Discussions were undertaken between ECO Consult, UNRWA and their technical consultant, to investigate design alternatives to address such comments as provided below.

It is important to note that UNRWA has obtained an approval from the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) for removal of the trees.

Alternative 1: all trees onsite will be removed and the entire land area will be used for the development of the Project. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementing a tree plantation program within the ATC premises (but outside of Project site) for double the number of trees removed.

Alternative 2: all trees onsite (i.e. located on western and central parts) will be maintained. However, a buffer distance from these trees will be taken into account for shading effects which would reduce the effective area available for the PV panels and thus reduce the overall production capacity of the Project.

Alternative 3: all trees on the western boundary will be maintained while trees in the central parts will be removed. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementing a tree plantation program within the ATC premises (but outside of Project site) for double the number of trees removed. In addition, under this alternative the trees in the western parts will be trimmed to an appropriate height to reduce shading effects to the minimum possible so that production capacity is not affected.

Alternative 4: all trees on the western boundary will be maintained, while the trees in the central parts will be removed. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementing a tree plantation program within the ATC premises for double the number of trees removed but will also include planting trees on the northern, southern, and eastern boundaries of the Project specific site. Under this alternative the trees in the western parts and at later stage trees in northern, southern and eastern parts (once they grow to relevant heights) will be trimmed to an appropriate height level to reduce shading effects so that production capacity is not affected.

However, to confirm the most suitable alternative, a technical study will be undertaken that will investigate in detail the impacts of the trees (current trees and trees to be planted) on the PV plant (to include in particular shading effects which in turn affect production capacity). Based on that, the study will also include a tree plantation program that identifies the types of trees to best suited for the location and constraints identified, where they should be planted, maintenance program requirements, etc.


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(ii) Landscape and Visual

The Project site in general can be characterized as being dominantly of a fairly flat surface with an elevation ranging between 925m – 932m above sea level with no sudden changes in topography. The key visual receptors surrounding the Project site include the following:

To the west are mainly Mediterranean cypress trees located at the border of the Project site after which are located residential buildings;

To the north, the only visible elements would be ATC facilities to include female dormitories, basketball playground, parking lot, football pitch, university building, and the Educational Development Center;

To the east of the Project site, visible elements would be residential buildings and a school (Educational Modernity School); and

To the south are mainly residential buildings and a kindergarten (Educational Modernity Kindergarten).

The key impacts from the Project development are limited to the operation phase and which include impacts from project visibility and impacts from glare, both of which are discussed below.

With regards to project visibility this is related to potential views to and from the Project site. However, the Project is located within the ATC which is surrounded by a 3 m concrete wall, which significantly limits views towards the site. More importantly, there are no key sensitive visual receptors within the surrounding vicinity (e.g. recreational activities, environmental reserves, remarkable historical or cultural sites, or other) normally seen as valuable by the human perception. Therefore, such impacts are considered not significant.

With regards to glare, PV modules convert solar energy (through absorbing radiation from the sun) into electricity. Nevertheless, not all of the incoming sunlight is absorbed and thus a minimal amount of incoming sunlight is reflected, which could be associated with insignificant potential for glare. Several studies conclude that glare from PV panels is not considered an issue of concern and PV modules exhibit less glare than windows and water. Although such a project will result in insignificant potential for glare, the ESIA identifies additional standard requirements for solar PV development projects which includes obtaining the approval from the Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission (CARC) and Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) which are.

Finally, several concerns are discussed related to potential for solar PV Projects warming surrounding areas (known as Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect - PVHI). Several research studies were undertaken and to date are providing conflicting results of various magnitudes; but none of which could be considered as an issue of concern. The key outcome is that research illustrates an advance in our understanding of how PV power plants could create a warmer local environment. However, it is still not clear how specifically PV plants could create a warmer local environment and if the heat could reach surrounding areas. None of the research studies investigated the lateral and vertical extent of such PVHI effect and it could be possible that such effects are constrained to a small area within the PV installation itself that quickly dissipates within the surrounding areas. As discussed earlier, the UNHCR is committed to undertaking a tree plantation program which provide a cooling effect due to the evapotranspiration process of the trees. This is expected to offset and compensate for the residual impacts on heat from the PV panels (if any impact at all).

(iii) Land Use

The ESIA investigated the formal land use planning as set by the various governmental institutions and concluded that there is no conflict with such set land use plans. This includes land use planning by GAM, area of critical environmental concern planning by the MoEnv and grazing reserves and forest Areas planning by the Ministry of Agriculture.

With regards to current land use, as discussed earlier, the Project site is located within the ATC area that is completely fenced by a 3 m concrete wall to prevent unauthorized access to the site. The ATC area includes several facilities such as training buildings, university, college, book shop, auditorium, dorms, gymnasium,


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restaurant, mosque, playgrounds, etc. However, the exact Project site is a vacant land with the exception of the following:

Some existing infrastructure and utility elements to include a septic tank, transformer station, 13 old manholes, 10 new manholes, 2 fire hydrants, a diesel generator and 2 old steel football goal posts.

Apart from the above, no evidence of any other informal land use was noted within the Project site.

With regards to the actual land use, there are no anticipated physical or economical displacement impacts from the development of the Project. The infrastructure elements onsite will be either be completely decommissioned and removed, avoided or relocated and the ESIA requires that such activities are properly undertaken with all health and safety requirements.

(iv) Geology and Hydrology

Key impacts related to the Project include potential for flood risks which could affect the Project site. However, the Project site is located on the water divide between the Amman-Zarqa and Dead Sea surface water basins. Along water divides, even with severe rainfalls events, floods will not be generated due to the absence of runoff accumulation. Such areas are considered to be highly resistant to flood hazards. Therefore, there are no anticipated impacts from flood risks on the Project site.

Other anticipated potential impacts during the construction and operation phase from Project are related to improper management of waste streams (solid waste, wastewater, hazardous waste, etc.) which could contaminate and pollute soil which in turn could pollute groundwater resources. However, the ESIA has identified adequate mitigation measures which aim to control such impacts and ensure proper housekeeping practices are implemented throughout the construction and operation phase of the Project.

(v) Biodiversity

A biodiversity survey was undertaken at the Project site which concludes the following:

Project site is not located within or near areas of critical environment concern (to include protected areas and/or Important Bird Areas (IBAs))

Based on the site visit and literature review, several floral, faunal and avifaunal species were recorded or are likely to be present all of which are considered common to such area habitats and of least concern,

Within the Project site are 162 Mediterranean Cypress Cupressus sempervirens trees that were planted and introduced in the area for at least 20 years. Such trees have provided suitable habitats for a variety of faunal species (bird species) in particular (however as discussed above such species are considered common and of least concern).

The main impact on biodiversity is from site clearance activities which will change to the natural vegetation of the Project area which would result in the alteration of the site’s habitat and thus potentially disturb existing habitats. This most importantly includes the removal of the 162 Mediterranean trees that provide suitable habitats for a variety of faunal species in particular. Such impacts are not considered a key issue of concern due to the following:

Such tree species support avifaunal species that are considered common to such area habitats and of least concern;

The area surrounding the project site in general has a relatively higher level of large trees. Therefore, it is believed that the abundance and population of these bird species should not be affected by the absence of the trees, as these bird species are considered adaptive species and have alternative habitats in the area that they can utilize.


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As discussed earlier, UNHCR is committed to undertaking a tree plantation program. Such a measure, will offset and compensate for the residual impacts on biodiversity associated with the removal of the trees.

(vi) Archeology and Cultural Heritage

An archaeological baseline assessment has been undertaken by the Department of Antiquities (DoA) for the Project site. The assessment concludes that there are no records of any sites of interests or significance within the Project area. In addition, the DoA issued a formal letter with a no-objection on the Project.

The key impact anticipated is during the construction phase from site preparation activities. As noted earlier there are no archaeological remains on the surface of the Project site, and therefore there are no anticipated impacts. However, there is a chance that throughout construction activities, archaeological remains buried in the ground are discovered. Improper management (if such sites are discovered) could potentially disturb or damage such sites. Nevertheless, the ESIA requires the implementation of chance find procedures should such remains in the ground be discovered. With the implementation of such measures the impact is considered not significant.

(vii) Air Quality and Noise

The Project’s nature will not result in any key air quality or noise emissions. In addition, the project site is located within a residential, commercial and service area and no key sources of noise or air quality emissions within the area.

The main impact anticipated is during the construction phase. This includes impacts from site preparation activities which are to take place for installation of PV arrays. Such construction activities will likely result in an increased level of dust and particulate matter emissions, which will temporarily impact ambient air quality. In addition, the use of machinery and equipment are expected to be a source of noise and vibration within the Project site and its surrounding.

However, the ESIA has identified adequate dust control and suppression measures as well as noise suppression measures to control such impacts. With the implementation of such measures the impact is considered not significant.

Other potential impacts include that from removal of the 162 existing Mediterranean Cyprus trees which could remove pollution and improve air quality. However, such impacts are considered negligible and insignificant due to the following:

Based on literature review and taking into account the Project scale (where as a worst-case scenario 162 trees will be removed) pollutant removal is expected to be significantly low in magnitude and effect;

There are no key sources of air pollution in the area and it is expected that air quality within the Project site in general is in good conditions and within allowable limits;

The Project is expected to provide around 5.12-Gigawatt Hour (GWh) of electricity per year. The generation of electricity through a renewable source will offset more than 3,000 ton of CO2 per year, apart from the reduction of air pollutants emitted from conventional thermal power plants – such as ozone, Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), particulate matter, and other gases which are the cause of some serious environmental concerns such as smog, acid rain, health effects, and other.

UNHCR is committed to undertaking a tree plantation program, which will offset the insignificant magnitude impacts on air quality associated with the removal of the trees as discussed earlier.


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(viii) Infrastructure and Utilities

Water Resources: water requirements for the Project during construction and operation are rather minimal and can be easily met through the Amman Main Water System which has an annual supply of 169 Million Cubic Meter. The contractor and operator are expected to coordinate with relevant authorities to secure the water requirements of the Project.

Wastewater, solid waste, and hazardous waste facilities: Wastewater, solid waste and hazardous waste generated during the construction and operation phase will be minimal and are expected to be easily handled by Al-Jizeh Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP), Ghabawi landfill and hazardous waste disposal facilities (Swaqa Treatment Facility). The contractor and operator are expected to coordinate with the relevant authorities for disposal of such waste streams.

(ix) Occupational Health and Safety

With regards to occupational health and safety, a description of baseline environment is irrelevant. During the construction and operation phase there will be generic occupational health and safety risks to workers, such as working on construction sites, exposure electric shock hazards during maintenance activities, etc.

The ESIA requires that the contractor and operator of the Project prepare an Occupational Health and Safety Plan (OHSP) tailored to the Project’s site and activities. Such plans aim to ensure the health and safety of all personnel in order to concur and maintain a smooth and proper progress of work and prevent accident which may injure personnel. With the implementation of such measures the impact is considered not significant.

(x) Community Health, Safety and Security

With regards to community health, safety and security, a description of baseline environment is irrelevant.

During construction and operation phase there could be potential impacts mainly limited to trespassing of unauthorized personnel into the Project site and which could result in potential risks from several hazards of the various Project components (e.g. electric shock, exposure to chemicals and hazardous materials, etc.).

However, the Project site is surrounded by a 3 m concrete wall throughout the entire ATC Area, and access is controlled through a gate which includes a security guard. In addition, as part of the detailed design security measures to prevent unauthorized access to the Project specific site will be identified. This is expected to include fencing around the specific PV Project site within the ATC area, utilization of CCTV surveillance, and other. With the implementation of such measures the impact is considered not significant.

During construction of the Project around 39 workers will be involved for a duration of approximately 18 months. The influx of workforce to the area could result in certain community health, safety and security impacts such as risk of diseases, inappropriate code of conduct, and other. However, the ESIA has identified adequate measures to control such impacts. With the implementation of such measures the impact is considered not significant.


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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

The energy sector in Jordan is gaining momentum since the “Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law No. (13) of the year 2012 and its Amendments No. (33) For the year 2014” entered into force. With this law, “Electric Power Wheeling” projects are allowed. Under this procedure, electric power generated by renewable energy systems are allowed to be developed by a consumer throughout connecting to a transmission and/or distribution electricity network, in order to offset the electric power consumed by the same consumer during a billing period.

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) (hereafter referred to as ‘the Developer’) is planning to develop a 3 Mega Watt (MW) solar Photo Voltaic (PV) project (hereafter referred to as ‘the Project’) under the “Electric Power Wheeling” procedure. The Project will supply electricity for the UNRWA facilities in South Amman, North Amman and Zarqa area in a more sustainable and cost-efficient manner (to include but not limited to schools, health stations, administrative offices, etc. for a total of approximately 106 installations).

1.2 The Environmental and Social (ESIA) Report

The environmental clearance process for the Project is governed by the Ministry of Environment (MoEnv), as stipulated by the “Environmental Classification and Licensing Regulation No. 69 for the year 2020”. The MoEnv through the Regulation does not require an ESIA study to be undertaken for solar PV projects that are less than 5MW in capacity (i.e. similar to this Project). Nevertheless, an environmental permit is still required to be issued in order to commence with construction and operational activities. Additional details on the requirements for the environmental permit is provided in “Section 3.1”.

The Developer will be seeking financial support for the Project from the German Government through the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) Development Bank. In accordance with KfW’s Sustainability Guideline (KfW, 2019) a Project of such nature and scope is classified under “Environmental and Social (E&S) Risk Category B” (moderate E&S risks and impacts), and which will therefore require an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study.

To this extent, KfW on behalf of UNRWA, commissioned ECO Consult to prepare the ESIA for the Project (i.e. this report).

1.3 Document Structure

The following table provides an overview of the Chapters within this ESIA document.

Table 1: Summary of ESIA Content

Chapter Description of Content

Chapter 2 – Project Description

Provides a detailed description of the Project in relation to its location, the key project components and an overview of the proposed activities that are to take place during the various Project phases.

Chapter 3 – Regulatory and Policy Framework

Provides an overview of the environmental and social regulatory and policy framework applicable to the Project.

Chapter 4 – Analysis of Alternatives

Investigates several alternatives to the Project development in relation to the Project site, chosen technology, Project design, and finally investigates the ‘no action alternative’ – which assumes that the Project development does not take place.

Chapter 5 – Stakeholder Consultation & Engagement

Discusses the stakeholder consultation and engagement plans which were undertaken as part of the ESIA process for the Project and provides an overview of the findings.


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Chapter 6 – ESIA Approach and Methodology

Presents the assessment methodology and approach for the ESIA study.

Chapter 7 – Chapter 16 Presents the environmental and social attributes that will be studied throughout the ESIA. This includes: landscape and visual (chapter 7), land use (chapter 8), geology, hydrology and hydrogeology (chapter 9), biodiversity (chapter 10), archaeology and cultural heritage (chapter 11), air quality and noise (chapter 12), infrastructure and utilities (chapter 13), socio-economic conditions (chapter 14), occupational health and safety (chapter 15), community health, safety and security (chapter 16). For each attribute and where relevant, the baseline conditions within the Project site and its surroundings was assessed. Each chapter then moves on to identify and assess the potential impacts from the Project on each attribute and for each impact a set of mitigation measures have been identified to eliminate or reduce the impacts to acceptable levels

Chapter 17 – Assessment of Cumulative Impacts

Investigates the cumulative impacts which could results from incremental impacts from other known existing and/or planned developments in the area based on currently available information.

Chapter 18 – Assessment of Impacts from Associated Facilities

Investigates the environmental and social impacts related to the associated facilities of the Project and which includes the electricity evacuation line that will connect from the Project site to the national distribution line.

Chapter 19 – Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

Presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Project; which mainly summaries the impacts identified as well as the mitigation measures and monitoring requirements to be implemented throughout the various Project phases. In addition, this Chapter describes the institutional framework and procedural arrangement for the ESMP implementation.

1.4 Project Proponent and Key Contributors

Different entities are involved in the planning and implementation of the Project. Responsibilities of each entity are listed in the text below along with a general description of their roles.

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA): Project proponent and will be the developer and owner of the Project;

International Implementation Consultant: to be appointed by UNRWA for support in Project management and delivery to include preparation of tender documents, evaluation and selection of EPC Contractor, construction supervision and other as applicable;

Local Technical Consultant (RSS-NERC): appointed by UNRWA to undertake preliminary feasibility study for the Project to include preliminary design and project concept.

Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau Development Bank (KfW): Project donor that will provide financing for the development of the Project;

EPC Contractor: will be responsible for preparing the detailed design and layout of the Project; supply of the material and equipment (panels, inverters, etc.); construction of the Project and its various components (PV arrays, internal roads, building infrastructure, and, etc.). The EPC Contractor for this Project has not been assigned yet;

Project Operator: responsible for Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the Project. The Project Operator has not been assigned at this stage;

Jordanian Electric Power Company (JEPCO): responsible for electricity distribution in Amman, Zarqa Madaba and Balqa Governorate. For this Project they will be developing the associated facilities that will include the construction of a power evacuation line from the Project site to the existing distribution grid;

ECO Consult: hereafter referred to as the ‘ESIA Team’ who is the ESIA Practitioner and the consultant commissioned by the KfW to prepare the ESIA for the Project; and

The Ministry of Environment (MoEnv): official governmental entity responsible for the protection of the environment in Jordan. The MoEnv is responsible for granting the site approval permit for the Project.


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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This section provides a detailed description of the Project in relation to its location, the key project components and an overview of the proposed activities that are to take place during the planning and construction, operation, and decommissioning phase.

2.1 Project Location

It is important to highlight the administrative setup as framed by District and Municipal boundaries of the Project area, as those will be referred to many times throughout the ESIA document.

The Project site is located within Amman Governorate which consists of 9 main Districts (Table 2). Of those, the Project is located within Qwaismeh District which is located within the southeast area of Amman Governorate. Qwaismeh District is divided into 9 areas of which the Project site is located in Moqabaleen area.

From a municipality perspective, the Project site is located within Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) boundaries.

Table 2: Administrative Setup of Amman Governorate

Governorate Districts Areas Municipalities

Amman

Amman Qasabah District Marka District Qwaismeh District Al-Jam’a District Wadi Al-sier District Sahab District Jizah District Al-Muaqqar District Na’our District

Qwaismeh AlJwaydeh Abu Alanda AlRajeeb Khraibet Essooq Jawa Yadoodeh Um Qsair Moqabaleen

Greater Amman Municipality Al Amreyeh Municipality Um Al Rasas Municipality Jizah Municipality Sahab Municipality Muaqqar Municipality Na’our Municipality Husban Municipality Um Al Basateen Municipality

The Project site is located within the premises of the Amman Training Center (ATC). The ATC is owned by the UNRWA and includes the following main centers: (i) an educational center that includes a college and university for Palestinian refugees in Jordan; (ii) educational development center that provides guidance, development, monitoring and quality assurance/control for teachers in UNRWA schools in Jordan.

The ATC has a total area of 0.1km2 (presented in red in the figure below). Within the ATC there is a vacant land with an area of 0.47km2 that will be utilized for the development of the PV Project (presented in blue in the figure below). The table below presents the coordinates for the Solar PV project site within the ATC boundaries.

The ATC (and Project site) is located within a highly urbanized area that include residential, commercial areas, and service areas. More specifically, directly surrounding the Project site are various housing structures and buildings as well as a school and a kindergarten.

The Project site in general is vacant and includes various scattered infrastructure elements such as a septic tank, transformer, fire hydrants, etc. (this is discussed further in “Section 8.1.3” later). In addition, within the central and western parts of the Project site are introduced and planted Mediterranean cypress trees (refer to figure below).

Table 3: Coordinates of the Project Site

Point WGS Coordinates UTM Coordinates

Latitude Longitude Easting Northing

1 31.907147° 35.893267° 773611.28 3533796.96

2 31.906788° 35.894542° 773732.96 3533760.37

3 35.894430° 31.906523° 773723.19 3533730.67

4 35.895267° 31.906237° 773803.19 3533701.07


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5 35.894595° 31.904566° 773744.58 3533514.04

6 35.892504° 31.905053° 773545.25 3533562.75

7 31.907015° 35.893187° 773604.05 3533782.16

Figure 1: Project Site Boundaries

Figure 2: Location of Cypress Trees Onsite


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2.2 Project Components

PV is a method of generating electricity through solar panels which are composed of a number of solar cells. Such cells convert solar energy (radiation from the sun) into electricity using semiconductors (photovoltaic material that exhibit the photovoltaic effect); following the exposure of the PV panel to light, voltage is created in the material as photons from sunlight excite electrons in those materials into a higher state of energy, allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current. Solar cells produce Direct Current (DC) electricity from sun light, which can be used for grid connected power generation. However, electricity at the grid is usually in a different form (known as Alternating Current (AC)) and thus inverters are used to convert the DC current to AC current. In addition, cells produce electricity at a certain voltage which must be matched to the grid it connects to. Therefore, transformers are used to convert the output from the panels to a higher voltage that matches the grid.

Table 4 provides a summary of Project components that are discussed below in detail. It is important to note that the information provided below is based on preliminary information provided by the Developer. In addition, a preliminary layout for the project components is provided in Figure 4 below.

Table 4: Summary of Key Project Components

Component Description

Project Nominal Capacity 3 MW (at AC current)

Technology Type PV

PV Cell Type Mono-crystalline

Infrastructure and Utilities Underground cables, string inverter, substation, warehouse and office, water reservoirs

2.2.1 PV Power Arrays

According to preliminary design details, the Project will be divided into zones, where each zone will be composed of PV Power arrays (typical structure of power arrays is presented in Figure 3 below). Each array consists of the following components:

PV panels: Each array is made of PV panels; which will be supplied by Jinko Solar. The specifications of PV modules are provided in the following table:

Table 5: Specifications of PV Modules

Length (mm) 1,956

Width (mm) 992

Thickness (mm) 40

Glass type Tempered, Anti-Reflection Coating (ARC), High Transmittance, Low Iron

Frame type Anodized Aluminum Alloy

Weight (Kg) 26.5

The panels will be mono-crystalline PV modules technology which utilizes silicon as a semiconductor material for generation of electricity. Silicon is considered a non-hazardous material. The total number of PV Panels expected for the Project is around 9,180;

Each array is equipped with a fixed mounting structure which holds the array of solar panels to the ground.


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Figure 3: Typical Power Arrays Composed of PV Panels

2.2.2 Infrastructure and Utilities

The PV modules will be connected to a string inverter through underground cables. The inverter converts the electricity produced from the panels from Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC).

The string inverters will then connect to a transformer station. The transformer station converts the output from the panels to a higher voltage.

Each transformer station will then connect to a substation that is located onsite through underground cables. The substation converts the voltage to 33kV that it is appropriate for connection with the National Distribution Grid that is operated by JEPCO.

Building Infrastructure will mostly include offices for normal daily operational related work, as well as a warehouse for storage of equipment and machinery;

Road network to include: (i) internal road network for ease of access to the arrays for operation and maintenance purposes and (ii) security road around the perimeter of the Project site for security patrolling;

Fencing around the entire facility and security will be required to ensure safety from criminal activity and trespassing of unauthorized personnel;

Monitoring System: Provides information of the plant equipment performance for operation and maintenance; and

On-site water reservoirs are most likely to be utilized for the water requirements of the Project. Water will be used mainly for potable purposes as well as for the regular cleaning of the panels to prevent dust build-up as this would affect their performance.


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Figure 4: Preliminary Layout of Project Components

2.2.3 Associated Facilities

JEPCO will be responsible for offsite connection works from the onsite substation to the National Distribution Grid that is also operated by JEPCO.

This will include an underground power evacuation line that will run from the Project site to the existing distribution grid connection point. The total length of the line is around 2.7km.

JEPCO will be responsible for preparing the detailed design, construction activities as well operation and maintenance activities. The route for the underground power evacuation line is presented in the figure below.

The underground power evacuation line will have a voltage of 33kV.

Figure 5: Underground Power Evacuation Line Route


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2.3 Workforce and Training

According to information provided, the Project will require the following workforce throughout the construction and operation phase:

Around 39 job opportunities during the construction phase for a duration of approximately 18 months. This will mainly include engineers, electrical and mechanical technicians, as well as unskilled workers. The Developer will also aim to prioritize where relevant job opportunities to the local communities in the area; and

Around 5 job opportunities during the operation phase to include skilled labor (manager, engineer, etc.) and unskilled labor (such as module cleaners) for a duration of 25 years. The Developer will also aim to prioritize where relevant job opportunities to the local communities in the area.

2.4 Overview of Project Phases

This section presents the likely activities to take place during the Project development and which will include three distinct phases: (i) planning and construction, (ii) operation and (iii) decommissioning each of which is summarized below.

(i) Planning and Construction Phase

Typical activities during the planning and construction phase for PV farms include the following:

Detailed and final planning and design for the project and its components;

Transportation of Project components to the Project site which mainly includes the PV panels. The components are expected to be transported to the Port of Aqaba and then transported by road to the Project site.

Site preparation activities for installation of the PV arrays and the various Project components. Such activities could include excavations, grading, and land clearing activities; and

In addition to the installation of the arrays, there is additional construction work (which could include excavations, land clearing activities, etc.) that must be conducted for the required infrastructure and utilities to include installation and laying of underground transmission cables, string inverters, substation, road network, and warehouse and offices.

Additional construction work by JEPCO for the associated facilities to include excavation work for the power evacuation line, laydown of the line, and backfilling.

(ii) Operation Phase

PV plants generally require limited operational activities which mainly includes the following:

Commissioning tests which usually involve standard electrical tests for the electrical infrastructure as well as the panels, and inspection of routine civil engineering quality records. Careful testing at this stage is vital if a good quality PV farm is to be delivered and maintained.

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the PV farm. This includes the normal daily operation of the PV farm including its maintenance to optimize the energy yield and the life of the system. Maintenance can be divided into the preventive and corrective maintenance. The preventive maintenance follows a routine service schedule aimed at preventing faults from occurring and keeping the plant operating at its optimum level. The frequency of the preventive maintenance depends on a number of factors such as the technology selected, environmental conditions of the site, warranty terms and seasonal variances. It contains for example activities like PV module cleaning, inverter servicing or checks on structural integrity of the mounting structure. The corrective maintenance is carried out in response to failures for example the repair/ exchange of damaged equipment or inverter faults.


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It is important to note that the PV modules will be cleaned on a regular basis to prevent dust build‐up which could affect their performance. Based on information provided by the Developer, priority will be for dry brush cleaning of the panels which does not entail the use of water. However, it is expected that there would still be situations where water will be required to clean the panels (e.g. when dust becomes adhesive from rain or humidity).

There are no specific operational activities with associated facilities (i.e. the power evacuation line). This will only include corrective maintenance by JEPCO to be carried out in response to failures if and when they occur.

(iii) Decommissioning Phase

The Project is expected to operate for around 25 years, after which decommissioning activities will take place. Decommissioning activities could include the disconnection of the various Project components (PV array, central inverter stations, substation, etc.) for final disposal. In addition, internal road network will be restored and gates and fences will be removed.

(iv) Project Schedule

Based on information provided by the Developer, the construction is scheduled to take place starting July 2021 for a duration of 18 months. Therefore, operation of the Project will start in December 2022 for a period of 25 years (i.e. till 2047).

2.5 Resource Use Efficiency

The objective of this section is to demonstrate how the Project design has endeavored to optimize the use of all-natural resources involved in the Project processes to the greatest extent possible.

1) Electricity and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: One of the key positive impacts of the Project, as far as resource efficiency, is that it will be utilizing solar energy to produce electricity. The Project will be of an installed capacity of 3 MW that will contribute to meeting UNURWA’s electricity requirements.

The Project is expected to provide around 5.12-Gigawatt Hour (GWh) of electricity per year. The generation of electricity through a renewable source will offset greenhouse gas emissions as opposed to generating electricity from conventional thermal power plants – which is currently utilized in Jordan through the burning of natural gas and/or heavy fuel oil.

According to the International Energy Association’s (IEA) “Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions from Fuel combustion” (IEA, 2013) the CO2 emitted per kWh for electricity generation in Jordan was estimated at around 0.64kg (latest statistic available). The Project is expected to provide around 5.12 GWh of electricity per year; this will offset more than 3,000 ton of CO2 per year, apart from the reduction of air pollutants emitted from conventional thermal power plants – such as ozone, Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), particulate matter, and other gases which are the cause of some serious environmental concerns such as smog, acid rain, health effects, and many others.

2) Water Resources: as discussed earlier, the PV modules will be cleaned on a regular basis to prevent dust build-up which could affect their performance. The Developer has prioritized the use of the dry brush cleaning method (which does not entail the use of water) to reduce the amount of water consumption during operational phase. However, it is expected that there will be certain situations where water will still be required (e.g. when dust becomes adhesive from rain or humidity). Nevertheless, in such circumstances the required water for cleaning of the panels is expected to be around 6 times per year where each cleaning cycle will require approximately 12m3 of water – therefore the total annual water requirements for cleaning will be around 70m3 per year.


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3 REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

This chapter first provides an overview of the environmental clearance process for the Project as governed by the Ministry of Environment (MoEnv). The Chapter then discusses the regulatory context, which is directly related to environmental compliance, which must be adhered to by all parties involved in the Project throughout the planning and construction, operation, and decommissioning.

The Chapter goes on to summarizes the relevant international agreements and conventions to which Jordan is a signatory. Finally, as the Project will be seeking financial support from KFW, the chapter highlights the Environmental and Social (E&S) requirements of KFW, as well as other international best practice E&S requirements which must be adhered to by the Developer, as required by KFW.

3.1 Jordanian Environmental Clearance Process

The process for obtaining the environmental permit for this Project as required by the MoEnv is stipulated by the “Instructions for Site Selection of Development Projects for the year 2018”, and “Environmental Classification and Licensing Regulation No. 69 for the year 2020”. The process is discussed further below.

Location/Site Approval Permit Application: as a first step, the developer applies to the ‘Central Licensing Committee’ within the MoEnv of the intention to undertake a development project using the application form available at the MoEnv. The ‘Central Licensing Committee’ includes representatives from the MoEnv as well as other governmental authorities such as the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Ministry of Health, etc. The application lists the information required by the ‘Central Licensing Committee’ and which includes:

- General information on the location of the project supported by a site map;

- A brief description of the planned project, purpose and nature, capacity, major components, etc.;

- Implementation schedule for the proposed project at different phases and other.

- Supporting documents to include land deed, municipal drawing, land drawing, and other.

Location/Site Approval Permit Decision: The ‘Central Licensing Committee’, upon receipt of the application, evaluates the data submitted and undertakes a site visit to determine the appropriateness of the site for the proposed development. Generally, this is decided based on requirements from the MoEnv stipulated within the “Instructions for Site Selection of Development Projects for the year 2018”.

If a site permit is issued, within the same decision the Committee determines whether the Project is required to undertake a comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIA) or no environmental assessment at all in order to obtain an environmental permit. This is determined in accordance with the “Environmental Classification and Licensing Regulation No. 69 for the year 2020”.

Article (34) of the “Instruction for Site Selection of Development Projects for the year 2018” requires that Solar PV projects that are greater than 5MW in capacity be located a distance of at least 100m from organized boundaries (urban areas) and/or populated areas. However, for solar PV Project that are less than 5MW in capacity (i.e. similar to the Project) as well as projects that are located inside municipal boundaries (i.e. similar to the Project), a decision on the site permit is made on a case by case basis based on its location, nature and municipal classification. Generally, representatives from the MoEnv visit the site in this case to determine this.

Finally, the “Environmental Classification and Licensing Regulation No. 69 for the year 2020” classifies solar PV projects that are less than 5MW in capacity as “Category 3” which are of limited environmental risk. Category 3 projects require site approval only and no environmental assessment study in order to obtain an environmental permit.


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Taking the above into account, the MoEnv has approved the site for the development of the Project and as discussed above, no environmental assessment is required for the Project. Therefore, an environmental permit has been issued in 24 September 2019.

However, the environmental permit requires that construction activities commence within 1 year from issuance of the permit. Given that this has not undertaken to date, the permit must be renewed nu UNRWA.

3.2 Summary of Jordanian Environmental and Social Regulatory Context

This section lists those legislations that are directly related to environmental and social compliance that must be adhered to by all parties involved in the Project throughout the planning and construction, operation, and decommissioning phase. These legislations include: (i) those issued by MoEnv (laws, regulations and instruction), and (ii) the relevant national legislations issued by other line ministries (laws, regulations, instructions, standards).

The table below lists the key legislation and regulator/entity relevant to each of the environmental and social parameter being studied and assessed within this ESIA. Throughout the following Chapters, reference to the requirements set out within legislation is provided under each relevant parameter.

Table 6: Legal Requirements Related to the Project

Parameter Responsible Regulator/Entity and Relevant Legislations

Landscape and Visual

Ministry of Environment: - Environmental Protection Law No. 6 of 2017

Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission - Civil Aviation Law No. 41 of the year 2007

Land Use Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) and Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MOMA) - Buildings and Land Use Regulation within the Greater Amman Municipality No. 67 of 1979 and its

Amendments thereof - Sidewalk Regulation within Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) No. 152 for the year 2016


Ministry of Agriculture - Agriculture Law No. 13 for the year 2015

Energy and Mineral Regulatory Commission - General Electricity Law No. (64) for the year 2002

Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology / Waste Management

Ministry of Environment - Environmental Protection Law No. 6 of 2017 - Solid Waste Management Regulation No. (27) of 2005 - Management, Transportation, & Handling of Harmful & Hazardous Substances Regulation No. (24)

of 2005, - Instruction for Management and Handling of Consumed Oils for 2003, - Instruction for Hazardous Waste Management for the year 2003

Ministry of Water and Irrigation - Water Authority Law No. 18 for 1988 and it's amendments thereof - Groundwater Control Regulation No. 85 for 2002 and its amendments thereof

Ministry of Health - Public Health Law No. 47 for 2008

Jordan Institution for Standards and Metrology (JISM) - Jordanian Standard 431/1985 – General Precautionary Requirements for Storage of Hazardous

Materials

Biodiversity


Ministry of Agriculture - Agriculture Law No. 13 for the year 2015 - Regulation for Categorizing Wild Birds and Animals Banded from Hunting No.43 of 2008


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Archaeology Department of Antiquities - Antiquities Law No. 21 of 1988 and its amendments No. 23 for 2004

Air Quality and Noise

Ministry of Environment - Environmental Protection Law No. 6 of 2017 - Air Protection Regulation No. 28 for 2005 - Instruction for Reduction and Prevention of Noise for 2003

Jordan Institution for Standards and Metrology (JISM) - JS 1140-2006 Ambient Air Quality

Infrastructure and Utilities

Ministry of Water and Irrigation - Water Authority Law No. 18 for 1988 and it's amendments thereof - Groundwater Control Regulation No. 85 for 2002 and its amendments thereof - Instructions for the Protection of Water Resources Allocated for Drinking Purposes for 2006

Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MOMA) - Municipalities Law No. 13 of year 2011

Ministry of Environment: - Environmental Protection Law No. 6 of 2017 - Instruction for Hazardous Waste Management for the year 2003

Ministry of Transport - Traffic Law No. 49 for 2008 - Regulations for the Registration and Licensing of Vehicles No. 104 for 2008 - Regulation for Maximum Dimensions, Weights and Total Engine Power for Vehicles No. 42 of 2002, - Instructions for Allowable Speed Limits for 2002.

Occupational Health and Safety

Ministry of Labor (MoL) - Labor Law No. 8 for the year 1996 and its amendments - Regulation of Protection and Safety from Industrial Tools and Machines and Work Sites No. 43 for

1998 and its amendment thereof - Formation of Committees and Supervisors of Occupational Health and Safety Regulation No. 7 for

1998 - Instructions for the Protection of Workers against the Risks of the Work Environment - Regulation for Preventive and Curative Health Care for Workers in Establishments No. 42 for 1998

and its amendments thereof - Regulation for the Fees of Work Permits for Non-Jordanians No. 67 for 2014 and its amendments

thereof - Regulation for Labor Inspectors No. 56 of 1996 - Decision for the Works and Times prohibiting the employment of Women 2010 - Decision for the Hazardous or Exhaustive or Harmful Works on Health for under 18 years of age 2011

Ministry of Health (MoH) - Public Health Law No. 47 for 2008 - Crafts and industries Law No.16 for the year 1953 and its amendments thereof - Instructions for Prevention of Health Nuisances from Workers Accommodation No. (1) for the year

2013 - Health General Conditions for Crafts and Industries for the Year 2013

Community Health, Safety, and Security

Ministry of Environment - Environmental Protection Law No. 6 of 2017

Ministry of Health - Public Health Law No. 47 for 2008

Ministry of Labor (MoL) - Preliminary Medical Examination of Workers within Facilities and Instructions for the Medical

Examination for the Year 1999 - Instructions for the Routine Medical Examination of Workers for the Year 1999

Socio-economic National Building Council – Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH)

- Regulation for Obligatory Employment of Jordanian Workforce from Surrounding Communities in Development Projects No. (131) for the year 2016

3.3 International Agreements

The Government of Jordan is signatory to a number of important international agreements which relate to the topics addressed in this ESIA, and has already incorporated many of the provisions in national legislation,


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often indicating that where the national law is inconsistent with international agreements to which Jordan is a signatory, the requirements of the international agreement will prevail. Accordingly, the terms of international agreements to which Jordan is a party are an important part of the legal framework within which the Project operates. Key Treaties and obligations are described below.

3.3.1 International Agreements on Biodiversity, Flora and Fauna

These include the following:

Convention on Biological Diversity (1993) - signed by Jordan in 1993. Under this agreement, signatories are required to develop plans and policies for the protection and monitoring of biodiversity and to integrate these into national plans for development;

Convention on Migratory Species (1979) - signed by Jordan in 2000. Signatories are required to protect migratory species throughout the migration range by coordinated efforts and research;

Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds (1995) - came into force in 1999 when ratified by a number of at least fourteen Range States, comprising seven from Africa and seven from Eurasia. The Agreement covers 255 species of birds ecologically dependent on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle;

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1973) - objective of this convention is to save many and varied forms of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade in specimens of species of wild fauna and flora;

International Plant Protection Convention (1970) - the objective of this convention is to prevent the international spread of pests and plant diseases;

UN Convention to Combat Desertification - the objective is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification through effective action at all levels; and

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) (2004) - the objective of this Convention is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants.

3.3.2 International Agreements on Energy and Climate Change


UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1992 - the UNFCCC was established so as to begin to consider what can be done to reduce global warming and to cope with whatever temperature increases are inevitable, aiming to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system;

Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997) - establishes a legally binding commitment for the reduction of four greenhouse gases produced by industrialized nations, as well as general commitments for all member countries; and

UNEP Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) - an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.

3.3.3 International Agreements on Cultural Heritage


Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, (World Heritage Convention, 1972) - the primary mission of the Convention is to identify and protect the world's natural and cultural heritage considered to be of outstanding universal value.


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3.3.4 Other International Agreements Relating to Environmental Protection

This mainly includes the following:

Basel Convention on the Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal - designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries.

3.3.5 Obligations Relating to Membership of the International Labor Organization (ILO)

The International Labor Organization sets guidelines and requirements relating to labor relations and workers’ rights. Jordan has ratified a range of ILO Conventions that are relevant to the Project. These are set out in the Box below.

List of ILO Conventions ratified by Jordan and relevant to the Project

C 29 Forced Labor Convention, 1930 (No.29) ratified 06:06:1966

C 81 Labor Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) ratified 27:03:1969

C 98 Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No.98) ratified 12:12:1968

C100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No.100) ratified 22:091966

C105 Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957 (No.105) ratified 31:03:1958

C 106 Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1957 (No.106) ratified 23:07:1979

C 116 Final Articles Revision Convention, 1961 (No.116) ratified 04:07:1963

C 117 Social Policy (Basic Aims and Standards) Convention, 1962 (No. 117) ratified 07:03:1963

C 118 Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Convention, 1962 (No. 118) ratified 07:03:1963

C 119 Guarding of Machinery Convention, 1963 (No.119) ratified 04:05:1964

C 120 Hygiene (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1964 (No. 120) ratified 11:03:1965

C 122 Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122) ratified 10:03:1966

C 124 Medical Examination of Young Persons Convention, 1965 (No.124) ratified 06:06:1966

C135 Workers' Representatives Convention, 1971 (No.135) ratified 23:07:1979

C 142 Human Resources Development Convention, 1975 (No.142) ratified 23:07:1979

C 144 Tripartite Consultation (International Labor Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144) ratified 05:08:2003

C 147 Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 147) ratified 01:04:2004

C 150 Labor Administration Convention, 1978 (No. 150) ratified 10:07:2003

C 159 Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159) ratified 13:05:2003

C 185 Seafarers Identity Documents Convention (Revised), 2003 (No. 185) ratified 09:08:2004

C 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) ratified 04:07:1963

C 138 Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) species at 16 years ratified 23:03:1998

C182 Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 (No.182) ratified 20:04:2000

3.4 Requirements for Project Financing

The Project will be seeking financial support from KFW. This section highlights the Environmental and Social (E&S) requirements of KFW, as well as other international best practice E&S requirements which must be adhered to by the Developer, as required by KFW – this mainly includes the World Bank E&S requirements.


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3.4.1 KfW Sustainability Guidelines

This section identifies the requirements for Project financing in relation to KfW Development Bank, which is discussed in details below. In accordance with KFW’s Sustainability Guidelines, KFW seeks to promote sustainability and avoid adverse environmental, social and climate impacts and risks.

All funding activities of KfW Development Bank should be subject to an internal Environmental and Social Due Diligence (ESDD) and a climate assessment in order to address and assess any anticipated environmental and social risks, and to identify, avoid or reduce adverse impacts to an acceptable level, or to offset and compensate for these impacts. The climate assessment is undertaken to identify climate impacts that may impair the achievement of objectives in due time so that, if applicable, required adaptation measures can be taken into consideration in the conception of the Financial Cooperation (FC) measure.

Depending on the results of the screening, a decision is made regarding the extent of the in-depth assessments of possible adverse environmental, social and climate impacts as well as potential for climate protection and adaptation to climate change. An in-depth ESDD of adverse environmental and social impacts and risks is obligatory for FC-measures categorized as Category A, B+ and B.

In accordance with the above, the KfW classified the Project as “Category B”.

For category B projects, the need for an ESIA, as well as the scope, priorities, and depth of the ESIA are determined through a case by case evaluation. For this Project in specific, KfW required an ESIA study.

The Guidelines require the following key requirements to be taken into account in the ESIA, all of which have been considered in the methodology and scope of work (refer to “Chapter 5” for additional details).

Identification and assessment of the adverse environmental and social impacts and risks;

Avoidance or mitigation as well as sufficient protection and offset measures for the remaining impacts and risks;

Opportunities to enhance positive environmentally and socially relevant impacts;

Management of environmental protection measures and social measures as well as occupational health and safety;

Monitoring of environmental and social aspects (development, effectiveness of mitigation measures) during implementation and operation;

Stakeholder engagement and grievance management

Impacts and risks as a result of the cumulative effects with other projects within the region.

A stand-alone livelihood restoration plan (LRP), a resettlement action plan (RAP) or resettlement policy framework (RPF) must be developed if there is a considerable loss of livelihood due to land take or if project affected people are affected by involuntarily resettlement.

Finally, funding will be denied if no mitigation or modification through technical changes can be applied for adverse environmental, social and climate changes, or if project does not comply with legal regulations of the partner country or with international agreements.

3.5 World Bank E&S Requirements

The World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) sets out the World Bank’s commitment to sustainable development, through a Bank Policy and a comprehensive set of Environmental and Social Standards (ESS).

The Environmental and Social Standards set out the requirements relating to the identification and assessment of environmental and social risks and impacts associated with projects supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing.


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The ten Environmental and Social Standards establish the standards that the project will meet through the project life cycle, as summarized below.

Table 7: Overview of WB Environmental and Social Standards

WB Environmental and Social Standard

Key Points Relevant to the Project

ESS 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts;

ESS1 sets out the Borrower’s responsibilities for assessing, managing and monitoring environmental and social risks and impacts associated with projects supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing (IPF), in order to achieve environmental and social outcomes consistent with the Environmental and Social Standards.

ESS 2: Labor and Working Conditions;

This ESS recognizes the importance of employment creation and income generation in the pursuit of poverty reduction and inclusive economic growth

ESS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management;

ESS 3 recognizes that economic activity and urbanization often generate pollution to air, water, and land, and consume finite resources that may threaten people, ecosystem services and the environment at the local, regional, and global levels. This ESS identifies the requirements to address resource efficiency and pollution prevention and management throughout the project life-cycle.

ESS 4: Community Health and Safety

This ESS addresses the health, safety, and security risks and impacts on project-affected communities and the corresponding responsibility of Borrowers to avoid or minimize such risks and impacts, with particular attention to people who, because of their particular circumstances, may be vulnerable.

ESS 5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement

Involuntary resettlement should be avoided. Where involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, it will be minimized and appropriate measures to mitigate adverse impacts on displaced persons (and on host communities receiving displaced persons) will be carefully planned and implemented

ESS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources

ESS4 recognizes that protecting and conserving biodiversity and sustainably managing living natural resources are fundamental to sustainable development and it recognizes the importance of maintaining core ecological functions of habitats, including forests, and the biodiversity they support. ESS6 also addresses sustainable management of primary production and harvesting of living natural resources, and recognizes the need to consider the livelihood of project-affected parties, including Indigenous Peoples, whose access to, or use of, biodiversity or living natural resources may be affected by a project.

ESS 7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities

Ensures that the development process fosters full respect for the human rights, dignity, aspirations, identity, culture, and natural resource-based livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities. ESS7 is also meant to avoid adverse impacts of projects on Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities, or when avoidance is not possible, to minimize, mitigate and/or compensate for such impacts.

ESS 8: Cultural Heritage This ESS recognizes that cultural heritage provides continuity in tangible and intangible forms between the past, present and future. ESS8 sets out measures designed to protect cultural heritage throughout the project

ESS 9: Financial Intermediaries

Recognizes that strong domestic capital and financial markets and access to finance are important for economic development, growth and poverty reduction. FIs are required to monitor and manage the environmental and social risks and impacts of their portfolio and FI subprojects, and monitor portfolio risk, as appropriate to the nature of intermediated financing. The way in which the FI will manage its portfolio will take various forms, depending on a number of considerations, including the capacity of the FI and the nature and scope of the funding to be provided by the FI.

ESS 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure

ESS 10 recognizes the importance of open and transparent engagement between the Borrower and project stakeholders as an essential element of good international practice. Effective stakeholder engagement can improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation.


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Note: ESS 7 (Indigenous Peoples) and ESS 9 (Financial Intermediaries) are not considered to be applicable to this Project.

World Bank EHS Guidelines

In addition, to the ESS, the World Bank have sector-specific EHS guideline documents. With regards to the project the following are applicable:

General EHS Guidelines (2007): identifies detailed EHS management and technical recommendations which are applicable for all development projects

EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution (2007): this in particular could be applicable for the associated facilities of the Project (i.e. transmission line for connection with the grid). The Guideline identifies they key E&S impacts that should be investigated and provides detailed management and technical recommendations with regards to Industry-Best Practice. The IFC EHS Guidelines identifies the following key issues:

- Biodiversity (to include birds and bats)

- Electric and magnetic fields

- Hazardous materials

- Occupational health and safety

- Community health and safety


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4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

This chapter investigates several alternatives to the Project development in relation to the Project site, chosen technology, Project design, and finally investigates the ‘no action alternative’ – which assumes that the Project development does not take place.

4.1 Site Selection Alternatives

As discussed earlier, under the “Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law No. (13) of the year 2012 and its Amendments No. (33) For the year 2014”, Electric Power Wheeling projects are allowed. Under this procedure electric power generated by renewable energy systems are allowed to be developed by a consumer in order to connect to a transmission and/or distribution electricity network, in order to offset the electric power consumed by the same consumer during a billing period.

Given the substantial impact of electricity costs on UNRWA’s facilities, UNRWA decided to develop a solar PV Project under the wheeling mechanism to supply electricity in a sustainable and cost-efficient manner. The Project will supply electricity for UNRWA’s facilities in South Amman, North Amman and Zarqa area (to include but not limited to schools, health stations, administrative offices, etc. for a total of approximately 106 installations).

The key factor for the site selection by UNRWA was to choose a land plot that is currently allocated and available to UNRWA, in order to reduce development costs related to leasing and/or purchase of land. The current Project site is the only land that is currently allocated and available by UNRWA. In addition, the land plot has to meet technical criteria which most important includes high annual average daily global solar irradiance that would allow the development of an efficient solar PV project – which the current Project site also meets.

Taking the above into account, no site alternatives have been considered by UNRWA.

4.2 Technological Alternatives

This section discusses several alternatives besides the development of a solar PV project. This mainly includes other renewable energy alternatives suitable for the area in general – such as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV).

(i) Solar Technology Alternatives

Other solar technology alternatives that could be applicable and suitable for the Project site area in general include the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and the Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV). CSP technology uses mirrors to concentrate (focus) the sun's light energy and convert it into heat to create steam to drive a turbine that generates electrical power. On the other hand, CPV technology uses optics such as lenses or curved mirrors to concentrate a large amount of sunlight onto a small area of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells to generate electricity.

Such alternatives can be compared on three (3) main criteria which also take into account environmental considerations, and which include: (i) technical performance, (ii) commercial-technical maturity, and (iii) production cost. First, if the PV technology is compared with the CSP, based on a qualitative analysis the PV technology is preferred. The table below summarizes the technical attributes investigated and compared between both technologies.

Table 8: Summary of Qualitative Analysis of PV and CSP

Attribute PV CSP

Power Density (land area)

Water Requirements

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_mirror

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic


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Field Experience

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost

Suitability to Jordan’s Solar Resources

Ease of Siting and Permitting

Modularity and Scalability

Peak Load following Capability

Suitability for Storage

Dispatchability

Simplicity of Design and Operation

Capacity Factor

Balance of Plant Requirements

Total 10 6

Similarly, a comparative assessment was undertaken for the PV technology and the CPV. Based on a qualitative analysis, the PV technology is preferable.

Table 9: Summary of Qualitative Analysis of PV and CPV

Attribute PV CPV

Ground Coverage Ratio

Water Requirements

Field Experience

Operation and Maintenance(O&M) Cost

Suitability of Jordan Solar Resource

Ease of Siting and Permitting

Modularity and Scalability

Suitability for Storage

Potential for Future Cost Reductions

Simplicity of Design and Operation

Balance of Plant Requirements

Total 9.5 7.75

The comparative assessment also investigated several alternatives with regards to solar PV technologies. Generally, there are two (2) known PV technologies which exist in the market today; (i) crystalline modules and (ii) thin film modules. Crystalline modules are made from silicon as a semi-conductor material whereas thin film is made from thin layers of photovoltaic material such as Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) or Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS). In general, silicon modules do not utilize hazardous semiconductor materials (silicon as semiconductor material), whereas thin film could utilize hazardous materials (such as CdTe).

The comparison took into account the advantages of utilizing either of the above technologies and the challenges of using each, in addition to site specific factors (such as climatic conditions). Such comparisons are summarized in the table below. Similarly, based on such comparisons the crystalline technology was the more favorable option.

Table 10: Comparison of Crystalline and thin-Film Technology

Crystalline Technology Thin-Film Technology

Advantages Rapid price decrease Better performance in warm or hot conditions

High efficiency Less complicated form factor (no soldering, no bypass diodes)

Demonstrated operational life Better response to partial shading/partial soiling

One product form factor focus

Challenges Manufacturer consolidation

Fewer significant or established players in that domain

Squeeze on margins, manufacturing cost higher

Limited historical lifetime data

72 cell module innovation not field tested <5 years – possible solder failures

Yearly output degradation 0.7% vs. 0.5%


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New innovations, such as selective emitter, do not have a 30-year demonstrated operational life

Could entail the use of hazardous material as a semiconductor material

4.3 Design Alternatives

Throughout the ESIA study, and as part of the consultations undertaken with nearby local community members (refer to “Section 5” for additional details), several concerns were received. Such complaints were mainly related to the removal of the Mediterranean cypress trees and their impacts on:

Visual impacts related to the natural scenery the trees provide to those houses and communities that are directly surrounding the Project site. “Section 7.2” assesses such impacts and key conclusion is that such impacts are not considered significant and mitigation measures will be implemented to address such impacts;

Biodiversity impacts related to damage and disturbance of the habitats in the area due to the removal of these trees. “Section 10.2” assesses such impacts and key conclusion is that such impacts are not considered significant and mitigation measures will be implemented to address such impacts; and

Air quality impacts related to trees improving air quality in the area. “Section 12.2” assesses such impacts and key conclusion is that such impacts are not considered significant.

As discussed earlier, the Mediterranean cypress trees are mainly located at the western boundary and within the central parts of the site as presented in red in the figure below.

Figure 6: Location of Mediterranean Cypress Trees within the Project Site

Nevertheless, to address such comments and minimize such impacts to the extent possible, discussions were undertaken between ECO Consult, UNRWA and their technical consultant, to investigate design alternatives which takes into account the concerns discussed above. Based on such discussions, four (4) key alternatives were considered:

Alternative 1: removal of all Mediterranean Cypress trees onsite. With this option, all Mediterranean Cypress trees onsite will be removed and the entire land area will be used for the development of the Project. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementing a tree plantation program within the ATC premises (but outside of Project site) for double the number of Mediterranean Cypress trees that will be removed.


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Alternative 2: maintain all Mediterranean Cypress trees onsite. With this option, all Mediterranean Cypress trees onsite (i.e. located on western and central parts) will be maintained. However, a buffer distance from these trees will have to be taken into account for shading effects which would reduce the effective area available for the PV panels and thus reduce the overall production capacity of the Project. A simulation model has been undertaken for this alternative. The estimated available area under this case is 25,000 m2 as compared to 41,000 m2 (under alternative 1) while the production capacity is only 1,989 kWac as opposed to 3,315 kWac (under alternative 1).

Alternative 3: all Mediterranean Cypress trees on the western boundary will be maintained while trees located in the central parts will be removed. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementing a tree plantation program within the ATC premises (but outside of Project site) for double the number of trees removed. In addition, under this alternative the trees in the western parts will be trimmed to an appropriate height level in order to reduce the effective shading effects to the minimum possible so that production capacity is not affected.

Alternative 4: all Mediterranean Cypress trees on the western boundary will be maintained, while the trees located in the central parts will be removed. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementation a tree plantation program within the ATC premises for double the number of trees removed but will also include planting trees on the northern, southern, and eastern boundaries of the Project specific site. Under this alternative the trees in the western parts and at later stage trees in northern, southern and eastern parts (once they grow to relevant heights) will be trimmed to an appropriate height level in order to reduce the effective shading effects to the minimum possible so that production capacity is not affected.

Taking the above into account, it is recommended that UNRWA adopt alternative 4 as a first option and if based on technical studies it is indicated that such option is not feasible, then alternative 3 should be considered.

Under both alternative 3 and 4, it is expected that production capacity for the Project will not be affected, while addressing impacts raised by the local communities as identified above.

However, to confirm the most suitable alternative, a technical study should be undertaken that should investigate in detail the impacts of the trees (current trees and trees to be planted) on the PV plant (to include in particular shading effects which in turn affect production capacity). Based on that, the study should also include a tree plantation program that identifies the types of trees to best suited for the location and constraints identified, where they should be planted, maintenance program requirements, etc. An ecologist should be part of the team that undertakes this study.

4.4 The ‘No Project’ Alternatives

The ‘no project’ alternative assumes that the 3MW Project will not be developed. Should this be the case, then the Project site would remain the same. The Project site would remain with their current characteristics – vacant and not utilized with no specific value of land use.

Should the Project not move forward, then the Project-related negative environmental impacts discussed throughout this ESIA would be averted. However, as noted throughout the ESIA, generally such impacts do not pose any issues of concern and can be adequately controlled and mitigated through the implementation of general best practice management measures. Nevertheless, should the Project not move forward, then the significant and crucial positive economic and environmental benefits would not be realized. Such benefits include the following:

Contribute to increasing energy security through development of local energy resources and reducing dependency on external energy sources;

The development will have an overall positive economic impact on UNURWA’s facilities as it will contribute to reducing huge financial burdens from electricity bills;


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The clean energy produced is expected to significantly reduce (if not eliminate) UNRWA’s consumption of electricity from the grid which is mainly from fossil fuel-based power plants. This in turn will help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well as air pollutant emissions;

To some extent, the Project is expected during the construction and operation phase to generate local employment.

In conclusion, an ESIA must investigate all potential positive and negative impacts from a project development. In the case of this Project, it is important to weigh the significant positive economic and environmental impacts incurred from the Project development, against the negative environment impacts anticipated at the site-specific level – in which this ESIA concludes to be minor in nature and can be adequately mitigated. The comparison in this chapter clearly concludes that the ‘no project’ alternative is not a preferable option.

Final ESIA – UNRWA 3MW Solar PV Project

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5 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION AND ENGAGEMENT

5.1 Objectives

Stakeholder engagement is an integral part of ESIA good practice and is a statutory requirement of the national EIA legal framework in Jordan and is a requirement of WB ESS 10. ESS 10 sets out certain recommendations for stakeholder engagement, to ensure that stakeholders are appropriately engaged on environmental and social issues that could potentially affect them through a process of information disclosure and meaningful consultation.

The objective of stakeholder consultation is to ensure that a participatory approach takes place, which in turn documents concerns of all stakeholder groups and makes sure that such concerns are considered, responded to, and incorporated into the decision-making process of the development. Stakeholder consultation needs to be a two‐way communication process that imparts information to stakeholders, but also obtains additional and on‐the‐ground information from them. Stakeholder consultation and engagement must take place at the inception phase of the ESIA process and implemented all through the study period.

A stakeholder is defined as any individual or group who is potentially affected by the proposed Project or can themselves affect the proposed Project directly or indirectly. Stakeholder consultation is an inclusive process for sharing information that enables stakeholders to understand the risks, impacts, and opportunities of a development or project, allowing them to express their views and articulate their perceptions towards it.

5.2 Requirements for Stakeholder Engagement

5.2.1 Jordanian Legal and Policy Standards

The Jordanian legal requirements for consultation and engagement are mainly included within the “Environmental Classification and Licensing Regulation No. 69 for the year 2020”. The Regulation requires that for those projects which the MoEnv requires a comprehensive ESIA study, a scoping session must be held from the onset of the ESIA for all stakeholders whom may be potentially affected by the Project. The objective of the session is to provide the stakeholder groups with all available information on the Project and the surrounding environment, in order to allow them to participate in investigating and identifying the potential impacts which may arise from the Project so that their concerns are taken into account throughout the ESIA study.

In addition, the Regulation specifies that the outcomes of the ESIA study is to be announced to stakeholders and the public in a manner that the Ministry deems appropriate, and this is dealt with on a case by case basis – taking into account the type and nature of the project development.

However, as discussed earlier in “Section 3.1”, this Project does not require a comprehensive ESIA study and therefore no stakeholder engagement process is required.

5.2.2 World Bank ESS 10

The World Bank ESS 10 sets out the recommendations for stakeholder engagement. ESS 10 sets out the following requirements of stakeholder engagement during project preparation:

Borrowers will engage with stakeholders throughout the project life cycle and in a time frame that enables meaningful consultations on project design. The nature, scope, and frequency of stakeholder engagement will be proportionate to the nature/scale of the project and its potential risks and impacts.

Borrowers will provide stakeholders with timely, relevant, understandable, and accessible information, and consult with them in a culturally appropriate manner, which is free of manipulation, interference, coercion, discrimination, and intimidation


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The process of stakeholder engagement will involve the following: (i) stakeholder identification and analysis; (ii) planning how the engagement with stakeholders will take place; (iii) disclosure of information; (iv) consultation with stakeholders; (v) addressing and responding to grievances; and (vi) reporting to stakeholders

The Borrower will identify the different stakeholders, both project-affected parties and other interested parties. In addition, the Borrower will identify those project-affected parties (individuals or groups) who, because of their particular circumstances, may be disadvantaged or vulnerable.

Borrower will undertake a process of meaningful consultation in a manner that provides stakeholders with opportunities to express their views on project risks, impacts, and mitigation measures, and allows the Borrower to consider and respond to them.

The Borrower will develop and implement a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) proportionate to the nature and scale of the project and its potential risks and impacts.

The Borrower will respond to concerns and grievances of project-affected parties related to the environmental and social performance of the project in a timely manner. For this purpose, the Borrower will propose and implement a grievance mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of such concerns and grievances.

5.3 Identification of Stakeholders

In order to define a communication process with stakeholders, several stakeholder groups that may be interested and/or affected by the Project development and implementation have been identified. There are a number of groups of people and social groups who are interested in the Project on different levels. These may be described as:

1. People and social groups who will be directly or indirectly affected by the project (such as local communities);

2. People and social groups who may participate in the implementation of the project (such as lenders); and

3. People and social groups whom are not affected by the project development per se may but have a possibility to influence and make decisions on implementation of the project and/or may have an interest in the Project.

The main groups of stakeholders identified so far are listed in the table below.

Table 11: Identified Groups of Stakeholders

Stakeholder Relevance

Stakeholders who may be directly or indirectly affected by the Project

Community of Qwaismeh District to include in specific Moqabaleen area

- Locals within Qwaismeh District have a vested interest in the Project, as they might be able to land a job opportunity

- In specific, households that are directly surrounding the Project area to the east, south and west could be affected by the various positive and negative impacts as a result of the Project as discussed throughout the ESIA

Amman Training Center (ATC) to include teachers, students and staff members

- Those are directly surrounding the Project area to the north could be affected by the various positive and negative impacts as a result of the Project as discussed throughout the ESIA

Stakeholders who may Participate in Implementation of the Project

Investor/Lender - Ensure project is developed in accordance with acceptable E&S standards and

requirements

Stakeholders who may have a possibility to influence and make decisions on implementation of the project and/or may have an interest in the Project

Central Government


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Ministry of Environment (MoEnv)

- Responsible for providing the environmental permit for the Project - Responsible for overall management of hazardous waste landfills - Responsible for overall management of areas of critical environmental concern

Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) - Responsible for overall management of grazing reserves and forest areas and trees

Ministry of Labor (MoL) - Overall responsibility for worker health and safety as well as proper meeting conditions

Ministry of Health (MoH) - They provide the health services and facilities to the local districts and have overall responsibility for public health and safety

Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH)

- Overall responsibility for implementing regulations aiming to maximize employment of local communities in development projects

Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) / Water

Authority of Jordan (WAJ)

- Overall responsibility for providing the Project’s water needs and wastewater disposal requirements

Department of Antiquities (DoA)

- Responsible for the protection, conservation, and preservation of antiquities in Jordan

Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission (CARC)

- Responsible for overall management of civil aviation in Jordan

Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF)

- Responsible for overall management of military aviation in Jordan

Local Governmental Agencies

Amman Governorate - Involved in implementation of regulations aiming to maximize employment of local communities in development projects

Greater Amman Municipality (GAM)

- Overall responsibility for roads and streets construction, development and rehabilitation

- Overall responsibility for solid waste management to include collection and disposal

- Overall responsibility for land zoning and designating allowable uses within each area

Qwaismeh District / Moqabaleen area

- This is represented by an elected official from the area that represents the local communities with vested interest of ensuring their best interest is maintained

JEPCO - Overall responsibility for electricity distribution network in Amman Governorate

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Other Organizations

The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN)

- The most active environmental NGO in Jordan and is also mandated by the MoEnv to manage areas of critical environmental concern in Jordan


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5.4 Stakeholder Consultation and Engagement to Date

The table below presents the stakeholder consultation and engagement activities undertaken during the ESIA process. The table also presents the key outcomes.

Table 12: Stakeholder Consultation and Engagement to Date

No. Entity Method of Consultation

Key Topic Objective of Consultation Key Outcome

National Governmental Entity

1 Ministry of Environment Mr. Fawaz Karasneh / Director of Licensing and Pollution Prevention

Bilateral Meeting

General Explain the project, components, activities, schedule, and also discuss the key anticipated Environmental and Social (E&S) impacts. Objective is to understand thoughts, views and any key issues of concern so that they are taken into account throughout project development.

No key issues of concern raised and only requirement was that Project should update the site approval permit obtained (as explained in “Section 3.1”) through submitting an official letter to the MoEnv.

2 Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)/Department of Forestry Mr. Youssef Rawahneh / Head of Forestry Department

Bilateral Meetings

Biodiversity Obtain information on forest trees onsite and compensation exemption and identification of any key issues of concern or additional requirements to be taken into account.

No key issues of concern raised and no additional requirements identified. Outcomes are discussed further in “Section 8.1.2”.

3 Ministry of Water and Irrigation / Water Authority of Jordan Ms. Fatmeh Al Salman / Manager of Technical Services

Bilateral Meetings


Collection of information on existing water and wastewater systems and networks and identification of any issues of concern in relation to water supply and wastewater networks in the project area.

No key issues of concern raised and no additional requirements identified. Information obtain is provided in “Section 13.1.2”.

4 Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MoPWH) Ms. Muna Balawneh / Head of Engineering work Control Department

Bilateral Meetings

Socio-economics

Discussion on “Regulation No. 131 for 2016” on compulsory employment of local communities in development projects and its applicability for the project.

Stated that regulation is applicable to the Project. Additional information on the process is provided in “Section 14.2”.

5 Ministry of Interior

Phone communication

Socio-economics

Obtain secondary socio-economic data for project affected communities as available.

Information obtained is included in “Section 14.1”.


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6 Department of Antiquities (DoA) Mr. Aktham Abadi/Director of Excavations

Bilateral Meetings

Archeology and cultural heritage

Undertake archeology assessment for the Project site, and identify any key requirements to be taken into account. In addition, obtain a No-Objection letter for project development.

Archeology assessment has been undertaken and completed and no-objection letter obtained. Refer to “Section 11.1”.

7 Department of Statistics

Phone communication

Socio-economics

Obtain secondary socio-economic data for project affected communities as available.

Information obtained is included in “Section 14.1”.

8 Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission (CARC) Mr. Abd-Alrahman Abujbara / Aerodrome Safety

Inspector

Bilateral Meetings

Public Health and Safety

Discussion on potential impacts on civil aviation safety and identify any requirements which need to be taken into account throughout the Project development.

Stated that non-objection letter is required from CARC for Project development. Additional details on process is provided in “Section 7.2.2”.

9 Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) Mr. Amjad Hijazeen / Electrical Engineer

Bilateral Meetings

Public Health and Safety

Discussion on potential impacts on military aviation and any requirements which need to be taken into account throughout the Project development.

Stated that non-objection letter is required from RJAF for Project development. Additional details on process is provided in “Section 7.2.2”.

10 Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) Mr. Mukhled Manaseer / Deputy Secretary-General

Bilateral Meetings

Land Use Discussion on the land use mater plan set for the Project area.

Obtained land use mater plan set for the Project area. No key issues of concern raised and stated that Project should obtain approval from GAM on land use (additional details provided “Section 8.1.2”). In addition, only requirement was that Project should take into account a plantation program for the trees that will be removed.

11 Department of Land and Survey

Bilateral Meetings

Land use Obtain data (as applicable and available) on historical ownership and land use of the project site and identification of any disputes or grievances (if any).

This was originally scheduled to take place. However, based on further investigations on land use issues, this was no longer required (refer to outcomes included in “Section 8.1.3”).

12 Jordan Electric Power Company Maher Nasser/ Head of Implementation Department

Bilateral Meetings

General Obtain information on the power evacuation route and its implementation process to include land allocation, construction, operation, etc.

Information obtained is included in “Chapter 17”.

Local Governmental Units and Local Entities

13 Moqabaleen Area/ Head of Local Council

Bilateral Meetings

General Explain the project, components, activities, schedule, and also discuss the key Environmental and Social (E&S) anticipated impacts. Objective is to

No key issues of concern raised and no additional requirements identified.


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Mr. Nael Al-Hamlan / Head of Local Committee

understand thoughts, views and any key issues of concern so that they are taken into account throughout project development.

14 Direct Project affected communities Full list of people consulted is provided in Annex III.

Interviews General Project is located in an urban setting that is directly surrounded by various housing structures and buildings including a school and kindergarten. Direct interviews were undertaken with all entities directly surrounding the Project site to explain the project, components, activities, schedule, and also discuss any key anticipated impacts. Objective is to understand thoughts, views and any key issues of concern so that they are taken into account throughout project development.

Throughout the consultation process and at a later stage through formal submitted letters, several concerns were raised by such entities which in summary include: - Dust and noise pollution. Such impacts have been assessed

and proper mitigation measures are identified. Refer to “Section 12.2”.

- Impacts on air quality in the area from removal of existing trees within Project site for development of Project. Such impacts have been assessed. Refer to “Section 12.2”.

- Increase in heat levels from radiation emitted from solar panels. Such impacts have been assessed. Refer to “Section 7.2”

- Impacts on biodiversity from removal of existing trees within Project site for development of Project. Such impacts have been assessed. Refer to “Section 10”.

- Visual impacts from removal of existing trees within Project site for development of Project. Such impacts have been assessed. Refer to “Section 7.2”.

- Impacts from increased pressure on water services in the area due to water requirements of the Project. Such impacts have been assessed. Refer to “Section 13.2“

- Impacts from glare due to reflections from PV panels. This impact has been assessed. Refer to “Section 7.2”.

15 Amman Training Center (ATC) representatives (representatives for students and teachers will be selected and identified by UNRWA)

Bilateral Meetings


Although such meetings were scheduled, however UNRWA requested that ECO Consult not undertake such consultations due to closure of several UNRWA schools from COVID-19 outbreak cases and therefore there could be potential risk at ATC facilities.

16 Surrounding residents of a 7MW Solar PV Project

Interviews General Explain the project, components, activities, schedule, and also discuss the key anticipated Environmental and Social (E&S) impacts.

No specific issues of concern were identified due to the operation of the nearby 7MW Solar PV Project. Specific issues


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located in the Moqabaleen Area (1km from the Project Site – refer to “Chapter 17”). Mr. Firas Bisher (resident)/ Mr. Bilal Hamad (resident)/Mr. Fadi Bataineh)

Objective was to identify any key E&S issues of concern from the 7MW operational project based on their experiences to date given that they are local community residents directly surrounding the Project site.

were also discussed related to glare and heat, but none were identified.

Non-Governmental Organizations

17 Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) Mr. Nashat Hmeidan / Head of Conservation Monitoring Center

Bilateral Meetings

Biodiversity Discussion on biodiversity issues related to environmental reserves and important bird areas as well as potential impacts from the project on biodiversity.

It was stated that biodiversity baseline assessment, impact assessment and mitigations identified are sufficient, appropriate and no additional requirements are identified. It stressed that the forest trees (Mediterranean cypress) are planted and not native, but for removal of forest trees it was stated that this is not within the mandate of RSCN but Ministry of Agriculture.

18 Royal Scientific Society (RSS) Mr. Suhail Hmeidan / Project Manager

Bilateral Meetings


No key issues of concern raised and no additional requirements identified.

Other

19 ACWA Power 50MW Solar PV Project* Mr. Adel Ayyoub / HSE Manager and CLO

Phone communication

General Objective was to identify any key E&S issues of concern raised by the local communities from the Project, based on the implementation of a local community grievance mechanism. Focus was also on discussion on any potential issues related to glare and heat from the Project.

No specific issues of concern were identified and no specific grievances were raised or submitted in relation to glare and heat. Grievances were mainly submitted during the construction phase and included issues such as dust generation.

*Research was undertaken for large scale solar PV Projects in Jordan that are in close proximity to urban/residential areas. ACWA Power 50MW Solar PV Project is located on the edge of a village in Mafraq Governorate. Please refer to “Section 7.2.2” for additional details.


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5.5 Future Stakeholder Engagement Activities

Future stakeholder engagement and consultations mainly include the implementation of the stakeholder engagement plan and strategy by the Developer and other involved entities in the Project. A stakeholder engagement strategy and plan has been developed and is presented in Annex I, which describes the planned stakeholder consultation activities and engagement process that is to be undertaken at a later stage during construction and operation phase.

In addition, Annex II sets out the grievance/project complaints mechanism that will be implemented and that can be followed by the Project stakeholders including affected communities.


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6 ESIA APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the approach and methodology used to assess the environmental and social impacts of the Project. The chapter describes the ESIA assessment methodology, including:

Approach to determining the spatial and temporal study area;

Methodology for assessment of the baseline environmental conditions;

Methodology used to assess the potential environmental impacts of the Project - including the approach to determining significance, development of mitigation measures and the assessment of residual effects;

6.1 Delineation of Study Boundaries and Scope of Assessment

6.1.1 Definition of Spatial Study Area

The overall Study Area for the ESIA represents the potential area of influence of the Project. This is ‘the area over which significant effects of the Project could reasonably occur, either on their own, or in combination with those of other developments and projects’.

In general terms, the Study Area for the Project ESIA includes the footprint of Project disturbance to include: (i) the solar PV Project site as demarcated in blue in the figure below; and (ii) the power evacuation line as demarcated in yellow in the figure that follows.

In addition, for the assessment of the individual environmental and social parameters (infrastructure and utilities, socio-economic, etc.), an appropriate thematic Study Area is determined for each theme on a case by case basis. Such a thematic Study Area is clearly identified within the relevant section it relates to throughout this ESIA. In identifying these thematic Study Areas, the type and degree of the potential direct and indirect effects were taken into consideration.


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Figure 7: Study Area

6.1.2 Temporal Scope of the Assessment

The Project will be developed in a three-phase sequence, as follows:

Planning & Construction Phase

Operation Phase

Decommissioning Phase

(i) Planning and Construction Phase

This includes construction activities which will be undertaken by the EPC Contractor. This mainly includes preparing the detailed design and layout of the Project, transportation of Project components onsite, as well as site preparation and construction activities for installation of PV arrays, internal access roads, string inverters, substation, buildings, etc. This also includes the construction activities that will be undertaken by JEPCO in relation to the power evacuation line to include site preparation and excavation activities, laying of the cables, backfilling, etc.

(ii) Operation Phase

This includes activities to be undertaken by the Project Operator which mainly include the normal daily operation of the PV Plant and maintenance activities (e.g. PV module cleaning, inverter servicing, checks on structural integrity, etc.). This also include the operation activities that will be undertaken by JEPCO in relation to maintenance of the power evacuation line in case of failures.

(iii) Decommissioning Phase

Decommissioning activities could include the disconnection of the various Project components (PV arrays, string inverters, substation, power evacuation line, etc.) for final disposal. In addition, tracks used for maintenance vehicles will be restored and gates and fences will be removed.

Generally, the anticipated impacts throughout the decommissioning phase are similar in nature to impacts assessed during the construction phase – and specifically in impacts related to hydrology and hydrogeology


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(from improper management of waste streams), air quality and noise, and occupational health and safety. Therefore, the assessment of impacts for those receptors and mitigation identified during the construction phase is assumed to apply to this phase in particular without the need to reiterate or emphasize this throughout this Chapter. However, impacts which are clearly specific to the decommissioning phase only (e.g. disposal of panels at end of life) have been clearly identified and assessed.

6.2 Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions

As part of the ESIA process, the baseline environmental and social conditions of the Study Area were established. Describing the baseline includes identifying and defining the importance and sensitivity of the various environmental and social resources and receptors likely to be impacted, i.e. within the Study Area. Understanding the value or sensitivity of the resources and receptors to impacts and changes is an important consideration when determining the significance of effects, and allows for better identification of the most appropriate measures that could be employed to avoid impacts, and to mitigate any adverse impacts.

The description of environmental baseline conditions has considered a wide range of data and information gathered from various sources, including:

Desk-based studies and literature reviews;

Data from statutory and non-statutory stakeholders; and

Field surveys and site investigations.

The baseline conditions are treated as those conditions which would prevail in the absence of the Project. Studies of the environment baseline are described from Chapters 7 – 14 as relevant and applicable to include the following: landscape and visual (chapter 7), land use (chapter 8), geology, hydrology and hydrogeology (chapter 9), biodiversity (chapter 10), archaeology and cultural heritage (chapter 11), air quality and noise (chapter 12), infrastructure and utilities (chapter 13), socio-economic conditions (chapter 14). Within each Chapter, the methodology which was undertaken for assessment of the each of those baseline receptors is described in detail.

It is important to note that the chapters above assess the E&S impacts related to the Solar PV project site. E&S baseline conditions for the power evacuation line are discussed in “Chapter 18”.

6.3 Impact Assessment Methodology

Within each chapter (from Chapter 7 – 16) the assessment of impacts on environmental and social parameters is undertaken as related to the Solar PV Project site. “Chapter 18” assess the impacts related to the power evacuation line.

The following section provides a description of the approach, methodology and process adopted for the impact assessment presented within this ESIA.

6.3.1 Approach to Assessment of Impacts

A consistent approach to the assessment of impacts was followed to enable environmental impacts to be broadly compared across the ESIA. A set of generic criteria were used to determine significance (see below) which were applied across the various environmental and social parameters.

As far as possible, environmental and social impacts were quantified. Where it was not possible to quantify impacts, a qualitative assessment was conducted using professional experience, judgment and available knowledge, and including the consideration of stakeholder views. Where there were limitations to the data, and/or uncertainties, these have been recorded in the relevant chapters, along with any assumptions that were taken during the assessment.


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In order to determine the significance of each impact, two overall factors are considered:

The importance and/or sensitivity of the environmental/social receiving parameter, as determined during the assessment of baseline conditions; and

Magnitude and Nature of the impact.

6.3.2 Sensitivity of the Receiving Parameter:

Receiving parameter sensitivity was determined using information taken from the baseline description on the importance, significance or value of the environmental and social component under examination. It is important to understand the sensitivity of the receiving parameter, as this is a measure of the adaptability and resilience of an environmental and social parameter to an identified impact. The following categories of sensitivity were applied to the assessment:

High: The environmental and social parameter/receptor is fragile and an impact is likely to leave it in an altered state from which recovery would be difficult or impossible.

Medium: The parameter/receptor has a degree of adaptability and resilience and is likely to cope with the changes caused by an impact, although there may be some residual modification as a result; and

Low: The parameter/receptor is adaptable and is resilient to change.

6.3.3 Magnitude and Nature of the Impact:

The magnitude of the impact is the scale of change which the impact may cause compared to the baseline and how this change relates to accepted thresholds and standards. The following categories were applied to the assessment:

High: a large change compared to variations in the baseline. Potentially a clear breach of accepted limits;

Medium: change which may be noticeable and may breach accepted limits; and

Low: when compared with the baseline, change which may only just be noticeable. Existing thresholds would not be exceeded.

Furthermore, in determining the magnitude of the impact it is important to take into account and consider several other factors which define the nature of the impact. This includes the following:

Type of Impact

Positive: applies to impacts that have a beneficial environmental/social result, such as enhancement of the existing environmental conditions; and

Negative: applies to impacts that have a harmful aspect associated with them such as loss or degradation of environmental resources.

Type of Effect

Direct: applies to impacts which can be clearly and directly attributed to a particular environmental/social parameter (e.g. generation of dust directly impacts air quality); and

Indirect: applies to impacts which may be associated with or are subsequent to a particular impact on a certain environmental parameter (e.g. high levels of dust could entail nuisance and health affects to construction workers onsite).

Duration (how long the stressor or its effect last)

Short Term: applies to impacts whose effects on the environment will disappear within a 1-year period, or once construction activities are completed;

Medium Term: applies to impacts whose effects on the environment will disappear within a 5 year period; and


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Long Term: applies to impacts whose effects on the environment will disappear in a period greater than 5 years.

Reversibility

Reversible: applies to impacts whose significance will be reduced and disappeared over time (either naturally or artificially), once the impacting activity ceases; and

Irreversible: applies to impacts whose significance will not be reduced nor disappeared over time (either naturally or artificially), once the impacting activity ceases.

6.3.4 Assessing the Significance of the Impacts

The concept of ‘significance’ is central to the EIA process and aids the identification and categorization of environmental effects. As noted, in order to determine impact significance, the sensitivity of each environmental parameter/receptor is considered in combination with the magnitude of the impact. Table 13 below demonstrates how these parameters are considered in the assessment of significance.

Table 13: Determination of Significance

Low Medium High

Low Not significant Minor Minor

Medium Minor Minor Moderate

High Minor Moderate Major

While the above matrix provides a framework for the determination of significance, and enables comparison across environmental parameters, a degree of professional judgement must be used and some parameter-specific factors to be considered in making the determination of significance.

Below provides additional guidance to the degrees of significance used in this ESIA. Note that positive impacts are defined, but are not rated for significance.

Major significance: requires thorough investigation in the ESIA. These impacts have been studied extensively by consulting expertise in the areas of the identified impacts to design needed mitigation and environmental management measures. Moreover, conducting specific studies and assessments to some of the key issues identified;

Moderate significance: requires reasonable investigation in the ESIA. These impacts have been studied by expertise in the areas of the identified impacts to design needed mitigation and environmental management measures.

Minor significance: must be listed, and addressed in some way, but which did not require detailed assessment in the ESIA.

Not significant: for completeness, impacts which have been included in the assessment but determined not to be significant, are rated formally as ‘not significant’.

6.3.5 Mitigation

A vital step in the ESIA process is the identification of measures that can be taken to ensure that impacts are mitigated or reduced to acceptable levels. The EIA will firstly consider the significance of any impacts caused by the Project and then assigned mitigation options through applying the following hierarchy:

Avoiding or ‘designing out’ impacts wherever possible;

Magnitude and Nature of Impact

Sensitivity of Receiving Parameter/Receptor


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Considering alternatives or modifications to the design to reduce the impacts wherever possible;

Applying measures to minimize and manage impacts on the receptor; then

As a last resort, identifying fair compensation, remediation and offsetting measures to address any potentially significant residual effects.

Some negative impacts can be easily mitigated, whilst others cannot or are too difficult and costly to mitigate. The various potential impacts are described in this ESIA, along with the provision of ‘feasible mitigation measures’ that can be implemented. Moreover, for positive impacts it is not possible to identify mitigation measures, but rather recommendations have been identified which aim to enhance the positive impact.

6.3.6 Assessment of Residual Effects

If there are mitigation measures it is then necessary to make an assessment of the ‘residual significance’ after mitigation has been taken into account. A reassessment of Project impacts is then made, taking into account the effect of the proposed mitigation measures in order to determine the significance of the residual effects. Residual effects are discussed for each environmental theme in the ESIA chapters, and their significance determined and summarized in an Impact Assessment Table.

6.4 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts

For each of the impacts assessed, the ESIA investigates the cumulative impacts which could result from incremental impacts from other known existing and/or planned developments in the area, and based on currently available information on such existing/planned developments. Assessment of cumulative impacts is presented in “Chapter 17”.

6.5 Development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

Based on the results of the impact assessment, development of mitigation measures, and development of monitoring plan, an ESMP was compiled into a single table that details all of the above. The ESMP will be a key document and will list the environmental/social requirements and detail the procedures necessary for managing the significant environmental/social issues connected to proposed Project activities. The ESMP will be developed specifically to provide flexibility in the nature and exact location of operations, while ensuring all potential impacts are identified and properly mitigated and monitored throughout the later stages of the Project. This ESMP can be used as a stand-alone document during the different phases of the Project by Developer, EPC Contractor, Project Operator, JEPCO, MoEnv, and other responsible parties. The ESMP is presented in “Chapter 19”.

6.6 Summary of Anticipated Impact

Table 14 and Table 15 below present a summary of the anticipated impacts that are studied throughout the ESIA to include the planning and construction, and operation phase of the Project.

The information in the tables includes:

Key and generic environmental attributes (e.g. air quality, noise);

Impact (textual description);

Nature of impact (negative or positive);

Duration (long-term or short-term);


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Reversibility (reversible or irreversible);

Magnitude (high, medium, low);

Sensitivity (high, medium, low);

Significance (major, moderate, minor, or not significant);

Management action – this describes whether impact can be mitigated or not. In addition, for positive impacts recommendations have been provided which aim to enhance the impact. Hence, those collectively have been referred to as management measures (mitigation and recommendations); and

Residual significance after management actions are implemented (major, moderate, minor, or not significant).

Additional details on each of the attributes and the impact assessment process is provided throughout the subsequent chapters.


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Table 14: Summary of Anticipated Impacts during Planning and Construction Phase

Environmental Attribute

Likely Impact – Planning and Construction Phase Impact Assessment

Nature Duration Reversibility Magnitude Sensitivity Significance Management Action Residual Significance


Visual and landscape impacts due to presence of elements typical of a construction site such as equipment and machinery.

Negative Short term Reversible Medium Low Minor Mitigation available Not significant

Land Use Project could conflict with formal land use set at the planning level for the area as well as actual land use to include utilization of the area by ATC, informal activities (grazing, agriculture, etc.).

Negative Short term Reversible Low Medium Minor Mitigation available Not significant

Construction of the power evacuation line could affect existing and uses within its route to include formal and informal land uses.

Negative Short term Could be irreversible

Low Low Not significant Mitigation available Not significant

Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology

Risk of soil and groundwater contamination during the various construction activities from improper housekeeping activities, spillage of hazardous material, random discharge of waste and wastewater.

Negative Could be long term

Could be irreversible

Medium Low Minor Mitigation available Not significant

Construction activities could disturb soil, and result in erosion and runoff which could result in siltation of surface water


Biodiversity Construction activities could disturb existing habitats (flora, fauna, avi-fauna) and any threatened or endangered species which might be present within the Project site. In addition, other impacts could be from improper management of the site (e.g. improper conduct and housekeeping practices).

Negative Long term Could be irreversible

Medium Medium Minor Mitigation available Not significant

Archaeology Construction activities could damage/disturb potential archaeological remains, as well as potential archaeological remains which could be buried in the ground (if any).

Negative Short term Irreversible Medium Low Minor Mitigation available Not significant


Construction activities will likely result in an increased level of dust and particulate matter emissions which in turn will directly impact ambient air quality.


Possible noise emissions to the environment from the construction activities which will likely include the use of machinery and equipment such as generators, hammers and compressors and other activities.


Potential impacts from removal of the existing Mediterranean Cyprus trees on air quality as trees could remove pollution and improve air quality.




Water requirements – water requirements of the Project could entail constraints on the local community. Negative Short term Reversible Low Low Not significant Additional requirements

Not significant

Waste water utilities – it is important to ensure that existing utilities would be able to handle the amount of wastewater generated from the Project during the construction phase.

Negative Short term Reversible Low Low Not significant Additional requirements

Not significant

Solid waste utilities – it’s important to ensure that existing utilities would be able to handle the amount of solid waste generated from the Project during the construction phase.

Negative Short term Reversible Low Low Not significant Additional requirements

Not significant

Road network – transportation activities of the Project could affect level of service and capacity of existing highways as well as potential safety risks to users on the road.

Negative Short term Reversible Medium Low

Minor Mitigation available Not significant

Construction activities of the power evacuation line could impact underground infrastructure and utility elements that could be present (water lines, telecommunication lines, etc.)

Negative Short term Reversible Medium Low

Minor Mitigation available Not significant

Socio-economic The Project is expected at a minimum to provide job opportunities for local communities. This, to some extent, could contribute to enhancing the living environment for its inhabitants, elevate their standard of living, and bring social economic prosperity to the local community.

Positive Not applicable.


There will be some generic risks to workers health and safety form working on construction sites, as it increases the risk of injury or death due to accidents.



Community Health and Safety

Trespassing of unauthorized personnel into the Project site could result in potential risk from several hazards.



Influx of Project workers could result in certain community health, safety and security impacts such as risk

diseases, inappropriate Code of Conduct, increase in social vices, etc. Negative Short term Could be

irreversible Low Medium Minor Mitigation available Not significant


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Table 15: Summary of Anticipated Impacts during Operation Phase


Likely Impact – Operation Phase Impact Assessment

Nature Duration Reversibility Magnitude Sensitivity Significance Management Action Residual Significance


The Project is expected to be visible within the immediate vicinity and up to some kilometers around the Project site only and thus is likely to create visual impacts related to interaction with surrounding landscape.

Negative (worst-case)

Long term Reversible Medium High Moderate Mitigation available Not Signiant

Potential glare caused by minimal sunlight reflected off the PV panel modules which in turn could affect nearby receptors.

Negative Long term Reversible Low Medium Minor Additional requirements

Not significant

Potential for PV panels increasing temperature in nearby areas due to heat from radiation emitted from solar panels.

Negative Long term Reversible Low Low Not Significant N/A Not Significant



Negative Could be long term

Could be irreversible

Medium Low Minor Mitigation available Not significant

Biodiversity Potential impacts on avi-fauna from reflections from PV panels which could act as attractants for birds through glare or confusion with water bodies and can cause disorientation of flying birds, resulting in injury and/or death. In addition, inappropriate management of site could affect biodiversity elements.




Water requirements – water requirements of the Project could entail constraints on the local community. Negative Long term Reversible Low Low Not significant Additional requirements

Not significant

Waste water utilities – it is important to ensure that existing utilities would be able to handle the amount of wastewater generated from the Project during the construction phase.

Negative Long term Reversible Low Low Not significant Additional requirements

Not significant

Solid waste utilities – it is important to ensure that existing utilities would be able to handle the amount of solid waste generated from the Project during the construction phase.

Negative Long term Reversible Low Low Not significant Additional requirements

Not significant

Socio-economic

The Project is expected at a minimum to provide job opportunities for local communities. This, to some extent, could contribute to enhancing the living environment for its inhabitants, elevate their standard of living, and bring social economic prosperity to the local community.

Positive Not applicable









Potential impacts to local communities from exposure of Electric and Magnetic Field (EMF) associated with power evacuation lines


Low Low Not significant Additional requirements

Not significant


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7 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL

This Chapter first provides an assessment of baseline conditions within the Project site and surrounds in relation to landscape and visual and then assesses the anticipated impacts from the Project throughout its various phases.

7.1 Assessment of Baseline Conditions

This section discusses the methodology for the assessment of baseline conditions in relation to landscape and visual and presents the outcomes and results of the assessment.

7.1.1 Methodology for Assessment

The baseline assessment of the Project site was based on a site visit by the ‘ESIA Team’ which aimed to characterize the landscape, topography, and visual character of the Project site and it surrounding areas.

7.1.2 Results and Outcomes

(i) Landscape and Topography

The Project site is located within the premises of the Amman Training Center (ATC). The ATC is owned by the UNRWA and includes the following main centers: (i) an educational center that includes a college and university for Palestinian refugees in Jordan; (ii) educational development center that provides guidance, development, monitoring and quality assurance/control for teachers in UNRWA schools in Jordan.

The ATC has a total area of 0.1km2 (presented in red in the figure below). Within the ATC there is a vacant land with an area of 0.47km2 that will be utilized for the development of the PV Project (i.e. the Project site and which is presented in blue in the figure below).

Figure 8: Project Site


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The Project site in general can be characterized as being dominantly of a fairly flat surface with an elevation ranging between 925 – 932m above sea level with no sudden changes in topography. The general topography of

of the Project site is presented in

Figure 9 below.

In general, the Project site is currently vacant with the exception of a small and limited infrastructure elements (e.g. manholes, a septic tank, fire hydrants, etc.) – additional details on these are provided within “Chapter 8” that follows.

The entire ATC site is completely fenced by a 2.5-3.0m concrete wall to prevent unauthorized access to the site (including the Project site). In addition, access to ATC (including the Project site) is controlled through a gate access point which includes a security guard that is present on a 24/7 basis. Finally, as discussed earlier, at the western border and central parts of the Project site there are planted Mediterranean cypress trees.

Figure 9: General Topography of the Project Site

(ii) Visual

As discussed earlier, the Project site is located within the capital city of Amman and specifically within the Moqabaleen area of Qwaismeh District. The Moqabaleen area is considered a highly urbanized areas that include residential areas, commercial areas, service areas, as well as crafts and industrial areas.

Taking the above into account, the key visual receptors surrounding the Project site include the following as presented in Figure 10 below:

To the west are mainly Mediterranean cypress trees located at the border of the Project site after which are located residential buildings;


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To the north, the only visible elements would be ATC facilities to include female dormitories, basketball playground, parking lot, football pitch, university building, and the Educational Development Center;

To the east of the Project site, visible elements would be residential buildings and a school (Educational Modernity School); and

To the south are mainly residential buildings and a kindergarten (Educational Modernity Kindergarten).

The classification of the value of the visual character of a site is highly subjective and depends on the viewer and on the usages that the area is subject to. However, other than what has been identified above, the Project area in general is not known for any key sensitive visual receptors within the surrounding vicinity such as recreational activities, environmental reserves, remarkable historical or cultural sites, water courses or other natural structures normally seen as valuable by the human perception.

Figure 10: Typical Views towards the North, East, West, and South


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7.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts

This section identifies the anticipated impacts on landscape and visual from the Project activities during the planning and construction and operation phase. In addition, for each impact a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements have been identified.

7.2.1 Potential Impacts during the Construction Phase

Site preparation activities which are to take place onsite by the EPC Contractor for installation of PV arrays and the various components to include string inverters, underground transmission cables, internal road network, buildings, etc. are expected to include land clearing activities, excavation, grading, etc.

Construction activities would create a temporary effect on the visual quality of the site and its surroundings. The visual environment during the construction phase would include the presence of elements typical of a construction site such as equipment and machinery to include excavators, trucks, front end loaders, compactors and others.

However, as discussed in ‘Section 7.1.2’, there are no key sensitive visual receptors within the surrounding vicinity – such as recreational activities, environmental reserves, remarkable historical or cultural sites, water courses or other natural structures normally seen as valuable by the human perception.

The visual environment created during the construction period would be temporary, of a short-term duration, limited to the construction phase only. For the duration of construction, the visual impacts will of a negative nature and be noticeable, and therefore of a medium magnitude. As there are no key sensitive visual receptors which would be affected, the receiving environmental is determined to be of a low sensitivity. Given all of the above, such an impact is considered to be of minor significance.

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by the EPC Contractor during the construction phase and which include:

Ensure proper general housekeeping and personnel management measures are implemented which could include:

- Ensure the construction site is left in an orderly state at the end of each work day.

- To the greatest extent possible construction machinery, equipment, and vehicles that are not in use should be removed in a timely manner and kept in locations to reduce visual impacts to the area.

- Ensure proper storage, collection, and disposal of waste streams generated as discussed in detail in ‘Section 9.2.2’.

Following the implementation of these mitigation measures, the significance of the residual impact is categorized as not significant.

Monitoring and Reporting Requirements

The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to by the EPC Contractor during the construction phase and which include:

Inspections of the works should be carried out at all times to ensure the above measures are implemented.

7.2.2 Potential Impacts during the Operation Phase

Anticipated impacts from the project during the operation phase include potential impacts from the Project site visibility, potential impacts from glare, and potential impacts from heat, all of which are discussed below.

(i) Potential Impacts from Project Visibility


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Given that the Project site as it currently stands is located within the ATC and is surrounded by a 2.5-3.0m concrete wall, the potential views towards the Project site would only be limited to those buildings that are directly surrounding the Project site and that are more than 3m in height (i.e. more than 1 story tall). In those buildings the Project is expected to be visible and will create visual impacts.

Being visible is not necessarily the same as being intrusive. Aesthetic issues are by their nature highly subjective. For some viewers, a PV Plant could be regarded as manmade structures with visual burdens while to others it represents a positive impact in the sense that they introduce a break in the typical surrounding views.

However, it is important to note that based on stakeholder consultations undertaken with those communities that are directly surrounding the site (refer to “Section 5.4” earlier), no issues of concern were raised by those communities in relation to the visibility of the solar PV project site in specific. Some concerns were raised with regards to the visual impacts related to the cutting of the existing Mediterranean cypress trees onsite for development of the Project, given that they provide a natural scenery within the area.

The visual environment created will be of a long-term duration throughout the operation phase. For the duration of operation, the visual impact could be of negative nature (as a worst-case scenario) and be noticeable, and therefore of a medium magnitude. Given that several concerns were raised by local communities in relation to visual impacts the receiving environmental is determined to be of high sensitivity. Given all of the above, such an impact is considered to be of moderate significance.

Mitigation and Monitoring Measures

As discussed earlier in “Section 4.3”, as part of the consultations undertaken with nearby local community members, several concerns were received some which include concerns on visual impacts related to the natural scenery the Mediterranean cypress trees provide to those houses and communities that are directly surrounding the Project site.

To address such comments and minimize such impacts to the extent possible, discussions were undertaken between ECO Consult, UNRWA and their technical consultant, to investigate design alternatives which takes into account the concerns discussed above.

Based on such analysis, it was recommended that Alternative 4 is adopted for the Project design. Under alternative 4, all Mediterranean Cypress trees on the western boundary will be maintained, while the trees located in the central parts will be removed. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementation a tree plantation program within the ATC premises for double the number of trees removed but will also include planting trees on the northern, southern, and eastern boundaries of the Project specific site (where currently no trees exist).

The alternative discussed above takes into account the local community concerns to the greatest extent possible without affecting the technical output of the Project, and also aims to reduce the visual impacts from removal of trees while maintaining a natural scenery as created by such trees.

Finally, as part of future stakeholder engagement activities, a workshop will be undertaken with local communities directly surrounding the Project site by UNRWA with support from ESIA consultant (refer to Annex I). Such workshop must focus on explaining to local communities how such concerns were mitigated and taken into account through the design alternatives discussed above.

(ii) Potential Impacts from Glare

Another issue associated with the Project is the potential for glare caused by sunlight reflected off the PV panel modules. In addition, based on stakeholder consultations undertaken with those communities that are directly surrounding the site (refer to “Section 5.4” earlier), some concerns were raised with regards to the potential for glare caused by the PV panels.


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Panels work on the concept of absorbing sunlight rather than reflecting it as in the case of other technologies (e.g. Concentrated Solar Panels CSP). Therefore, it is very important to distinguish between both technologies as misperception surrounding solar reflections is likely due to confusion between solar PV and concentrated solar power (CSP), which use a system of large mirrors to direct sunlight.

Not all of the incoming sunlight is absorbed by a PV panel and a very small and minimal amount of incoming sunlight is reflected (as little as 2% of incoming sunlight). Therefore, PV panels could be associated with minimal potential for glare caused by sunlight reflected off the modules. This depends on several factors such as the amount of sunlight hitting the surface, surface reflectivity, geographic location, time of year, cloud cover, and solar panel orientation. However generally, glare is likely to occur when the sun moves away from perpendicular to the panel and when the sun is low on the horizon (toward sunrise and sunset), because the solar panel is absorbing much less of the incoming light.

However, it is important to put things into perspective. According to the “Glint and Glare Study for Panoche Valley Farm” (Jack Pfaff, 2011), standard solar glass reflects much less light and has lower potential for glare when compared to other materials widely used in other developments such as steel, standard glass, plastic and even when compared to snow and smooth water. The figure below provides a comparison of sunlight reflection from various incidents angles of solar glass in comparison to such materials.

Figure 11: Reflectivity of Various Materials based on Incident Angles

In addition, throughout the world there are several PV development projects operating close to sensitive areas which could be potentially impacted by glare – such as airports; and thus, indicating that the potential for glare is rather not considered an issue of concern. This include PV Project development near Thunder Bay Airport in Canada, Nellis Air Force Base in USA, Dusseldorf International Airport in Germany, Denver Airport in USA, and many others.


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Figure 12: PV Modules Installed near the Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada – USA

In addition, the PV modules for the Project are designed with anti-reflective coatings to capture maximum sunlight and to minimize reflections and thus reduce any potential for glare. Moreover, an even more relevant effect of minimizing glare is soiling, though not regarded as desirable. With soiling, the deposition of dust and small particles on the module surface is inevitable, which often starts accumulating some hours after cleaning. The higher the degree of soiling, the lower the potential for glare. Therefore, the highest possibility of glare exists only directly after cleaning.

The above was also confirmed by a research study undertaken by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NERL), known as “Research and Analysis Demonstrate the Lack of Impacts of Glare from Photovoltaic Modules” (NREL, 2018). The Study concludes that glare from PV panels is not considered an issue of concern and PV modules exhibit less glare than windows and water.

In addition, as part of stakeholder consultations undertaken (refer to “Section 5.4”) the following were consulted:

A number of residents directly surrounding another operational 7MW Solar PV development project located in Moqabaleen area (around 1km from the Project site) (refer to “Chapter 17“ for additional details on the 7MW Project). Specific discussions were raised with surrounding residents related to heat from the PV panels, and no specific issues of concern were raised and in addition it was stated that no experiences with heat were noted.

Research was undertaken for large scale solar PV Projects in Jordan that are in close proximity to urban/residential areas. ACWA Power 50MW Solar PV Project is located on the edge of a village in Mafraq Governorate as presented below (Zubaidiyeh Village). Consultations were undertaken with the HSE Manager / Community Liaison Officer (CLO) of the Project to determine if any grievances are raised by the nearby communities in relation to glare from the PV panels. It was indicated that the Project has been operational for almost 2 years now and no specific concerns or grievances were raised by local communities in relation to glare.


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Figure 13: Location of 50MW Solar PV Project and Nearby Village

Finally, the Project’s Local Technical Consultant (RSS – NERC) also undertook an analysis on glare and in general indicated that such issues are highly unlikely due to the following:

The PV Panels work on the concept of absorbing the majority of the incoming sunlight rather than reflecting it

As discussed earlier, the PV panels that will be used for the Project include an Anti-Reflective Coating (ARC) which will further reduce sun reflections while improving efficiency therefore further reducing any potential for glare

Light Redirecting Film (LRF) technology on PV panels increases productivity by around 1.5-1.8% and such technology could be associated with potential for glare. However, this technology will not be used on this Project.

The tilt angle for the PV panels on the Project will be low with potential for reflections at 15 – 20 degrees. Taking this into account and the distance between the panels and boundary wall (8-10m) as well as the height of the boundary wall (2.5-3m), reflection and potential for glare (if any) is likely to remain within the Project site and not reach nearby properties.

The glare associated with PV panels will be of long-term duration throughout the entire operation of the Project and of low magnitude given that such impacts are not an issue of concern. As there are some sensitive visual receptors which would be minimally affected, the receiving environment is determined to be of a medium sensitivity. Given all of the above, such an impact is considered to be of minor significance.

Mitigation and Monitoring Measures

Taking the above into account, as part of future stakeholder engagement activities, a workshop will be undertaken with local communities directly surrounding the Project site by UNRWA with support from ESIA consultant (refer to Annex I). Such workshop must focus on explaining to local communities how such concerns related to glare are not considered an issue of concern as explained throughout this section.

Additional Requirements

Even though potential impacts from glare are not considered an issue of concern and there are no key sensitive visual receptors which could be affected by glare, there are standard requirements which must be taken into account from the Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission (CARC). The Civil Aviation Regulatory


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Commission (CARC), in accordance with the “Civil Aviation Law No. (41) of the year 2007”, is the official governmental entity responsible for civil aviation safety and security.

Currently, for solar PV projects, CARC requires that the Developer submit an application to obtain their approval. The Developer is required to undertake the following which are the standard procedures from CARC and which include:

1. The exact coordinates of the Training Centre Site Project site should be obtained from the Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre (RJGC) in WGS’84 coordinates.

2. An application should be submitted at CARC which includes the Training Centre Site project coordinates obtained from RJGC. Generally, upon submission of the application to CARC, it is reviewed by a committee and their approval is granted.

Similarly, the Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) also requires that solar PV projects obtain their approval similar to the process above. This mainly includes submitting an application to RJAF (with Project location) after which they undertake a site visit and issue an approval for Project.

Based on consultations with CARC and RJAF, it was stated that above process will be required for the development of this Project.

(iii) Potential Impacts from Heat

Based on stakeholder consultations undertaken with those communities that are directly surrounding the site (refer to “Section 5.4” earlier), some concerns were raised with regards to the potential for PV panels increasing heat levels from radiation emitted from solar panels.

In general, all studies and work available on Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect (PVHI)1 has mostly been theoretical or based upon simulated models and therefore there is a remarkable lack of data as to whether or not the PVHI effect is real or not.

However, based on desktop review, several key studies were found that involved examining PVHI empirically with experiments. In general, even research and experimental studies are providing conflicting results of various magnitudes as noted below.

The first study was undertaken in the Arizona in the United States of America (USA) known as “The Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect: Larger solar power plants increase local temperatures” (Barron-Gafford, G. A. et al, 2016). The study monitored temperatures at three sites that represent a: (i) natural desert ecosystem, (ii) traditional built environment (i.e. similar to the Project site), and a (iii) 1-MW PV power plant. The study finds that temperatures over a photovoltaic power plant were regularly 3-4 degrees Celsius warmer than the nearby wildlands at night. While the photovoltaic heat island effect was detectable in the day, the real significant warming was found in the evening hours. The study does not provide detailed analysis on differences in temperature between the traditional built environment (which is a more similar setting to the Project site) and the PV site. Nevertheless, the study states that daytime differences from the natural ecosystem were similar between the PV installation and the built environment area, with the exception of the spring and summer months. In addition, the study finds that the difference in evening ambient air temperature were greater between the PV installation and the desert site than between the built environment and the desert site.

1 PVHI effect refers to heat island from PV panels that could warm surrounding areas. Heat island effect refers to the

term of urbanized areas experiencing higher temperatures than outlying areas. Structures such as buildings, roads, and

other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies

causing higher temperatures.


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Another study was undertaken for the Red Rock 40MW Solar PV Project in the United States known as “The observed effects of utility-scale photovoltaics on near-surface air temperature and energy balance” (Broadbent, A.M.; Krayenhoff, E.S.; Georgescu, M.; Sailor, D.J, 2019). The study showed that the maximum daytime temperature increased by 1.38 °C at a height of 1.5 m, while there was no significant difference in the night-time temperature. This is contrary to the conclusion of the previous study referenced above.

Another study was undertaken in Qinghai – China known as “Observational Study on the Impact of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Development in Deserts on Local Air Temperature and Humidity” (Xiaode Zhou et al, 2020). Three monitoring stations were set up in the PV power plant, a transition area, and a reference area, and the influence of large-scale PV developments on the local air temperature and humidity was studied. The results showed that the overall daytime air temperature in the PV power plant had changed slightly (increased and decreased), while the night-time temperature dropped. Specifically, in spring and summer, the daytime temperature increased slightly, with a maximum increase of 0.34 °C; in autumn and winter, the daytime temperature decreased slightly, with a maximum decrease of 0.26 °C; in all seasons, the night-time temperature decreased, with a maximum decrease of 1.82 °C during the winter night. This again is contrary to the conclusion of the first study referenced that was undertaken in the US.

Taking the above into account, such research studies are providing conflicting results of various magnitudes; but none of which could be considered as an issue of concern. The key outcome is that research illustrates an advance in our understanding of how PV power plants could create a warmer local environment. However, it is still not clear how specifically PV plants could create a warmer local environment and if the heat could reach surrounding areas. None of the research studies investigated the lateral and vertical extent of such PVHI effect and it could be possible that such effects are constrained to a small area within the PV installation itself that quickly dissipates within the surrounding areas.

In addition, as discussed earlier (refer to “Section 4.3”) the ESIA recommends that Alternative 4 is adopted for the Project design. Under alternative 4, all Mediterranean Cypress trees on the western boundary will be maintained, while the trees located in the central parts will be removed. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementation a tree plantation program within the ATC premises for double the number of trees removed but will also include planting trees on the northern, southern, and eastern boundaries of the Project specific site (where currently no trees exist). Such trees are likely to provide a cooling effect due to the evapotranspiration process of the trees. This is expected to offset and compensate for the residual impacts on heat from the PV panels (if any impact at all).

In addition, as part of stakeholder consultations undertaken (refer to “Section 5.4”) the following were consulted:

- A number of residents directly surrounding another operational 7MW Solar PV development project located in Moqabaleen area (around 1km from the Project site) (refer to “Chapter 17“ for additional details on the 7MW Project). Specific discussions were raised with surrounding residents related to heat from the PV panels, and no specific issues of concern were raised and in addition it was stated that no experiences with heat were noted.

- Research was undertaken for large scale solar PV Projects in Jordan that are in close proximity to urban/residential areas. ACWA Power 50MW Solar PV Project is located on the edge of a village in Mafraq Governorate as presented below. Consultations were undertaken with the HSE Manager / Community Liaison Officer (CLO) of the Project to determine if any grievances are raised by the nearby communities in relation to heat from the PV panels. It was indicated that the Project has been operational for almost 2 years now and no specific concerns or grievances were raised by local communities in relation to heat.

Taking the above into account, such impacts are considered to be not significant.

https://sciprofiles.com/profile/717803


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8 LAND USE

This Chapter first provides an assessment of baseline conditions within the Project site and surrounds in relation to land use and then assesses the anticipated impacts from the Project throughout its various phases.


This section discusses the methodology for the assessment of baseline conditions in relation to land use and presents the outcomes and results of the assessment.


Assessment of land use included two key components: (i) formal land use; and (ii) actual land use. Assessment of formal land use was based on collection of secondary data and plans available from relevant governmental entities as applicable. On the other hand, the actual land use was assessed based on extensive site visits for the Project site as well as consultation with relevant representatives from UNRWA.

Results for both formal and actual and use are further presented below.

8.1.2 Formal Land Use

The formal land use of the Project site as investigated based on available plans set by the relevant governmental authorities. This includes the following: (i) land use planning by Greater Amman Municipality (GAM), (ii) planning for areas of critical environmental concern by MoEnv (iii) grazing reserves and forest areas planning by Ministry of Agriculture (MoA); and (iv) historical land ownership.

(i) Land Use Planning by GAM

Within the capital city of Amman and specifically within Qwaismeh District (in which the Project site is located), GAM is responsible for preparing land use zoning and planning maps which designates specific land uses where only certain activities are allowed. This is done in accordance with “Buildings and Land Use Regulation within the Greater Amman Municipality No. 67 of 1979 and its Amendments thereof”.

Consultations were undertaken with representatives from GAM to obtain the official land use plan set for the area. As presented below, the entire ATC area (including the Project site) is classified as “school areas”. The surrounding areas are classified and zoned as residential areas, commercial, and light industries.

Based on discussions with representatives from GAM, it was indicated that in accordance with relevant regulations, development of a solar PV Project is allowed within such classifications. However, an official application must be submitted to GAM to change the zoning for the Project area.


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Figure 14: Land Use Planning by GAM for ATC Area

(ii) Areas of Critical Environmental Concern Planning by MoEnv

The Project could potentially conflict with the use of current or planned nearby specially designated areas such as wilderness areas, areas of critical environmental concern, and/or special recreation management areas. The Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) has the responsibility of establishing natural reserves, national parks, and any site of special environmental significance for protection and management.

However, the MoEnv delegates such responsibilities to the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN). In accordance with the above, the RSCN has designated four (4) categories for areas of environmental concern as highlighted below. Those have been assigned based on detailed reviews prepared by the RSCN and which include: (i) “National Network of Protected Areas in Jordan” and (ii) “Important Bird Areas of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan”.

Established Reserves: in accordance with the “National Network of Protected Areas in Jordan” the RSCN has established a number of reserves which have been announced as protected areas and are currently managed and operated by the RSCN;

Proposed Reserves: areas proposed within the “National Network of Protected Areas in Jordan” as protected areas but have not been announced as reserves yet and currently are not managed or operated by the RSCN;

Reserves Under Establishment: areas proposed within the “National Network of Protected Areas in Jordan” as protected areas and are announced as so, but are still underway to be established, operated, and managed by the RSCN; and


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Important Bird Areas (IBA’s): areas proposed within “Important Bird Areas of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan”.

Taking the above into account, the RSCN has prepared a comprehensive plan that identifies the location of the reserves and IBA’s discussed above. As noted in the figure, there are no areas of critical environment concern within Project area or surroundings; there are no established, under establishment, proposed reserves or IBA’s. A number of preservation areas exist further away from the Project Site with the closest delineation being Madaba-Hisban IBA located around 10 km to the southwest.

To this extent, it can be concluded that no conflict exists between the Project Site and MoEnv/RSCN’s planning context. The Project Site is not located within established/planned reserves or important bird areas.

Figure 15: Areas of Critical Environmental Concern in Relation to Project Site

(iii) Grazing Reserves and Forest Area Planning – Ministry of Agriculture

The Project might conflict with current or proposed planning policies of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) for the general area. The most important planning issues that must be investigated include potential conflict with: (i) grazing reserves and (ii) forest lands.

Grazing Reserves

The MoA is entitled to planning grazing reserves in the Kingdom on rangelands. According to discussions with the Rangeland Directorate, there are currently 34 grazing reserves distributed throughout the Kingdom that cover an area of around 80km2. Such reserves are planned and established for sustainable grazing and prevention of overgrazing which generally reduce the usefulness, productivity, and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion.

The Project site is not located within or near any grazing reserves. Figure 16 below presents the location of the Grazing Reserves in relation to the project site. A number of preservation areas exist further away and which include: (i) Ara Yrqa Grazing Reserve located 20km to the west (total area of reserve is 81km2), Belaal Grazing Reserve located 15km to the west (total area of reserve is 23km2), Al Fasalyya Grazing Reserve located 21km to the southwest (total area of reserve is 21km2) and Ma’een Grazing Reserve located 29km to the southwest (total area of reserve is 51km2).


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To this extent, it can be concluded that no conflict exists between the Project Site and MoA’s planning context. The Project Site is not located within established/planned grazing reserves or forest lands.

Figure 16: Location of MoA Grazing Reserve in Relation to Project Site

Forest Lands

According to the “Agriculture Law No. (13) of the year 2015” Forest Lands are “lands of the State that are registered as forests and the lands of the State that are allocated for forestry purposes”. Article 32 of the Law states “it shall be prohibited to abuse forest lands whether by erecting permanent or temporary residences, buildings or structures thereon, or digging wells or caves, or installing water, electricity or telephone lines, or opening sewage lines or canals therein, or by cultivation or ploughing, or by grazing therein, without a license”. However, the Project site in specific is not classified as Forest Lands.

In addition, the Law further states through Article 34 (a-1) “it shall be prohibited to cut Forest Trees or bushes or wild plants without a license from the Minister”. As discussed earlier in “Section 2.1” within the Project site there are forest trees to include mainly Mediterranean Cypress trees and Pine trees, which will require removal for development of the Project.

In accordance with the above, in 2018 UNRWA submitted an application to the Department of Forestry/Ministry of Agriculture and obtained a permit for the removal of the Mediterranean Cypress trees and Pine trees. The permit is conditional that these trees are removed by employees from MoA and under the supervision of the Head of the Department of Forestry.

Further discussions were undertaken with the Department of Forestry to determine if there are any additional requirements to be considered at this stage and in specific if an update to the permit is required given that it was issued in 2018. It was stated that no further requirements are applicable at this stage.

The official letter from the Ministry of Agriculture is presented below.


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Figure 17: Formal Letters from the MoA

(iv) Historical Land Use

The official land deed for the Project indicates that the land is owned by the Government of Jordan and has been fully allocated to UNRWA with no specified restrictions on land use or time.

Based on discussions with UNRWA, it was indicated that the land was previously privately owned and was purchased by UNRWA in September 1968 based on a mutually agreed price. However, given that UNRWA as an entity under their mandate are not allowed to own lands, the land was registered under ownership of the Government of Jordan (through the State Treasury Department), whom in turn granted use rights to UNRWA for developing any projects that might be beneficial for the Agency.

Supporting documents are provided on the above as presented below which indicate that the land as purchased from a private owner based on an agreed price.

8.1.3 Current Land Use

As discussed earlier in ‘Section 7.1.2’, the development site is located within the Amman Training Centre. The ATC area (including Project site) is completely fenced by a 2.5-3.0m concrete wall to prevent unauthorized access to the site.

The ATV area includes several facilities such as training buildings, university, college, book shop, auditorium, dorms, gymnasium, restaurant, mosque, playgrounds, etc. The exact components of the ATC area is presented in the figure below.


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Figure 18: Supporting Documents for Land Purchase

Figure 19:Components of the ATC


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In addition, within the ATC area there is a vacant land with an area of 0.47km2 that will be utilized for the development of the PV Project. Based on an extensive site visit and consultations undertaken with representatives from UNRWA, the following is noted within the Project site and are presented in the figure that follows:

A septic tank is located within the northwestern parts of the site. Based on discussions with UNRWA representatives, the septic tank is completely enclosed and lined and has a length of 8m, width of 6m width, and depth of 4m. The tank is used for the collection of wastewater generated from the ATC through underground pipelines. The septic tank will be completely decommissioned, as there is currently an ongoing project to connect the ATC to the wastewater network (expected to be operational by December 2020). Based on discussions with ATC representatives it was indicated that although the septic tank is completely lined it has a small 1m opening at the upper layer that is utilized for pumping and disposal of the wastewater. On several occasions, the septic tank overflowed resulting in spillage of the wastewater from this opening to the surrounding underground areas.

A transformer station for the septic tank is located within the northwestern parts of the Project site. The transformer station will also be decommissioned with the septic tank.

Thirteen (13) old manholes were noted within the Project site mainly within the northeastern parts. These manholes are connected to the old wastewater network which transports wastewater from ATC to the septic tank. As discussed earlier, the septic tank and old wastewater network (including manholes) will be completely decommissioned.

Ten (10) new manholes are located within the northern and western parts of the Project site which are part of the new wastewater network onsite. As discussed earlier, the new wastewater network is expected be operational by December 2020.

Two fire hydrants were noted within the Project site. However, based on discussions with UNRWA representatives, it was states that these are part of an old fire hydrant system that is no longer in use.

A diesel generator located within the northwestern parts of the site. The generator was used as an emergency power-supply in the case electricity supply is interrupted. However, the generator has not been operational for more than six (6) years.

Two (2) old steel football goal posts are noted within the eastern parts of the Project site. Based on discussions with representatives from ATC, it was stated that the area was used football activity during summer camps. However, it has not been used for more than 3 years due to the construction of a new football field within the ATC premise.

Figure 20: Activities within Project Site


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Figure 21: Fire Hydrants

Figure 22: Septic Tank

Figure 23: Diesel Generator


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Figure 24: Old Steel Goals

Figure 25: Transformer Station

Figure 26: [A] Old Manhole, [B] New Manhole


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Through the site visits undertaken, evidences were noted for potential informal land uses. Therefore, discussions were undertaken with representatives from ATC and the following is noted:

Ploughing marks were noted throughout the Project site. However, based on discussions with ATC representatives it was indicated that ploughing is undertaken purposely by ATC to reduce risks of fire. In 2018 a fire occurred onsite (started by a cigarette) and due to the bushes and dry grass onsite the fire spread easily and quickly spread throughout the site. Therefore, ploughing is undertaken for removal of dry grass and bushes to eliminate fire risks.

It was indicated by ATC representatives that no agricultural activities are undertaken within the Project site by any entity. In the past, ATC used to lease the area on an annual basis to interested bidders to utilize it for cultivation of barley. However, this is no longer allowed and the last time the land was rented was 17 years ago.

Old and dry fecal remains of sheep livestock were found onsite. Based on discussions with ATC representatives, it was indicated that in the past, ATC would allow some livestock owners to enter the site to undertake grazing activities due to availability of grass within the area. However, since the fire incident onsite (2018) no one was allowed to enter the Project site including those undertaking grazing activities, but on some cases since then, controlled access was allowed for a grazer in order for removal of dry grass and bushes to eliminate fire risks.

Apart from the above, no evidence of any other informal land use was noted within the Project site.


This section identifies the anticipated impacts on land use from the Project activities during the planning and construction and operation phase. In addition, for each impact a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements have been identified.

8.2.1 Potential Impacts during the Planning and Construction and Operation Phase

The Project site location does not conflict with any of the relevant governmental entities formal planning context. Therefore, there are no impacts on formal land use from the Project. However, there are additional requirements which should be taken into account as identified further below.

With regards to the actual land use, there are no anticipated physical or economical displacement impacts from the development of the Project due to the following:

The infrastructure elements onsite to include septic tank, transformer station, old manholes, fire hydrants and football goal posts are no longer in use. Those will be completely decommissioned and removed as part of the scope of work of the EPC Contractor. However, such decommissioning activities must be properly managed as they could result in other indirect impacts. For example, as discussed earlier on several occasions, the septic tank overflowed resulting in spillage of the wastewater from this opening to the surrounding underground areas which could entail pollution and contamination of nearby soil and if improperly managed could entail health and safety risks. Similar impacts are also applicable for transformer station which includes oils.

The infrastructure elements that are currently used onsite will either be avoided (new manholes) or removed (diesel generator will be relocated to a new area within the ATC premise). However, if such activities are improperly managed, they could result in other indirect impacts. For example, if detailed design does not take into account the layout of the manholes and new wastewater network it could damage or disturb the network. In addition, if removal of the generator is inappropriately managed it could entail pollution and contamination risks and health and safety risks from oils.

Impacts on informal land use activities (mainly agriculture and grazing) are not relevant given that such activities are no longer undertaken within the Project site. In addition, within the surrounding areas of the Project site are extensive available open lands similar to Project site habitat in which grazing and agricultural activities can be undertaken.


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Taking the above into account, such potential impacts are of a short-term duration as they are limited to the construction phase, and are reversible. Such impacts are considered of low magnitude given that they generally can be controlled through proper management practices and medium sensitivity given that they could entail indirect impacts on health and safety and soil pollution. Given all of the above, such an impact is considered to be of minor significance.


UNRWA must ensure that the Ministry of Agriculture is notified before construction activities commence so that the removal process of trees is undertaken by the Ministry. UNRWA must obtain an official letter from the Ministry for completion of activities once done.

UNRWA must submit an official application to GAM with details and information on Project in order to update the zoning and land use for the Project site.

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures that should be adhered to by the EPC Contractor during the construction phase of the Project:

Final detailed design prepared must ensure that existing infrastructure elements onsite (new wastewater network and manholes) are completely avoided; and

Construction Method Statement (CMS) must include the method to be undertaken for decommissioning of existing facilities (septic tank, transformer station, old manholes, fire hydrants, diesel generator and football goal posts). The CMS must identify measures to ensure such activities are properly undertaken including all health and safety requirements for handling potential pollutive streams (such as wastewater) and hazardous materials (such as oils). In addition, any polluted streams (e.g. polluted soil surrounding septic tank) must be properly disposed and handled in accordance with measures identified in “Section 9.2.2” below.

Monitoring Requirements


Review of detailed design to ensure existing infrastructure is avoided

Submission of Construction Method Statement (CMS) that takes in account decommissioning of existing facilities along with proper management measures for such activities


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9 GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

This Chapter first provides an assessment of baseline conditions within the Project site and surrounds in relation to geology, hydrology and hydrogeology and then assesses the anticipated impacts from the Project throughout its various phases.


This section discusses the methodology for the assessment of baseline conditions in relation to geology, hydrology and hydrogeology and presents the outcomes and results of the assessment.


Assessment of baseline conditions in relation to geology, hydrology and hydrogeology was based on collection of secondary data from the relevant governmental entities – this mainly includes the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ), and Department of Meteorology (DoM) for the relevant parameters to include climatic data, precipitation, hydrology and hydrogeological settings, etc.


(i) Geology

The figure below presents the main geological formation of the Project site and its surrounding area. As noted below, the geological formations within the Project site is dominated by Holocene – Recent soil over bedrock (S) which is characterized with its sandy clay soil with a thickness ranging between 0.5 – 1.2 m. This soil profile is underlined by the WSL “Wadi Sir Lime Stone” formation, described as a hard limestone suitable for construction due to its high stability. In addition, the main geological formations within the surrounding area include Wadi As Sir limestone (WSL), Wadi Umm Ghudran formation (WG), and Amman Silicified Limestone (ASL) formation.

Figure 27: Geological Formations of the Project Area


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(ii) Hydrology

The Project site is located at the border between the Amman-Zarqa and Dead Sea surface water basins, as noted in the figure below. The Amman-Zarqa Basin comprises an area of about 4,025 km2 which eventually drains into the Jordan Valley. The Dead Sea surface water basin has a total area of 6,585 km2 with an elevation range between 430 m B.S.L. and 1,000 m A.S.L., consisting of the Dead Sea, the Highlands of Amman and Karak, respectively. This high topographic gradient enhances the formation of deep wadis heading towards the Dead Sea such as Wadi Mujib and Wadi Heedan, which discharge more than 95% of the basins’ flood water.

The figure below also presents the catchment area of the Project site. As noted in the figure below, the Project site is located along the water divide between the Amman-Zarqa and Dead Sea surface water basins – the water divide distributes rainwater into the two basins accordingly. In addition, as noted in the figure below there are no major wadi systems which run across the Project site, thus leading to a poor drainage system within the area.

Figure 28: Surface and Ground Water Basins within the Project Site

Figure 29: Catchment Area of the Project Site


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(iii) Hydrogeology

From a hydrogeological perspective, the project site is located within the Dead Sea groundwater basin (Figure 28 earlier). The Dead Sea Basin covers an area of about 1,525 km2 and lies within three physiographic divisions— the Jordan Rift Valley, Jordan Highland and Plateau, and the escarpments of the Jordan Rift Valley. Groundwater is recharged by precipitation, and generally flows toward the Dead Sea. Groundwater is the principal source of fresh water in the basin and is withdrawn primarily from the Amman–Wadi Sir aquifer system, consisting of limestone and chert. Other aquifers in the basin have limited potential because of low recharge rates and deep-water levels that result in large pumping heads. The total recharge of the Dead Sea groundwater basin was calculated at 57 MCM/year while the abstraction exceeded 80 MCM/year leading to dramatic drop in the groundwater level in the last few decades.

The aquifer thickness is illustrated in the figure below where it is recorded at around 100m. In addition, Figure 31 presents the groundwater flow within the area. Flow direction is correlated with topography and groundwater table. The Project site is located at the groundwater divide and therefore there are two different groundwater flows; northwards and southwards away from the site respectively.

Figure 30: Aquifer Thickness

Figure 31: Catchment Area of the Project Site


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This section identifies the anticipated impacts on/from geology, hydrology and hydrogeology from/on the Project activities during the planning and construction phase as well as the operation phase. In addition, for each impact a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements have been identified.

9.2.1 Potential Impacts from Local Flood Hazards during Planning and Construction Phase

As discussed earlier, from a hydrology perceptive the project site is located on the water divide between the Amman-Zarqa and Dead Sea surface water basins. The water divide is generally brought up by sudden changes in the topographic pattern which forms a line separating drainage basins. Along water divides – even with severe rainfalls events, floods will not be generated due to the absence of runoff accumulation. Such areas are considered to be highly resistant to flood hazards. In addition, as discussed earlier there are no wadi systems which run across the Project site.

In addition to the above, based on the review of hydro-geological secondary data from Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) and Royal Jordanian Geographic Center (RJGC), an analysis was undertaken that is based on flood generation and accumulation factors as presented in the table below.

Table 16: Flood Risk Assessment Results Parameter Results

Soil hydraulic conductivity: Low (L), Medium (M), High (H). Higher soil hydraulic conductivity reduces floods potential.

M

Presence of soil area: Low (L), Medium (M), High (H). High Presence (coverage) of soil stores more rain water and reduces flood.

H

Geology Marly Limestone

Slope %. Higher slopes generate more floods and lower slopes accumulate floods. 1.5 – 2.5%

Distance to main drainage (Distance to risk). When distance is less than 100 m, the drainage line is a source of flood risk.

480 m

Elevation above main drainage (Meters above risk level). Records in Jordan never indicated floods of more than 8 m depth.

>20 m

Length of the nearest wadi (flood accumulation). When Wadis are longer, potential of floods accumulation is higher.

2670 m

Distance to catchment outlet (hot spot). The outlet of the catchment is the point with the maximum floods.

5100 m

Rainfall (mm/yr). Rain amounts and time controls flood depth. Average flood depth in Jordan is no more than 35% of the rain.

400

Max rainfall per day. Daily rain (Short term rain) is the main driver of flash floods which creates the most destructive floods.

48

Therefore, taking all of the above factors into account, there are no flood risks within the Project site and hence there are no impacts anticipated from flood risks on the Project. However, there are additional requirements to be considered.


As part of the detailed design that will be prepared by the EPC Contractor, a site-specific drainage plan must be developed. The plan must identify methods for containing and diverting rainwater runoff within the specific Project site taking into account site specific conditions (e.g. topography, rainfall, existing drainage lines, etc.) so that it does not accumulate onsite or run off onto nearby properties.

9.2.2 Potential Impacts from Improper Management of Waste Streams during Construction and Operation

Given the generic nature of the impacts on soil and groundwater for both phases of the Project (construction and operation), those have been identified collectively throughout this section. Generally, this includes


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potential impacts from improper housekeeping practices (e.g. improper management of waste streams, improper storage of construction material and of hazardous material, etc.).

Improper housekeeping practices during construction and operation (such as illegal disposal of waste to land) could contaminate and pollute soil which in turn could pollute groundwater resources. This could also indirectly affect flora/fauna and the general health and safety of workers (from being exposed to such waste streams). Generally, such impacts can be adequately controlled through the implementation of general best practice housekeeping measures as highlighted throughout this section, and which are expected to be implemented by the EPC Contractor throughout construction phase and Project Operator during the operation phase.

The potential impacts from improper management of waste steams could be of a long-term duration throughout the construction and operation phase. Such impacts are negative in nature, and could be noticeable and are therefore of medium magnitude. However, they are considered of low sensitivity as they are generally controlled through the implementation of general best practice housekeeping measures. Given all of the above, such an impact is considered to be of minor significance.

Following the implementation of the mitigation measures highlighted throughout this Section, the residual significance can be reduced to not significant.

(i) Solid Waste Generation

Solid waste is expected to be generated from construction and operational activities. Solid waste generated will likely include construction waste (such as debris) and municipal solid waste (during construction and operation such as cardboard, plastic, food waste, etc.).

Municipal solid waste generated will likely be collected and stored onsite and then disposed to the closest municipal approved landfill (Ghabawi Landfill); whereas the construction waste will be stored onsite and then disposed at the closest municipal approved landfill which accepts construction waste (being Al-Bayda Landfill) or, if possible, reused in the construction activities.

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by all involved entities to include the EPC Contractor during the construction phase and the Project Operator during the operational phase unless stated otherwise:

Coordinate with Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) or hire a competent private contractor for the collection of solid waste from the site to the municipal approved landfill (the closest landfill for municipal waste being Ghabawi Landfill while the closest landfill for construction waste is Al-Bayda Landfill) or for recycling (as discussed in further details below);

Prohibit fly-dumping of any solid waste to the land;

Distribute appropriate number of properly contained litter bins and containers properly marked as "Municipal Waste";

EPC Contractor only - during construction, distribute a sufficient number of properly contained containers clearly marked as "Construction Waste" for the dumping and disposal of construction waste.

EPC Contractor only – during construction, it is recommended that recycling measures are implemented. It is recommended that recycling is undertaken in the following approach: (i) separation and disposal of wood pallets in a separate container (relatively large quantities are expected), (ii) separation and disposal of other recyclables in a separate container (cardboard, paper, glass, metal, etc.); and (iii) separation and disposal of non-recyclable materials in a separate container (e.g. food waste). Each container must be clearly marked. In addition, EPC Contractor must seek ways to reduce construction waste by reusing materials (for example through recycling of concrete for road base coarse);


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Implement proper housekeeping practices on the construction site at all times; and

Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of waste generated onsite, collected by contractor, and disposed of at the landfill. The numbers within the records are to be consistent to ensure no illegal dumping at the site or other areas.


The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to by all involved entities to include the EPC Contractor during the construction phase and the Project Operator during the operational phase unless stated otherwise:

Inspection of waste management practices onsite;

Review of records and manifests for volume of waste generated to ensure consistency; and

Regular environmental reporting on implementation of the waste management practices onsite.

(ii) Wastewater Generation

Wastewater is mainly expected to include black water (sewage water from toilets and sanitation facilities), as well as grey water (from sinks, showers, etc.) generated from workers during the construction and operation phase. Wastewater quantities are expected to be minimal. It is expected that wastewater will be collected and stored in fully contained septic tanks and then collected and transported by transportation tankers to be disposed at the closest Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) (most likely being Al-Jizeh WWTP).

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by all involved entities, to include the EPC Contractor during the construction phase and the Project Operator during the operational phase, unless stated otherwise:

Coordinate with Miyahuna Company to hire a private contractor for the collection of wastewater from the site to the closest WWTP (Al-Jizeh WWTP);

Prohibit illegal disposal of wastewater to the land;

Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of wastewater generated onsite, collected by contractor, and disposed of at the WWTP. The numbers within the records are to be consistent to ensure no illegal discharge at the site or other areas;

EPC Contractor only - ensure that constructed septic tanks during construction and those to be used during operation are well contained and impermeable to prevent leakage of wastewater into soil; and

Ensure that septic tanks are emptied and collected by wastewater contractor at appropriate intervals to avoid overflowing.


The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to by all involved entities to include the EPC Contractor during the construction phase and the Project Operator during the operational phase, unless stated otherwise:

Inspection of wastewater management practices onsite;

Review of records and manifests for volume of wastewater generated to ensure consistency; and

Regular environmental reporting on implementation of the wastewater management practices discussed above.


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(iii) Hazardous Waste Generation

Hazardous waste is expected to be generated throughout both the construction and operation phase and this could include consumed oil, chemicals, paint cans, etc. Hazardous waste generated will likely be collected and stored onsite and then disposed at the ‘Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility’ which is managed by the MoEnv.

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by all involved entities to include the EPC Contractor during the construction phase the Project Operator during the operational phase, unless stated otherwise.

Coordinate with the MoEnv and hire a private contractor for the collection of hazardous waste from the site to the Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility;

Follow the requirements for management and storage as per the ‘Instructions for Hazardous Waste Management and Handling of the Year 2003’ of the MoEnv;

Prohibit illegal disposal of hazardous waste to the land;

Possibly contaminated water (e.g. runoff from paved areas) must be drained into appropriate facilities (such as sumps and pits). Contaminated drainage must be orderly disposed of as hazardous waste;

Ensure that containers are emptied and collected by the contractor at appropriate intervals to prevent overflowing; and

Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of hazardous waste generated onsite, collected by contractor, and disposed of at the Swaqa Facility. The numbers within the records are to be consistent to ensure no illegal discharge at the site or other areas.


The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to by all involved entities to include the EPC Contractor during the construction phase and the Project Operator during the operational phase, unless stated otherwise:

Inspection of hazardous waste management practices onsite;

Review of records and manifests for volume of hazardous waste generated to ensure consistency; and

Regular environmental reporting on implementation of the hazardous waste management practices onsite.

(iv) Hazardous Material

The nature of construction and operational activities entail the use of various hazardous materials such as oil, chemicals, and fuel for the various equipment and machinery. Improper management of hazardous material entails a risk of leakage into the surrounding environment either from storage areas or throughout the use of equipment and machinery.

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by all involved entities to include the EPC Contractor during the construction phase the Project Operator during the operational phase, unless stated otherwise.

Ensure that hazardous materials are stored in proper areas and in a location where they cannot reach the land in case of accidental spillage. This includes storage facilities that are of hard impermeable surface, flame-proof, accessible to authorized personnel only, locked when not in use, and prevents incompatible


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materials from coming in contact with one another. The provisions of the Jordanian Standard 431/1985 – General Precautionary Requirements for Storage of Hazardous Materials must be adhered to;

Maintain a register of all hazardous materials used and accompanying Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) must present at all times. Spilled material should be tracked and accounted for;

Incorporate dripping pans at machinery, equipment, and areas that are prone to contamination by leakage of hazardous materials (such as oil, fuel, etc.);

Regular maintenance of all equipment and machinery used onsite. Maintenance activities and other activities that pose a risk for hazardous material spillage (such as refueling) must take place at a suitable location (hard surface) with appropriate measures for trapping spilled material;

Ensure that a minimum of 1,000 litters of general-purpose spill absorbent is available at hazardous material storage facility. Appropriate absorbents include zeolite, clay, peat and other products manufactured for this purpose; and

If spillage on soil occurs, spill must be immediately contained, cleaned-up, and contaminated soil disposed as hazardous waste.


The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to by all involved entities to include the EPC Contractor during the construction phase and the Project Operator during the operational phase, unless stated otherwise.

Inspection for storage of hazardous materials to include inspections for potential spillages or leakages; and

Report any spills and the measures taken to minimize the impact and prevent from occurring again.

9.2.3 Potential Impacts from Erosion and Runoff during the Construction Phase

Site preparation activities which are to take place onsite by the EPC Contractor for installation of PV arrays and the various Project components to include to include string inverters, underground transmission cables, internal road network, buildings, etc. are expected to include land clearing activities, excavation, grading, etc.

The nature of construction activities discussed above could disturb soil, exposing it to increased erosion during rainfall events. If onsite erosion and runoff are not controlled, they can result in siltation of surface water.

Generally, such impacts can be adequately controlled through the implementation of general best practice housekeeping measures as highlighted throughout this section, and which are expected to be implemented by the EPC Contractor throughout construction phase.

The potential impacts from erosion and runoff is of short-term duration as it is limited to the construction phase. Such impacts are negative in nature, and could be noticeable and are therefore of medium magnitude. However, they are considered of low sensitivity as they are generally controlled through the implementation of general best practice housekeeping measures. Given all of the above, such an impact is considered to be of minor significance.

Following the implementation of the mitigation measures highlighted throughout this Section, the residual significance can be reduced to not significant.

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by the EPC Contractor during the construction phase.


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Avoid executing excavation works under aggressive weather conditions.

Place clear markers indicating stockpiling area of excavated materials to restrict equipment and personnel movement, thus limiting the physical disturbance to land and soils in adjacent areas.

Erect erosion control barriers around work site during site preparation and construction to prevent silt runoff.

Return surfaces disturbed during construction to their original (or better) condition to the greatest extent possible.


The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to by the Contractor during the construction phase.

Inspection for erosion and runoff control to include inspections for implementation of mitigation measures.


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10 BIODIVERSITY

This Chapter first provides an assessment of baseline conditions within the Project site and surrounds in relation to biodiversity and then assesses the anticipated impacts from the Project throughout its various phases.


This section discusses the methodology for the assessment of baseline conditions in relation to biodiversity and presents the outcomes and results of the assessment.


The baseline of the Project site was based on a site assessment undertaken on the Project site in August 2020. The assessment was undertaken through a general walkthrough over the Project area. The objective was to: (i) investigate the general biodiversity characteristics of the Project site; (ii) delineate any key sensitive habitats and assess their significance and importance; (iii) list and identify the floral, faunal and avi-faunal species recorded onsite and identify their conservation status.

In addition, the baseline also included a literature review of previous studies, data, surveys, and records available in published scientific papers, books, and journals on flora and fauna species recorded within similar habitats to the Project site in general.

Finally, fauna species status was assigned based on their conservation status within the Mediterranean region according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red Data Books: “The Status and Distribution of Mediterranean Mammals” (Temple & Cuttelod, 2009) and “The Status and Distribution of Reptiles and Amphibians for the Mediterranean Basin” (Cox et al., 2006). Bird species status was assigned based on their conservation status according the IUCN Red List and “The Conservation Status and Distribution of the Breeding Birds of the Arabian Peninsula” (Mallon et al., 2015). Floral species were assessed based on the National Red List of Plants of Jordan (Taifour et al., 2014), which is based on the regional criteria of the IUCN. The outcomes of the above, in addition to an expert opinion, were utilized to identify the status and importance of the biodiversity of the Project site.

10.1.2 Results

(i) Flora

According to Albert et al (2003), the Project site is located in the Mediterranean Non-Forest - Batha Vegetation Type. This vegetation type is exclusively confined to the Mediterranean Biogeographical region but as its name implies, it represents the part of the biogeographical region that has no naturally existing trees. The composition of the vegetation in this vegetation type varies depending on the soil composition, climatic differences and human stressors but in general is characterized with scattered perennial shrubs and predominantly annual grassland species in high coverage.

In line with the above, overall, the Project area has a high vegetation cover of annual grassland species. However, the area is composed of a flat land that has been historically ploughed, which explains the almost complete absence of shrubs, which are only restricted along the canal that is present by the western side of the Project area.


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Regarding perennials, there are scattered fruit trees in the southwestern part of the Project area. There is a total of 16 fruit trees inside the project site; 12 olive trees, 2 pistachio trees and 2 walnut trees. On the other hand, the Project site is surrounded by a total of 162 Mediterranean Cypress Cupressus sempervirens trees (refer to figure below for their location) and 2 Aleppo Pine Pinus halepensis trees.

Aleppo Pine is evaluated as Threatened (Vulnerable) on the national level while Mediterranean Cypress is also evaluated as nationally threatened (Critically Endangered), however this classification is applicable to the wild populations of the species only and is not considered to be relevant for the trees present at the Project area2. As discussed earlier, the natural habitat of the area has no naturally occurring trees and therefore none of them are wild since neither of these species is known to have existed in the region of the Project site historically (such trees were planted and introduced in the area for at least 20 years).

Finally, none of the annual species recorded in the Project area have a threatened status on the national level.

Table 17: List of Plant Species Recorded during Field Visit

Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Red List Status (2018) IUCN National Plant Red List Status (2014)

Anthemis sp. Mayweed Not Applicable Not Applicable

Avena sp. Wild Oat Not Applicable Not Applicable

Eruca vesicaria Garden Rocket Not Evaluated Least Concern

Erysimum repandum Treacle Mustard Not Evaluated Least Concern

Hordeum sp. Wild Barley Not Applicable Not Applicable

Phragmites australis Common Reed Not Evaluated Least Concern

Malva parviflora Small-flowered Mallow Not Evaluated Least Concern

Reseda luteola Dyer’s Rocket Not Evaluated Least Concern

Senecio glaucus Buck’s Horn Groundsel Not Evaluated Least Concern

Figure 32: General View of Project Area showing Fruit trees, Grasses and Cypress Trees

2 According to the “Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels Version 4.0” (IUCN, 2021), which was used in the national assessment of plants of Jordan, it is highlighted that one of the factors that needs to be defined is the delimitation of natural range. The Guidelines highlight that such factors must be clearly recorded and documented as part of an introductory texts to the listings. The Jordan Plant Red List Vol. 1 (Taifour et al, 2014) states that the species Cupressus sempervirens is considered in the evaluation in its single naturally native location and that is in Dana Biosphere Reserve while all non-native planted locations of the species across the country are not part of this evaluation. The same applies for Pinus halepensis which is also evaluated as threatened on the national level (Vulnerable) but that also clearly refers to the species natural distribution and does not consider any of its planted locations as part of the assessment.


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Figure 33: Mediterranean Cypress (left) and Aleppo Pine (right)

Figure 34: Location of Mediterranean Cypress Trees in Project Site

(ii) Fauna

Mammals

During the rapid survey no mammal species were recorded within the Project area in specific. However, generally based on a literature review the table below identifies the mammal species that were recorded in


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areas of similar habitat and which could be present within the Project site. As noted below, all recorded species are considered of least concern.

Table 18: Literature Review of Mammal Species in the Project area

Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Red List Status (2018) IUCN Mediterranean Red List Status (2009)

Ethiopian Hedgehog Paraechinus aethiopicus Least Concern Least Concern

Long-eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus Least Concern Least Concern

European Free-tailed Bat Tadarida teniotis Least Concern Least Concern

Common Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus Least Concern Least Concern

Wagner’s Gerbil Dipodillus dasyurus Least Concern Least Concern

Sundevall’s Jird Meriones crassus Least Concern Least Concern

Tristram’s Jird Meriones tristrami Least Concern Least Concern

House Mouse Mus musculus Least Concern Least Concern

Grey Wolf Canis lupus Least Concern Least Concern

Red Fox Vulpes vulpes Least Concern Least Concern

Wild Cat Felis sylvestris Least Concern Least Concern

Cape Hare Lepus capensis Least Concern Least Concern

Reptiles

During the rapid survey no reptile species were recorded within the Project area in specific. However, generally based on a literature review, the reptile species that were recorded in the general area of the Project area and in areas of similar habitat and which could be present within the Project area. As noted below, all recorded species are considered of least concern.

Table 19: Literature Review of Herpetofaunal species in the Project area

Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Red List Status (2018)

IUCN Mediterranean Red List Status (2006)

Large whip snake Dolichophis jugularis Least Concern Least Concern

Crowned Dwarf Snake Eirenis coronella Least Concern Not Evaluated

Coin Snake Hemorrhois nummifer Least Concern Not Evaluated

Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus diadema Least Concern Not Evaluated

Red Whip Snake Platyceps collaris Least Concern Not Evaluated

Rogers’Racer Platyceps rogersi Least Concern Least Concern

Forskal’s Sand Snake Psammophis schokari Not Evaluated Least Concern

Turkish Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus Least Concern Least Concern

Jordan Short-fingered Gecko Stenodactylus grandiceps Least Concern Not Evaluated

Starred Agama Laudakia stellio Least Concern Least Concern

Bosk’s Fringe-fingered Lizard Acanthodactylus boskianus Not Evaluated Not Evaluated

Arnold's Fringe-fingered Lizard

Acanthodactylus opheodurus

Least Concern Not Evaluated

Small Spotted Lizard Mesalina guttulata Not Evaluated Not Evaluated

Birds

During the site survey, seven bird species were recorded. All species are globally and regionally evaluated as Least Concern. Apart from the Common Kestrel, the other six species were recorded using the Cypress trees at the Project site. All species recorded are considered as common ‘urban’ species that are known to be present all across the city of Amman. However, some of these species, such as Eurasian Jay and European Greenfinch, are known to be more abundant in areas of the city that has more trees. However, generally based on a literature review, the area could include other species, especially during migration and breeding seasons. In general, it is believed that none of the species that could be using the Project area are of high conservation significance.


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Table 20: Literature Review of Avifaunal species in the Project area

Species Name IUCN Red List Status (2020) IUCN Red List Status for Breeding Birds of Arabia (2015)

Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Least Concern Least Concern

Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius Least Concern Least Concern

Carrion/Hooded Crow Corvus corone Least Concern Least Concern

Palm Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Least Concern Least Concern

Rock Dove / Feral Pigeon Columba livia Least Concern Least Concern

European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris Least Concern Least Concern

House Sparrow Passer domesticus Least Concern Least Concern

(iii) Conclusion

The Project site can be classified to be of medium sensitivity due to the following:

Project site is not located within or near areas of critical environment concern (to include protected areas and/or Important Bird Areas (IBAs)) as discussed previously in “Section 8.1.2”.

Based on the site visit and literature review, all floral, faunal and avifaunal species present or likely to be present are considered common to such area habitats and of least concern,

Within the Project site are 162 Mediterranean Cypress Cupressus sempervirens trees that were planted and introduced in the area for at least 20 years. Such trees have provided suitable habitats for a variety of faunal species (bird species) in particular (however as discussed above such species are considered common and of least concern).


This section identifies the anticipated impacts on biodiversity from the Project activities during the construction phase. In addition, for each impact a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements have been identified. It is important to note that there are no anticipated impacts on biodiversity from the Project during the operation phase.

10.2.1 Potential Impacts during the Planning and Construction Phase


Such activities are expected to change to the natural vegetation of the Project area which would result in the alteration of the site’s habitat and thus potentially disturb existing habitats. However, as discussed earlier in general the site habitat includes floral, faunal, and avi-faunal elements that are considered common and of least concern. The key issue in this case would be the removal of the 162 Mediterranean Cypress Cupressus sempervirens trees that provide suitable habitats for a variety of faunal species (bird species) in particular. Nevertheless, the magnitude of such impacts would be medium due to the following:

Such tree species support avifaunal species that are considered common to such area habitats and of least concern;

The area surrounding the project site in general has a relatively higher level of large trees in comparison to other parts of Amman (refer to figure below). Therefore, it is believed that the abundance and population of these bird species should not be affected by the absence of the trees, as these bird species are considered adaptive species and have alternative habitats in the area that they can utilize.


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Figure 35: Tree Habitat Areas Surrounding the Project Site

Other impacts on the biodiversity of the site could be caused by improper management of the site which could include improper conduct and housekeeping practices by workers (i.e. hunting of animals, discharge of hazardous waste to land, etc.).

Given all of the above, the potential impacts on biodiversity created during the construction phase would of a long‐term duration as they would result in a permanent change in the natural biodiversity of the site. Such impacts are considered of negative nature and as discussed earlier of a medium magnitude and receiving environment sensitivity is considered medium. Given all of the above, such an impact is considered to be of minor significance.

Mitigation Measures

As discussed earlier in “Section 4.3”, several design alternatives were considered and taken into account in order to avoid impacts associated with removing the Mediterranean Cypress Cupressus sempervirens trees.

Based on such analysis, it was recommended that Alternative 4 is adopted for the Project design. Under alternative 4, all Mediterranean Cypress trees on the western boundary will be maintained, while the trees located in the central parts will be removed. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementation a tree plantation program within the ATC premises for double the number of trees removed but will also include planting trees on the northern, southern, and eastern boundaries of the Project specific site (where currently no trees exist).

The trees within the central part of the Project site could not be taken into account given that their actual footprint along with their shading effect will take up a significant part of the Project area, which in turn will significantly affect production capacity.

UNHCR is committed to undertaking a tree plantation program to plant double the number of the Mediterranean Cypress trees that will be removed. Such a plantation program will take place within the ATC premises location and as discussed earlier will also involve planting new trees on the entire boundary of the northern, eastern and southern border of the Project site within the ATC premises as well. Such a measure, will offset and compensate for the residual impacts on biodiversity associated with the removal of the trees.


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Apart from the above, during the construction phase, the EPC Contractor is expected to implement proper management measures to prevent damage to the biodiversity of the site. This could include establishing a proper code of conduct and awareness raising / training of personnel and good housekeeping which include the following:

- Prohibit hunting at any time and under any condition by construction workers onsite;

- Ensure proper storage, collection, and disposal of waste streams generated as discussed in detail in “Section 9.2.2”;

- Avoid unnecessary elevated noise levels at all times. In addition, apply adequate general noise suppressing measures as detailed in “Section 12.2.2”.

Following the implementation of these mitigation measures, the significance of the residual impact is categorized as not significant. Monitoring and Reporting Requirements

The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to:

UNRWA must undertake monitoring measures through continuous visual observations to ensure that tree plantation program has been implemented successfully

EPC Contractor must undertake inspection for the works at all times to ensure mitigation measures identified above are implemented


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11 ARCHEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

This Chapter first provides an assessment of baseline conditions within the Project site and surrounds in relation to archeology and cultural heritage and then assesses the anticipated impacts from the Project throughout its various phases.


This section discusses the methodology for the assessment of baseline conditions in relation to archaeology and cultural heritage and presents the outcomes and results of the assessment.


The assessment of baseline conditions was based on literature review and a site assessment undertaken by the Department of Antiquities (DoA), both of which are discussed below.

(i) Literature Review

This included a comprehensive review of archives, publications, and studies on previous archaeological work and surveys undertaken in the area, and which are available at the DoA database. This database is registered in the Middle Eastern Geodatabase for Antiquities (MEGA) – Jordan. MEGA Jordan is a database, prepared by the Getty Conservation Institute in collaboration with DoA, that encompasses and registers all the known archaeological sites in Jordan based on previous surveys undertaken.

(ii) Site Assessment by the Department of Antiquities

ECO Consult commissioned the DoA to undertake an archaeology assessment for the Project site. The DoA is the official governmental entity in Jordan responsible for the protection, conservation, and preservation of antiquities in accordance with the “Antiquities Law No. 21 for the year 1988”.


Based on the review of MEGA Jordan, no archeological and/or cultural heritage sites were recorded within the Project site as presented in the figure below.

Figure 36: MEGA Jordan Results


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In addition, based on the assessment undertaken by the DoA, it was concluded that there are no archaeological or cultural heritage sites located within the Project area. In addition, the DoA issued a formal letter stating that it has no objection on the development of the Project conditional that appropriate chance find procedures are implemented during the construction phase. The official letter from the DoA is presented in the figure below.

Figure 37: Official Letter from DoA Providing Clearance for Project Site


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This section identifies the anticipated impacts on archaeology and cultural heritage from the Project activities during the construction phase. In addition, for each impact a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements have been identified. It is important to note that there are no anticipated impacts on archaeology and cultural heritage from the Project during the operation phase.

11.2.1 Potential Impacts during the Planning and Construction Phase


Such activities could damage or disturb potential archaeological remains which might be present on the surface of the Project site and which could potentially be of importance. However, the archaeological baseline assessment discussed earlier concludes that there are no archaeological sites or remains within the Project site. Therefore, there are no anticipated impacts from the Project on surface archaeological remains within the Project site.

In addition, there is a chance that throughout such construction activities, archaeological remains buried in the ground are discovered. Improper management (if such sites are discovered) could potentially disturb or damage such sites which could potentially be of importance. Such potential impacts are of a short-term duration as they are limited to the construction phase, and are irreversible as should sites be discovered then inappropriate management could result in disturbance and/or damage, in which such an impact would be of medium magnitude. The impacts will be of a negative nature and low sensitivity given that the likelihood of such impacts is considered low. Given all of the above, such an impact is considered to be of minor significance.

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by the EPC Contractor during the planning and construction phase and which include:

Throughout the construction phase, and as the case with any Project development that entails such construction activities, there is a chance that potential archaeological remains in the ground might be discovered. It is expected that appropriate measures for such chance find procedures are implemented which are standard requirements by the DoA as required by the “Antiquities Law No. 21 for 1988 and its amendments No. 23 for 2004”. Those mainly require that construction activities be halted and the area fenced, while immediately notifying the DoA. No additional work will be allowed before the Department assesses the found potential archaeological site and grants a clearance to resume the work. Construction activities can continue at other parts of the site if no potential archaeological remains were found. If found, same procedures above apply.

Following the implementation of these mitigation measures, the significance of the residual impact can be reduced to not significant.

Monitoring Requirements


For chance find procedures, inspection of actions taken in case of new discoveries, including fencing, limiting access to site, and contacting the DoA. Report should be prepared and submitted to the DoA in such a case which details the above.


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12 AIR QUALITY AND NOISE

This Chapter first provides an assessment of the anticipated impacts on air quality and noise from the Project throughout its various phases.


As discussed in detail throughout the section below, the Project’s nature will not result in any key air quality or noise emissions – only relevant impacts would be temporary dust and noise generation during the construction phase. In addition, based on the survey undertaken for the Project area, it is concluded that the Project site is located within a residential, commercial and service area and no key sources of noise or air quality emissions within the area.

Taking the above into account, no air quality and noise monitoring program has been undertaken.


This section identifies the anticipated impacts on air quality and noise from the Project activities during the construction phase. In addition, for each impact a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements have been identified. It is important to note that there are no anticipated impacts on air quality and noise from the Project during the operation phase.

12.2.1 Potential Impacts during the Construction Phase on Air Quality during Construction


The above activities will likely result in an increased level of dust and particulate matter emissions, which in turn will directly and temporarily impact ambient air quality. If improperly managed, there is a risk of nuisance and health effects to construction workers onsite and to a lesser extent to the nearby surrounding receptors from windblown dust (such as other facilities within the Training Centre as well as nearby residential units).

In addition, construction activities will likely entail the use of vehicles, machinery and equipment (such as generators, compressors, etc.) which are expected to be a source of other pollutant emissions (such as SO2, NO2, CO, etc.) which would also have minimal direct impacts on ambient air quality.

The above impacts are anticipated to be temporary and of short‐term nature as they are limited to the construction period only. Such impacts are of a negative nature, and will be noticeable and therefore of medium magnitude. However, the impacts will be dispersed and are reversible as air quality would revert back to baseline conditions after construction works is completed and thus the receiving environment is considered of low sensitivity. Given the above such an impact is considered of minor significance.

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by the EPC Contractor during the construction phase (to prevent impacts caused by their construction activities and which are within their control) and which include:

If dust or pollutant emissions were found to be excessive, construction activities should be stopped until the source of such emissions have been identified and adequate control measures are implemented;


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Comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements and the Jordanian Codes to ensure that for activities associated with high dust levels, workers are equipped with proper Personal Protective Equipment (e.g. masks, eye goggles, breathing equipment, etc.);

Apply basic dust control and suppression measures which could include:

- Regular watering of all active construction areas.

- Proper planning of dust causing activities to take place simultaneously in order to reduce the dust incidents over the construction period.

- Proper management of stockpiles and excavated material (e.g. watering, containment, covering, bunding).

- Proper covering of trucks transporting aggregates and fine materials (e.g. through the use of tarpaulin).

- Adhering to a speed limit of 15km/h for trucks on the construction site.

Develop a regular inspection and scheduled maintenance program for vehicles, machinery, and equipment to be used throughout the construction phase for early detection of issue to avoid unnecessary pollutant emissions.

Following the implementation of these mitigation measures, the significance of the residual impact is categorized as not significant.



Inspection and visual monitoring of the works should be carried out at all times. In addition, periodic inspections should be conducted at nearby sites (e.g. other facilities within the Training Centre) to determine whether high levels of dust from construction activities exist; and

Reporting of any excessive levels of pollutants/dust and the measures taken to minimize the impact and prevent it from occurring again.

12.2.2 Potential Impacts during the Construction Phase on Noise


All the above activities will likely include the use of machinery and equipment such as generators, hammers, compressors, etc. and which are expected to be a source of noise and vibration generation within the Project site and its surroundings. If improperly managed, there is risk of nuisance and health affects to construction workers onsite and to a lesser extent to the nearby surrounding receptors (such as other facilities within the Training Centre and to some extent the nearby residential areas).

The above impacts are anticipated to be temporary and of short‐term nature as they are limited to the construction period only. Such impacts are of a negative nature, and will be noticeable and therefore of medium magnitude. However, the given that the baseline conditions will be restored after construction works is completed, the receiving environment is considered of low sensitivity. Given the above such an impact is considered of minor significance.

Mitigation Measures

The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by the EPC Contractor during the construction phase and which include:


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As per the “Instruction for Reduction and Prevention of Noise for the year 2003” high noise level construction activities should not be undertaken between 8pm and 6am;

If noise levels were found to be excessive, construction activities should be stopped until adequate control measures are implemented;

Apply adequate general noise suppressing measures. This could include the use of well‐maintained mufflers and noise suppressants for high noise generating equipment and machinery, developing a regular maintenance schedule of all vehicles, machinery, and equipment for early detection of issues to avoid unnecessary elevated noise level, etc.; and

Comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements and the Jordanian Codes to ensure that for activities associated with high noise levels, workers are equipped with proper Personal Protective Equipment (e.g. Earmuffs).




Inspection of the works should be carried out at all times; and

Reporting of any excessive levels of noise and the measures taken to minimize the impact and prevent from occurring again.

12.2.3 Potential Impacts during the Construction from Removal of the Forest Trees

As discussed earlier in “Section 4.3”, as part of the consultations undertaken with nearby local community members, several concerns were received related to impacts from removal of the 162 existing Mediterranean Cyprus trees as they could remove pollution and improve air quality.

It is well known that trees are able to clean the air by absorbing odors and pollutant gases (such as nitrogen oxides, ammonia, sulfur dioxide and ozone) and filter particulates out of the air by trapping them on their leaves and bark. Also, the link between air pollutant emissions and adverse health effects is well established.

Nevertheless, and specifically within the context of the Project site and area, such impacts are considered negligible and insignificant due to the following:

It is very difficult to quantify such impacts as it depends on several factors some of which are not available for the area or Amman city. This includes information such as: (i) tree data (to include tree coverage, tree species, number of trees, Diameter Breast Height (DBH), tree coverage; (ii) meteorological data; and (iii) emission estimates which are considered as the pollutant flux emitted into the atmosphere by different sources and activities over a one-year period.

However, to put things into perspective a literature review was undertaken for similar research projects. A scientific research study was undertaken in Strasbourg city – France known as “Urban forests and pollution mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services and disservices” (Francisco J. Escobedo, Timm Kroeger, John E.Wagner, 2011). The study has the the objective of quantifying air pollution remove by trees in public green spaces. The study concludes that around 15km2 of tree coverage in the city removed about 88.23 ton of pollutants per year to include 1.20ton for CO; 13.84ton for NO2; 55.88ton for O3; 11.77ton for PM10; 4.51ton for PM2.5 and 1.04ton for SO2. The pollutant removal is estimated at 5.89g per m2 of tree coverage.

The study then undertakes a comparison between the amount of pollution removal and the amount of pollution emission in Strasbourg and concludes that the percent of air quality improvement by public trees throughout Strasbourg city is small and lower than 0.5%. The study further states that trees do

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749111000327#!





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remove a small part of air pollution and help mitigate air pollution, but they are one of many potential solutions to this problem.

Taking the Project scale and context into account (where only as a worst-case scenario 162 trees will be removed) results are expected to be significantly lower in magnitude and effect.

The Project site is not located within any air pollution hotspots in Jordan in which the Ministry of Environment undertakes continuous air quality monitoring programs. In addition, as discussed in “Section 12.1” earlier, the Project site in general is located within a residential, commercial areas, and service areas and no key sources of air pollution were noted. Therefore, taking this into account, it is expected that air quality within the Project site in general is in good conditions and within allowable limits for ambient air quality.

The Project will indirectly contribute to some extent (although minimally) in eliminating air pollution. As discussed earlier in “Section 2.5”, the Project will be utilizing solar energy to produce electricity, as opposed to meeting such electricity requirements through conventional means – i.e. thermal power plants. The Project will offset more than 3,000 tons of CO2 per year as well as other pollutant emissions that are associated with conational thermal power plants.

As discussed earlier throughout this document, several design alternatives were considered and taken into account in order to avoid impacts associated with removing the Mediterranean Cypress trees. Based on such analysis, it was recommended that Alternative 4 is adopted for the Project design (refer to “Section 4.3”). Under alternative 4, all Mediterranean Cypress trees on the western boundary will be maintained, while the trees located in the central parts will be removed. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementation a tree plantation program within the ATC premises for double the number of trees removed but will also include planting trees on the northern, southern, and eastern boundaries of the Project specific site (where currently no trees exist).

UNHCR is committed to undertaking a tree plantation program, which will offset and compensate for the insignificant magnitude impacts on air quality associated with the removal of the trees as discussed throughout this section.


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13 INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES

This Chapter first provides an assessment of baseline conditions within the Project site and surrounds in relation to infrastructure and utilities and then assesses the anticipated impacts from the Project throughout its various phases.


This section discusses the methodology for the assessment of the baseline conditions in relation to infrastructure and utilities as well as the outcomes and results. The components discussed in relation to infrastructure and utilities include the following: (i) water resources; (ii) wastewater services; (iii) solid waste services; (iv) hazardous waste services; and (v) road networks.

13.1.1 Baseline Assessment Methodology

The baseline assessment was based on collection of secondary data and plans available as well as discussions and consultations mainly with representatives from various governmental authorities and utility service providers as discussed in detail throughout this section.

13.1.2 Water Resources

The water sector in Jordan is generally governed by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) and the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ). MWI is the official body responsible for the overall monitoring of the water sector, water supply and wastewater system, and the formulation of national water strategies and policies. WAJ assumes all responsibilities related to water and wastewater structures including design, construction, operation, maintenance and administration. Within Amman Governorate, Miyahuna Water Company is the responsible entity representing WAJ.

Water supply in Amman Governorate is served by four water systems according to the “Strategic Master Plan for Municipal Water Infrastructure” (ISSP, 2015). These include the following:

Amman Main Water System: is the main system that covers most of Amman governorate (Amman Qasabah District, Marka District, Al-Quaismeh District, Al-Jami'ah District, Sahab district, Wadi Esseir District, and part of Naour District); and

Deep South Water System; is a small water system that serves Jizeh District, and Mowaqqar District, and part of Naour district.

The Project Site area is located within the Amman Main Water System which supplies the Qwaismeh District (in which the Project site is located). Water supply within this system depends on local wells (which include Taj well field, Ain Ghazal/Rusaifa well field, Muhajireen well field and Ras Al-Ein well field) as well as imported water from other Governorates. The Amman Main Water System also exports water to other Governorates. A schematic of the Amman Main Water System is presented in the figure below. Based on the study, the total water supply for the Amman Main Water System was 169 MCM.

In addition, the Amman Main Water System has 71 reservoirs with a total storage capacity of 767,105 m3, as well as 14 pumping stations with a 7,700 km piping network. As noted in the figure below, the pipeline network also runs and supplies the Amman Training Centre (ATC).


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Finally, based on consultations with representatives from WAJ, it was indicted that within Moqabaleen area, water supply is provided once per week. In addition, it was also stated that there are no key issues in relation to water supply for the area.

Figure 38: Amman Main Water System Schematic

Figure 39: Water System near the Project Site


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13.1.3 Wastewater Services

The same entities that govern the water sector are responsible for the wastewater as well. MWI is the official body responsible for the overall monitoring of the water sector, water supply and wastewater system, and the formulation of national water strategies and policies. WAJ assumes all responsibilities related to wastewater structures and within Amman Governorate, Miyahuna Water Company is the responsible entity representing WAJ.

Based on information provided by Ministry of Water and Irrigation/Water Authority of Jordan (MWI/WAJ), and as noted in the figure below, the Project site is served with a wastewater network.

The closest Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) to the Project site is Al-Jizeh WWTP and Wadi Esseir WWTP. Wadi Essier WWTP is located around 16km west of the site and has a design capacity of 4,000 m3/day and currently receives around 3,800 m3/day. Al-Jizeh WWTP is located around 25km south of the Project site and has a design capacity of 4,000 m3/day and currently received around 800 m3/day. It is likely that the Project will utilize the Al-Jizeh WWTP given that Wadi Esseir WWTP is almost running at full capacity.

The figure below presents the location of the WWTP in relation to the Project site.

Figure 40: Existing Wastewater Network within the Project Area


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Figure 41: Location of Al Jizah WWTP in Relation to Project Site

13.1.4 Solid Waste Services

In Jordan, solid waste management is undertaken primarily by the public sector. Solid waste is managed through the operation of landfills (or dumpsites). In accordance with the “Municipalities Law Mo.13 of 2007”, solid waste management is the responsibility of local municipalities under the umbrella of the Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MoMA) – this includes the collection of municipal solid waste, transportation, and final disposal to landfills.

Within the Project site area, Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) is the responsible entity for collection and transportation of solid waste for final disposal. The closest municipal approved landfill is known as Ghabawi Landfill, which is located around 27km to the east of the Project site. The Landfill is one of the biggest sanitary landfills in Jordan that was designed and constructed during the year 2001-2003. The landfill has an area of 2,000 Dunums (2km2) and receives around 4,000 tons of solid waste per day. The landfill does not accept construction waste and debris – within Amman Governorate there is only one landfill which accepts construction waste known as Al-Bayda Landfill and which is located in East Amman.

The figure below presents the location of the landfill in relation to the Project site.


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Figure 42: Al-Ghabawi Landfill in Relation to the Project Site

13.1.5 Hazardous Waste Services

In accordance with the “Environmental Protection Law No. (6) of the year 2017” and the “Instruction for Management and Handling of Hazardous Waste of 2003”, hazardous waste must be transported and disposed at landfills which are approved by the MoEnv.

In Jordan, there is currently one landfill for disposal of hazardous waste – the Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility. The facility is operated and managed by the MoEnv. The facility is located in Al-Karak Governorate, around 70km south of the capital city of Amman and approximately 90 km to the southwest of the Project site. The figure below presents the location of Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility in relation to the Project site.

According to discussion with the ‘’Hazardous Substances and Waste Management Directorate” of the MoEnv, the facility is located on an area of around 8.5km2 and receives around 8-10 tons per day of hazardous waste. Currently disposal of hazardous waste is undertaken through either land-filling of stabilized and inert hazardous waste in specially lined cells, while for other types of waste which require physical-chemical treatment or incineration they are stored in safe storage spaces (this includes for example electronic waste, chemical waste, batteries, etc.). Such storage spaces are temporarily until the second phase of the facility construction is implemented. The second phase mainly involves physical-chemical treatment and incineration facilities as well as recycling facilities for electronic waste, all of which aim to improve handling and management of hazardous waste. Currently, there are no additional plans by the MoEnv for hazardous waste management in Jordan.


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Figure 43: Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility in Relation to the Project Site

13.1.6 Road Network

The Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH), operating under the “Regulation of Organization and Management of the MPWH No. (55) of 1996”, is the governmental authority responsible for the construction and development of the public road network in Jordan. The Ministry is also responsible for connecting cities, villages, and communities together in addition to maintaining the network in good technical conditions.

The Project Site is accessed through the Highway #40, a major highway which runs within Amman Governorate. As the Project site is located within an urbanized area, there are several other secondary road networks within the area that run and which connect with the Project site.

The figure below presents the road network leading to the Amman Training Centre Site.


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Figure 44: Access Roads to the Project Site


This section identifies the anticipated impacts infrastructure and utilities from the Project activities during the construction and operation phase. In addition, for each impact a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements have been identified.

13.2.1 Potential Impacts on Water Resources during the Construction and Operation Phase

It is expected that the Project throughout the construction and operation phase will require water for potable usage (drinking, showering, etc.) and non-potable usage (e.g. cleaning of machinery and vehicles).

The potable water requirements for a maximum of 40 workers onsite is not expected to exceed 50 liters per capita per day for a duration of 18 months. Thus, the daily water consumption is likely to be around 2,000 liters per day or 2m3. In addition, water for non-potable usage will be mainly used for dust control and construction works, however, this is not expected to exceed 3m3/ day. Thus, total water requirements during the construction phase are likely to be around 5m3/ day. The water requirements throughout the construction phase will be required temporary (for construction period only) and are considered minimal and not significant.

In addition, water will be required during the operation phase and mainly for drinking and other personal use of onsite staff (a maximum of 5 personnel). Similarly, potable water requirements for the onsite workers is not expected to exceed 50 liters per capita per day – thus a daily water consumption is likely to be around 250 liters per day – or 0.25m3 per day.

As discussed earlier, the PV modules will be cleaned on a regular basis to prevent dust build-up which could affect their performance. The maximum required water for cleaning of the panels is not expected to exceed 6 times per year where each cleaning cycle will require approximately 12m3 of water – therefore the maximum total annual water requirements for cleaning is around 70m3 per year.


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Therefore, the total maximum water consumption during operation is likely to be around 0.45m3 per day or 160m3 per year for a duration of 25 years.

As discussed earlier, the source of water supply for the Project will be mainly from the Amman Main Water System.

Putting things into perspective, the total water supply for the Amman Main Water System is 169 MCM. The annual water requirements of the Project during the operation phase is anticipated to be around 270m3 – representing around 0.1% of the total water supplied by the System.

In addition, as discussed earlier, consultations undertaken with representatives from WAJ indicted that there are no key issues in relation to water supply for within the Moqabaleen area.

Finally, it is well known that there are issues in relation to water resources in Jordan as a whole. The MWI/WAJ undertakes continuous planning for water allocations in different areas in Jordan through various new projects that are expected to be implemented within the upcoming years (e.g. Hasa-Amman Water Supply system).

Based on the above it is clear that the water requirements for the Project during construction and operation are rather minimal and are unlikely to entail any constraints on the existing users or existing supplies.

Taking all of the above into account, the anticipated impacts on the local water resources and utilities are considered of short‐term duration during the Project construction phase and of long-term duration during the Operation phase. Such impacts are of a negative nature, and are expected to be of low magnitude and of low sensitivity given the minimal water requirements of the Project. To this extent, the impact is considered not significant.


The following identifies additional requirements to be applied by the EPC Contractor and Project Operator during the construction and operation phase respectively and which include:

Coordinate with the Miyahuna Water Company for securing water requirements of the Project either through connection with water network and/or through obtaining list of licensed tankers.


The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements to be applied by the EPC Contractor and Project Operator during the construction and operation phase respectively and which include:

Submit report with proof of coordination with authorities discussed above.

13.2.2 Potential Impacts on Wastewater Utilities during the Construction and Operation Phase

The Project is expected to generate wastewater during both the construction and operation phases to include black water (sewage water from toilets and sanitation facilities) and grey water (from sinks, showers, etc.). Wastewater quantities generated are expected to be minimal and not significant at all during both phases of the Project and are likely to be easily handled by the closest WWTP (Al-Jizeh WWTP).

Generally, the approximate estimated wastewater to be generated from the Project can accounted as follows. Throughout the construction phase, a maximum of 40 construction workers are expected, whereas during the operation phase a maximum of 5 workers are expected. The water requirements per capita during the construction and operation is not expected to exceed 50 liters per day; and taking into account an 80% wastewater generation factor per capita – then the anticipated wastewater to be generated during construction and operation is 1,600 l/d and 200l/d (1.6m3/d and 0.2m3/d).


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The wastewater generated will most likely be collected by tankers from the Project and disposed at Al-Jizeh WWTP which has a design capacity of 4,000m3 per day and currently receives around 800m3 per day.

Taking all of the above into account, the anticipated impacts on wastewater utilities are considered of short‐term duration during the Project construction phase and of long-term duration during the Operation phase. Such impacts are of a negative nature, and are expected to be of low magnitude given the minimal wastewater quantities generated and of low sensitivity as they will be easily handled by the WWTP. Given the above impact is considered not significant.


The following identifies the additional requirements to be applied by the EPC Contractor and Project Operator during the construction and operation phase respectively and which include:

Coordinate with Miyahuna Water Company to obtain list of authorized contractors for collection of wastewater for disposal at Al-Jizeh Wastewater Treatment Plant.


The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements to be applied by the EPC Contractor and the Project Operator during the construction and operation phase respectively and which include:


13.2.3 Potential Impacts on Solid Waste Disposal Utilities during the Construction and Operation Phase

The Project is expected to generate solid waste during both the construction and operation phases to include construction waste (mainly during construction to include dirt, rocks, debris, etc.) as well as general municipal waste (such as food, paper, glass, bottles, plastic, etc.). Solid waste quantities generated are expected to be minimal and not significant at all during both phases of the Project.

The approximate estimated municipal solid waste to be generated from the Project can accounted as follows. Throughout the construction phase, a maximum of 40 construction workers are expected. The average theoretical municipal solid waste generation in Jordan is 0.85kg/capita/day (SWEEPNET, 2010) (this number is rather high but can be assumed as a worst-case scenario). Thus, the anticipated municipal solid waste is estimated to be around 34kg/day. In addition, construction waste is not likely to exceed 10kg/day to include waste such as cables, metal, wood, etc. Therefore, the total estimated solid waste to be generated during the construction phase is around 45kg/day.

Similarly, during operation solid waste will mainly include municipal waste. A maximum of 5 workers are expected and based on the average theoretical municipal solid waste generation in Jordan (0.85kg/capita/day) (SWEEPNET, 2010) the estimated municipal solid waste is 4kg/day for a duration of 25 years.

The above quantities of municipal and construction waste are minimal and are expected to be easily handled by Al-Ghabawi Landfill (for municipal waste) while construction waste and debris is to be easily handled by Al-Bayda Landfill.

Taking all of the above into account, the anticipated impacts on solid waste utilities are considered of short‐term duration during the Project construction phase and of long-term duration during the Operation phase. Such impacts are of a negative nature, and are expected to be of low magnitude given the minimal solid waste quantities generated and of low sensitivity as they will be easily handled by the landfill. Given the above impact is considered not significant.

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The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by the EPC Contractor and Project Operator during the construction and operation phase respectively and which include:

Coordinate with GAM or hire a competent private contractor for the collection of municipal and construction waste from the site to the municipal approved landfill (including Al-Ghabawi Landfill and Al-Bayda Landfill).


The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements to be applied by the EPC Contractor and the Project Operator during the construction and operation phase respectively and which include:


13.2.4 Potential impacts on Hazardous Waste Disposal Utilities during Decommissioning Phase

Of particular importance is the disposal of the panels at the end of their lifetime. Based on discussions with the “Hazardous Substances and Waste Management Directorate” of the MoEnv, the panels are classified as electronic waste and must be disposed at the Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility.

Therefore, during the decommissioning phase of the Project –and assuming as a worst-case scenario that the panels will be disposed at a landfill– it is important to ensure that the Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility would be able to accept and handle the panels and the quantities to be disposed.

However, this issue in itself is unclear at this stage. The prospects of hazardous waste management are not clear, taking into account the Project timeline of 25 years. Based on discussions with the “Hazardous Substances and Waste Management Directorate” of the MoEnv, the only hazardous landfill in Jordan is the Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility and there are no plans to establish or construct new hazardous waste disposal facilities. At Swaqa, currently, stabilized and inert hazardous waste is land-filled, while other types of hazardous waste which require physical-chemical treatment or incineration are stored in safe storage spaces. However, there is a second phase development plan for Swaqa which involves physical-chemical treatment and incineration facilities to improve handling and management of hazardous waste and which is expected to significantly improve the capacity of the landfill. More importantly there is currently a pilot project for disposal and management of electronic waste at Swaqa. Electronic waste is currently collected and stored at the landfill, and there are plans for collaborating with private entities for implementing recycling programs for such electronic waste streams.

Taking all of the above into account, the anticipated impacts on hazardous waste disposal facilities are considered of long‐term duration, of a negative nature, and are expected to be of medium magnitude and of low sensitivity. Given the above such an impact is considered of minor significance.


Given that at this stage there are is a great deal of uncertainty at the decommissioning phase of the Project it is recommended that before any decommissioning activities take place a Disposal Plan for the PV Panels is prepared by the responsible entity undertaking decommissioning activities. The plan should consider the following options and compare the costs/benefits of each:

It is recommended that the Plan first opt for disposing the panels at the end of their lifetime as part of international recycling programs for PV Panels (such as PV CYCLE’s recycling program); and

If the above could not be achieved, as a last option the plan must investigate the disposal of the Panels at existing hazardous waste facilities in Jordan through coordination with the MoEnv.


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Monitoring Measures

Submission of Disposal Plan to the MoEnv along with proof of coordination with the authorities discussed above for works required as part of the Study.


13.2.5 Potential Impacts on Road Networks during the Construction Phase

Components for PV plant projects are usually transported by sea from the manufacturing country to the country of installation and are then loaded in existing ports to trucks which maneuver their way through existing roads to the installation site.

With regards to the Project, the various Project components and equipment are expected to be transported to the port of Aqaba and then transported by road to the project site. The Port of Aqaba is suitable for transport of bulky components and is connected by a sufficiently large road to the main highway (Highway #15). Highway #15 runs all the way from Aqaba Governorate to Amman Governorate (a distance of more than 300km) after which an exit is taken to connect with Highway #40 which leads to the Project site (distance of around 2km).

It is evident that all transportation requirements discussed above will rely on Highway#15 mainly. Transportation activities will likely involve a significant number of trucks to transport the various Project components - and mainly the PV panels, which are around 9,180 modules. Such transportation requirements of the Project would temporary and intermittently increase traffic volume and movement on the highways and to some extent a reduction of roadway capacities due to their slower movements compared to passenger vehicles.

This highway is the major route in Jordan that connects the capital city with the southern and northern Governorates of Jordan. This highway is heavily travelled on a daily basis by large vehicles (trailers and trucks) transporting materials to/from the capital city of Amman. This short‐term increase in vehicle trips is not expected to substantially affect level of service and traffic flow on this highway. The estimated increase in traffic volumes caused by truck traffic is not expected to be substantial relative to background traffic conditions and is expected to fall well within the capacity of the road network.

Taking all of the above into account, the anticipated impacts on road networks are considered of short- duration as they are limited to the transportation phase of the Project components, of a negative nature, and are expected to be of medium magnitude and of low sensitivity. Given the above such an impact is considered of minor significance.


The EPC Contractor is expected to develop a Traffic and Transport Plan before commencement of any transportation activities to ensure that the transportation process is properly and adequately managed. The Plan must take into account the following:

Adhere to the following: (i) Traffic Law No. 49/2008 (ii) Regulations for the Registration and Licensing of Vehicles No. 104 for 2008 (iii) Regulation for Maximum Dimensions, Weights and Total Engine Power for Vehicles No. 42 of 2002, and (iv) Instructions for Allowable Speed Limits for 2002.

Identify the traffic requirements of the Project related to materials, equipment, machinery, project workers, services, etc. where for each the number of vehicles, weight loads, schedule, route/duration and other as appropriate must be identified;


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Identification of appropriate traffic management procedures (both onsite and offsite). Such procedures requirements for haulage suppliers, licensing, driving instructions and code of conduct, speed limits, accident management, monitoring and reporting, etc.




Submission of Traffic and Transport Plan.


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14 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

This chapter presents the baseline assessment of the Project site in relation to socio-economic conditions and assessment of potential impacts during the various Project phases. For each impact, a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements were identified.


This section discusses the methodology for the assessment of baseline conditions in relation to socio-economic conditions and presents the outcomes and results of the assessment.


The socio-economic conditions of the local communities have been established based on the review of secondary data available mainly from the Department of Statistics (DoS), the “Development Program for Amman Governorate 2017-2019” published by the Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation (MoPIC), and the “Strategic Development Plan for Amman Governorate 2020 – 2023” prepared by the Ministry of Interior (MoI).


The table below presents the results of the socio-economic conditions in relation to population and demographics, livelihood and employment, income, unemployment and poverty, education services, and health services.


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Table 21: Socio-economic Conditions of Local Communities

Socio-economic Indicator Result

Population

latest statistic issued by DoS in 2019, included the population of Moqabaleen area with Um Qsair area and was estimated at 111,962. Previous statistic by DoA in 2015 estimated population of Moqabaleen area at 99,738.

Number of Syrian Refugees 6,401

Average Household Size Data was only available for Qwaismeh District and estimated at 5 persons per household

Population Density Data was only available for Qwaismeh District and estimated at 5116.7 people/km2 which is significantly higher than the national average of 72 people/km2

Demographics The Project site is located within a highly urbanized area within Amman Governorate and specifically within the capital city of Amman. The Capital city of Amman is characterized by a diverse demographic composition with a majority of Arabs from Jordanian and Palestinian descent and to a lesser extent Circassians as well as Iraqis and Syrians due to the recent political conflicts in the area.

Livelihood and Employment Pattern

According to the strategic development plan 2020-2023, the private sector forms the biggest part of the employment sector in Amman Governorate accounting for around 75.8% of the workforce. This is expected within the Capital City of Amman including Qwaismeh district in specific, as both are considered to be highly urbanized areas that include residential areas, commercial areas, service areas, as well as crafts and industrial areas. Generally, communities within the area are involved in private sector job opportunities within Qwaismeh district as well as other sub-districts within the capital city of Amman. In Amman Governorate there is an estimated 108,950 active economic establishments.

Employment within the public sector in Amman Governorate accounts for around 23%. However, within the capital city of Amman and Qwaismeh District, job opportunities within the public sector are expected to be much lower given the highly urbanized nature of such areas that include extensive private sector services. Although limited, job opportunities within the public sector are mainly in in public administration offices and civilian central government as well as education (mostly in schools operated and managed by the Ministry of Education) and health Centers (operated and managed by the Ministry of Health). In other areas outside of the capital city of Amman but within Amman Governorate (as well as other rural areas in other governorates), employment opportunities within the public sector are considered high and represent the majority of the working population – this mainly includes jobs within the Jordanian Armed Forces as well as public administration offices and civilian central government.

Average Annual Income per Household and per Household Member

(data only available for Amman Governorate)

As reported by DoS in 2017-2018, the average family annual income in Amman Governorate is 12,657.2 JOD which is higher than the national average income of 11,241.9 JOD. Approximately 38% of the income is generated from employment, 31% from transactions income, 19% from rent, 10% from private businesses and approximately 1% from property incomes. No specific statistics were available for Qwaismeh District and/or the Moqabaleen area.

The table below demonstrates the percentages of persons Aged 15+ by monthly income in Amman Governorate, while the table that follows presents the monthly income for employed persons Aged 15+ by Sex and education level. It is worth mentioning that the current minimum monthly wage is 220 JOD, and is expected to be increased to 260 JOD during 2021.

Income for Persons Aged 15+ in Amman (DoS 2019)

Income Percentage

022> 022 - 299 300 - 499 + 500

2.7% 19.1% 57.5% 20.7%


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Income for Employed Persons Aged 15+ by Sex and Education Level (DoS 2019)

Educational Level Income

911> 911 - 299 300 - 499 + 500

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Illiterate 8.0 50.4 59.5 22.8 29.5 26.8 3.0 0.0

Less than Secondary 12.3 30.5 36.5 44.6 47.0 23.6 4.1 1.4

Secondary 11.3 26.4 48.6 24.2 36.8 46.8 3.4 >0.05%

Intermediate Diploma 6.4 7.5 31.4 19.0 47.8 65.9 14.4 7.7

Bachelor & Above 1.0 4.9 8.1 12.1 50.3 60.6 40.6 22.4

Unemployment Rate Data only available for Amman Governorate and estimated at 17.4% which is lower than the national average of 18.3%. No specific statistics were available for Qwaismeh District and/or the Moqabaleen area.

Poverty Rate

(data available for Amman Governorate)

Poverty rate accounts for the percentage of residents who spend less than the national absolute poverty line. The absolute poverty line, also known as the general poverty line, is the required level of income or expenditure for an individual to secure the basic nutritional needs along with other basic non-nutritional needs related to housing, clothing, education, health, and transportation.

According to the report ‘Poverty Situation in Jordan’ (DoS, 2010), the absolute national average poverty line for the Kingdom was estimated at 814 JOD. Amman Governorate has a poverty rate of 11.4% with Qwaismeh District having a rate of 14.7%. Based on the strategic development plan for Amman 2020 – 2023, Qwaismeh District is ranked 3rd in Amman Governorate in highest percentage of people below poverty line.

Socio-economic challenges Based on the strategic development plan for Amman 2020 – 2023, it was indicated that one of the key socio-economic challenges is poverty (as discussed above). In addition, another key challenge the district is facing is the low quality of education which is attributed to the high number of students per classroom and high number of student per teacher (25.8)

Education According to DoS 2017, the illiteracy rate in Amman is 3.9% compared to the national average of 5.2%. No specific statistics were available for Qwaismeh District and/or the Moqabaleen area.

Health Within Qwaismeh District there are one (1) public hospital and two (2) specialist hospitals, the District is also served with four (4) comprehensive and nine (9) primary health centers.


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Given the generic nature of the impacts on socio-economic development for both phases of the Project (construction and operation) those have been identified collectively throughout this section. During the construction and operation phases, the Project is expected to create the following job opportunities:

Around 40 job opportunities during the construction phase for a duration of approximately 18 months. This will mainly include around skilled job opportunities (to include engineers, technicians, consultants, surveyors, etc.) and unskilled job opportunities (mainly laborers).

Around 5 job opportunities during the operation phase for a duration of 25 years. This will include skilled job opportunities (e.g. engineers) and unskilled job opportunities (e.g. panel cleaners).

The EPC Contractor and Project Operator have not been selected at this stage, and therefore there are no details available on the number of job opportunities targeted to local communities, type of jobs, duration, etc. In addition to the above, the local communities could also be engaged in procurements such as local contractors, local supply of equipment and machinery, cleaning services, etc.

Taking the above into account, the Developer is committed to ensuring that priority for job opportunities and procurement activities where relevant are targeted to the local communities.

The above could also entail other indirect positive benefits to the local community from increase in demand for local services, supplies, and businesses. This could include for example possible engagements for supplies and service providers (accommodation services, food, etc.). Such demands could improve the existing local economic activities and impact certain sectors, such as wholesale/retail trade.

Taking all of the above into account, this to some extent could contribute to enhancing the living environment for its inhabitants. The creation of job and procurement opportunities in specific is of crucial importance especially since, as discussed earlier, one of the key socio-economic challenges of the local community include the relatively high poverty rates.

However, it is understood that the socio‐economic development of the area is not hinged on a single project but rather on implementing collective and coordinated actions, including other development projects and investment within the area.

Nevertheless, proper planning and local community engagement from the start is crucial to understand issues and opportunities which in turn would enable the Project build true sustainable links which will bring maximum benefits to the local communities. Given the above, such impacts are anticipated to be positive.


As the impacts discussed are mainly positive, no mitigation measures have been identified. This section identifies the additional requirements to be considered which aim to enhance such positive impacts anticipated from the Project throughout the construction and operation phases to the greatest extent possible.

Given the recent financial challenges and the increasing unemployment percentages in Jordan and capitalizing on the opportunities arising from the diverse development projects being implemented in Jordan, the Council of Ministers approved a by-law in September of 2016 that makes it mandatory for contractors implementing development projects to hire Jordanian workers from surrounding communities. This by-law is referred to as the “Regulation for Obligatory Employment of Jordanian Workforce from Surrounding Communities in Development Projects No. (131) for the year 2016”.

The Regulation requires the obligatory employment of local communities within development projects to include fresh graduate engineers, technicians, laborer’s, etc. and specifies requirements for training as well as giving priority for local contractors in procurement opportunities. The Regulation is enforced through the National Building Council at the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH).


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Based on discussion with the National Building Council /MPWH representatives, it was indicated that the above Regulation is considered applicable for the development of this Project and should be undertaken through the following process:

Once the EPC Contractor is selected, they must submit an official letter to Amman Governorate addressed to Amman Governor with details on the Project to include its location, project and contract amount, number of job opportunities required for the Project (skilled and unskilled).

The Governor of Amman is the head of a committee that is formed with the MPWH, Ministry of Labor, and Civil Service Bureau (CSB) that is responsible for implementing the “Regulation for Obligatory Employment of Jordanian Workforce from Surrounding Communities in Development Projects No. (131) for the year 2016”.

Based on review of Project and details submitted, Amman Governorate will reply officially with: (i) number of job opportunities that should be targeted for local communities to include both skilled and unskilled and (if applicable); (ii) target amount for local contractors to be considered in procurement opportunities; (iii) local community area that is to be considered for the Project (i.e. Moqabaleen area).

In addition, the Committee will also provide developers with a database of unemployed workers from local communities that should be considered for employment opportunities of the development projects.

Taking the above into account, the EPC Contractor and Project Operator will be required to provide the following:

Submit official letter from Amman Governorate identifying the number of employment opportunities and procurement (if applicable) that Project should meet during construction and operation

Maintain database from Amman Governorate on unemployed workers located in Moqabaleen area

Maintain database onsite with local community members and sub-contractors (if applicable) hired during the construction and operation and ensure numbers are revised to meet MPWH requirements.


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15 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AND WORKER ACCOMODATION

This chapter presents the assessment of potential impacts during the various Project phases on occupational health and safety. For each impact, a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements were identified.


Assessment of baseline conditions with regards to occupational health and safety is considered irrelevant. In addition, it is important to note that at this stage the EPC Contractor has not been selected and therefore no details are available on the worker accommodation strategy.


This section presents the assessment of potential impacts on occupational health and safety collectively during the construction and operation phase, given that they are similar in nature during both phases.

Throughout the construction and operation phase there will be generic occupational health and safety risks to workers, as working onsite increases the risk of injury or death due to accidents. The following risks are generally associated with solar PV development projects:

Slips and falls;

Working at heights;

Working with powered and hand-held tools;

Struck-by objects;

Moving machineries;

Working in confined spaces and excavations;

Exposure to chemicals, hazardous or flammable materials;

Working in sunny conditions and high temperatures; and

Exposure to electric shocks and burns when touching live components.

Such impacts are considered of short-term duration during the construction phase and of long‐term duration throughout the Project operation phase, of a negative nature, and are expected to be of medium magnitude and medium sensitivity as in extreme cases they could entail permanent impacts (e.g. permanent disability). Nevertheless, such impacts are generally controlled through the implementation of general best practice. Given the above such an impact is considered of minor significance.

Mitigation Measures


The EPC Contractor has not been selected at this stage for the Project. However, at a later stage once the EPC Contractor is selected, it is expected that the Contractor will prepare an Occupational Health and Safety Plan (OHSP) regarding the Project’s construction, installation and commissioning works as well as the general construction site operations. In addition, the Project Operator is expected to develop an OHSP tailored to the Project’s operation phase.


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The objective of the OHSP is to ensure the health and safety of all personnel in order to concur and maintain a smooth and proper progress of work at the site and prevent accident which may injure personnel or damage property of the EPC Contractor and all involved sub-contractors, as well as the Project Operator.

The OHSP for the construction and operation phase should be Project and site specific and must take into account the national requirements mainly the “Labor Law No. (8) for the year 1996 and its amendments”, including Chapter IX, Occupational Safety & Health. In addition, it must also be compliant with the World Bank’s ESS 2 (Labor and Working Conditions) which recognize the importance of avoiding or mitigating adverse health and safety impacts on workers and require the development of a project-specific health and safety plan that is in accordance with Good International Practice (GIP).

In general, the OHSP should address the following components:

Identify roles and responsibilities of the personnel involved within the Project to include the EHS manager, construction manager, supervisor, and other subcontractors’ responsibilities;

Identify in details information in relation to formulation of safety committees, communication protocols, first aid personnel and facilities, first aid training programs, occupational health and safety culture, quality system, reporting requirements, competence and job safety training, safety inspections, recruitment procedures, safety audits, risk assessment, etc.;

Identify in details the hazards which may be associated with various activities to take place and the various measures to be implemented to reduce such risks including the requirements for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This includes for example hand tools, access equipment, lifting equipment, mobile working equipment, etc.; and

Establish training requirements for workers to comply with health and safety procedures and protective equipment.

The EPC Contractor and Project Operator are expected to adopt and implement the provisions of the OHSP throughout the Project construction and operation phase.

Emergency Preparedness and Response

The EPC Contract and Project Operator are also expected to prepare and implement an Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan for the Project construction and operation phase.

The objective is to establish a series of organizational, operational and preventive measures in the event of an emergency that are adapted to the circumstance of such situations, which in turn will ensure the safety of workers and property within the specific Project site. The plan should take into account the following:

Inclusion of requirements for an emergency responder team that includes at a minimum first aiders and firefighters that receive appropriate and certified training

Inclusion of requirements to undertake emergency drills in coordination with external emergency response services if required (e.g. civil defense, nearest hospital, etc.)

Identify in detail of emergency procedures to be implemented to include first actions, alerting emergency contacts, site evacuation, communicating with external emergency services

Identification in details of emergency control measures to include but not limited to fire, personnel accidents, spillage, sandstorms, heats strokes, and other.

Identification of location of assembly points onsite

Identification of emergency signs to be implemented onsite

Identify roles and responsibilities for implementation of plan to include establishment of an emergency committee and assigning roles to an emergency manager


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Worker Grievance Mechanism

The EPC Contract and Project Operator are also expected to prepare and implement a worker grievance mechanism for the Project construction and operation phase. The objective is to ensure a robust and comprehensive procedure to capture, document, resolve and close out any worker complaint, whether classified as grievances or not. The plan should take into account the following:

Identification of a step by step process and guideline to ensure that every complaint/grievance made by workers are registered, documented and fully addressed

The overall outline/structure of the grievance mechanism will be as follows:

- Workers will be allowed to lodge grievances through various platforms and channels to include grievance boxes distributed onsite, telephone, face to face meetings with responsible personnel, workers representatives and unions. Contact details for all such channels will be identified and provided in detail.

- Anonymous lodging of grievances will be allowed.

- All grievances will be recorded and a case handler will be assigned and whom will be determined at a later stage.

- All grievances will be handled in the shortest possible period. The first approach will be to inform the worker within the first 24 hours after receiving the grievance. The worker will be informed within 7 working days on whether or not the grievance proceeds and what the next steps will be.

- Once a resolution has been agreed or a decision made, the case handler will monitor the implementation of the response.

- After the implementation of an agreed resolution has been verified the grievance close-out will take place. It will entail reaching a unanimous agreement, clearly communicated to avoid misunderstandings.

- A close-out report will be prepared with evidence to support closure (e.g. photos).

Worker Accommodation

In relation to workers accommodation, as discussed earlier the EPC Contractor has not been selected yet (nor any other sub-contractor which might be involved in the Project). Therefore, it is not clear at this point whether there will be any onsite accommodation for workers (although highly unlikely given the small number of workforce during construction and which is not expected to exceed 40 workers). Therefore, the more likely option is that workers will be accommodated within the closest hotels/apartments/lodging units to the Project site in Amman governorate.

Nevertheless, should the EPC Contractor opt for onsite accommodation unit for workers, it must conform to the national requirements – mainly the “Instructions for Prevention of Health Nuisances from Workers Accommodation No. (1) for the year 2013” which is issued in accordance with “Public Health Law No. (47) of the year 2008”. The Instruction specifies requirements for the siting of the accommodation as well as its various facilities to include sleeping rooms, kitchen, lavatories, dining areas, water requirements and storage, wastewater disposal, solid waste disposal, first aid requirements, firefighting requirements, etc.

In addition, it should also confirm to international best practice requirements – this includes mainly the “Workers’ accommodation: process and standards” (EBRD/IFC Guidance Note, 2009). The document provides guidance notes on general living facilities, room facilities, medical facilities, management of accommodation units, etc.



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The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to by the EPC Contractor and Project Operator during the construction and operation phase:

Inspection to ensure the implementation of the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Plan and assess compliance with its requirements;

Regular Reporting on the health and safety performance onsite in addition to reporting of any accidents, incidents and/or emergencies and the measures undertaken in such cases to control the situation and prevent it from occurring again; and

If applicable, inspection on workers accommodation to ensure its compliance with the requirements of “Instructions for Prevention of Health Nuisances from Workers Accommodation No. (1) For the year 2013” and ““Workers’ accommodation: process and standards” (EBRD/IFC Guidance Note, 2009).

Submission of an Emergency Preparedness and Response plan

Submission of a Worker Grievance Mechanism


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16 COMMUNITY HEALTH, SAFETY AND SECURITY

This chapter presents the assessment of potential impacts during the various Project phases on community health, safety and security. For each impact, a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements were identified.


Assessment of baseline conditions with regards to community health safety and security is considered irrelevant.


This section discusses the potential impacts anticipated from the various Project phases to include the planning and construction phase and the operation phase. For each identified impact, a set of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements have been identified to eliminate the impact or reduce it to acceptable levels.

16.2.1 Potential Impacts from Trespassing of Unauthorized Personnel

Potential impacts during construction and operation phase are mainly limited to trespassing of unauthorized personnel into the Project site which could result in potential risks from several hazards of the various Project construction activities as well as the Project’s components (e.g. electric shock, thermal burn hazards, exposure to chemicals and hazardous materials, etc.).

Such impacts are considered of short-term duration during the construction phase and long‐term duration during the Project operation phase, of a negative nature, and are expected to be of medium magnitude and medium sensitivity as in extreme cases they could entail permanent impacts (e.g. permanent disability). Given the above such an impact is considered of minor significance.

Mitigation Measures

Currently, the Project site is surrounded by a 2.5-3.0m concrete wall throughout the entire Amman Training Center Area (including the Project site). In addition, access to the Amman Training Center (including the Project site) is controlled through a gate access point which includes a security guard that is present on a 24/7 basis.

In addition, the EPC Contractor is responsible for preparing the detailed design for the Project. It is expected that as part of the detailed design further security measures to prevent unauthorized access will be identified which in turn will control such impacts. The detailed design is expected to include security measures such as fencing around the specific PV Project site within the Amman Training Center area, utilization of CCTV surveillance, and other.



The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to by the EPC Contractor and Project Operator:

Regular inspection on fence around the facility.


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Reporting of any trespassing incidents and the measures undertaken in such cases to control the situation and prevent it from occurring again.

16.2.2 Potential Impacts from Worker Influx during Construction

During construction of the Project around 39 workers will be involved for a duration of approximately 18 months. As discussed earlier, at this point it is still unclear how many of these workers will be expatriates, Jordanian and/or from local communities and it is still unclear where accommodation of these works will take place.

Nevertheless, the influx of workforce to the area could result in certain community health, safety and security impacts which are discussed below.

Risk of Diseases

Influx of workers may introduce new reservoirs of diseases such as vector-related diseases, water-borne diseases, etc. In addition, there is also a risk of spreading communicable diseases (e.g. COVID-19). The risk of catching or exchanging communicable diseases and the lack of awareness on transmission disease can represent a high risk to workers and community health and safety.

Inappropriate Code of Conduct

Other risks from worker influx include inappropriate code of conduct by workers towards local communities which might result in hostilities and resentment. Such inappropriate conduct could include also disrespecting the traditional culture and social norms of the area and local communities.

Increase in Social Vices

Population influx could result in an increase of social vices including alcoholism, drug abuse, and other.

Such impacts are considered of short-term duration during the construction phase, of a negative nature, and are expected to be of low magnitude and medium sensitivity. Given the above such an impact is considered of minor significance.

Mitigation Measures

Medical examination program. As required by the “Preliminary Medical Examination of Workers within Facilities and Instructions for the Medical Examination for the Year 1999” of the Ministry of Labor (MoL), all workers must be subject to a preliminary medical examination before commencement of any job tasks. In addition, as required by the “Instructions for the Routine Medical Examination of Workers for the Year 1999” of the Ministry of Labor routine medical examination for workers (bi-annually) must be undertaken. Such medical examinations must be undertaken at certified centers. Copies of medical examination results of all workers must be retained onsite. This is expected to also cover COVID-19 in specific as well.

Develop and implement procedures for ensuring and maintaining hygienic conditions onsite at all times including those related to toilet and washing facilities, eating areas, etc. Such procedures must also take into account the specific measures related to COVID-19 such as wearing masks, utilizing hand sanitizers, etc.

Development of a code of conduct for workers which considers appropriate behavior by workers at all times, religious customs, traditional cultures and social norms in the area. In addition, it must include specifically requirements for social vices including gender-based violence, sexual harassment, alcoholism, drug abuse, etc.


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Induction training and awareness raising sessions on risks associated to the most common contagious diseases (e.g. influenza virus), communicable diseases (COVID-19), general measures for hygiene, code of conduct expected to be implemented and other as appropriate.



The following identifies the monitoring and reporting requirements that must be adhered to by the EPC Contractor:

Submission of medical examination records, hygienic procedures, code of conduct and training and awareness material.


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17 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

The ESIA investigated the cumulative impacts which could result from incremental impacts from other known existing and/or planned developments in the area.

As discussed earlier, the Project site is located within a highly urbanized area that include residential areas, commercial areas, service areas, as well as crafts and light small-scale industries, none of which in general entail any key cumulative impacts.

Based on review of currently available information, the known existing and/or planned developments in the area that could be relevant for cumulative impacts include the nearby 7MW Orange Solar PV Project. The project is currently operational.

Figure 45: Nearby Solar PV Project

The table below provides a summary of the anticipated cumulative impacts related to the Project taking into account the various environmental and social receptors investigated as part of this ESIA.

Table 22: Summary of Anticipated Cumulative Impacts

Attribute Cumulative Impacts

Landscape and visual Key impacts are during the operation phase and related to the interaction of each project with the landscape and any potential nearby key and sensitive visual receptors within the surrounding of each project area. Those are considered site-specific impacts and cumulative impacts are irrelevant

Land Use Impacts mainly related to planning and construction phase, as each project development could result in land use impacts at each project site related to economic and/or physical displacement. Those are considered site-specific impacts related to each project site and therefore cumulative impacts are irrelevant.


Key impact is related to waste management onsite at each project area (solid waste, wastewater and hazardous waste). Such impacts in general are considered site-specific and are related to the overall managements of waste practices by the Developers, EPC Contractors and Project Operators both onsite and offsite.


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Biodiversity Impacts mainly related to construction phase at each project site, as construction activities could damage/disturb existing habitats and any threatened or endangered species which might be present within each project site. Those are considered site-specific impacts related to each project site and therefore cumulative impacts are irrelevant.

Archaeology and Cultural heritage

Impacts mainly related to construction phase at each project site, as construction activities could damage/disturb potential archaeological remains, as well as potential archaeological remains which could be buried in the ground (if any). Those are considered site-specific impacts related to each project site and therefore cumulative impacts are irrelevant.

Air Quality and Noise Impacts mainly related to construction phase as construction activities at each project site will likely result in an increased level of dust and noise level emissions which in turn could impact nearby sensitive receptors. Those are considered site-specific impacts related to each project site and therefore cumulative impacts are irrelevant given the distance between such sites.

Infrastructure and utilities

Key cumulative impacts in relation to infrastructure and utilities is related to the water requirements for both Projects. However, as discussed in “Section 13.2.1”, based on consultations with representatives from WAJ, it was indicted that within the District, there are no key issues in relation to water supply for the area.

Other cumulative impacts are related to waste facilities (solid waste, wastewater and hazardous waste. However, as discussed in “Section 13.2”, the amount of waste generated by such projects are considered insignificant and minimal compared to the handling capacity of such facilities.

Socio-economic conditions

Key impacts in relation to socio-economic development includes the potential for job and procurement opportunities for local communities during the construction and operation phase, which would to some extent enhance the socio-economic conditions of local communities. Therefore, both projects are expected to have positive impacts, however due to the small-scale nature of both projects and the limited job opportunities that solar project create in general, such positive impacts will be minimal.

Occupational health and safety

Key impacts are related to construction and operation which include generic risks to workers health and safety form working on construction and operational sites, as it increases the risk of injury or death due to accidents. Those are site-specific impacts and each entity as applicable for such development projects (EPC Contractors, Project Operators, etc.) are expected to develop a site and project specific Occupational Health and Safety Plans (OHSP).

Community health, safety and security

This includes in specific impacts related to: (i) during construction and operation trespassing of unauthorized personnel into each project site could result in potential risk from several hazards; (ii) during construction the influx of project workers could result in certain community health, safety and security impacts such as risk diseases, inappropriate Code of Conduct, increase in social vices; and (iii) during construction and operation inappropriate management of security issues and incidents by security personnel towards local communities could result in resentment, distrust and escalation.

Some of these impacts are considered site-specific (to include in specific trespassing impacts and impacts related to inappropriate management of security issues). Potential impacts for worker influx during the construction phase are relevant for the Project (i.e. this Project) but not Orange Solar PV Project given that it is operational.


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18 IMPACTS FROM ASSOCIATED FACILITIES

As discussed earlier, JEPCO will be responsible for the construction and operation of the associated facilities of the Project.

This mainly include offsite connection works from the onsite substation that is located within the Project site, to the closest National Distribution Grid substation that is also operated by JEPCO. Such offsite connection works will include an underground power evacuation line that will run from the Project site to the existing distribution grid substation connection point. The total length of the line is around 2.7km.

JEPCO will be responsible for preparing the detailed design, construction activities as well operation and maintenance activities. The route for the underground power evacuation line is presented in the figure below.

The underground power evacuation line will have a voltage of 33kV.

Figure 46: Underground Power Evacuation Line Route

The exact and final route for the power evacuation line has not been determined yet, but will run within +/- 15m from the route identified above. A rapid visit was undertaken for the route and its buffer area and it is noted (as also confirmed by JEPCO) that the underground power evacuation line will mainly be installed within the existing road network and its right of way (including existing sidewalks).

The road mainly runs within a residential and commercial area. The figure below presents the typical route for the underground power evacuation line.


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Figure 47: Selected Photos of the Evacuation Line Route


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Table 23: Potential E&S Impacts from Associated Facilities

E&S Attribute

Potential Impact Additional Requirements


During construction, minimal and insignificant impacts are anticipated related to construction activities creating a temporary effect on the visual quality of the site and its surroundings. The visual environment during the construction phase would include the presence of elements typical of a construction site such as equipment and machinery to include excavators, trucks, front end loaders, compactors and others. Given that the power evacuation line will be underground, there are no associated impacts during the operation phase.

JEPCO are required to implement general best practice measures for construction phase for visual effects as identified in “Section 7.2.1” earlier.

Land Use As discussed earlier, the power evacuation line will mainly be installed within the existing road network and its right of way (including existing sidewalks) that runs within a residential and commercial area. Based on discussion with JEPCO, it was indicated that the route will be mainly passed through the sidewalks of the road, which will be reinstated to their existing conditions upon completion of the construction activities. In addition, based on a preliminary visit undertaken by the JEPCO team for the route and its +/-15m buffer area, no key physical and or economical structures that can be affected are noted. This was also verified by the rapid visit undertaken by ECO Consult. In addition, based on discussions with JEPCO it was stated that even in the case that any potential physical or economical structures that could be disturbed and/or damaged that could be located within the sidewalk or route (although as discussed earlier is highly unlikely), typical practice undertaken by JEPCO is to avoid such structures in order to avoid any compensation payments. Such avoidance is undertaken simply by passing the power evacuation line within the road itself in such cases where such structures are located. The key law governing such activities is the “General Electricity Law No. (64) for the year 2002”. Article 43 states that the following: Any person who obtained a license for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity (i.e. JEPCO in

this case) has the right to extend or place lines, supplies or electrical installations under or above any road or street if necessary, with the exception of archeological areas (which is not relevant as approval has been obtained from the Department of Antiquities (DoA) as explained below).

The licensee (i.e. JEPCO in this case) must publish an advertisement in at least two local daily newspapers before at least 15 days from commencement of construction activities with details on the activities to be undertaken

The licensee (i.e. JEPCO in this case) is obliged to compensate property owners for the work carried out in accordance with the provisions of paragraph of this article and exempted from this are ministries, governmental directorates, official public institutions, municipalities as well as any consumers demanding that he provided with the service directly. The licensee shall provide affected property owners with a fair compensation if the

Once final detailed design is provided, UNRWA should undertake a photo documentation of the exact route of the power evacuation line (i.e. pre-construction).

Once construction activities are completed, a follow-up photo documentation should be undertaken to ensure that all pre-construction conditions are maintained and reinstated and no key damage and/or disturbance for any structure is noted.

JEPCO are required to undertake

standard practice requirements to include: (i) publish an advertisement in at least two local daily newspapers before at least 15 days from commencement of construction activities with details on the activities to be undertaken; (ii) obtain permit from GAM to install the power evacuation line within the sidewalks and streets as applicable; (iii)


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above-mentioned activities caused any damage to his/her properties. Given that the route runs within a road network that is owned by GAM and given that as discussed below there are no specific structures noted that could be affected, no compensation payments are expected to be required in this case.

In addition, in the case of this Project, another applicable legislation would be “Sidewalk Regulation within Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) No. 152 for the year 2016”. Article 6 states that it is prohibited to install any service line or networks or cable under the sidewalk without obtaining a permit from GAM”. Therefore, a permit is required for the Project by JEPCO, and GAM would typically provide such an approval conditional that the sidewalk is reinstated to its original condition after construction activities are completed. Taking all of the above into account, there are no anticipated impacts from the Project during the construction phase. in addition, given the nature of operational activities, no impacts are anticipated during the operation phase

reinstate sidewalk and streets to pre-construction conditions


Key impacts are limited to the construction phase and related to potential impacts from improper housekeeping practices (e.g. improper management of waste streams, improper storage of construction material and of hazardous material, etc.). Given the nature of operational activities, no impacts are anticipated during the operation phase

JEPCO are required to implement the waste management measures for the construction phase as identified in “Section 9.2.2” earlier.

Biodiversity As discussed earlier, the power evacuation line will run within an existing road network and its right of way (including sidewalks). Within such route no particular biodiversity elements are present within the exception of some trees that are located within some areas on sidewalks. However, as discussed earlier and also confirmed by JEPCO, they will avoid any structures (including trees in particular) in order to avoid any compensation payments. Therefore, there are no relevant anticipated impacts during construction and operation.

Not applicable.

Archeology and Cultural Heritage

As discussed in “Section 11.1.2”, consultations were undertaken with the Department of Antiquities to undertake an assessment for the Project site. The DoA were also provide with the route for the power evacuation line. The DoA provided an official letter stating that there are no archaeological or cultural heritage sites located within the Project area, and it has no objection on the development of the Project conditional that appropriate chance find procedures

are implemented during the construction phase. The official letter from the DoA is presented in Figure 37.

JEPCO are required to implement chance find procedure during construction phase as identified in “Section 11.2.1” earlier.


Key impacts are limited and related to the construction phase. this mainly include potential for increased level of dust and noise from various construction activities which if improperly managed, there is a risk of nuisance and health effects to construction workers onsite and to a lesser extent to the nearby surrounding receptors from windblown dust. Given the nature of operational activities, no impacts are anticipated during the operation phase.

Implemented dust and noise control measures as identified in “Section 12.2.112.2.2” earlier.


Key impacts are limited to the construction phase and related to the potential to damage or disturb any existing underground infrastructure and utility elements within the route of the power evacuation line (e.g. water line, telecommunication lines, etc.) from the construction activities (e.g. excavations).

Throughout the detailed design phase, JEPCO, as a standard practice, are expected to coordinate with relevant governmental entities to obtain details on existing underground infrastructure ad


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As discussed earlier, based on discussions with representatives from JEDOC, any above ground elements (including infrastructure/utilities) will be avoided through the detailed design in order to avoid any compensation measures. Given the nature of operational activities, no impacts are anticipated during the operation phase.

utility elements, so that they are taken into account and avoided as part of the design. JEPCO is expected to coordinate with, but not limited to, the following entities: (i) Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) for water and wastewater pipelines; (ii) National Electric Power Company (NEPCO) for electricity lines; (iii) Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship (MODEE) and Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (TRC) for telecommunication cables; (iv) Fajr Gas Company for natural gas pipeline.

Socio-economics

JEPCO as a standard practice undertakes construction and operational activities by its owner internal and dedicated staff members. Therefore, the construction and operation activities are not expected to result in any employment or procurement opportunities. in addition, for this Project the staff members required will be very limited and small in number.

Not applicable.


Throughout the construction and operation phase (as applicable) there will be generic occupational health and safety risks to workers, as working onsite increases the risk of injury from various incidents such as slips and falls, moving machinery, working in confined spaces, Exposure to electric shocks, etc.

JEPCO are required to implement an occupational health and safety plan for the construction phase and operation phase (as applicable) as identified in “Section 15.2” earlier


The only anticipated impact is limited to potential impacts from exposure of Electric and Magnetic Field (EMF) during operation associated with power evacuation lines. Electric and magnetic fields (EMF) are radiation associated with the use of electric power such as household wiring, electric appliances and also from OHTL. Electric fields are produced from the voltage in the transmission line while magnetic fields are produced from the electric current. While electric fields can be shielded by objects (such as buildings or trees), magnetic field pass through most objects. Such fields are strongest at the source and decrease significantly with increasing distance from the source. Extensive scientific research and studies have been undertaken to address potential human health impacts from long term exposure to EMF from transmission lines. The general consensus is that the overall scientific evidence for human health risk from EMF exposure is weak however EMF exposure could not yet be recognized as entirely safe.

Not applicable.


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Similarly, the EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution issued by the IFC also states that although there is public and scientific concern over the potential health effects associated with exposure to EMF (not only high voltage power lines and substations, but also from everyday household uses of electricity), there is no empirical data demonstrating adverse health effects from exposure to typical EMF levels from power transmissions lines and equipment. However, while the evidence of adverse health risks is weak, it is still sufficient to warrant limited concern. The IFC EHS Guideline also requires that exposure level limits to the public should remain below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) limits provided in the table below.

Frequency Electric Field (V/m) Magnetic Field (µT)

50 Hz 5000 100

60 Hz 4150 83

A publication was issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) known as “Establishing a Dialogue on Risks from Electromagnetic Fields” (WHO, 2002). The study investigates EMF and concludes the following: Buried cables (such as power evacuation lines) produces no electric field above ground, partly because of the

screening effect of the ground itself, but mainly because underground cables practically always include a metal sheath which screens the electric field.

With regards to magnetic field, when a high-voltage line is placed underground, the individual conductors are insulated and can be placed closer together than with an over-head line. This tends to reduce the magnetic field produced. The net result is that to the sides of the underground cable the magnetic field is usually significantly lower than for the equivalent overhead line, but on the line of the route itself the field can be higher. The study also provides typical values for magnetic fields underground cables. For 33kV cables the following values are provided:

Magnetic field in μT at distance from centerline

0 5 10 20

1.00 0.29 0.15 0.07

Taking the above into account, no impacts are anticipated from the Project in relation to EMF

https://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/risk_hand/en/



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19 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

19.1 Institutional Framework and Procedural Arrangement for ESMP Implementation

Generally, two main pillars govern the successful implementation of any Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (ESMP) as well as the Environmental, Social, Health and Safety Management System (ESHS-MS) for the Project that should be developed at a later stage (as discussed in further details in below). These pillars include:

1. Proper identification of roles and responsibilities for the entities involved; and

2. Effective control of the process.

All management practices are interlinked, and this section describes how these two pillar criteria could be fulfilled, which in turn helps ensure that the overall objectives are met.

Staffing Requirements

Defining roles and responsibilities of the involved entities identifies where and when each entity should be engaged, their degree of involvement, and the tasks expected of the entity. This in turn eliminates any overlap of jurisdiction or authority and ensures proper communication and effective management of ESMP and ESHS-MS components.

The table below identifies the staffing requirements that are expected for the Project. This should be expanded further in the Environment, Health, and safety (EHS) Manual that is required as part of the ESHS-MS (as discussed in further details below). This should include an organizational structure that identifies the lines of authority and roles and responsibilities of all involved entities.

Table 24: Roles and Responsibilities of Entities Involved in ESMP

Project Role

Entity Responsibilities Staffing Requirements

Project Owner and Developer

UNRWA Selection of EPC Contractor and Project Operator;

Implement mitigation and monitoring requirements as applicable in the ESMP; and

Ensure overall compliance of EPC Contractor and Project Operator with the requirements of the ESMP and ESHS MS.

Appoint competent HSE Manager or as part of Third-Party Employer representative (e.g. Owner’s Engineer)

EPC Contractor

TBD Appoint a competent onsite HSE team.

Implement mitigation and monitoring requirements as detailed in the ESMP and ESHS MS requirements

For Project nature and duration, this is expected to include at a minimum full-time and onsite HSE Manager.

Project Operator

TBD Appoint a competent team. Implement mitigation and

monitoring requirements as detailed in the ESMP and ESHS MS requirements

For Project nature and duration, the appointment of a competent staff member of the Project Operator Team – there is no need to appoint a separate HSE Officer during operation due to the limited and simple mitigation/monitoring measures detailed within the ESMP and those expected in the EHSH MS.


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Power Evacuation Line

JEPCO Appoint a competent team. Implement mitigation and

monitoring requirements as detailed in the ESMP requirements

For Project nature and duration, the appointment of a competent staff member from JEPCO – there is no need to appoint a separate HSE Officer during construction due to the limited and simple mitigation/monitoring measures detailed within the ESMP.

MoEnv Granting environmental clearance to the Project

Undertake compliance monitoring N/A

Training and Awareness

An EHS training plan must be developed and maintained onsite which identifies the type of training that is required for each worker onsite. In addition, signed attendance sheets and training material must be maintained onsite at all times. This should be completed by the EPC Contractor, Project Operator and JEPCO as applicable.

Training should include the following as applicable and as highlighted in the table that follows.

Basic visitor HSE induction training

Worker HSE induction training for all workers onsite to include for example EPC Contractor and subcontractor crew

Emergency response training for all workers onsite to include for example EPC Contractor and subcontractor crew

Specialized training: there are other specific training requirements that must be adhered to and which are related to specific topics as applicable. This includes for example specific training for Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) issues such as electrical works, working at heights, etc.

Tool Box Talks (TBT): regular TBT meetings must be undertaken with for example EPC Contractor respective crews and subcontractor crew. Topics and frequency are developed and distributed regularly.

Training EPC Contractor Project Operator JEPCO

Basic visitor HSE induction training

Worker HSE induction training

Emergency response training

Specialized training

Tool Box Talks (TBT)

Inspection and Monitoring

EHS inspection and monitoring must be undertaken to ensure compliance of involved entities with the mitigation and monitoring requirements as detailed in the ESMP and ESHS-MS requirements. This should be completed by the Developer, EPC Contractor, and Project Operator as applicable.

Inspection and monitoring should include the following as applicable and as highlighted in the table that follows.

Daily HSE inspection and monitoring at the site and preparation of a daily observation report stating therein the corrective measures on observed safety deficiencies, unsafe acts and conditions.

Weekly site inspections to be carried out using the weekly site inspection checklists template based on requirements of the ESMP and EHSS-MS


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HSE Audits to be undertaken by Developer on EPC Contractor to ensure compliance with ESMP requirement and EHSS-MS. HSE audits should be undertaken monthly during the construction phase and quarterly during the operation phase.

Inspection and Monitoring Developer EPC Contractor Project Operator

Daily HSE Inspection and Monitoring

Weekly Site Inspections

HSE Audits

Meetings

Regular EHS meeting must be undertaken to discuss EHS performance onsite, outstanding issues, key issues of concern and other as applicable. Signed attendance sheets and Minutes of Meeting (MoM) must be maintained onsite at all times. This should be completed by the Developer, EPC Contractor, and Project Operator as applicable.

Meetings should include the following as applicable and as highlighted in the table that follows.

Weekly HSE meetings

Monthly HSE meeting

Quarterly management HSE reviews

Meetings Developer EPC Contractor

Project Operator

Weekly HSE Meetings

Monthly HSE Meeting

Quarterly Management HSE reviews

Reporting

HSE reporting will be required to summarize the following:

Progress in implementing the ESMP and EHSS MS plans as required

Findings of the monitoring programs, with emphasis on any breaches of the control standards, action levels or standards of general site management

Outstanding incident report forms

Relevant changes or possible changes in legislation, regulations and international practices

Reporting on Key Performance Indicators (KPI).

Reporting should be submitted to the Developer as applicable by the relevant entities as identified below.

Reporting EPC Contractor Project Operator

Reporting Monthly Semi-annually

19.2 Environmental, Health, Safety and Social Management System (EHSS-MS)

The ESIA is considered a key document in assessing and managing environmental and social risks related to the Project. The key output of the ESIA is the ESMP which aims to provide high level mitigations and requirements for managing the environmental and social risks anticipated from the Project.

Throughout the Project’s construction and operation phase an Environmental, Health, Safety and Social Management System (EHSS-MS) must be implemented by all relevant parties (i.e. EPC Contractor and Project


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Operator). The EHSS-MS must be project and site specific and must build on and take into account the requirements of the ESMP. The development and implementation of an EHSS-MS is considered a key requirement under WB ESS 1, in addition the EHSS-MS must also be in line with the WB ESS requirements.

Summarized below is the overall framework, structure and key requirements for the EHSS-MS for the key entities involved in the Project.

EPC Contractor

HSE Manual that should include: (i) HSE Policy; (ii) Human Resources Policy and Procedures; (iii) HSE Organizational Structure and Responsibilities; (iv) HSE Training, Monitoring and Reporting Plan

Construction Method Statement

Water Management Plan

Waste Management Plan

Air Quality and Noise Management Plan

Traffic and Transport Plan

Occupational Health and Safety Plan

Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan

Chance Find Procedures

Worker Grievance Mechanism

Project Operator

HSE Manual that should include: (i) HSE Policy; (ii) Human Resources Policy and Procedures; (iii) HSE Organizational Structure and Responsibilities; (iv) HSE Training, Monitoring and Reporting Plan

Water Management Plan

Waste Management Plan

Occupational Health and Safety Plan

Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan

19.3 Compilation of Environmental and Social Management Plan

The tables below present the ESMP for the: (i) planning and construction, and (ii) operation phase respectively and which include the following:

The environmental and social attribute (e.g. air quality) that is likely to be impacted;

A summary of the potential impact and/or likely issue;

The identified management measures that aim to eliminate and/or reduce the potential impact to acceptable levels. Management measures include mitigation actions, further requirements, additional studies, etc.;

Monitoring actions to ensure that the identified mitigation measures are implemented. Monitoring actions include: inspections, review of reports/plans, reporting, etc.;

The frequency for implementing the monitoring actions, which include: once, continuously throughout the construction/operation period (depending on the mitigation measure identified this could include daily, weekly, or monthly), or upon occurrence of a certain issue;

Parameters and location of monitoring actions as identified and applicable; and

Responsible entity for implementing the mitigation measures and monitoring actions identified.


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Table 25: ESMP for the Planning and Construction Phase


Potential Impact Management Action Type of Management

Monitoring Action

Frequency Responsible Entity


Visual and landscape impacts due to presence of elements typical of a construction site such as equipment and machinery.

Ensure proper general housekeeping and personnel management measures are implemented which could include: (i) ensure the construction site is left in an orderly state at the end of each work day, (ii) to the greatest extent possible construction machinery, equipment, and vehicles not in use should be removed in a timely manner, (iii) proper handling of waste streams, etc.

Mitigation Inspection Continuous EPC Contractor

JEPCO

Potential glare caused by minimal sunlight reflected off the PV panel modules which in turn could affect nearby receptors.

Obtain permit for Project development from the Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission (CARC) and Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF).

Additional requirement

Submission of permit

Once; before construction commences

UNRWA

Undertake a workshop with local communities directly surrounding the Project site and focus on explaining to local communities how concerns related to glare and heat are not considered an issue of concern as explained throughout this section.

Mitigation Photo documentation


UNRWA

Land Use

Project could conflict with formal land use set at the planning level for the area as well as actual land use to include utilization of the area by ATC, informal activities (grazing, agriculture, etc.) and other.

Ensure that the Ministry of Agriculture is notified before construction activities commence so that the removal process of trees is undertaken by the Ministry and obtain an official letter from the Ministry for completion of activities once done.




UNRWA

Submit an official application to GAM with details and information on Project in order to obtain permit and update the zoning and land use for the Project site




UNRWA

Final detailed design prepared must ensure that existing infrastructure elements onsite (new wastewater network and manholes) are completely avoided

Mitigation Review of Detailed Design

Continuous EPC Contractor

Construction Method Statement (CMS) must include the method to be undertaken for decommissioning of existing facilities (septic tank, transformer station, old manholes, fire hydrants, diesel generator and football goal posts). The CMS must identify measures to ensure such activities are properly undertaken including all health and safety requirements for handling potential pollutive streams (such as wastewater) and hazardous materials (such as oils).

Mitigation Submission of Construction Method Statement

Continuous EPC Contractor

Construction of the power evacuation line could affect existing and uses within its route to include formal and informal land uses.

Once final detailed design is provided, photo documentation should be undertaken of the exact route of the power evacuation line (i.e. pre-construction). Once construction activities are completed, a follow-up photo documentation should be undertaken to ensure that all pre-construction conditions are maintained and reinstated and no key damage and/or disturbance for any structure is noted.

Mitigation Submission of report

Once before construction

Once upon completion of construction

UNRWA

Undertake standard practice requirements to include: (i) publish an advertisement in at least two local daily newspapers before at least 15 days from commencement of construction activities with details on the activities to be undertaken; (ii) obtain permit from GAM to install the power evacuation line within the sidewalks and streets as applicable; (iii) reinstate sidewalk and streets to pre-construction conditions

Mitigation Submit newspaper advertisement

Submit GAM approval


JEPCO


Project site could be subject to potential risk of local flood hazards during the rainy season

Develop a site-specific drainage plan that identifies methods for containing and diverting rainwater runoff within the specific Project site taking into account site specific conditions (e.g. topography, rainfall, existing drainage lines, etc.).

Mitigation Review of final detailed design


EPC Contractor


Coordinate with GAM and/or hire a competent private contractor for the collection of solid waste from the site to Ghabawi Landfill for municipal waste and Al-Bayda Landfill for construction waste

Mitigation Review contract with contractor


EPC Contractor

JEPCO

Prohibit fly-dumping of any solid waste to the land

Mitigation Inspection Continuous

Distribute appropriate number of properly contained litter bins and containers properly marked as "Municipal Waste" Mitigation Inspection Continuous

Distribute a sufficient number of properly contained containers clearly marked as "Construction Waste" for the dumping and disposal of construction waste.



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Undertake recycling measures onsite in the following approach: (i) separation and disposal of wood pallets in a separate container (relatively large quantities are expected), (ii) separation and disposal of other recyclables in a separate container (cardboard, paper, glass, metal, etc.); and (iii) separation and disposal of non-recyclable materials in a separate container (e.g. food waste).


Implement proper housekeeping practices on the construction site at all times



Mitigation Review of manifests to ensure consistency

Continuous

Coordinate with Miyahuna Water Company to hire a private contractor for the collection of wastewater from the site to Al-Jizah WWTP



Prohibit illegal disposal of wastewater to the land


Ensure that septic tanks during construction and those to be used during operation are well contained and impermeable to prevent leakage of wastewater into soil.

Mitigation Inspection Once; before construction commences



Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of wastewater generated onsite, collected by contractor, and disposed of at the WWTP.

Mitigation Review manifests to ensure consistency

Continuous

Coordinate with the MoEnv and hire a private contractor for the collection of hazardous waste from the site to the Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility.

Mitigation Review contact with contractor


Follow the requirements for management and storage as per the ‘Instructions for Hazardous Waste Management and Handling of the Year 2003’ of the MoEnv

Recommendation Inspection Continuous

Prohibit illegal disposal of hazardous waste to the land. Mitigation Inspection Continuous

Possibly contaminated water must be drained into appropriate facilities (such as sumps and pits). Contaminated drainage must be orderly disposed of as hazardous waste.


Ensure that any damaged PV Panel is disposed as hazardous waste Mitigation Inspection Continuous

Contaminated drainage must be orderly disposed of as hazardous waste. Mitigation Inspection Continuous

Ensure that containers are emptied and collected by the contractor at appropriate intervals to prevent overflowing.


Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of hazardous waste generated onsite, collected by contractor, and disposed of at the Swaqa Facility.


Continuous

Ensure that hazardous materials are stored in proper areas and in a location where they cannot reach the land in case of accidental spillage. This includes storage facilities that are of hard impermeable surface, flame-proof, accessible to authorized personnel only, locked when not in use, and prevents incompatible materials from coming in contact with one another. The provisions of the Jordanian Standard 431/1985 – General Precautionary Requirements for Storage of Hazardous Materials must be adhered to.


Maintain a register of all hazardous materials used and accompanying Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) must present at all times. Spilled material should be tracked and accounted for.


Incorporate dripping pans at machinery, equipment, and areas that are prone to contamination by leakage of hazardous materials (such as oil, fuel, etc.).


Regular maintenance of all equipment and machinery used onsite. Maintenance activities and other activities that pose a risk for hazardous material spillage (such as refueling) must take place at a suitable location (hard surface) with appropriate measures for trapping spilled material.



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Ensure that a minimum of 1,000 liters of general-purpose spill absorbent is available at hazardous material storage facility. Appropriate absorbents include zeolite, clay, peat and other products manufactured for this purpose.




Reporting of incident and measures taken to minimize impact

Upon occurrence

Construction activities could disturb soil, and result in erosion and runoff which could result in siltation of surface water

Avoid executing excavation works under aggressive weather conditions. Mitigation Inspection Continuous

Place clear markers indicating stockpiling area of excavated materials to restrict equipment and personnel movement. Mitigation Inspection Continuous

Erect erosion control barriers around work site during site preparation and construction to prevent silt runoff to roadways and wadis where applicable.


Return surfaces disturbed during construction to their original (or better) condition to the greatest extent possible. Mitigation Inspection Continuous

Biodiversity Construction activities could disturb existing habitats (flora, fauna, avi-fauna) and any threatened or endangered species which might be present within the Project site. In addition, other impacts could be from improper management of the site (e.g. improper conduct and housekeeping practices).

it is recommended that Alternative 4 is adopted for the Project design (refer to Section 4.3 for additional details). Under alternative 4, all Mediterranean Cypress trees on the western boundary will be maintained, while the trees located in the central parts will be removed. In addition, under this alternative UNRWA will be implementation a tree plantation program within the ATC premises for double the number of trees removed but will also include planting trees on the northern, southern, and eastern boundaries of the Project specific site (where currently no trees exist).

UNHCR must commit to undertaking a tree plantation program to plant double the number of the Mediterranean Cypress trees that will be removed. Such a plantation program will take place within the ATC premises location and as discussed earlier will also involve planting new trees on the entire boundary of the northern, eastern and southern border of the Project site within the ATC premises as well. Such a measure, will offset and compensate for the residual impacts on biodiversity associated with the removal of the trees

Mitigation Inspection Continuous UNRWA

Implement proper management measures to prevent damage to the biodiversity of the site. This could include establishing a proper code of conduct and awareness raising / training of personnel (e.g. with respect to prohibiting hunting) and good housekeeping (e.g. keeping the site orderly and clean).


Archaeology Construction activities could damage/disturb potential archaeological remains, as well as potential archaeological remains which could be buried in the ground (if any).

Implement chance find procedures for potential unearthing of any archaeological sites during construction. This includes that construction activities be halted and the area fenced, while immediately notifying the DoA. No additional work will be allowed before the Department assesses the found potential archaeological site and grants a clearance to resume the work. Construction activities can continue at other parts of the site if no potential archaeological remains were found.

Mitigation Inspection/ report Submission to DOA

Upon Occurrence

EPC Contractor

JEPCO


Water requirements – water requirements of the Project could entail constraints on the local community.

Coordinate with Miyahuna Water Company for securing additional water requirements of the Project. Additional Requirement

Submit proof for coordination


EPC Contractor

Wastewater utilities – it is important to ensure that existing utilities would be able to handle the amount wastewater

Coordinate with the Miyahuna Water Company for disposal of wastewater at the Al-Jizah Wastewater Treatment Plant. Additional Requirement

Submit proof of coordination


EPC Contractor

Solid waste Utilities – it is important to ensure that existing utilities would be able to handle the amount of solid waste generated from the Project.

Coordinate with GAM or hire a competent private contractor for the collection of solid waste from the site Additional Requirement



EPC Contractor

Road Networks- transportation activities required for the Project could affect existing road networks and traffic flows as well as existing users

Develop a Traffic and Transport Plan before commencement of any transportation activities to ensure that the transportation process is properly and adequately managed and does not pose a risk of damage to the existing roads or existing users on the road.

Mitigation

Submit Traffic and Transport Plan


EPC Contractor

Construction activities of the power evacuation line could impact underground infrastructure and utility elements that could be present (water lines, telecommunication lines, etc.)

Throughout the detailed design phase, as a standard practice, coordinate with relevant governmental entities to obtain details on existing underground infrastructure ad utility elements, so that they are taken into account and avoided as part of the design. This includes, but not limited to, the following entities: (i) Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) for water and wastewater pipelines; (ii) National Electric Power Company (NEPCO) for electricity lines; (iii) Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship (MODEE) and Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (TRC) for telecommunication cables; (iv) Fajr Gas Company for natural gas pipeline.

Mitigation



JEPCO


Construction activities will likely result in an increased level of dust and particulate matter

If dust or pollutant emissions were found to be excessive, construction activities should be stopped until the source of such emissions have been identified and adequate control measures are implemented

Mitigation Reporting of measures taken

Upon occurrence

EPC Contractor


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emissions which in turn will directly impact ambient air quality.

to minimize impact

JEPCO

Comply with the (OSHA) requirements and the Jordanian Codes to ensure that for activities associated with high dust levels, workers are equipped with proper Personal Protective Equipment.


Apply basic dust control and suppression measures which could include: (i) regular watering of all active construction areas, (ii) proper planning of dust causing activities, (iii) proper management of stockpiles and excavated, (iv) proper covering of trucks transporting aggregates and fine materials, and (v) adhering to a speed limit of 15km/h for trucks on the construction site.


Develop a regular inspection and scheduled maintenance program for vehicles, machinery, and equipment to be used throughout the construction phase for early detection of issue to avoid unnecessary pollutant emissions.


Possible noise emissions to the environment from the construction activities which will likely include the use of machinery and equipment such as generators, hammers and compressors and other activities.

If noise levels were found to be excessive, construction activities should be stopped until adequate control measures are implemented.

Mitigation Reporting of measures taken to minimize impact

Upon occurrence

EPC Contractor

JEPCO

Comply with the (OSHA) requirements and the Jordanian Codes to ensure that for activities associated with high noise levels, workers are equipped with proper Personal Protective Equipment.


High noise level construction activities should not be undertaken between 8pm and 6am. Mitigation Inspection Continuous

Apply adequate general noise suppressing measures which could include: (i) use of well‐maintained mufflers and noise suppressants for high noise generating equipment and machinery, (ii) developing a regular maintenance schedule of all vehicles, machinery, and equipment for early detection of issues to avoid unnecessary elevated noise level, etc.


Socio-economic

The Project is expected to provide job opportunities for local communities. This could contribute to enhancing the living environment for its inhabitants and bring social economic prosperity to the local community.

Submit official letter from Amman Governorate identifying the number of employment opportunities and procurement (if applicable) that Project should meet during construction and operation.

In addition, maintain database from Amman Governorate on unemployed workers located in Moqabaleen area and maintain database onsite with local community members and sub-contractors (if applicable) hired during the construction and operation and ensure numbers are revised to meet MPWH requirements

Additional Requirement

Submit official letter


EPC Contractor



Prepare an Occupational Health and Safety Plan and adopt and implement its recommendations/provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Plan.

Additional Study Inspection Continuous EPC Contractor

JEPCO Reporting of incidents and corrective measures

Upon occurrence

Prepare and Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan and implement its provisions throughout the construction phase.

Additional Study Submit plan Once EPC Contractor

Prepare a Worker Grievance Mechanism and implements its provisions throughout the construction phase. Additional Study Submit plan Once EPC Contractor



Ensure fencing around the facility is well maintained at all times and in good conditions Mitigation Inspection Continuous EPC Contractor

Influx of Project workers could result in certain community health, safety and security impacts such as risk diseases, inappropriate Code of Conduct, increase in social vices, etc.

Implement measures to include: (i) undertake medical examination program for all workers; (ii) develop details and procedures for ensuring and maintaining hygienic conditions onsite; (iii) develop code of conduct for workers, (iv) induction training and awareness raising requirements and other as applicable.



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Table 26: ESMP for the Operation Phase


Potential Impact Management Action Type of Management

Monitoring Action

Frequency Responsible Entity



Coordinate with GAM and/or hire a competent private contractor for the collection of solid waste from the site to Ghabawi Landfill for municipal waste and Al-Bayda Landfill for construction waste


Once; before operation commences

Project Operator

Prohibit fly-dumping of any solid waste to the land. Mitigation Inspection Continuous Project Operator

Distribute appropriate number of properly contained litter bins and containers properly marked as "Municipal Waste" Mitigation Inspection Continuous Project Operator

Implement proper housekeeping practices on the project site at all times

Mitigation Inspection Continuous Project Operator



Continuous Project Operator

Coordinate with Miyahuna Water Company to hire a private contractor for the collection of wastewater from the site to Al-Jizah WWTP.



Project Operator

Prohibit illegal disposal of wastewater to the land. Mitigation Inspection Continuous Project Operator



Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of wastewater generated onsite, collected by contractor, and disposed of at the WWTP.



Coordinate with the MoEnv and hire a private contractor for the collection of hazardous waste from the site to the Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility.



Project Operator

Follow the requirements for management and storage as per the ‘Instructions for Hazardous Waste Management and Handling of the Year 2003’ of the MoEnv


Any damaged PV Panel must be disposed as hazardous waste Mitigation Inspection Continuous Project Operator

Prohibit illegal disposal of hazardous waste to the land. Mitigation Inspection Continuous Project Operator

Possibly contaminated water must be drained into appropriate facilities, and contaminated drainage must be orderly disposed of as hazardous waste.


Ensure that containers are emptied and collected by the contractor at appropriate intervals to prevent overflowing. Mitigation Inspection Continuous Project Operator

Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of hazardous waste generated onsite, collected by contractor, and disposed of at the Swaqa Facility.



Ensure that hazardous materials are stored in proper areas and in a location where they cannot reach the land in case of accidental spillage. This includes storage facilities that are of hard impermeable surface, flame-proof, accessible to authorized personnel only, locked when not in use, and prevents incompatible materials from coming in contact with one another. The provisions of the Jordanian Standard 431/1985 – General Precautionary Requirements for Storage of Hazardous Materials must be adhered to.


Maintain a register of all hazardous materials used and accompanying Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) must present at all times. Spilled material should be tracked and accounted for.


Incorporate dripping pans at machinery, equipment, and areas that are prone to contamination by leakage of hazardous materials (such as oil, fuel, etc.).



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Regular maintenance of all equipment and machinery used onsite. Maintenance activities and other activities that pose a risk for hazardous material spillage (such as refueling) must take place at a suitable location (hard surface) with appropriate measures for trapping spilled material.


Ensure that a minimum of 1,000 liters of general-purpose spill absorbent is available at hazardous material storage facility. Appropriate absorbents include zeolite, clay, peat and other products manufactured for this purpose.



Mitigation Inspection Continuous Project Operator Reporting of

incident and measures taken to minimize impact

Upon occurrence


Water requirements – water requirements of the Project could entail constraints on the local community.

Coordinate with Miyahuna Water Company for securing additional water requirements of the Project. Additional Requirement

Submit proof for coordination with authorities


Project Operator

Waste water utilities – it is important to ensure that existing utilities would be able to handle the amount of wastewater generated from the Project during the operational phase

Coordinate with the Miyahuna Water Directorate for disposal of wastewater at Al-Jizah Wastewater Treatment Plant. Additional Requirement

Submit proof of coordination with authorities


Project Operator

Solid waste utilities – it is important to ensure that existing utilities would be able to handle the amount of solid waste generated from the Project during the operational phase.

Coordinate with GAM or hire a competent private contractor for the collection of solid waste from the site to the municipal approved landfill (Ghabawi Landfill)


Submit proof of coordination with authorities


Project Operator

Socio-economic

The Project is expected to provide job opportunities for local communities. This could contribute to enhancing the living environment for its inhabitants and bring social economic prosperity to the local community.

Submit official letter from Amman Governorate identifying the number of employment opportunities and procurement (if applicable) that Project should meet during construction and operation.

In addition, maintain database from Amman Governorate on unemployed workers located in Moqabaleen area and maintain database onsite with local community members and sub-contractors (if applicable) hired during the construction and operation and ensure numbers are revised to meet MPWH requirements


Submit official letter


EPC Contractor & Project Operator


There will be some generic risks to workers health and safety from working on construction sites, as it increases the risk to injury or death due to accidents.

Prepare an Occupational Health and Safety Plan and adopt and implement its recommendations/provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Plan.


Inspection Continuous Project Operator Reporting of

any, incidents and corrective measures undertaken

Upon occurrence

Prepare and Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan and implement its provisions throughout the construction phase.

Additional Study Submit plan Once EPC Contractor

Prepare a Worker Grievance Mechanism and implements its provisions throughout the construction phase. Additional Study Submit plan Once EPC Contractor


Trespassing of unauthorized personnel into the Project site could result in potential risk from several hazards

Ensure fencing around the facility is well maintained at all times and in good conditions. Mitigation Inspection Continuous Project Operator


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20 REFERENCES

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fuel combustion, International Energy Association, 2013

Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in Jordan, SWEEPNET, 2010

Conservation Status and Distribution of the Breeding Birds of the Arabian Peninsula, Mallon et al., 2015

Environmental and Social Framework, World Bank Group, 2018

Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, IFC, 2007

Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, IFC, 2007

Establishing a Dialogue on Risks from Electromagnetic Fields, WHO, 2002 https://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/Chapter%202.pdf

Glint and Glare Study for Panoche Valley Farm, Jack Pfaff, 2011

Income and Expenditure Survey, Department of Statistics, 2017

Jordan Plant Red List, Volume I, Taifour et al, 2014

Observational Study on the Impact of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Development in Deserts on Local Air Temperature and Humidity, Xiaode Zhou et al, 2020 https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/8/3403

Population Survey, Department of Statistics, 2016

Poverty Situation in Jordan, Department of Statistics, 2010

Poverty Situation in Jordan, Department of Statistics, 2012

Research and Analysis Demonstrate the Lack of Impacts of Glare from Photovoltaic Modules, NREL, 2018 https://www.nrel.gov/state-local-tribal/blog/posts/research-and-analysis-demonstrate-the-lack-of-impacts-of-glare-from-photovoltaic-modules.html

Sustainability Guideline, Assessment and Management of Environmental, Social, and Climate Aspects: Principles and Procedures, KfW, 2019

Strategic Master Plan for Municipal Water Infrastructure, ISSP, 2015

The Observed effects of utility-scale photovoltaics on near-surface air temperature and energy balance, Broadbent, A.M.; Krayenhoff, E.S.; Georgescu, M.; Sailor, D.J, 2019 https://journals.ametsoc.org/jamc/article/58/5/989/345/The-Observed-Effects-of-Utility-Scale

The Status and Distribution of Mediterranean Mammals, Temple & Cuttelod, 2009

The Status and Distribution of Reptiles and Amphibians for the Mediterranean Basin, Cox et al., 2006

Urban forests and pollution mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services and disservices, Francisco J. Escobedo, Timm Kroeger, John E.Wagner, 2011 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749111000327

Workers’ Accommodation: Process and Standards, EBRD/IFC Guidance Note, 2009


https://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/Chapter%202.pdf

https://sciprofiles.com/profile/717803

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/8/3403

https://www.nrel.gov/state-local-tribal/blog/posts/research-and-analysis-demonstrate-the-lack-of-impacts-of-glare-from-photovoltaic-modules.html

https://www.nrel.gov/state-local-tribal/blog/posts/research-and-analysis-demonstrate-the-lack-of-impacts-of-glare-from-photovoltaic-modules.html

https://journals.ametsoc.org/jamc/article/58/5/989/345/The-Observed-Effects-of-Utility-Scale





https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749111000327


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21 ANNEXES


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21.1 Annex I – Stakeholder Engagement Strategy and Plan

The table below identifies the stakeholder engagement strategy and plan to be implemented during the construction and operation phase of the Project. The table identifies the stakeholders that are relevant to the Project (as identified in the Table 11 earlier), objective of consultation with each group, the communication methods and tools, time frame and responsible entity for undertaking such consultations.

Table 27: Stakeholder Engagement Strategy and Plan

Stakeholder Objectives Communication Methods and Tools Timeframe Responsibility

Stakeholders who may be directly or indirectly affected by the project

Communities of Qwaismeh District to include in specific Moqabaleen area.

Updates on the Project including environmental and social issues (e.g. environmental performance, grievance mechanism implementation, etc.)

Awareness session will be held with those local communities that are directly surrounding the Project site. The objective is to present the Project, ESIA study and its outcomes and conclusions, grievance mechanism, and answer any questions or concerns related to Project development.


Developer (UNRWA) with support from ESIA consultant

Prepare leaflet in Arabic and English language with key updates on Project (project status, E&S performance, grievance mechanism implementation, etc.). Leaflet to be available at ATC and distributed to the directly surrounding residential units.

Sami-annually during construction Annually during operation

Developer (UNRWA)

Publish an advertisement in at least two local daily newspapers before at least 15 days from commencement of construction activities with details on the activities to be undertaken for the power evacuation line


JEPCO

Amman Training Center (ATC) to include teachers, students and staff members

Updates on the Project including environmental and social issues (e.g. environmental performance, grievance mechanism implementation, etc.)

Prepare leaflet in Arabic and English language with key updates on Project (project status, E&S performance, grievance mechanism implementation, etc.). Leaflet to be available at ATC and distributed at various units within the ATC.

Sami-annually during construction Annually during operation

Developer (UNRWA)


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Stakeholders who may participate in implementation of the project

Investor/Lender

Updates on the Project including environmental and social issues (e.g. environmental performance, grievance mechanism implementation, community integration plan, etc.)

1. Individual/Internal Meetings (if required)

TBD Developer (UNRWA)

Stakeholders who may have a possibility to influence and make decisions on implementation of the project and/or may have an interest in the Project Central and Local Government

1. Ministry of Environment 2. Ministry of Agriculture 3. Ministry of Labor 4. Ministry of Municipal Affair 5. Ministry of Health 6. Ministry of Public Works and Housing 7. Ministry of Water and Irrigation / Water

Authority of Jordan 8. Department of Antiquities 9. Amman Governorate 10. Greater Amman Municipality (GAM)

Some governmental stakeholders might require to undertake certain inspections or auditing exercises and/or might require certain updates/information on the implementation of the project

Individual/Internal Meetings (if required)

Upon occurrence

Developer (UNRWA)

Correspondence and official letters (if required)

Upon occurrence

Developer (UNRWA)

Ministry of Environment Submit application to update the site approval permit issued by the MoEnv in 2019

1. Individual/Internal Meetings (if required) 2. Correspondence and Official Letters

October 2020 Developer (UNRWA)

Coordination for list of private contractors approved for collection of hazardous waste from the site to the Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility.


Once before construction Once before operation

EPC Contractor/ Project Operator

Coordination for disposal of any damaged or broken panels to the Swaqa Hazardous Waste Treatment Facility.


Upon occurrence during operation

Developer / Project Operator


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Ministry of Agriculture

Submit official letter before construction activities commence so that the removal process of trees is undertaken by the Ministry. In addition, obtain an official letter from the Ministry for completion of activities once done.



Developer (UNRWA)

Department of Antiquities

Reporting and communication in case archeologically remains are found through construction of project along with chance find procedures implemented.


Upon occurrence

EPC Contractor JEPCO

Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission Submit application to obtain their approval for Project development



Developer /EPC Contractor

Royal Jordanian Air Force Submit application to obtain their approval for Project development



Developer /EPC Contractor

Greater Amman Municipality

Coordination for the collection of solid waste from the site to the municipal approved landfill




Submit an application for Development to obtain their approval for zoning and land use classification



Developer (UNRWA)

Obtain permit from GAM to install the power evacuation line within the sidewalks and streets



JEPCO

Miyahuna Water Company Coordination to secure the water requirements of the Project





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Amman Governorate

Submit official letter identifying the number of employment opportunities and procurement (if applicable) that Project should meet during construction and operation in accordance with “Regulation for Obligatory Employment of Jordanian Workforce from Surrounding Communities in Development Projects No. (131) for the year 2016”.



EPC Contractor


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21.2 Annex II – Stakeholder Grievance Mechanism

The Developer understands that management of grievances is a vital component of stakeholder engagement and an important aspect of risk management for a project. Grievances can be an indication of growing stakeholder concerns (real and perceived) and can escalate if not identified and resolved. Identifying and responding to grievances supports the development of positive relationships between projects, communities and other stakeholders. Monitoring of grievances will signal any recurrent issues, or escalating conflicts and disputes.

The Developer will implement a Grievance Mechanism to ensure that it is responsive to any concerns and complaints particularly from affected stakeholders and communities The Developer will accept all comments and

complaints associated with the Project and individuals who submit their comments or grievances have the right to request that their name be kept confidential. At all times, complainants are also able to seek legal remedies in accordance with the laws and regulations of Jordan.

The Developer will monitor the way in which grievances are being handled and ensure they are properly

addressed within deadlines specified within the mechanism presented below. The Developer will also report regularly to the public on the grievance mechanism implementation, protecting the privacy of individuals.

Stakeholder Grievance Mechanism

1. Stakeholders willing to lodge a grievance should be able to use the following avenues:

a. Grievance Sheets and Boxes will be made available at the following locations:

- UNRWA ATC Front Office Location: Phone: Fax:

b. Direct Contact with an assigned CLO through the following:

Mr. XXXX

- Telephone: XXXX

- E‐mail Address: XXXXX

2. All grievances (whether submitted through a grievance form, e-mail, telephone, etc.) will be recorded on a grievance log sheet by the CLO.

3. Grievance procedure starts with formal acknowledgment in accordance with the preferred method of communication specified by the complainant within 7 working days of submission. If the grievance is not well understood or if additional information is required, clarification will be sought from the complainant during this step.

4. The CLO will analyze the root cause of the grievance and identify the required actions to be implemented to deal with the issue (in coordination with the relevant personnel from the Developer) and identify the timeline for their completion (if applicable).

5. A response is going to be developed by the CLO (in coordination with the relevant personnel from the Developer) and which will be communicated to the complainant in accordance with the preferred method of communication specified. The response will be signed‐off by the Project Manager. This sign‐off may be a signature on the grievance log or in correspondence which should be filed with the grievance. All grievances will be responded to within 20 working days.

6. Response of the complainant is recorded within the grievance log to help assess whether the grievance is closed or whether further action is needed.


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7. The grievance mechanism will be implemented promptly and at no cost and without retribution to the party that originated the issue or concern.

8. The use of grievance mechanism shall not impede access to judiciary means.

9. The grievance mechanism allows submission of anonymous complaints by community members.


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21.3 Annex III – List of Surrounding Local Community Members Consulted

No. Name Facility

1 Mr. Raed Abdel-Karim House

2 Mr. Ahmad Mustafa House

3 Mr. Osama Ammoui House

4 Mr. Abdel Fattah Ammouri House

5 Mr. Ayman Ammouri House

6 Mr. Mohammad Ammouri House

7 Mr. Hasan Ammouri House

8 Ms. Linda Ammouri House

9 Mr. Ali Farghal House

10 Mr. Mazen Mousa House

11 Mr. Nafez Ahmad House

12 Mr. Firas Shalabi House

13 Mr. Najeeb Nazzal House

14 Ms. Intisar Khaled House

15 Mr. Adel Asa’ad House

16 Mr. Haitham Darweesh House

17 Mr. Anas Imad House House

18 Mr. Ahmad Al jedi House

19 Mr. Khaled Al Dmeri House

20 Mr. Tareq Ismaeel House

21 Ms. Khazar Dahamsheh House

22 Mr. Shafeeq Hajeer House

23 Mr. Marwan Agha House

24 Ms. Kifah Tamimi Kindergarten

25 Mr. Azmi Omran School

26 Mr. Ibrahim Abu Deyyeh House

27 Mr. Mohammad Abu Deyyeh House

28 Mr. Khaled Abu Deyyeh House

29 Mr. Hisham Abu Hashhas House

30 Mr. Rasmi Abu Hashhash House

31 Mr. Fuad Agha House

32 Mr. Ali Agha House

33 Mr. Murad Agha House

34 Mr. Muhammad Agha House

35 Mr. Ala’a Agha House

36 Mr. Basel Agha House

37 Mr. Mustafa Agha House

38 Mr. Yazan Es’eed House