Report on

THE ENIAC{Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

Developed under the supervision of the

Ordnance Department, United States Army

OPERATING MANUAL

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIAMoore School of Electrical Engineering

PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

June 1, 1946

)

ENIAC OPERATING MANUAL

by

Dr. Arthur W, Burks

and

Dr. Harry D. Huskcy

Moore School of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Pennsylvania

INTRODUCTION TO RSPORT ON THE

ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTOR (ENIAC)

0. INTRODUCTION

The Report on the ENIAC consists of five separately bound parts, as

follows:

1) ENIAC Operating Manual

2) ENIAC Maintenance Manual

3) Part I } Technical Description of the ENIAC

Volume I - Chapters I to VI

4) Part I, Technical Description of the ENIAC

Volume II - Chapters VII to XI

5) Part II, Technical Description of the ENIAC

Included with the Operating Manual and Parts I and II of the Technical Descriptic

are all drawings (see Table 0.3 below) which are required for understanding these

reports. The Maintenance Manual assumes access to the complete file of ENIAC

drawings

.

Part I of the Technical Description is intended for those who wish

to have a general understanding of hot? the ENIAC works, without concerning them-

selves with the details of the circuits; it assumes no knowledge of electronics

or circuit theory. Part II is intended for those who require a detailed under-

standing of the circuits. Its organization, to a great extent, duplicates that

of Part I so as to make cross referencing between the two parts easy.

The ENIAC Operating Manual contains a complete set of instructions

for operating the ENIAC. It includes very little explanatory material, and

hence assumes familiarity with Part I of the Technical Description of the ENIAC .

The ENIAC Maintenance Manual includes description of the various test units and

procedures for testing, as well as a list of common and probable sources of

trouble. It assumes a complete understanding of the circuits of the ENLs.C, i.e..

a knowledge of both Parts I and II of the Technical Description of the ENL'iC .

The Report on the EKIAC and the complete file of ENIAC drawings

constitute a complete description and set of instructions for operation and

maintenance of the machine. The drawings carry a number of the form PX-n-m.

The following tables give the classification according to this numbering system.

TABLE 0.1

Talues ofn

Division

1 General

2 Test Equipment

3 Racks and Panels

4 Trays, Cables, Adaptors, and Load Boxes

5 Accumulators

6 High Speed Multiplier

7 Function Table

8 Master Prograinmer

9 Cycling Unit and Initiating Unit

10 Divider and Square Rooter

11 Constant Transmitters

12 Printer

13 Power Supplies '

TABLE 0.2

Values ofm

Subject

101-200 i Mring Diagrams

201-300 Mechanical Drawings

301-400 Report Drawings

401-500 Illustration Problem Set-Ups.

The reader of this report will he primarily interested in the types

of drawings listed in the following paragraphs.A table on page 4 gives the

corresponding drawing number for each unit of the ENIAC.

1) Front panel Drawings. These" drawings show insome detail the

switches, sockets, etc., for each panel of each unit. They containthe

essential instructions for setting up a problem on the ENI^C.

2) Front View Drawings, There is one of these drawingsfor each

kind of panel used in the various units of the ENIAC. Theseshow the relative

position of the trays and the location of the various neon lights. Since these

drawings show the neon lights, they can be used to check the properoperation of

the various units.

3) Block Diagrams. -These drawings illustratethe logical essentials

of the internal circuits of each unit. That is, resistors,condensers, and

some other electrical details are not shown; but complete channels(paths of

pulses or gates representing numbers or program signals) are shownin all their

multiplicity. These drawings will be of interest to those whoare interested

in Parts I and II of the Technical Report.

4) Cross-section Diagrams. These drawings areelectronically complet

except that only one channel is shown where there is more than one. Thus,these

drawings show every resistor and condenser and any other electronicelements .

belonging to any circuit. These drawings will be of particular interestto

the maintenance personnel and to those reading Part II of the technicalreport.

5) Detail Drawings. All other drawings of the ENIACcome under

this heading. A complete file of drawings is available at the locationof the

ENIAC*

Table 0.3ENIAC DRA.OTGS

Multiplier

Unit

InitiatingUnit

Cycling Unit

Accumulator

Function Table

Divider andSquare Rooter

Constant Trans-mitter

Front Panel

FX-9-3029-302R

PX-9-3039-303R

PX-5-301

PX-6-302~~6-302R6-3036-303R6-3046-304R

PX-7-3027-302R7-303

2T.303RPX-10-301

10-301R

Printer

Master Pro-grammer

PX-11-30211-302R11-30311-303R11-30411-30/pR

PX-12-30112-301R12-30212-302R12-30312-303R

PX-8-3018-301B8-3028-.302R

Front View

PX-,9-305

PX-9-304

.PX-5-305

PX-6-309

PX-7-305

PX-10-302

PX-11-306

PX-12-306

PX-8-303

Block Diagram

PX-9-307

PX-9-307

PX-5-304

PX-6-308

PX-7-304

PX-lO-304

PX-11-307

PX-12-307

PX-S-304

Cross - Section

PX-5-115

PX-6-U2A6-112B

PX-7-1177-118

PX-11-11611-309

(C.T. and R.

PX-12-115 .

PX-8-102

Other drawings of particular interest:

Floor Plan PX-1-302 IBi Punch and • PX-12-112

A.C. Wiring PX-1-303 Plugboard PX-12-305

IBM Reader and PX-11-119 Pulse ^-aplifier c.nd PX-4-302

plugboard TX-11-30 5 Block Diagram PX-4-301

Interconnection of Multiplier end Accumulators PX-6-311

Interconnection of Divider and accumulators PX-1CKJ07

The front view drawings and the large front panel drawings (whose

numbers do not end withMR«) are bound as a part of the Operator's Manual.

Included with the report is a folder containing all the drawings

listed in the above table except the large front panel (seeabove) drawings.

1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR OPERATING PERSONNEL

1. Inform maintenance personnel immediately of any trouble and note

same in the log book.

2. Occasionally check the filament fuse indicator lights (refer to

front view drawings bound in this volume); if any are out turn off the d-cpower

(switch is located on a-c distribution panel, see PX-1-304).

3. If SNIaC shuts down from overheating do not try to restart; call

maintenance personnel. If any panel runs consistently much hotter than the

others, do the same,

4. The d-c power should be turned en only with operation switch

(either on cycling unit or on the hand control) turned to "continuous". After

the d-c has been on a few seconds it may be turned to cither of the other two

positions. Failure to follow this rule causes certain d-c fuses to blow, -240

and -415 in particular.

5. As a general matter certain units net being used may havetheir

heaters turned off. In such cases it is unnecessary to remove the d-c power or

even to turn off the d-c power when turning on these units. On the other hand th

three panels of the constant transmitter must be turned on or off simultaneously.

6. Do not remove any covers, front or back.

7. Do not open d-c fuse cabinet with the d-c power turnedon. This-

net, only exposes a person to voltage differences of around 1500 volts but the

person may be burned by flying pieces of molten fuse wire in case a fuse should

blow.

8. Padlocks are provided for locking the d-c power off. Lock the

power off and carry the key with you as long as you are working on the machine.

9. Do not remove accumulator interconnector plugs, or functiontable

or iai machine connector cables, while the d-c is on. All other'front panel

plugs may be safely moved while the power is on,

1G~ Do not pull directly on wire or cable; always use the plug case

as a grip.

11. Do not put sharp bends in cables or hang anything on them.

12. Do not leave cables dangling on the floor.

13. Do not pound or force plugs > if they do not respond to steady

pressure notify maintenance personnel.

14. Do not leave IBM cable connectors or portable functiontable

connectors lying out in the open, keep in the receptacles provided. Also, make

use of the ramps to protect the cables of any such units which are connected to

the ENIAC.

15. Do not force any switches. ,

16. Keep the door to the room closed to keep out dust, avoid stirring

up or producing dust,

17. Always move the portable function tables with care. Keep the

brakes on when not moving them,

2. PROBLEM SET UP REMARKS

2 »1 « &'£D FOR SYSTEMATIC CHECKS

Since the ENIAC makes use of a hierarchy of channels (first, in that a

number of units may be carrying on computationssimultaneouslyj second, in that

it always handles ten to twenty digits of enumber simultaneouslyj and third,

in that certain units use a codedsystem giving four channels for each digit)

running a standard check problem is not a sufficientcheck on the accuracy of

the results. Thus, in arranging a problem forthe ENIAC provision should be

made for occasional systematic checks of all the units.

Procedures for systematic checking are described in some detail in

the maintenance manual. Brief procedures will beoutlined here for the numerical

units. The following test procedures are not comprehensivetests and the ex-

perienced operator will perhaps use variations of them. In particular,the

tests given below are not designed to check the operation ofthe various program

controls. However, they are designed to check the numerical circuits ineach

unit and to a considerable extent check the program control used to carry out

the test,

2.2. TESTING AN ACCUMULATOR

Cards should be prepared as follows:

1. P 11111 11111

2. P 00000 00001 •,

The numbers should be so placed on a card that one group in the constant trans-

mitter, say A R , corresponds to thesenumbers. Next, a master programmer stepper

should be used to transmit the first number into the accumulators whichare to

be tested eighteen times. At this time the accumulators should read

U 99999 99998

and all stages of each decade have been checked as well as the delayedcarry-over

circuits. Now the stepper (used above) should cause the reader to read thenext

card and the number to be transmitted to thy accumulators twice. This should

give

P 00000 00000

and checks the direct carry-over circuits. Note that this test assumes that

the significant figure switch is set to "10". If this is not so the operator

can modify the above procedure to take care of this.

This test does not check the following circuits (for a complete check-

ing procedure see the maintenance manual):

Transmission circuitsClearing circuitsRepeater ring

Input channels (except for the one used)Program controls (except for the one used)

2.3. TESTING THE MULTIPLIER

The following 3et of cards should be prepared-.

Card

1

2

3

Multiplier

P 00000 00000

P 11111 11111

P 11111 11111

Multiplicand* B

LR(say)

P 11111 11111

P 11111 11111

P 22222 22222

10

11

12

'P 11111 11111

P 22222 22222

P 22222 22222

P 99999 99999

P 11111 11111

P 22222 22222

82

83

84

85

P 99999 99999

IP 11111 11111

M 11111 11111

M 11111 11111

P 99999 99999

M 11111 11111

P 11111 11111

m urn mil

On a second set of cards, or on these same cards in different fields

the proper answers should be punched. Note that these answerswill depend upon

when ten or twenty digit products are . used," that is, whether the product

accumulators are used as ten or twenty digit accumulators.

There are two methods of using these cards to check the numerical

circuits of the multiplier. One is to have the answer on the same card and

arrange for its transmission to the product accumulators with its sign changed

(or the sign of one of the factors may be changed). In this case the whole

sequence of cards in run and the presence of "zero" in the product accumulators

indicates (with high probability since there could be compensating errors) that .

the numerical circuits are all right.

A second method is to run the test and cause the answers to be punched

on other cards. These results may then be compared with standard answers by

use of the reproducing punch.

This procedure does not check the following:

Rounding off circuits

Program controls- (other than the. one used).

2.4. TO TEST a FUNCTION TABLE

<

An accumulator is used to build up the argument. A program control

on the function table has its function switch set to "-2" and a second switch

has its argument set to "+2"..

The programming is so arranged that the "-2" program is activated and

the output sent to an accumulator associated with the printer. The result is

punched on a card, "one" is added to the argument, and the process repeated.

10

The master programmer can be used to repeat the "-2" program 96 times and then

alternately activate the "-2" and the "+2" program four more times,, (Or

various other schemes may be devised to obtain all 104 entries to the function

table.) The cards punched in this manner can then be compared with a standard

deck.

Note that the above check is not a systematic check of the numerical

circuits as a whole. In other words this check should be repeated if any switches

on the portable table (or on panel Mo, 2) are changed.

Furthermore, the above procedure does not check the various program

controls of the function table.

2.5. TO TEST THE DIVIDER AND SQUARE ROOTER

The divider and square rooter can best be checked by performing test

division problems and square root problems. Drawing PX-10-111 gives the neons

which should be lit at various places in the process. The operator can check

against this by going through the problem at one addition time.

2.6, CONSTANT TRANSMITTER TEST PROCEDURE

The 1, 2, 2« , 4 channels in the constant transmitter can all be checked

simultaneously by reading cards with nine punches on them. Since it is un-

desirable that the same number be punched in all columns of a card (this weakens

a card increasing the probability of "jamming" in the feeding mechanise of the

IBM machines) it is suggested that cards be prepared as follows.

1) 9' s in groups Aj-o and Bj-p

2) 9's in groups C Rand D^p

3) 9's in groups E^ and F^

11

4) 9's in groups G and HLR Ift

5) Four more cards similar to above but with nanus punches.

The programming should be arranged so that the numbers are transmitted

into accumulators when they can be inspected visually or perhaps punched on other

cards and compared with a standard deck using the reproducing punch.

Note that Jjjj, and K^ should be checked in a similar manner. (Thwse

only need be checked for the numbers used in the sot-up provided they are re-

checked any time that some of the switch settings are changed.)

This procedure does not check all the program controls.

2.7. PRINTER TEST PROCEDURE

The printer can be tested by causing all possible digits in each

channel to be punched and by checking the PM delays. The following cards should

be prepared.

1) P 01234 56789

2) P 11111 11101

3) P 11111 11011

10) P 01111 11111

11) P 11111 11111

The programming should be arranged to cause the numbers on the test

eerds to be read by the IM reader, transmitted to the printing accumulators, and

the result punched. The resulting cards may Jbe compared with a standard deck by

use of the reproducing punch.

Card number one has the numbers to 9 punched in it to prevent the

same digit from being punched all across a card.

12

If any decades of the master programmer are used in printing they

may be checked at this time by transmitting the program pulse (used to activate

the above sequence) into each decade direct input.

This constitutes a complete test of the printer.

2.8. TESTING FOR TRANSIENT FAILURES

If transient failures are suspected a master programmer stepper should

be used tu repeat the appropriate test (such as one of those above) a large

number of times.

In case of an accumulator this can be done using only one card (say,

P 99999 99999) and using a second program control set to aC (receive on a and

correct) to obtain the one pulse in the units decade.

For the multiplier it becomes necessary to punch the answers on the

cards with the factors (see 2.3) and cause these to be transmitted to the

product accumulators for each multiplication. If more than ten digit answers

are used the adjusted answer to card 83 must be carefully prepared in order to

get minus the answer from the constant transmitter to the product accumulators

(since the constant transmitter only complements at most ten digits at a time).

Repetition of a function table test is straight forward. It may be

worth while to receive into a twenty digit accumulator and repeat the transmission

10 times, say, and see if the proper number is obtained.

The square root of zero is perhaps the easiest test to repeat on the

divider-square rooter .

The constant transmitter can be caused to transmit any group repeatedly

to some accumulator . Dust particles may cause transient relay failures, so avoid

stirring up dust in the EMIAC room. Also, if any relay case is removed, always

13

replace in exactly the same position in order not to disturb dust inside the

case.

Transient failures in the printer are probably relay failures. See

rdntenance manual for list of probable failures

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Jfhite numbers on the voltage chart indicatevoltages at the ends of a power supply. Blacknumbers indicate voltage pairs in which at leastone voltage is derived from a bleeder tap.

Behind the voltage chart are the oscillo-scope adjustments.

The d-c voltage amplitude and the a-c humamplitude of every voltage of the BHIAC may bemeasured with respect to some other voltage atthis panel.

Start and stop switches

Pushing the start switch turns the amberlight on and starts the initiating sequencefor the ENIAC, turning on the d-c power supplies,the heaters of the various panels, and the fans,and operating the initial clear. When thissequence has been completed, showing that theENIAC is ready to operate, the green light goeson.

Pushing the stop switch turns the ENIACoff, including the heaters, the d-c power sup-plln*, and the fans.

p-C power supplies clock -

This shows the number of hours the d-c powersupply filaments have.bean on.

Initial clear switch*

Though the ENIAC is initially cleared when-ever the start switch is operated, an initialclear switch is provided so that the operatorcan clear the machine without turning it- off.

The operation selector switch on the cyclingunit must be sst at Cont. for initial clearingto take place.

Selective clear program controls

Ct* program pulse input terminal for selective

clear program control.

Q - program pulse output terminal for selectiveclear program control.

whenever a program pulse is supplied to a- C., all accumulators set to SC will be cleared,and a program pulse will be emitted from thecorresponding C one addition time later. Forneon bulbs of associated transceivers see

PX-9-305.

THE ENIAC

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Multiplier Ace.Clear Switch

Multiplicand Ace.Clear Switch

ITumber of the program——

control to which the switches

in a given column belong and

to which the correspondingnumbered program input andprogram output terminals be-long.

PMOUST "»S ° AC

°©°©oHH °©o ~© W©o "®M

© © @ @ © © © © © © © © © © © ©c

Multiplier Accumlator Clear Switch

Mils governs the clearing of the multlpl ier ace. by means of the static cable running intothe multiplier ace. PM plug-in unit-; If this switch is set on C, the multiplier is clearedduring the last addition time of the multiplication.

Multiplier Accumulator Hecalve Switch

Whenever a pro-am pulse is received on a program input teimlnal of a given program controla pulse is Immediately emitted from H*— B£ , or not at all, accordingly at the multiplier aec.function switch at that program control is set oaeC-jS , or C respectively. These pulses maybe used to cause the multiplier ace. to receive the multiplier during the neit addition time byhaving then transmitted to properly set multiplier ace. program controls, i.e. by eonnsctingHot- lljto five program pulse inputs of the multiplier aco. (#9) and setting the correspondingoperation switches to receive on «( - £ respectively.

It is to be noted that all 24 multiplier program controls cause pulses to be emitted on Hrf -Heso that only five multiplier aec, program controls are required to receive all 24 multipliers.

Multiplicand Accumulator clear Switch

This operates the same as the multiplier aec. clear switch except that it governs theolesring of the multiplicand aec.

IJultlpllcand Accumulator Receive Switch

This fui, -tions the seme as the multiplier ace. receive switch except that it gives outprogram :. >., ;m terminals DsCto D£ and may be used with the multiplicand ace. (#10).

Significant Figure Switch

Multiplier Places Switch

Product Disposal Switch

Terminals 11. gj g4jProgram pulse Input terminals for program controls1-24 respectively.

Terminals lo. go 24oProgram pulse output terminals for program controls1-24 respectively.

There are 24 multiplier program controls, each consisting of

Terminals B«t Heprogram pulse output terminals associated respect-ively with ft. Q, V, ff.e on the 24 multiplier'accumulator function switches.

Termlnele an - DtProgram pulse output terminals associated respec-tively with «. 9 . r, C. c on the g4 multiplicandaccumulator function switches.

1)

2)

3)

»J

V7)

0}

9>10:

Program pulse input terminal (when sttaulated with nroprara pulso causes program control toprogram multiplication in accordance with its switch settings!.Program pulse output tenrinnl (emit; proaram pulse on completion of multiplication).Multiplier ace. receive switch TMultiplier ace. clear switch I .. .Multiplicand ace. receive switch? S

escrlbed on this drewing

Multiplicand ace. dear switch JSignificant figures switch! ,, , ,Places switch J

Described on PX-6-303

Product disposal switch —Described on PX-6-304Associated transceiver —For neon bulbs see PX-6-309

The high-speed multiplier operates in conjunction with four or six associated accumulators. Tht je are themultiplier aco. (#?}, the multiplicand ace. (#10), the left-hand partial products aec. (#11 and per-haps #12) and the right-hand products ace. (#13 and perhaps #l4). For a diagram showing the inter-connections of the high-epeed multiplier with its associated accumulators see P2-6-311.

MOORE SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL CNCINfCftlttGUNIVERSITY Of PENNSYLVANIA

HIGH-SPEXP MULTIPLIER FRONT PANEL N0.1MATCftlAt

Drawn by;

O.E0ELSKK

D£X 194-f

FlhHpH

Oa«««d oy : • Aoorovoo by:

SC»Lf

FX-&302

off O * HI6H VEED

Important note concerning the partial products digit output t.e rralnals

These terminals are to be seml-penaanently connected to the OC digit input terminals (see note on terminals l,r)of the product accumulator? (#11, IE, 13, 1&) by trays or cables not used for any_ other p_urp_ose. Ho load boxes are tobe used. The digit pulses emitted from these terminals are not supplied from transmitters, but from inverter tubes whi'rthcannct he connected in parallel with anything else and which hare their own resistors. Hence the 4 digit input terminalsof Vh'e product accumulators cannot be used for receiving any other numbers.

No shifters or deleters are to be used. Accumulators 11 and 12 and accumulators 1? and lU are paired when morethan eight places is desired in the product.

The load on these outputs must be kept 83 snail as possible. Recocnonded method of connection is:

LvK. #1 By special ^able to Accumulator 11.i..E. #2 By short cable to tray (only one tray), and short cablo to Accumulator 12.H.H. # 1 By special cabin to Accumulator 13.R.H. # 2 Similar to I.H. -#2 and Accumulator 12,

Digit Output TeminalF for Partial Products —See also drawing PX-6-3H

UttHaniFatTtu. Puoucnflcc.i C*11)

O OLkft HdNO

P»«t«i_ Pnooucn

SY* sv,

wir .'.!«, «»«»!»

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&

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StNTOKT H6IKS

n*a 5 6 7

IO

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M^ja

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9 9 9

These TrrysTo be Used Oku ToCarry The Partial Products

And For No Other Purpose

H igh -PflNEL*!

t tt t

Speed MultipPaNEL*2

t:

M d5

No Load Boxes Are To BeUsed On The.se Lines

I ER

PftNEL*3

• •T T T T

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r-ODD DDDDDdLETT HAND PARTIAL PROOUCTHttl

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These Trays lb be Used Owu ToCarry The ferrim. ProductsAnd For No Other Purpose

r-oD D D D:Q DAce.

»I0

m»i Bte.O O Ol o

D

H I QH -Panel* I

Speed MultipPaNEL*2

DO ~D5I £R

No Load Boxes Arc To BeUsed On These Lines

Panel*3

• • T HAND PARTIAL PRODUCffle>-Q

Ace.

*1I

1-t-

£1£ROWCTfleJ

D

o p o oo • o • o • o »0>0«Q»C«

aQDDDODDaLEFT HftNP PBRTIM. PRODUCTftCC.II

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h4If 20 DichtProbucAre Found. Ti

zontal Lines Above Thb Units Represent Diarr Trays.>otteo Lines Represent Tr«y* Which Need Be Usedr When 20 Dig.it Products Ore Found.

ECTRICflL ENGINEERING

PENNSLVflNJfl

Interconnection Of Highspeed MultiplierWith

Associated Accumulators~ PX"6"3II

Arscnent Input terminalThis Input is open for reception of the two-digit argument durrng the 2nd addition

time of operation. The units place is x*eoeived on Hne /, the tens place on line Z*Shifters (PX-'l-loH) should be used in this terminal to shift the ar»iment if it conesfron other decade? than the 5tb and 6th. The other lines of this terminal ere uncon-nracted, so a deleter is not required.

The scoarjlator witch transmits the argtiDnnt nay be programed from terminals KGand C.

The function ,_ole automatically clears its argument at the end of each operation.

HOURS

° °lniNCTION TABLE

O N0, Ol

HEATERS

offO°n

4'6

°©©o ©o ©o ©oHHH ®oHHH

AVdu«*n+ lnpul

Terminal

SBB

_TL

IB-M.Plug

(To PoCTASLCFuKno« T/uu-c)

SF

There are eleven protean controls on each function table. Each program control consists of aprogram pulse input terminal (which, when stimulated with ». program pulse, causes the programcontrol to program the looklhg up of a function Wlue), a program pulse output terminal (whichemits a pulse on completion Sf the operation), the three switches described below, and an associate"*transceiver (for neon bulbs see FX-7-305).

Argument reception switch

This switch operates in conjunction with program pulse output terminals HO end 3 and may beused to program en accumulator or accumulators to transmit the argument.

At. the end of the lit addition time a program pulse is emitted from KC or C if this switch issot on NO or C respectively. Semi-permanent connections may be established by connecting HO end

to program input terminals of the argument accumulator and setting the corresponding •pcre.tionswitches to trarsmit and transmit-and clear respectively.

Operation switch

This switch determines whether the function value (add) or its complement (subtract) is trans-mitted.

It also determines whether the function value of the argument received, or the function value ofone of the neif»hboring arguments, is transmitted. Thus pcnitlons-2, -1, 0, -fl, +2 give f(a-2)f(a-lj, f(a), f(a + l), t[n+S) respectively, where a is the argument.

Operation repeat switch

This switch determines the number of tines the function value is transmitted.

Hote that k addition times are required for the function table to set up, receive the argument,etc. This loss of tine must be taken account of in programming the accumulator which receives thevalue of the function. Thus if that accumulator is programmed with the same pulse that programsthe function table with its repeat switch set to 9, it could receive the value of the function only5 times.

Terminals 11. Vi. Illprogram pulse input terminals for pm^ran controls 1-11 respectively

Terminals lo . 2p lloProgram pulse output terminals for program controls 1-11 respectively

Tonalnal NOProgram pulse output terminal asso-ciated with NO on argument recaptionswitch.

Terminal CProgram pulse output terminal asso-ciated with on argument recaptionsw'it ch.

Tims Schedule for Function Table

Addition time Operation

(Progran Input pulae received st end of 0th addition time)

A

Circuits s«t upArgumant racniTedArgument, riodlfied by the edition of to -S pulcas.At iHth pulsa time portable function table s^artato set up.Function table flr.tahoa setting upValue of function traneraitt#dSbJs is continued up to the r+HVr< adittior. tine, wherer is tho setting of the function repeat switch.

Pr^g^am output emitted p-t end of r+Hth edlit ion tin*>

WOOftf SCHOOL Or CI EC TIMCAt fNGJdffttNCUNIVERSITY OF Mm»$Vl¥»V*IA

FiMTTlONTABlE fBONTHSEL N0.i

Of***** •;

3K.JW4

FOW^M

«-jc »/*fp5

tof

PX-7-302

Function output terminalsThe di*;it pulses representing the value of the function ere transmitted from these terminals. A

connection table appears below. These terminals are to be connected to the digit trunks (trays)'(see i X-7-305) by the digit cables for transmission of the function value to another unit of the 3NSAC.

It is to be noted that the division of the "eight constant digit switches and the 12 function tableentries into the groups A and 3 was an arbitrary one, and by means of special adaptors (FX-^llO) thosecan be regrouped in any manner*

Table showing connections of furction output terminals

-Master Ft! Switches Function output Terminals _.

Line

1? ground11 m10 (Billions place)

9a

76

3 (Hundreds plaoe)

2 (Tens Place)

1 (Units Place)

Terminal A Terminal B

OxoundPM -1 :ConstantConstantConstantConstant

a zz~ V4 Oa o g'g.g.gg*" -rl O *+> U f-< ri

digit switch Alldigit switch At>digit switch ASdigit switch A.1Subtract pulse swl' en A10Subtract pulse switch A9Subtract pulse switch ASSubtract pulse switch A7Subtract pulse switch At>Subtract pulse switch k^

Oround

vu sConstantConstantConstantConstant

K i a•* C Q

a o tic.

digit switch 3 1*

digit switch B^digit switch E?-digit switch BlSubtract pulse switch BlO

ubtraet pulse switch ?9Subtract pulse switch If*

3ubtrect pulse switch B7Subtract pulfe switch 26

Subtract pulse switch 35t& 4* ja J3^ c D «V, a; *> *>

aitjit iajeta switch'.Jhen the digit delete switch is set to delete the constant digit switch is disconnected from its

function output teminal, otherwise it is left connected,jijlts which are constant for all the values of e function may be set up on the constant digit

switches*If thes.e switches are set to Pitt or PM2, the outputs of the oorresponnlne master PM switches are

fed through these switches to the output terminals. This feature is used when some of the loft hand planesof a function with both positive and negative values are zeros; these switches then supply zeros when thetransmitted number Is positive and nine's when the transmitted number is negative, thus avoiding the useof shifters at the receiving terminals.

Constant digit switch

Cubtract pulse switchOn s subtract transmit these switches feed a subtract pulse onto their corresponding function output

terminal lines if they are set to S. Thus the switch corresponding to the units digit of the functionshould be set to Sj the others feeding onto the same digit trunk should be set to 0.

Sample row of switches on portable function table showing connection to function output terminals.

Terminal A Terminal B

Argumaat

PHI line 6 Line 5 Line k Line ? Line 2 Line 1 Line 6 Line 5 Line U Line 3 Line P Line 1 PM2

For a positive number, set Hi to p and set the number on the switches.For a negative number, set m to M and sot the comolement of the number with respect to 108on the switches.

MOORC SCHOOL OF CtCCTRICAl CNGINffUlNCUNIVERSITY Of PENNSYLVANIA

FUNCTION TABLE FRONT PANEL NO. 2MATCRiAk

Drawn by:

urnmDECI944

aw dffiAsorovao by:

SfALf

RC-7-303

Diagram Showing semi-permanent Connections to be Made 3etween Divider-

S

ouars-lfeoter and its Associated Accumulators

®

[J

DDQnnDD ad

WOTIEMTAClC?)

DIVIDE* WDSyWWE gOOTEB

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NUMERATORMCI (*3)

oa aaaao} oNUMERATORflCCIC*4 3

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Divider cl Square

F

Rooter

DDDDDUD40^ D

Numerator Red(*3 )

QDDDDODn (USEDFoR20DKalT r-iu Numerators Or u

D .Rrdicands) DNumerator flcc.E

(*4 )

r{\ST,

Digit Tray U//r/vLoao Box

DDDDDUDD

\0SU>denominator c? squareRoot Acc.I(*5 )

DDDDODDqCUsedForZODicitq

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D . QDenominator ^3(juare

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DDDDDUD

Shift Ace.

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(*7)

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DDDDDDDj-j(L)SED For20Discft/pr/o/v Rcfer To

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i }Adaptors Fftori SU* To D/g/t Tray Op From SU3 To Digit Tray 4

' PX- 4-//4A , A 4 AC AdaptorP/-4-//4S, A * S AdaptorPX-4-//4 Cj AC $ SC Aopptop

4 Spec/a/, Ca&le Fnan J0/G/T Tppy To ST/ 4 SU, O/v Ts*e D£/vow. 4 So. /Foot /9c c. PX-S-/36,

£ S&E'C/al Caglc Fpo/v D/g/t Tpay To ST/ # SU/ O* T/se Sh/pi* /9cc. PX-S-/S5-

F Spec/a/. Cable From SV To ST/ $ SU/ Oa/ T/ye A/owe/?.* top /9c c. PX-S- /S7

MOORE 3CH00Lor ELECTRICAL ENQINEERINQ

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSLVANIQ

Interconnection Or Divider? Square Rooter With

Associated Accumulptor^^' P/HO-307

Digit Output Terainal

'.Tbenever the transmission of a constant is programmed digit pul.-ies representing this constant are emitted from thin terminal. This terminal Is to be connectedto a digit trunk (trayj (See PX-11-306) by a digit cable for transmission of the constant to another 'init of the EN1&3.

A table showing the connecting of this terminal for left-hand and right-hand five digit groups, and combined left and right-hand ten digit sets, appears below.It should be noted that a left-hand five-digit group would be received in tfc« left-h.nnd naif of an accumulator and a right-hand five-digit group would be received inthe right-hand half if no. .shifter were upod.

Line

12

11

10

9t

76i

H

32

1

10-dtgit number (!£)

.round

PM (of L)Billions place

Hundreds placeTens placeUnits place

5-dlglt left-hand number (L)

GroundFtJ (of L)Tan-thousandths place

Tens place*UnlPa placenothingNothingNothingNothingNothing

5-diglt right-hand number (R)

GroundFKM*FM*

FM*FM*FM*

(of R)(of R)(of 1?)(of aj

C-* HJ(of aj

Ten-thousandths place

Tens placeUnits place

*Thu? a pulses are transmitted on these lines when the constant is positive, 9 pulses when it is a complement, Henco it is unnecessary to use a shifter on areceiving accumulator to receive this constant into the units to ten-thousands decades of that accumulator.

HEATEK

OFF O 014 Digit OutpufTermmal oSAG

HOURS

O r-, OCONSTANT

Q TRANSMITTER QPANEL 1

|26, ,

°(5JS) °®p tSH H9 °©H" 0(S|© °

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P pP M

Kt

P M

Kr

-P~P M

MOORS „o o Q

C0NS1ANTnTBANSMIITERol^ PAMH.2 M

.yc

9

+ S »3 6 14 *« • *Jji

r6

ei

.• 5,

e

i

0~

T

«

m ;«t switchConstant Set 3witehefl for J,

Constant :-'et Switches for J,,

Constant iiat SwitcheR for \ConMant. Set Switches for K_.

For a positive number, aet. the ft! to 7 end set the number on the switches.Tor r negative number, set. the Wk to *.! and set the iotpnX**went of each n"i£ft

with respect to 9 on all but unite switch where the complement withrespect to 10 Is set.

For a ten-digit number, both FK switches should be set to the sign of the number.

M00RC SCHOOL Or ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGUNIVERSITY OF Pf NNSYIV**IA

CONSTANT TCAN5MITTER TOM PANEL NO. 2MATERIAL FINISH scAte

Drawn b>

:

J.E&CLSACK

DE.CI944

OacMR) ov: Aoorovaa by:

PXtt-303

n

I.B.M.Plu$

(To BeCbNNCcreDTo IBM ReADen)

o oCONSTANT

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o o

OPANEL

3

o o

Avxiliaa?

Re«d Switch

-Mr

INITIAL START SWITCHSTOPSWITCH

SWIILH}

oN-orr switch

for nc row*.

i.

-Wr

CflRD

STACKER

t

2

G>6RCENLI6HT

MWWWl-NOWMLPOLMIITY SWITCH

I

The Polarity Switoh

Located on the front of the IBM Header In a double pole double throw switch

which changes the polarity on the holding colls of the relays which control the

group selection and the reset control. By changing this switch one can either wire

these circuits on the plug board In the manner indicated there or In the reverse

manner. This gives the following types of control!

(A) With the polarity switch In normal position,

The common terminal "0" is then wired to some hub of the #1 reading

brushes and the group selection hubs m wired to hubs of the digitselector. Thus, all controlling is done by various punches in One

column. The variety of things controled le given by plugging to

different digits (12, 11, 0, ,9) of the digit selector.

(B) With the polarity switch in abnormal position.

In this case "C" Is wired to some digit on the digit selector and the

group selection hubs are wired to various columns. Here, ell the con-

trol Is obtained by a certain punch (for example, a 12 punch) with dif-

ferent things being controlled by plugging to different columns.

Plugging Illustrations

(a) This shows the common hub "0" wired to column 21. The two hubs above end

below are connected so the wire could have gone to either of them. Note

that besides the wire (a) one could connect this upper hub for to some

other column, say 2, getting an "or" control. That is, if a certain number

(12 11 ,9) is punched in column 21 or column 2 then whatever hub

under group selection was plugged to that number of the digit seleotor causes

the corresponding group selection relays to operate*

(b) This wire causes the reset control to operate whenever there ie a 12 punch

In column 21; that Is, a card with such a punch is called a master card,

lc end d) These leads cause information in storage relay groups b and 7 to be

held as long as cards come through without a 12 punch In column 21. When-

ever a card with a 12 punch in column 21 (a master card) cones along the rInformation in groups 6 and 7 will be dropped and new Information will be [>

put In from this master card. Immediately, the reader wlM. go on to read

the next card,

(e) If a card has a 6 punched in column 21 this lead causes group selection

relays for group 12 to be activated giving a circuit from through B in-

stead of A,

(f and g) If a 9 Is punched in column 21 groups 15 and 16 group selectionre-

lays will be activated. Diagonal leads such as (f) enable one to operate

as many groups as desired from just one punch.

(h, i, and X.) This shows the plugging to hendle ten digitnegative numbers.

The PM punch Is in column 1 and, by the diagonal connection in the minus

control, the PM relays for groups 1 end 2 are operated by this one punch.

The first digit reeches the storage relays through (J), (k) illustrate*

the plugging for the rest of the digit's.

(n, o, and p) If there is a 6 punch in column 21 the digit from column 20

will go to the fifth digit of group &. otherwise, the digit from column

Uo will go there.

(m, q, and r) If there is a 9 punch in column 21 the digit incolumn 80 will

be the fifth digit of group 12. Otherwise., it will be the fifth digit of

group 16.

NOTE: If during the course of s computation the IBM reader should runout of

cards the starting relay (see PX-11-307) "ill be closed so the moment newcards

are dropped In, the reader will go through a cycle. To make sure that the reader

does not fall to feed this first card the stop button should be held down until

the cirds ere firmly in place.

-5- —^ I~i -15- -20o o o o

25

ooo o30

o o

35 Ho

— t~0 O O15

o O

50 55 60

* ooo OOOO oI 1 65 70 75 80ooo OOOO

PI to 1 HB - PlugO O 1 o/ o

I

ooo2 3 »

O / o

5/6 7 « 9o

10o

11 12 13 It lst-i?

y.0"~~N>Reset sh

o ooo 0/00012/— 11 — —

ooo- Digit seleotor ^4 -7 -

or- 8-

0*

o o o

! ! 1 1

o O

PL to reset shunt

-

lo 2o 3o 4o

O O O

1 1 1 1

OOOO IB- o o o o o /

5o &> 7o"" So 9o lOo llo 12o 13o llo 150 160 O

o o i> o o »fS Read Brushes — -15- -205

ja d o o ooo OOOO o o/ 7 a? SO 35 •w

yh / 15 50 55 «T\\y o ooo

65

OOOOTo 75 so \N

\ o ooo oooo a o o o ooo OOOO a

k^

' J..MP»^»«pffpi—^Jy

Cougling 3-iritah

Tills switch rsouples two groups of digits together when It is setto the position. It provides for

the carryover when an 5HIAC complement Is converted to a true value.

The switches or this drawing and PX-12-303 are set for thearrangement shown In the table below.

Table Showing Original Set of Decades Connected to the Printer

printer Group

1

6

7

t

910ll

12

13}4

16

Decades from

MBSter Programmer, panel 1, Decadesl4-lo

Accumulator 13, Pecadee 6-10

Accumulator 13, Decodes 1-5

Accumulator lk, Decades 6-10

Accumulator l4, Decades 1-5Accumulator 15, Decades 6-10

Accumulator 16, Decades 6-10

Accumulator 16, Decades 1-5Accumulator 17, Decades 6-10

Accumulator 1/, Decades 1-5Accumulator If!, Dscedes 6-10

Accumulator 1(5, Decades 1-5Accumulator 19, Decades 6-10

Accumulator 19, Decades 1-5Accumulator 20, Decedes 6-10

Accumulator 20, Decades 1-5

MOORE SCHOOL Of ELFORUAl i NGINEf RingUNIVIR6I1V Of P>N"S>IV»nia

PBINTEB FPONTPArCL N0.1

M»T£Rl»>

Drawn b>

:

J.EDEISK*

dr. 1*14

•ooitnwi by:

PX12-30J

Gienarel Explanation of Printer

The printer operates from the statin outputs of accumulator and master programmer decades.The cables connecting the decade static terminals to the 'printer lie in a trough at the top ofthe front of the anchine, A table, showing the original set of connections, appears on FX-12-301.Bvery accumulator decode and PI5 unit and everv master programmer decade has a static outnut term-inal.

The numbers to be printed are divided into sixteen groups of 'i digits and a PM, numberedfrom 1 to 16. "ho printing switches determine which groups are connected to the 1BK gang pure!-..Drawing P.X-I8-305 "how* the ISM gang punch plug board and gives instructions for connecting it up.

Any group of fiv» dibits end PI! nay be connected to an adjacent group by means of thecoupling awiteh, sr that 10 digit, If: digit, etc, curibers tr.ay be punched.

Khan the number to be printed is m complement (i.e., the IK counter registers K), the truevalue of the number la punched along with an 11 punch to indicate that it is negative.

lihanRver infnrratlon in the master programmer is printed adaptor PZ-lff-llU B must be uieciat the printer plujr- on panel 3 so as to ground the unused IIS lead going into the printer.

The printer is programmed from the ir-ttiating unit (see F-

^plii.f switch.;! rx-l?-?n! for tr. axplanftt 1 -re

of this sw'.'.ih

*OORE SCHOOL Of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGUNIVIRSII* Of PENNSYLVANIA

PPINTEI2 rOONT PANEL NO-3MATERIA..

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PXi2-303

PLTO BOARD TOR GANO PUSCH

Computer Hssult Exit

These hubs connect directly to the digit relays In the printer. To

punch positive numbers they can be plugged to the punch megnet hubs in

any desired arrangement . Thus, it is possible to place the digits coming

from the group 1 relays in any five of the eighty columns on the IEU

card. |q

Minus Indication.

The sixteen hubs under minus Indication go diractly to the PM releysof the sixteen groups. The minus indication of any -proup could be punched

In any of eighty columns on the card simply by connecting the corresponding

minus indication hub with the particular column hub of the punch magnet*.

Usually, however, the minus Indication will appear above some digit

of the number on the card. To place the minus Indication (an 11 punch)

above the first digit of the number the minus Indication of the correspond-

ing group is plugged to one of the terminals labeled "A" under column splits.

The hubs »B» and »0" directly under the A-hub used are to be plugged, respect-

ively, to the digit hub (computer Results Exit) above which the minus punch

is desired and to the corresponding hub of the punch magnets.

The column splits Is simply a sixteen pole double throw relay switch.

This switch is controlled by a cam In the IBM punch which causes the «0" hubs

to be connected to the respective "A" hubs during the 11 position of the csrd

and to the «3« hubs during the 0,.....,Q position of the card.

Emitter Outputs

If one of these hubs is plugged to a punch magnet hub the corresponding

number will be punched In that column of the card. The five rows of five

common hubs to the right of the emitter outputs enable one to punch the same

number in more than three columns. The connection labeled (e) on the diagram

causes nines to be punched In the columns 77 ,^0 on *na card, connections

such as these cause the corresponding number to be punched In every card.

This can be used to give Identifying numbers to the csrds or to punch dates on

the cards. Alphabetic punching cannot be done on this machine.

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