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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE www.unizg.hr www.fsb.hr www.fsb.hr/acg Sustainable Management & Transport Solutions Dubrovnik 12/09/2014 www.fsb.hr/acg Sustainable Urban Transport The Croatian Experiance Goran Krajai, Joko Deur and iRESEV project team University of Zagreb Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE ELECTRIC VEHICLES RUN AT SMALL COST; Economy and Reliability Run Results in Victory Over Gasoline Cars. ELECTRIC VEHICLES ATTRACT ATTENTION; Pleasure Cars Not Forgotten at Garden Motor Truck Show -- Record Attendance.

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

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EDT model results

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE EDT model results

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE Hourly transport energy demand modelling using MATSIM model MATSIM provides a framework to implement large-scale agent-based transport simulations with exceptional modularity: its modules can be combined or used stand- alone or even replaced by new implementations. Inputs required by the MATSim are divided into the following categories: population: provides agent's identification (agent ID number), age, working municipality and longitudinal and lateral coordinates of home location activity plan: tells agent at which location (work, home, leisure, shopping) they should be at the specified time network: provides the detailed network for each city under the consideration and only the main roads outside the city limits facilities (optional): provides the longitudinal and lateral coordinates of non-home locations

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 8 MATSIM building the Croatian model Zagreb (ZG)Split (ST)Rijeka (RI)Osijek (OS) area limits in WGS84 coordinates (estimation) 46.021N 15.534W 45.665S 16.392E 43.534N 16.382W 43.498S 16.512E 45.386N 14.3348W 45.307S 14.520E 45.584N 18.596W 45.525S 18.776E No. of municipalities17273415 No. of employed (2011 census) 322.25663.56150.49438.786 % of employed driving a car 62 7762 (est.) Estimated number of agents travelling by car 199.79839.40731.30624.047 MATSim inputs, (asumptions): the only activities are home and work leisure is assumed to be on the same locations as work there are no holidays within the year

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE MATSIM building the Croatian model

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE MATSIM - Results

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE EnergyPLAN - Results

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE EnergyPLAN - Results

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE H2RES modelling regional case study

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE H2RES - Results

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 15 Konzum transport modelling EREV GM Chevy Volt 1 4 1 2 3 4 Dynamic Programming-based optimization algorithm developed for EREV (Volt) vehicle control variable optimization can be used for optimization of charging electric vehicle fleet within electric power system which includes renewable energy sources 2 SIMILARITY BETWEEN SYSTEMS 3 1) ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 2) RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES REGENERATIVE BRAKING 3) AGGREGATE BATTERY (batteries of all vehicles within fleet) (Volt) VEHICLE BATTERY 4) ELECTRIC APPLIANCES DRIVER POWER DEMAND

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

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Konzum electric vehicle fleet modelling INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES/BATTERIES LUMPED VEHICLES/BATTERIES AGGREGATE APPROACH AGGREGATE BATTERY STATE EQUATION Aggregate battery state-of- charge (SoC) Aggregate battery charging power (control variable) Aggregate transport demand C max aggregate battery capacity Group of individual vehicles/batteries are modelled as a single aggregate battery AGGREGATE BATTERY BASIC MODEL [1] [1] H. Lund, W. Kempton, "Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G", Energy Policy, 36, pp. 3578-3587, 2008.

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE Electric vehicle fleet models (Konzum) BASIC MODEL OF AGGREGATE BATTERY Number of vehicles parked in the distribution centre Transport demand Number of vehicles arriving to the distribution centre Number of vehicles departing from the distribution centre Average SoC of vehicles arriving to the distribution centre Fleet model considers vehicles as a single aggregate battery with constant capacity DRAWBACKS Batteries of on-road vehicles are considered available for charging Justified approach when precise distributions related to transport are missing, but can lead to estimation errors Novel model of fleet assumes aggregate battery with variable capacity (available for charging) dependent on number of vehicles connected to the grid NOVEL MODEL OF AGGREGATE BATTERY REQUIRED MODELS INPUT DISTRIBUTIONS More realistic approach

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE Konzum charging optimization results SCENARIO: NO EXCESSIVE ENERGY PRODUCED FROM RES Energy generated from RES is totally used Heuristic charging method charge aggregate battery only when SoC is significantly depleted Two tariff cost of el. energy DP optimization tends to charge aggregate battery in periods of low tariff cost of el. energy Aggregate battery SoC Aggregate battery charging power Power generated from RES

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE Cargo delivery truck characteristics MAN TGM 15.240 Maximum engine power and torque characteristic Average efficiency of an automatic transmission is htr = 0.96 [Haoran Hu, Simon Baseley, Rudolf M. Smaling, "Advanced Hybrid Powertrains for Commercial Vehicles", SAE International R-396, ISBN: 978-0-7680-3359-5, 2012.], MAX = +33 % 0,388 Vehicle parameters: Effective tyre radius Transmission gear ratios 3,7 Differential ratio Vehicle mass: - empty vehicle - max. load - overall Limited top speed Engine power

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 23 Maximum output torque, fuel consumption and efficiency maps MAN Diesel motor EVO Electric AF-230 P mg(20s) = 280 kW P mg(60s) = 200 kW P mgR = 128 kW m mg = 57.5 kg P e = 176 kW m e 600 kg

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 24 Constant speed fuel consumption and powertrain performance Average fuel consumption - measured = 18 [L/100km] v MAX P v=90 = 108 kW

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 25 Constant speed comparison - CONV vs EV 1 L Diesel = 9.97 kwh bat chg = 0.8 1 L Diesel = 1.313 euro EE-LT = 0.06 euro/kWh EE-HT = 0.13 euro/kWh 1 L Diesel = 3.16 kg CO2 EE-Coal = 1 kg/kWh EE-Gas = 0.45 kg/kWh EE-NE&Eco = 0.1 kg/kWh

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 26 Driving cycles of particular delivery truck ClusterDistance [km]Duration [h] #1154.463.81 #2363.36.04 #3176.433.73 #472.651.8 #524.011.06 Li-Ion E batt = 114 [kWh] m batt = 1.2 [t]

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 27 Driving Cycle m f,real [L]m f,sim [L]m f,sim vs m f,real 182.581.4-1.4% 286.095.0+10.5% 35.54.7-14.3% 44.53.8-15.8% 541.043.0+5.4% 611.010.6-3.9% 714.0 0% 830.5 0% 929.529.3-0.6% 104241.9-0.4% Simulation results measurements ! Driving cycles of particular delivery truck

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 28 Constant-velocity range and range for different driving cycles

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 29 Comparative simulation results for four real driving cycles from city-driving clusters. Clusters DC [km]m vmax [t]V g-real [l]V g-sim [l]SoC f [%] #4 (70 km) 53.119.921110.660.30 60.5312.651414.045.79 #5 (25 km) 22.4712.085.54.784.36 20.8511.274.53.887.20 Clusterm CO2 [kg]Energy cost [EUR] DieselEe COAL Ee GAS Ee ECO DieselEe LT Ee HT #4 (70 km) 29.1548.7621.944.8814.442.936.34 37.166.1329.766.6118.383.978.6 #5 (25 km) 14.5818.88.461.887.221.132.44 11.9315.246.861.525.910.911.98 Significant advantage for EV when EE is generated by RE and/or NE Significant advantage for EV according to energy price

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 30 CONCLUSION Delivery truck The backward-looking models of diesel engine-propelled mid- size delivery truck MAN TGM 15.240. has been created and successfully validated in terms of fuel consumption prediction for previously recorded diving cycles The model has then been converted to describe a hypothetical electric truck with comparable torque and power performance. Comparison of the two vehicles, CONV and EV, has pointed out that the EV can provide energy cost savings of up to 85% for realistic urban and sub-urban driving cycles for the lower (night) tariff of electricity cost. The EV benefits of reduced well-to-wheel CO2 emissions for gas power plant production (around 30%) and in particular for nuclear and renewable energy production (around 85%), but not for the coal fired power plants.

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 31 EV projects in UNESCO protected city centres 46 cities in Europe with historic city centres under UNESCO protection Protected cities per country: 1 Albania, Belgium, Greece, Malta, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Estonia, Latvia 2 - France 3 Austria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Germany, Portugal 8 Spain 10 Italy

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 32 Examples Pilot projects Evora Bern Wien Salzburg Bordeaux Bruges Riga Prag Tallin

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 33 Examples Evora, Portugal (www.mobie.pt)www.mobie.pt Evora Number of chargers: 9 Charge Power: 3.7 kW

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 34 Examples Wien, Austria (http://www.tanke-wienenergie.at/unsere- tankstellen/)http://www.tanke-wienenergie.at/unsere- tankstellen/ Wien Number of chargers: 150 Charge Power: 22-60 kW

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 35 Examples Riga, Latvia (http://tf.llu.lv/conference/proceedings2012/Papers/070_P utnieks_U.pdf)http://tf.llu.lv/conference/proceedings2012/Papers/070_P utnieks_U.pdf Riga Number of chargers: 36 Charge Power: 3.7/22 kW

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 36 Examples Prag, Czech Republic (https://www.pre.cz/)https://www.pre.cz/ Prag Number of chargers: 7 (centre) 10 total Charge Power: 12.5-41 kW

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 37 Examples Graz, Austria (http://www.energiegraz.at/)http://www.energiegraz.at/ Graz Number of chargers: 47 Charge Power: ? kW

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 38 Technical Specifications EVUE projekt

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 39 Other resources http://openchargemap.org/site/ https://ev-charging.com/at/en

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 40 Sustainable public transport for Dubrovnik Introducing Sustainable, Energy Efficient, Clean and Quiet Public Transport to Tourist Towns Connecting industry, research organization and local communities in setting up procedures necessary for introduction of electric busses in the public transport in Dubrovnik (optimization process for selection of electric buses, charging infrastructure, line planning, battery management, electric-drive EMS system optimization, producing equipment), setting up pilot project in Dubrovnik ERDF funding????? Triple Helix --- academy, local government, industry, SMEs. etc

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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 41 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! www.powerlab.fsb.hr/iresev goran.krajacic@fsb.hr ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the Croatian Science Foundation through ICT-aided integration of Electric Vehicles into the Energy Systems with a high share of Renewable Energy Sources project.