university of the philippines visayas foundation, inc. (upvfi)
TRANSCRIPT
University of the Philippines Visayas Foundation, Inc. (UPVFI)
COMMISSION ON FIL IPINOS OVERSEAS
by
Maria Elisa D. Baliao
Cristabel Rose F. Parcon Hanny John P. Mediodia
Kharla Mae D. Brillo
University of the Philippines Visayas Foundation, Inc (UPVFI)
July 2015
COMMISSION ON FIL IPINOS OVERSEAS
The Migration and Development Initiative for Western Visayas (MDI-WV) Project, is a project related
to the global project of Joint Migration and Development Initiative (JMDI) which aims to optimize the
contribution of migration in regional and local development in Western Visayas. It is funded by the Swiss
Agency for Development and Cooperation through the United Nations Development Programme. The
Commission on Filipinos Overseas is the implementing partner, and the Regional Development Council of
Region VI (c/o NEDA Regional Office VI) is the responsible partner. Other project partners include the
League of Local Planning and Development Coordinators of Western -Visayas, Signpost Philippines Inc.
and the Provincial Governments of Western Visayas.
To contribute towards a higher impact of migration on local development, support were provided by
(1) strengthening the capacities of local stakeholders to engage on and promote the links between
migration and development, (2) strengthening local authorities’ initiatives and activities relative to operating
functioning migration resource centers and pooling collective remittances to support disaster risk reduction
and other migration and development initiatives, and (3) connecting local authorities internationally to
facilitate partnership building and knowledge sharing.
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study was conducted to generate information about Overseas
Filipinos and their families, as well as various government programs and
services for the benefit of overseas Filipinos. Socio-demographic and psycho-
graphic characteristics of Overseas Filipinos and their families were described.
Issues and concerns confronting the return migrants in Western Visayas were
also presented. The migration situationer covered all 6 provinces of Western
Visayas especially where there are many Overseas Filipinos.
Majority of the households with migrant have only one migrant. Majority
of the migrants are married or cohabiting, have a college degree, and are either
land-based or sea-based workers in Asia. They are temporary residents of the
host country and are either on job order or contractual status. Many have no
work before they left for abroad between 2000 and 2015. Those who are
working are either service workers or are in trade and related occupations. Most
of them left the country to look for a better paying job. Many of them have
monthly earnings of between 10,000 PHP and 29,999 PHP abroad. Majority
sends monthly remittance either through bank deposit or through money
transfer. Majority of the migrants come home once a year to take a vacation for
one to three months.
Information on 400 households with migrants, a total of 2,307 persons,
were included in the survey. There are more females than males in the
households, and a dependency ratio of 42.1. Average household size is 5.8
persons, and most of these households are composed of extended families.
More than half of the household population have finished at least high school,
however, only 42 percent of the members are reported to be working.
Housing characteristics of the migrants were also collected and most of
the houses have finished floors, galvanized roofing, and finished walls. These
households have electricity and own several durable goods, personal effects
and electronic devices. Only 20 percent own real properties, 30 percent own or
manage a business, and 39 percent have outstanding loans. Most common
leisure activities included eating in fast food restaurants, shopping in the malls,
or simply staying at home.
Most of the households with migrants do not have plans for their future,
may it be in terms of acquiring properties, financial plans, or retirement plans.
Less than half of households with migrants expressed worries and concerns
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
over the situation of their members abroad. These concerns vary from
workplace, health, or relationship issues. Households received remittance
monthly transmitted through banks. These remittances are used for the day -to-
day household expenses. Only a few households save a portion of the
remittance sent.
The 2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) data was used
to describe the income sources and expenditure of households with migrants.
The average annual total family income of households with migrant is more than
double of the average annual family income of households without migrant.
Almost 38 percent of the income of households with migrant come from abroad.
The total expenditure of households with migrant is 277,154 PHP, which is
mostly spent on non-food items.
The return migrants interviewed for the study have come back to the
Philippines for an average of 4.8 years after working in an average of 3.7 years
in places such as Kuwait, Palau, China, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Hong Kong,
Dubai, and Singapore. Family issues and concerns were the main reasons for
their flight back home. Most did not receive assistance or support from
government upon their return and they did not even know where to ask for help
in the first place.
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
LIST OF ACRONYMS
CFO Commission of Filipinos Overseas
DOLE Department of Labor and Employment
FIES Family Income and Expenditure Survey
IOM International Organization on Migration
NEDA National Economic and Development Authority
NRCO National Reintegration Center for Overseas Filipino Workers
OFW Overseas Filipino Workers
OWWA Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
POEA Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary i
List of Acronyms iii
Migration and Development in the Philippines: A Review 1
I. Introduction 12
II. Profile of Migrants from Western Visayas 18
III. Characteristics of Households with Migrants 32
IV. Family Income and Expenditure: A Comparison Between Households With and Without Migrants
60
V. Return and Reintegration of Migrants in Western Visayas 70
VI. Philippine Policies and Programs on Migration 78
Works Cited 85
Appendix A: Stock Estimates of Migrants from Western Visayas
88
Appendix B: Detailed Table of Family Expenditure
96
Appendix C: Survey Instrument
107
Migration and Development in the Philippines: A Review
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES: A REVIEW
This chapter presents a brief review of studies on migration and
development in the Philippines. This provides a background of the study on the
migration situation in Western Visayas. The review includes discussions on
migration trends and social and economic impacts of migration.
I. MIGRATION TRENDS
A. Immigration to the Philippines
Immigration to the Philippines is a relatively small phenomenon,
involving an annual flow of less than 20,000 foreign nationals settling in the
Philippines for various reasons (International Organization for Migration, 2013).
The increasing interaction among different countries due to globalization and
ASEAN integration indicate that the foreign population in the Philippines might
grow in the future, although not in a dramatic way.
In the same report by the International Organization for Migration (IOM),
most of the immigrants to the Philippines come from China and more recently
from the Republic of Korea. The inflow of student who take advantage of
tertiary level education or English language programs is growing. In 2012, a
total of 58,811 applications for student visas or special study permits were
processed and approved; up from 41,443 applications in 2011 (IOM, 2013).
B. Emigration
1. Countries of Destination
For many years, the Philippines has figured among the top countries of
origin in the traditional immigration countries. In a report by Calzado (2007)
most of the permanent overseas Filipinos are concentrated in highly developed
countries, particularly the US and Trust Territories. Further, the US and Trust
Territories as well as Southeast Asia appear to be preferred destinations among
irregular migrants, as the former accounted for 40 percent, and the latter
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
accounted for 27 percent of the total stock of undocumented overseas Filipinos
(Calzado, 2007).
In the 2013 Country Migration Report (IOM, 2013), marriage migration is
an important component of the migration outflow and a significant component of
the Filipino community in Japan, Republic of Korea and Taiwan.
At the start of the overseas labor, the deployment of OFWs was almost
exclusively directed toward the Middle East, particularly in the Gulf countries. It
was largely facilitated by construction contractors and labor sub-contractors that
deployed workers to the construction and oil sectors. Presently, the Gulf
countries still account for 67 percent of the outflows of OFWs (IOM, 2013).
Other destinations in Asia, in particular Singapore; Hong Kong, China; and
Taiwan Province of China have become major destinations of Filipinos,
particularly domestic workers and factory workers.
2. Labor Migration
Labor migration from the Philippines has constantly grown in the past 40
years and has more than doubled in the last 10 years with 2012 believed to be
the peak year surpassing the deployment figure of 1,850,463 in 2011 (IOM,
2013). A significant number of these labor migrants are rehires among land -
based workers. They constitute 63 percent of the total land based deployment
of 1,384,094 in 2011.
Rehires are Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who go back to the same
employer in the same country under any of the following circumstances: (1) to
renew their contracts for another term; (2) to rejoin their existing employer in
the same country after availing of vacation; or (3) to rejoin their existing
employer in the same country with whom overseas employment was previously
obtained, mostly onsite, without being registered with the POEA or passing
through its registration system upon original departure of the worker (IOM,
2013).
The recruitment industry also noted that sourcing of OFWs for new
vacancies may also be undertaken from among OFWs already in the market
place or country of work abroad, especially when supply of qualified workers in
the Philippines is tight (Soriano, 2012 in IOM, 2013).
The IOM Report (2013) further explained that as annual emigration for
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employment continues to rise, so has the base number of rehires. This indicates
that the temporary migration of OFWs is gaining some stability ---- a case of
temporary migration becoming more or less permanent ---- and the overseas
employment experience is becoming longer. As a result, the rate of permanent
return is slow, probably because of limited wage-competitive opportunities in the
Philippines.
The same report presented that the number of seafarers has also
increased by 75 percent in the past 10 years (IOM, 2013). The growth has
occurred in particular in the last five years – 100,000 more between 2008 and
2011 – drawing a stable, if not increasing lead share of Filipino seafarers in the
global market ranging from 20 to 30 percent. Further, the report presented that
a considerable portion of the increase is due to non-maritime personnel,
including women, working onboard passenger vessels.
3. Characteristics of Migrants
Migrants usually come from Metro Manila and the surrounding provinces
except for Pangasinan, Cebu and Maguindanao. Most of the migrants from the
provinces of Mindanao are female domestic workers leaving for Malaysia and
the Gulf countries.
The 2013 Country Migration Report characterized the OFWs to be young
because more than 70 percent of OFWs are aged between 25 and 44 years old.
More women leave the country to work abroad, with an annual average of 55-60
percent of the total migrants. On the other hand, men dominate the older age
(over 40 years old) migrants.
4. Occupation of Migrants
Most OFWs find employment as service or production workers. These
two categories comprise 80 percent of all OFWs. The largest concentration of
OFWs is in domestic work. Overseas employment was mostly male in the 1970s
and 1980s, but females are now the majority of the newly-hired land-based
OFWs, mainly because of the number of household workers. After a momentary
decline in 2007 and 2008, soon after the implementation of the Household
Service Workers Reform Package, domestic workers have increased and more
than doubled between 2009 and 2012. With the decline of the Japan market for
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foreign entertainers since 2005, nurses are the number one category among
professionals that is also female-dominated (IOM, 2013).
5. Recruitment of Labor Migrants
Overseas employment is usually mediated by private recruitment
agencies, numbering approximately 1,300 in 2012. Although other forms of
recruitment are available, most OFWs ------ between 85 and 95 percent ----- are
recruited by employment agencies. Government to government (G-to-G)
recruitment arrangements, handled by the POEA’s Government Placement
Branch, have been limited mostly to the Republic of Korea and Saudi Arabia.
OFWs who have secured employment contracts on their own without the
mediation of recruitment agencies have remained a notable proportion owing to
the freer access to global markets through the Internet or referral linkages
facilitated by peers or relatives who are already abroad (IOM, 2013).
6. Irregular Migrants
In spite of the comprehensive regulation of overseas labor, irregular
migrants are estimated at about 10 percent of the total number of Filipinos
abroad. They are mostly in Malaysia, especially in the disputed territory of
Sabah.
The Mindanao region appears to be the prominent source of irregular
migrants, particularly females, to Malaysia and the Middle East. The lack of or
weak implementation of overseas employment regulation by the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) significantly contributes to this pattern.
Other factors are also at work, namely: (1) the aspiration of Muslim Filipinos to
fulfil their pilgrimage to Mecca through overseas employment; (2) movements
driven by conflict, poverty, and more recently, climate change disturbances; and
(3) the facilitation by informal manpower brokers who are usually known to
prospective migrants and their families, relatives and community peers.
The United States, Singapore and some European countries also have a
sizable population of irregular Filipino migrants. While many irregular migrants
have been illegally recruited and trafficked, some irregular migrants do not
technically fall into the definition of trafficked and illegally recruited (IOM, 2013).
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7. Motivations for Migration
Based on the 2013 Country Migration Report, employment is the most
prominent reason for migration abroad. However, according to the report, not all
Filipino migrants go abroad because of it. Other reasons for migration include:
(1) acquisition of skills; (2) pursuit of a career (such as seafaring, nursing, or
information technology); (3) the opportunity to reunite with families abroad; (4)
experience other cultures, encounter other people and societies; and (5) live a
more developed standard of living.
The new economics of migration, a theory developed in recent years,
challenges some of the hypotheses and assumptions of earlier migration
theories which focused on individual’s decision based on the cost and benefits
of migration. This theory argues that migration decisions are made not only by
isolated individuals but also by larger units, such as families and households.
Migration occurs not only to increase individual earnings but also to minimize
household risks and to protect the family from market failures (Poston and
Bouvier, 2010).
All these movements of people have been influenced by push and pull
factors such as inadequate income levels in the home country, better jobs
available abroad, opening of borders, easier mobility due to better
communications and transportation infrastructure, and the increasing need for
services around the world (Calzado, 2007).
II. IMPACTS OF MIGRATION ON HOUSEHOLDS
A. Social Impacts of Migration
Filipino migration began in the first half of the twentieth century when
Filipinos sought employment in Hawaii and California under the American
colonial policies (Berber, 2000 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). In the 1960s, more
Filipino men joined the seafarers’ workforce. Berber further discussed that
migration of Filipinos then shifted to the Middle East in the 1970s in response to
the increasing need for construction workers. This pattern of male dominated
migration waves changed in the 1980s due to the demand for domestic workers
(Asis, Huans, and Yeoh, 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2011), resulting in an
increase in female migration.
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In 2005, women comprised 70 percent of the international labor migrants
from the Philippines (Briones, 2009 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). Filipino women
migrants participate mainly in the unskilled labor sector, although skilled
professionals like nurses make up a significant proportion of the migrants.
For many Filipino women migration has been viewed as a journey of self-
discovery. Hence, many women have expressed self-fulfilment, confidence, and
self-reliance gained from this experience (Asis, et al., 2004 in Tejero and
Fowler, 2012). Unfortunately, for many women this journey is not always the
experience that was anticipated. Many have encountered negative experiences
and challenges which have affected their physical, psychological and emotional
well-being (Tejero and Fowler, 2012).
Many of the women who migrate from the Philippines are married and
have left their families behind. The resulting separation affects both the mother
and the family remaining in the Philippines. The mother is constantly thinking
about the status of her children and frequently redefines her concept of
motherhood (Fresnoza-Flot, 2009 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). In Filipino
culture, the family is closely knit and is regarded as the most important part of
one’s life, especially that of the mother. The Filipino woman migrates mainly to
secure her family’s economic future (Reyes, 2007 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).
Those working as domestic helpers verbalized some sense of guilt as they take
care of their employers’ children, wondering how their own children are being
fed and cared for (Asis, et al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).
The family members most affected by the departure of the mother are the
children. A report by the Episcopal Commission on Migrants (2004 in Tejero and
Fowler, 2012) said that children left behind by their mothers experience greater
difficulty in school and social adjustment as compared to those whose fathers
are abroad. One child deliberately dropped out of school in an attempt to bring
his mother back home, as the mother’s reason for migration was to earn money
for her son’s education (Asis, et al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).
Children have different level of acceptance or tolerance of the situation
depending on their “cognitive development” (Carandang, 2007 in Reyes, 2008).
Reyes (2008) explained that for young children, they only see migration as a
form of abandonment of their parents; while adolescents may either be
receptive or resentful. Related articles on children left behind also focus on the
effects of mother’s absence to children, where children have varied reactions to
migration situation depending on the age of the child ----- i.e. for pre-school
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children (0-5 years old), the absence of mothers is somewhat easily accepted
since no bonding has yet been established but the adjustment for those children
ages 6-16 years of age is more difficult because they have already known and
established affection with their mothers (Añonuevo, 2002 in Reyes, 2008).
Migration of mothers has either a positive or negative effect for the
adolescents ----- somewhat happy because of the material benefits but the
painful one is they cannot hid their sadness (Arellano-Carandang, et.al, 2007
and Añonuevo, 2002 in Reyes, 2008). Children of migrant, particularly of
migrant mothers, still consider the migration as a form of abandonment.
Children have much higher expectation for mothers to provide care for the
family even if they are working abroad. Though they recognize the economic
benefits they are gaining, they do not recognize this as a form of care (Parrenal,
2006 in Reyes, 2008). This situation is supported by the results of the study of
Battistella and Conaco (1996 in Reyes, 2008) which reveals that parental
absence is experienced particularly as a sense of loneliness and abandonment
and that children who are left behind lagged behind their classmates with both
parents present. Reyes (2008) however said that children of migrants
performed well especially during grade school compared to non-migrant children
as what was revealed in the 2003 Scalabrini study.
The husbands left behind are forced to take on the responsibilities in the
home traditionally assumed by the wife. This seemingly feminizing role is
reluctantly taken on considering the ‘machismo’ male image in Philippine
society. This reversal of roles increases the regard that husbands have of their
wives and women’s work (Asis, et. al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).
B. Economic Impacts of Migration
1. Consumption and Investment
Remittances are, in general, additions to household income intended to
be used for consumption. However, remittances can also be directed toward
specific investment opportunities either by the recipients or at the prodding of
the OFWs themselves. A number of studies on international migration
concluded that remittances are primarily consumed and not invested (Zosa and
Orbeta, 2009).
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The basic expectation from economic theory is that remittances
increases income, and is thus expected to increase the demand for normal
goods. However, the literature review done by Zosa and Orbeta (2009) revealed
that estimation results done in various studies show mixed results. Simple
comparisons of levels and expenditure shares show positive impact on total
consumption expenditures of remittances, which implies lower savings given the
income. The expenditure shares on specific types of expenditures such as
housing, education and recreation services, and durable goods among
remittance-receiving households are higher compared to non-receiving
households. Comparison of expenditure elasticities between remittance -
receiving and remittance non-receiving households shows higher expenditure
elasticities in remittance-receiving households in housing, education, health
care, durables, transportation and communications but lower elasticities for food
regularly eaten outside the home, alcohol and tobacco.
Remittances affect the total consumption expenditure of households as
well as the distribution of income to different expenditure items. Tullao, Cortez
and See (2007 as cited in Zosa and Orbeta, 2009) did simple comparisons of
the level of consumption between households receiving and not receiving
remittances. The simple comparisons showed higher consumption expenditure
for remittance-receiving households. It also finds higher allocation for housing,
education, health care, and recreation services. The proportion of households
with amenities such as television sets, refrigerators, and washing machines is,
as expected, higher among households receiving remittances. The study also
showed that there are higher expenditure elasticities for housing, education,
health care, durables, and transportation and communications for those with
remittance income.
The study of Tabuga (2007) found that remittance-receiving households
allocated more to consumer goods and leisure. It also found that remittance
induces households to spend more on education, housing, and durable goods.
The study also showed that remittances does not induce households to spend
more on vices like tobacco and alcohol and on food regularly eaten outside.
There was also a larger positive impact on remittance receipts for those
households with large expenditure shares on education, health, consumer
goods, fuel, communication, household operations, and durables.
Yang (2008) analyzed the impact of migration and remittances on
household investment activities. The paper examined the impact of the
exogenous shock –i.e., the more than 50 percent increase in the value of the
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currencies of destination countries against the Philippine peso during the Asian
financial crisis – on household investment income, overall entrepreneurial
activity and on 11 specific entrepreneurial activity types. The findings of Yang
(2006) point to neither a clear impact of migration on household entrepreneurial
income nor on overall entrepreneurial activity. While there is a positive impact
on starting new entrepreneurial activities, there is none on existing or old
entrepreneurial activities.
2. Poverty Alleviation
Recent studies conducted in the Philippines find that international
migration contribute to the alleviation of poverty. There appears to be unanimity
on the negative impact of migration and remittances on poverty incidence, i.e.,
an increase in the number of migrants and the amount of remittances reduces
poverty incidence.
Remittances of OFWs enable the families of migrants to climb up the
income ladder quite rapidly, as supported by the results of the study of Ducanes
and Abella (2008). The study also found that a significant number of those who
get to climb over come from the poor households. However, the authors
highlighted the result that the poor households who most successfully crossed
over from poverty were those with migrants with more education. This result
underscores the importance of human capital investment as a means to help lift
the poor out of poverty.
The impact of labor migration and overseas workers’ remittances on
poverty reduction in the Philippines was analysed in Capistrano and Sta. Maria
(2009). The study identified and quantified the individual poverty alleviating
effects of the level of labor migration and volume of remittances on the three
Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indices – the incidence, depth, and severity of
poverty. The findings suggest that labor migration and remittance flows exert a
negative and significant impact on all three measures of poverty. A 10 percent
increase in per capita remittance and number of labor migrants leads to an
approximately 0.4 percent and 0.2 percent reduction, respectively, in the
proportion of families living below the poverty line.
Panel data on regions of the Philippines to investigate the role of
remittances in poverty alleviation and regional development was used in Pernia
(2006). The study used mean per capita expenditure as the measure of welfare.
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The study finds that remittances contribute to poverty alleviation which is
reflected by the higher family spending of the poorest quintile (bottom 20
percent of the households). The estimation shows that a 1 000 PHP increase in
remittance per capita leads to 2,543 PHP additional annual family spending
after controlling for the effects of other factors.
Sawada and Estudillo (2005) analysed the impact of transfer (which
includes remittances) and non-transfer incomes on measures of poverty both at
the household and provincial levels using pooled time-series cross-section FIES
data from 1985 to 2000. It was found that increases in both transfer and non-
transfer income decreases poverty. In addition, transfer income was found to be
more important than non-transfer income at the household level.
Although remittances accrue directly to households with migrant
members, families that do not receive remittances can also benefit indirectly
from these transfers, thus promoting local development through spillovers. First,
increased consumption of migrant households can generate multiplier effects. If
recipient families increase their household consumption of local goods and
services, this will benefit other members of the community through an increase
in demand, which stimulates local production, thereby promoting job creation
and local development. Second, remittances are also found to prop up
formation of small-scale enterprises, thereby promoting local development.
Workers’ remittances ease credit constraints and provide working capital for the
recipients to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This results in job creation and
enhances the development of the remittance-receiving locality (Ang et al.,
2014).
Introduction
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INTRODUCTION
I. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The Regional Development Council (RDC)-VI through the National
Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Region 6 is implementing the
Migration and Development Initiative - Western Visayas (MDI-WV) Project. The
project is intended to maximize the contribution of migration in regional and local
development.
Migration dynamics have a strong potential role in supporting local
development processes. The drivers and impact of migration are often most
strongly felt at the local level. Communities also have strong ties with their
diaspora communities who originate from their area and can be important
players towards the diaspora. Especially during times of disasters and
calamities, overseas Filipinos are strong partners both in the recovery of
affected families through their remittances and in rehabilitating efforts through
diaspora philanthropy. Studies showed the importance of efficiently linking civil
society initiatives with local development agenda in order to reach sustainability
and impact. However, their involvement remains underdeveloped and many
obstacles exist, such as lack of capacities and efficient and effective
collaboration within local government units in the field of migration and
development.
To contribute towards a better understanding of the impact of migration
on local development, the project will have the following outputs and outcomes:
1) Study on the Migration Situation in Western Visayas;
2) Increased awareness and strengthened capacities of local authorities
in linking migration and development in mainstreaming Migration and
Development in the local development plans and investment
programs;
3) Migration and Development Committees in local development
councils of selected local government units; and
4) Pooled collective remittance and private support in strengthening the
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
region’s disaster risk response and reduction operations, especially
for women and children.
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the Study on the Migration Situation in Western
Visayas is to generate information about overseas Filipinos and Filipino
migrants and their families, as well as various government programs and
services for the benefit of overseas Filipinos.
Specifically, the study aims to:
1. Describe the socio-demographic and psycho-graphic characteristics of
overseas Filipinos and their families in Western Visayas;
2. Describe the expenditure patterns of families of overseas Filipinos in
Western Visayas;
3. Describe the issues and concerns confronting the return migrant and
their families in Western Visayas; and
4. Describe programs of government and private institutions geared toward
the needs of overseas Filipinos and their families in Western Visayas.
This study will serve as reference for public executives and policymakers
in coming up with programs and legislative actions to address the concerns of
their constituents, particularly the Overseas Filipinos and their families.
III. METHODOLOGY
The migration situationer covered all 6 provinces of Western Visayas
especially where there are many overseas Filipinos and Filipino migrants using
baseline surveys and available secondary data gathered by the Commission on
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Filipinos Overseas (CFO). Other sources of information include studies
conducted by public and private research institutions, as well as, higher
education institutions. Summary tables and graphs were generated using the
data gathered.
Several approaches were used to collect data for this study. These
include: (1) household survey; (2) analysis of secondary data; and (3) key
informant interview.
A. Household Survey of Families of Migrants
A survey of 400 households with migrants in all the 6 provinces of
Western Visayas was conducted. Selection of respondents was done through
proportional allocation based on the number of OFW from the province. Figure 1
shows the distribution of respondents among the cities and municipalities
covered in this study.
Figure 1. Distribution of Respondents of the Survey
The survey covered all provinces of Western Visayas, namely: Aklan,
Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo and Negros Occidental. In Aklan and Antique
Provinces, the migrant households were all in the capital towns ------ Kalibo in
Silay City
9%
San Carlos City
9%
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Aklan and San Jose in Antique. In Iloilo, the migrant households were located in
Iloilo City, and in the Municipalities of Oton and Santa Barbara. In Negros
Occidental, they were found in Bacolod City, San Carlos City and Silay City. In
Guimaras, the households with migrants were selected in the Municipality of
Jordan.
The survey included the following indicators, among others:
Age
Sex
Civil status
Residence province or municipality of origin
Number of Children and their ages
Educational attainment
Profession before departure
Country of destination
Current job abroad
Residence in the host country
Number of years working abroad
Frequency and purpose of trips to the Philippines
Employment status overseas (permanent, casual, contractual)
Business (both local and abroad)
Frequency of sending and amount of remittance
Reasons for sending remittances to families
Preferred remittance facility
Issues and concerns faced by migrants and their families
Support requested from the government
Psycho-graphic characteristics of OFW families were also collected
through the survey. Indicators on personal values, attitude, opinions, interests,
and lifestyle of the OFW families were included.
B. Analysis of Secondary Data
The 2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) data was
secured. Of the 2841 households from Western Visayas that was covered by
the FIES, 610 are households with migrants. Sources of income and spending
patterns of households with and without migrants were described and
compared.
17
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
C. Key Informant Interview
Key informant interviews with return migrants was conducted. This was
done to determine the reasons for their return, characterize their current socio-
economic status, and solicit information on the support that was or have been
provided by the government to return migrants and their families.
Profile of Migrants from Western Visayas
19
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
PROFILE OF MIGRANTS FROM WESTERN VISAYAS
This chapter focuses on the description of migrants from Western
Visayas. It centers on their personal characteristics, work history, frequency and
reasons for coming home, welfare issues experienced, and future plans.
Data pertaining to migrant households were sourced through face-to-face
interview with the household head or the migrant. In cases when the migrant
was present, the migrant was interviewed. A total of 30 migrants were
interviewed. In instances when the migrant was not available during the
interview, information on the profile, work history and trips to the Philippines
were collected from the household heads.
Table 2.1. Presence of Migrants during the Survey
I. CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS
A. Number of Migrants per Household
Majority (81.5%) of the households have only one migrant member. A
handful has two migrant members although there is one household with eight
migrant members.
Presence Number Percent
Migrant was present 30 6.0
Migrant was not present 470 94.0
Total 500 100.0
20
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.2. Number of Migrants by Household
B. Age of Migrants
Majority (71.0%) of the migrants are between the ages of 25 and 44
years old. Very few are between the ages of 20 and 24 years old; and some
are between 45 and 65 years or older.
Table 2.3 Age of Migrants
C. Sex of Migrants
About the same number of migrants, in terms of sex, were included in the
survey. Thus, the table below shows that 46.6 percent are males and 53.4
percent are females.
Age (in years) Frequency Percent
20 -24 22 4.4
25-29 77 15.4
30-34 96 19.2
35-39 97 19.4
40-44 85 17.0
45-49 53 10.6
50-54 32 6.4
55-59 14 2.8
60-64 16 3.2
65 and above 8 1.6
TOTAL 500 100.0
Number of Migrants Number Percent
1 326 81.5
2 60 15.0
3 10 2.5
4 1 0.3
5 1 0.3
7 1 0.3
8 1 0.3
Total 400 100.0
21
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.4. Sex of the Migrants
D. Civil Status of Migrants
Majority (65.8%) of the migrants are married or cohabiting while 30
percent are single or have never married. Very few are either widowed,
separated, divorced or have their marriage annulled.
Table 2.5. Civil Status of Migrants
E. Highest Educational Attainment of Migrants
Majority (59.8%) of the migrants have finished college and 15 percent
have reached college level. A number have finished high school. The rest
possessed either low educational (as in elementary level or elementary
graduate) or high educational (as in having a graduate degree) attainment or
vocational or technical training.
Sex Number Percent
Male 233 46.6
Female 267 53.4
Total 500 100.0
Civil Status Number Percent
Married / Cohabiting 328 65.8
Never Married/ Single 150 30.0
Widowed 12 2.4
Separated / Divorced / Annulled 10 2.0
Total 500 100.0
22
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.6. Highest Educational Attainment of Migrants
F. Nature and Place of Work of Migrants
Majority (77.5%) of the migrants are land-based workers while only 22.5
percent are sea-based workers. Majority (72.8%) are working in the Asian
continent; 14.8 percent are in North America, and 8.7 percent are in Europe.
There are fewer than 5 percent working in Australia and New Zealand, Africa
and South America.
There is no significant difference in the percentage of land-based and
sea-based workers in the Asian continent where 72 percent of the land -based
workers and 77 percent of the sea-based workers are found.
Table 2.7. Nature of Work of Migrants
Nature of Work Number Percent
Land-based 376 77.5
Sea-based 109 22.5
Total 485 100.0
Highest Educational Attainment Number Percent
Elementary level 3 0.6
Elementary graduate 6 1.2
High school level 4 0.8
High school graduate 78 15.6
College level 76 15.2
College graduate 299 59.8
Graduate degree 2 0.4
Technical/vocational 32 6.4
Total 500 100.0
23
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.8. Continent of Work of Migrant
G. Residence and Employment Status of Migrants in the Host Country
Majority (81.2%) of the migrants are temporary residents of the host
country. Only 19 percent are permanent residents. Among the temporary
residents, majority (83.7%) is found in Asia while majority (50.0%) of the
permanent residents are in North America.
Majority (83.2%) is on job order or contractual status while the rest are
either regular (14.4%), casual (1.6%), retired (0.6%) or engaged in business
(0.2%). Some (1.4%) migrants engage in small business such as selling items
on line; selling cigarettes; and selling souvenir items to augment their income.
Table 2.9. Residence Status of Migrants in the Host Country
Table 2.10. Employment Status of Migrants in the Host Country
Continent of Work Number Percent
Asia 353 72.8
North America 72 14.8
Europe 42 8.7
Australia / New Zealand 10 2.1
Africa 6 1.2
South America 2 0.4
Total 485 100.0
Residence Status Number Percent
Temporary 406 81.2
Permanent 94 18.8
Total 500 100.0
Employment Status Number Percent
Job order / contractual 416 83.2
Regular 72 14.4
Casual 8 1.6
Retired 3 0.6
Engaged in Business 1 0.2
Total 500 100.0
24
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
II. WORK HISTORY OF MIGRANTS
A. Circumstances Before Migration
Many (32.0%) of the migrants have no work before they left for abroad.
A number are either service workers (15.4%) or are engaged in trade and
related work (15.4%) or are professionals (14.2%).
Table 2.11. Job of Migrants before Going Abroad
Many left for abroad either between 2010 and 2015 (42.4%) or between
2000 and 2009. The rest left to work abroad either in the 1990s (13.8%), 1980s
(4.4%) or in the 1970s (1.0%).
Majority (83.2%) left for abroad to have a better paying job. The rest
either want to find work (8.8%), to join their families (7.6%) or to simply run away
from home to avoid conflict with other members of the family (0.4%).
Job Before Going Abroad Number Percent
Service worker 77 15.4
Trade and related work 77 15.4
Professional 71 14.2
Laborer and unskilled worker 37 7.4
Clerk 34 6.8
Technician and associate professional 21 4.2
Farmer, forestry worker, or fisher 9 1.8
Plant and machine operator and assembler 8 1.6
Official of government and special-interest organization 3 0.6
Corporate executive/manager 3 0.6
No work 160 32.0
Total 500 100.0
25
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.12. Decade Migrant Left for Abroad
Table 2.13. Continent of Work When the Migrant First Left for Abroad
Table 2.14. Main Reason for Going Abroad
B. Migrants’ Work Abroad
Most of the migrants have been working abroad either for 1 to 4 years
(32.2%) or 5 to 9 years (23.6%) or 10 to 14 years (16.4%). Some have worked
abroad for less than a year or have been working for fifteen years or more
(Table 2.15).
Majority of the migrants (74.6%) are rehires or are still working in the
same job they have started since they left for abroad the first time. Table 2.15
shows that most the migrants are either professionals (36.6%) or service
workers (34.8%). Those without work are permanent residents of the host
Decade Number Percent
1970-1979 5 1.0
1980-1989 22 4.4
1990-1999 69 13.8
2000-2009 192 38.4
2010-2015 212 42.4
Total 500 100.0
Continent Number Percent
Asia 99 78.6
North America 13 10.3
Europe 12 9.5
Africa 2 1.6
Total 126 100.0
Reasons for Going Abroad Number Percent
To have a better paying job 416 83.2
To find work 44 8.8
To be with the family 38 7.6
To avoid conflict at home 2 0.4
Total 500 100.0
26
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
country; some of them are already retired employees.
Many of the migrants have monthly earnings of between 10,000 PHP
and 19,999 PHP (19.4%) and between 20,000 PHP and 29,999 PHP (Table
2.18). Many (49.4%) migrants’ monthly earnings are however, unknown to their
families. Average monthly salary of migrants is 40,740 PHP.
Table 2.15. Number of Years Migrants Have Been Working Abroad
Table 2.16. Migrants whose current jobs are also their first job abroad
Migrants Number Percent
Current Jobs Also Their First Job 374 74.8
Current Jobs Not Their First Job 126 25.2
Total 500 100.0
Number of Years Working Abroad Number Percent
Less than a year 52 10.4
1 to 4 years 161 32.2
5 to 9 years 118 23.6
10 to 14 years 82 16.4
15 to 19 years 46 9.2
20 to 24 years 19 3.8
25 to 29 years 8 1.6
30 or more years 14 2.8
Total 500 100.0
27
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 2.17. Present Job of Migrant Abroad
Table 2.18. Monthly Salary of Migrants
Present Job Abroad Number Percent
Professional 183 36.6
Service worker 174 34.8
Laborer and unskilled worker 33 6.6
Technician and associate professional 29 5.8
Trade and related work 20 4.0
Plant and machine operator and assembler 15 3.0
Corporate executive/manager 10 2.0
Clerk 10 2.0
Farmer, forestry worker, or fisher 8 1.6
Official of government and special-interest organization 3 0.6
No work 15 3.0
Total 500 100.0
Monthly Salary (in pesos) Number Percent
Less than 10,000 1 0.2
10,000 to 19,999 97 19.4
20,000 to 29,999 53 10.6
30,000 to 39,999 23 4.6
40,000 to 49,999 21 4.2
50,000 to 59,999 15 3.0
60,000 to 69,999 10 2.0
70,000 to 79,999 3 0.6
80,000 to 89,999 13 2.6
90,000 to 99,999 1 0.2
100,000 and over 16 3.2
No response 247 49.4
Total 500 100.0
Note: No response means that the respondent does not know how much the migrant is earning per month.
28
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
III. FREQUENCY AND REASONS FOR COMING HOME
Majority of the migrants come home once a year (25.4%) or every 2 to 5
years (40.8%). Those who left for abroad just recently have not been home yet
(24.4%).
Majority (64.8%) come home to take a vacation while others come home
because their job contracts have expired (33.1%). Other reasons for coming
home are presented in Table 2.20.
Majority (62.7%) stay home for 1 to 3 months while some (26.2%) for
less than a month. The rest stay longer than 3 months (Table 2.21).
Table 2.19. Migrants’ Frequency of Coming Home to the Philippines
Table 2.20. Reasons for Coming Home
Frequency of Coming Home
to the Philippines Number Percent
Every few months 40 8.0
Once a year 127 25.4
Every 2 to 5 years 204 40.8
Every more than 5 years 7 1.4
Not been home yet 122 24.4
Total 500 100.0
Reasons Number Percent
To take a vacation 245 64.8
To come home because work contract ends 125 33.1
To attend an important event 6 1.6
Others 2 0.3
Total 378 100.0
29
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Number of Days Spent in the Philippines Number Percent
Less than a month 99 26.2
1 to 3 months 237 62.7
4 to 6 months 38 10.1
more than 6 months 4 1.05
Total 378 100.0
Table 2.21. Number of days migrants spend in the Philippines
IV. WELFARE ISSUE EXPERIENCE
The data on welfare issue experience is based only on what was
gathered from the 30 migrants who happened to be present during the survey.
Of the 30 migrants interviewed, 27 percent said they have experienced welfare
issues and these include (1) delayed/non-payment of wages (37.5%); (2) poor
working conditions (25.0%); maltreatment/mistreatment by employer (12.5%);
difficult relationship with co-worker (12.5%); and culture shock (12.5%).
Table 2.22. Migrants Who Experienced Welfare Issues
Table 2.23. Welfare Issues Experienced
Migrants Number Percent
Experienced welfare issues 8 26.7
Did not experience welfare issues 22 73.3
Total 30 100.0
Welfare Issues (N=8) Number Percent
Delayed / non-payment of wages 3 37.5
Poor working conditions 2 25.0
Maltreatment / mistreatment by employer 1 12.5
Difficult relationship with co-worker 1 12.5
Culture shock 1 12.5
30
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
V. FUTURE PLANS
Of the 30 migrants interviewed, majority (80.0%) have no plans of retiring
or coming home for good in the near future. If in case, however they will retire
from work abroad, many (41.7%) are planning to engage in business; others will
rely on pension (16.7%) and savings (16.7%). The remaining 25 percent have
no idea where to get income when they come back to the Philippines for good.
Table 2.24. Expected sources of Income upon Retirement
VI. SUPPORT SERVICES REQUESTED FROM GOVERNMENT
Of the 30 migrants interviewed 20 percent would like to request for
protection against abusive employers; 7 percent would like to request for
placement fee assistance; and another 7 percent would like to have see
improvements in the services of the Philippine Embassy. There was no probe
question, however, to know what improvements they exactly want.
Table 2.25. Support Services Requested From Government
Sources on Income Number Percent
Business venture 5 41.7
Pension 2 16.7
Savings 2 16.7
No idea yet 3 25.0
Total 12 100.0
Support Services Number Percent
Placement Fee Assistance 2 6.7
Embassy Improvement 2 6.7
Program for Senior Citizens 1 3.3
Protection Against Abusive Employers 6 20.0
No Idea 19 63.3
Total 30 100.0
31
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
VII. WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE TO DRR INITIATIVES FUND
Majority (70.0%) of the migrants are willing to contribute to DRR
Initiatives Fund to be managed by the government. The remaining 30 percent,
however, are not willing to do so. Majority (77.8%) of those who are not willing
said they do not have extra money to set aside for this contribution. The rest
said they have no trust and confidence on government.
For those who are willing to contribute to the fund, majority (57.1%)
would like to send their contribution through bank deposit. Others (38.0%)
would like to give it directly to the local office of the government agency
concerned.
Table 2.26. Willingness to Contribute to DRR Initiatives Fund
Migrants Frequency Percent
Those Who are Willing 21 70.0
Those Who are Not Willing 9 30.0
Total 30 100.0
Characteristics of Households with Migrants
33
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS
WITH MIGRANTS
This chapter focuses on the demographic, social, economic and psycho-
graphic characteristics of the household population in the 2015 Migration
Situation in Western Visayas. The information in this chapter provides important
inputs for the planning of services for the migrant families and household
members.
A household is defined as the person or group of persons who usually
sleep in the same housing unit and have a common arrangement for the
preparation and consumption of food (National Statistics Office and ICF Macro,
2009). Indicators of the lifestyle and information on the characteristics of
household of the migrants were also gathered. A total of 400 households were
interviewed. The interview schedule on the Household Information is divided
into several sections:
A. Household Population
B. Psycho-Graphic Characteristics of Households with Migrants
C. Future Plans
D. Issues and Concerns
E. Use of Remittances
I. Household Population
Information on the composition of the migrants’ household is useful for
several reasons. The size and the composition of the household influence the
allocation of limited resources and the affect the living conditions of individuals
in the household (NSO and ICF Macro, 2009).
A. Age and Sex Composition of the Households with Migrants Population
The Migration Situation in Western Visayas Survey collected information
on a total of 2,307 persons. There are more females than males (52.5% versus
47.5%), and the overall sex ratio (the number of males per 100 females) is 90.5.
Largest proportion of the population falls under the ages 30 to 34 years old.
34
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.1. Distribution of Household Population by Age, Sex
Table 3.2 presents that majority (70.4%) of the population belongs to the
working age group (15 to 64 years old). There are more young household
members (22.1%) than members aged 65 and over (7.6%). Overall dependency
ratio (the proportion of dependents for every 100 working-age population) is
42.1.
Table 3.2. Dependency ratio
Age % Male % Female Number Percent
<5 7.9 5.0 147 6.4
5-9 8.9 6.4 175 7.6
10-14 9.2 7.1 187 8.1
15-19 8.5 7.7 186 8.1
20-24 7.9 8.5 189 8.2
25-29 8.0 8.9 196 8.5
30-34 9.8 9.5 222 9.6
35-39 8.1 8.6 193 8.4
40-44 7.8 6.8 167 7.2
45-49 5.1 7.4 145 6.3
50-54 4.8 5.1 115 5.0
55-59 4.8 4.5 108 4.7
60-64 3.1 5.6 102 4.4
65-69 2.7 3.2 68 3.0
70-74 1.6 2.3 46 2.0
75-79 1.3 2.2 41 1.8
80 + 0.6 1.2 20 0.9
Percent 47.5 52.5 2307 100.0
Total 1096 1211
Age Group Number Percent
<15 509 22.1
15-64 1623 70.4
65 + 175 7.6
Total 2307 100.0
Young Dependency Ratio 31.4
Old Dependency Ratio 10.8
Dependency Ratio 42.1
35
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Figure 3.1. Population pyramid
B. Household Composition
About a fifth of the households have at least one family member living
permanently abroad, while about 85 percent have at least one family member
working abroad temporarily. This illustrates that most migrants are OFWs.
Table 3.3. Number of migrant members living abroad permanently
MALE FEMALE
Family members living abroad permanently Number Percent
0 331 82.8
1 54 13.5
2 10 2.5
3 or more 5 1.2
Total 400 100.0
36
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.4. Number of migrant members working abroad temporarily
On average, a household with migrants is composed of 5.8 persons
(Table 3.5). Households are composed of the migrants’ immediate families,
other relatives, as well as non-relative members. More than half (55.3%) of the
households with migrants are extended (Table 3.6). These extended family
households are intergenerational (three generations) with some relatives and
non-relatives. Nuclear family households of migrants are of two types: (1) family
of orientation and (2) family of procreation. Nuclear families of procreation are
households with migrant, his/her spouse and children (26.5%), while nuclear
families of orientation are households with migrant(s), their parents and siblings
(18.3%).
Table 3.5. Number of usual members
Family members working abroad Temporarily Number Percent
0 59 14.7
1 299 74.8
2 36 9.0
3 or more 6 1.5
Total 400 100.0
Number of Household Members Number Percent
2 9 2.3
3 38 9.5
4 84 21.0
5 87 21.8
6 60 15.0
7 43 10.8
8 34 8.5
9 19 4.8
10 or more 26 6.5
Number of Households 400 100.0
Mean size of households 5.8
37
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.6. Household/family type
C. Characteristics of Household Population
Information on the highest level of education attained or completed by
age group and sex are presented in Tables 3.7 and 3.8. Majority of the
population of households with migrants have completed at least high school.
There are more female household members who completed high school or
better compared to the males.
Table 3.7. Educational attainment of the male household population
Family Type Number Percent
Nuclear (Migrant, Spouse, Children) 106 26.5
Nuclear (Parents, Migrant, Siblings) 73 18.3
Extended Family 221 55.3
Total 400 100
Age
Group
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Number No Grade
Completed
Pre -
School
Elementary
Level
Elementary
Graduate
High
School
Level
High
School
Graduate
College
Level/
Vocational
College
Graduate
or more
<5 87.0 34.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.0 86
5-9 11.7 50.0 42.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 98
10-14 0.0 5.3 31.7 18.4 27.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 101
15-19 0.0 5.3 1.9 0.0 30.9 12.8 9.6 2.2 93
20-24 0.0 0.0 0.6 6.1 9.4 6.1 16.3 9.5 86
25-29 0.0 2.6 2.5 2.0 4.3 12.8 12.9 10.9 88
30-34 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.0 6.5 10.8 16.7 16.0 107
35-39 0.0 0.0 3.1 2.0 1.4 10.8 8.6 17.1 89
40-44 0.0 2.6 1.2 8.2 2.2 7.4 8.6 16.7 85
45-49 0.0 0.0 1.2 4.1 4.3 6.1 5.7 9.1 56
50-54 1.3 0.0 1.2 4.1 0.0 10.8 8.1 5.5 53
55-59 0.0 0.0 0.6 12.2 4.3 7.4 5.7 6.2 53
60-64 0.0 0.0 3.1 16.3 2.2 2.7 4.3 1.8 34
65-69 0.0 0.0 2.5 12.2 2.9 4.7 0.5 2.5 29
70-74 0.0 0.0 1.9 8.2 2.2 1.4 1.4 1.1 18
75-79 0.0 0.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 3.4 0.5 0.4 14
80 + 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 6
Percent 7.0 3.5 14.7 4.5 12.7 13.5 19.1 25.1 100.0
Total 77 38 161 49 139 148 209 275 1096
38
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.8. Educational attainment of the female household population
Half (50.8%) of the households with migrants population are single or
never married. About four in ten are married.
There are more non-working household members than those who are
gainfully employed (58.1% versus 41.9%) (Table 3.10). More than half (58.0 %)
of the working age group (15-64 years old) are working. Although mandatory
retirement is at the age of 65, 15 percent of those aged 65 and over are still
working.
Table 3.10a presents the kind of work engaged in by the household
members. Four in five working household members are employed in the service
sector, 16 percent are in manufacturing and industry sector, and very few
(3.3%) are in agriculture.
Age
Group
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Number No Grade
Completed
Pre -
School
Elementary
Level
Elementary
Graduate
High
School
Level
High
School
Graduate
College
Level/
Vocational
College
Graduate
or more
<5 89.5 31.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 61
5-9 3.5 55.2 36.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 77
10-14 1.8 0.0 29.4 15.8 27.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 86
15-19 0.0 6.9 0.0 0.0 23.6 6.7 17.5 0.3 93
20-24 0.0 3.4 0.0 1.8 2.8 7.8 17.2 10.0 103
25-29 1.8 0.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 10.6 11.2 15.0 108
30-34 0.0 3.4 1.3 0.0 3.8 11.2 11.6 16.6 115
35-39 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 10.1 10.2 15.9 104
40-44 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.5 2.8 8.9 5.9 13.1 82
45-49 0.0 0.0 0.6 7.0 5.7 10.6 7.3 11.6 89
50-54 1.8 0.0 2.5 7.0 4.7 10.1 5.6 4.1 62
55-59 0.0 0.0 3.8 12.3 4.7 8.4 5.3 1.9 55
60-64 1.8 0.0 6.3 10.5 4.7 7.8 5.0 5.3 68
65-69 0.0 0.0 3.8 14.0 1.9 2.8 1.7 4.1 39
70-74 0.0 0.0 4.4 7.0 4.7 3.4 0.7 1.3 28
75-79 0.0 0.0 4.4 14.0 6.6 1.7 0.3 0.3 27
80 + 0.0 0.0 3.8 5.3 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.6 14
Percent 4.7 2.4 13.2 4.7 8.8 14.8 25.0 26.4 100
Total 57 29 160 57 106 179 303 320 1211
39
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.9. Civil Status of the household population
Table 3.10. Employment Status of the household population
Majority (54.2%) are working for private establishments. About the same
proportion work for private households or farms (15.8%) and self -employed
Age Group
Civil Status
Number Never Married /
Single
Married /
Living-in Widowed
Separated /
Divorced /
Annulled
<5 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 147
5-9 14.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 175
10-14 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 187
15-19 15.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 186
20-24 14.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 189
25-29 9.3 8.7 0.0 4.6 196
30-34 7.8 13.0 0.8 9.1 222
35-39 3.7 14.3 2.3 27.3 193
40-44 2.4 13.2 3.9 18.2 167
45-49 1.5 11.8 7.8 9.1 145
50-54 0.6 9.5 9.3 13.6 115
55-59 0.3 9.3 7.8 13.6 108
60-64 0.4 7.6 16.3 4.6 102
65-69 0.2 4.8 14.7 0.0 68
70-74 0.3 2.4 14.7 0.0 46
75-79 0.3 2.0 13.2 0.0 41
80 + 0.3 0.5 9.3 0.0 20
Percent 50.8 42.7 5.6 1.0 100.0
Total 1172 984 129 22 2307
AGE GROUP % Working % Not working Total
<15 0.0 100.0 509
15-64 58.0 42.0 1623
65 + 14.9 85.1 175
Percent 41.9 58.1 100
Total 967 1340 2307
40
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
without employees (15.9%). Only 12 percent work for the government, and very
few (2.4%) are self-employed with employees.
Table 3.10a. Employment Sector and Nature of Work
Some information on the health status of household members were
gathered (Table 3.11). A few members of the household are differently -abled
(1.4%) and suffering from a chronic illness (5.7%). Most of those who are
differently-abled and have chronic illnesses are aged 65 years old and over.
Majority (65.2%) of household members are members of PhilHealth or
have health insurances.
Employment Sector Number Percent
Agriculture (fisheries, farming, forestry) 32 3.3
Industry / Manufacturing 161 16.6
Service 774 80.0
Nature of Work
Work for Private Household or Farm 154 15.9
Work for Private Establishments 524 54.2
Work for Government 113 11.7
Self-employed with employees 23 2.4
Self-employed without employees 153 15.8
Total 967 100.0
41
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.11. Other characteristics of household members by age
II. PSYCHO-GRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS’
HOUSEHOLDS
A. Housing Characteristics
The physical characteristics of households are indicators of the general
socio-economic condition of the migrant families. The household respondents
were asked about their main sources of drinking water, toilet facility, main
housing materials, number of rooms used for sleeping, type of fuel used for
cooking and access to electricity.
Age Group Differently abled Number
Yes No
<15 0.8 99.2 509
15-64 1.1 98.9 1623
65 + 5.7 94.3 175
Percent 1.4 98.6
Number 32 2275 2307
With Chronic Illness
Yes No
<15 1.0 99.0 509
15-64 4.2 95.8 1623
65 + 32.6 67.4 175
Percent 5.7 94.3
Number 131 2176 2307
With Philhealth
Yes No
<15 50.1 49.9 509
15-64 67.2 32.8 1623
65 + 90.3 9.7 175
Percent 65.2 34.8
Number 1503 804 2307
42
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Three of four households with migrants used bottled water or water from
refilling stations for drinking (Figure 3.2). A few (16%) used water piped into the
dwelling for drinking, and the rest drink water coming from deep well (4.0%),
protected well (3.25%), and water from spring or tanker trucks (1.0%).
About half (53.7%) of the households with migrants in Western Visayas
use charcoal as their main fuel for cooking (Figure 3.3). A third of the
households (33.8 %) use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), while about 11 percent
use wood and the rest use electricity (1.5%) and kerosene (0.5%)
Table 3.12 presents the characteristics of the migrants’ houses. Almost all
(98.5%) of the houses have improved, flush toilet facility. More than a third
(36.8%) of the houses have finished cemented floors, 31 percent have tiled
floors, and 11 percent have rough cemented floors.
Figure 3.2 Main Source of Drinking Water
43
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Nine of ten migrants’ houses have galvanized iron roofing. The remaining
10 percent have their roofs made of calamin or cement fiber (3.5%), roof tiles or
shingles (3.2%), natural materials (2.0%), and rudimentary roofing materials
(1.5%). Natural roofing materials include nipa and/or cogon grasses, while
rudimentary roofing materials include one or more of the following: palm,
bamboo, wood planks, cardboard, and tarpaulin.
Three fourths of the houses (75.0%) have finished walls, 20 percent have
walls made of mixed, rudimentary materials (e.g. bamboo, stone with mud,
uncovered adobe, plywood, makeshift/reused materials, and cardboard). Very
few houses have half wood and cemented walls (3.2%) and natural walls
(1.8%).
Figure 3.3. Fuel used for cooking
44
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.12. Housing Characteristics: toilet facility, main materials,
land tenure status, electricity
HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS Number Percent
Household Toilet Facility
Flush Toilet 394 98.5
No Toilet or Public Facility 6 1.5
Floor Material
Finished cemented floor 147 36.8
Ceramic tiles 124 31.0
Rough cement 43 10.8
Vinyl linoleum 38 9.5
Rudimentary Floor 31 7.8
Natural floor 10 2.5
Polished wood 4 1.0
Carpet 2 0.5
Marble 1 0.3
Roofing Material
Galvanized iron / aluminum wood 360 90.0
Calamin / cement fiber 14 3.5
Natural roofing 8 2.0
Roof tiles or shingles 12 3.0
Rudimentary roofing 6 1.5
Wall Material
Finished walls 300 75.0
Rudimentary walls 80 20.0
Half cement / half wood 13 3.2
Natural walls 7 1.8
Land Tenure Status
Owned 199 49.8
Rented 11 2.8
Rent-Free With Owner’s Consent 141 35.3
Rent-Free Without Owner’s Consent 49 12.3
Electricity
Yes 395 98.8
No 5 1.2
Number of Rooms Used for Sleeping
0 23 5.8
1 75 18.7
2 160 40.0
3 98 24.5
4 32 8.0
5 or more 12 3.0
Total 400 100
45
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
About half (49.8%) of the migrant families own the lot where their houses
are built, while a few (2.8%) pay rent. A third (35.3%) use the land free of rent
with the landowner’s consent, while 12 percent use the land rent -free without
the consent of the owner.
Almost all (98.8%) of the households with migrants have electricity in
their homes. Most (40.0%) of the houses of the migrants have two bedrooms,
and a quarter (24.5%) have three bedrooms. Six percent of the houses of
migrants do not have room for sleeping.
B. Household Durable Goods
Information on the possession of selected durable goods of the migrants
and their families were also gathered. These durable goods include household
effects and means of transport. Figure 3.4 shows that almost all of the
households with migrants own at least one television set (95.5%) and electric
fan (96.8%). Majority of the households also own at least one refrigerator
(74.0%), radio (71.3%), and a CD/VCD/DVD player (66.5%). Less than half of
the households reported to own at least one functioning washing machine
(48.3%), component player/karaoke (44.0%), cable television (25.8%), air
conditioning unit (25.5%), landline telephone (23.0%), and microwave oven
(16.3%).
Figure 3.4. Selected durable goods owned by migrant households
46
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
For the means of transport, a quarter of the households with migrants
possess a bicycle/trisikad/pedicab. Almost a third (32.5%) own a motorcycle or
tricycle, and 12 percent own a four-wheel vehicle (car, jeepney or van).
Respondents were also asked of other personal effects owned by
members of the household, including cellular phones, personal computers and
electronic gadgets, results of which are presented in Table 3.13. Almost all
(98.8%) of the households have at least a member owning a cellular phone. Of
those households with cellphones, 87 percent own smart phone type, while 70
percent reported to own at least one basic cellphone type. Most (31.5%) of
those households with smart phones own two units of such phone type.
About half of the households with migrants own a personal computer
(52.0%). Of these, majority own at least a unit of basic laptop or netbook
(82.7%), one-fourth own at least a unit of a desktop computer, and a few (6.75)
possess an ultrabook or touchscreen kind of laptop.
Also on Table 3.13, it can be seen that majority of households with
migrants have members who own other types of electronic devices. The most
common of these devices are android tablets (58.8%), followed by a basic point -
Figure 3.5. Means of transportation owned by migrant households
47
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
and-shoot camera (32.7 %) and DSLR cameras (32.3%). Other devices
reported to be in possession of household members include an Ipad (14.8%),
gaming consoles (13.0%), and MP3 or Ipod players (7.2%).
Table 3.13. Personal effects owned by household members
Figure 3.6 shows that 31 percent of households with migrants have
internet connection at home.
Personal effects Number (N=400) Percent
OWN CELLPHONE 395 98.8
basic phone 277 70.1
smart phone 343 86.8
OWN COMPUTER 208 52.0
basic laptop/netbook 172 82.7
touchscreen/ultrabook 14 6.7
desktop pc 53 25.5
OWN GADGETS 233 55.8
basic camera 73 32.7
DSLR camera 72 32.3
gaming consoles 29 13
android devices 133 58.8
Ipad 33 14.8
MP3/Ipod 16 7.2
Figure 3.6. Households with Internet Connection at Home
48
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
C. Real Properties and Businesses
Aside from durable goods, information on real properties and businesses
of migrants were also gathered. Figure 3.7 shows that only one in five (20.8%)
of the migrant families reported to own a real property. Of these, majority own a
residential lot (57.8%), and about a third (37.3%) own an agricultural land. Other
real properties of households with migrants include fishponds (1.3%),
commercial lot (12%), townhouse (1.2%), and condominium (1.3 %).
Thirty percent of the migrant families own or manage a business. The
nature of these businesses are presented in Table 3.14a.
Table 3.14. Businesses managed or owned by households with migrants
Figure 3.7. Real Property of Migrant Households
Own or Manage a Business Number Percent
YES 121 30.3
NO 279 69.8
Total 400 100.0
49
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.14a. Businesses managed or owned by households with migrants
Many (38.8%) households have outstanding loans. Among those who
have loans, most (47.1%) have borrowed money from formal lending agencies,
such as cooperatives, GSIS, and SSS. A third (37.4%) borrowed from informal
lenders (e.g., private individuals or groups), and only 15 percent borrowed from
banks.
Table 3.15. Outstanding Loans of Migrants and their households
D. Leisure Time Activities
Information on the leisure activities of migrant families were gathered as
these are important indicators of their lifestyle. These information include their
vacation, shopping and dining out preferences.
Type of Business Number Percent
Wholesale and Retail 72 59.5
Services 40 33.1
Livestock and Poultry 3 2.5
Forestry and Hunting 3 2.5
Fishing 2 1.6
Crop Farming and Gardening 1 0.8
Total 121 100.0
HAVE OUTSTANDING LOAN? Number Percent
YES 155 38.8
NO 245 61.3
Total 400 100.0
Where have you availed of the loan?
Banks 24 15.5
Other Formal Lending 73 47.1
Informal Lending 58 37.4
Total 155 100.0
50
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
One in five households with migrants travel for vacation regularly (Table
3.16). Majority (81.6%) of these families take vacation once a year (Table
3.16a). And most of these last for one to three days. A third of these vacations
are spent within the country but outside Western Visayas, and 30 percent are
spent within Western Visayas but outside their provinces. About 10 percent of
migrant families travel abroad for vacation at least once a year.
Table 3.16. Percentage of families travel regularly for vacation
Table 3.16a. Number, length and place of vacation
Travel for vacation Number Percent
Yes 76 19.0
No 324 81.0
Total 400 100.0
Number Percent
Number of times of travel per year
1 62 81.6
2 6 7.9
3 4 5.3
6 4 5.3
Number of Days on Vacation
1 11 14.5
2 11 14.5
3 13 17.1
5 to 9 days 19 25.0
10+ 22 28.9
Place of Vacation
Within the country, outside the region 28 36.8
Within the region, outside province 23 30.3
Within the province, outside municipality 13 17.1
Abroad / outside the country 8 10.5
Within the municipality 4 5.3
Total 76 100.0
51
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
In the last three months, only a fourth of the migrant families have dined
out in a restaurant (Table 3.17). Eating in a fast food restaurant, however, is a
more common activity among the migrant families, with three-fourths of them
did in the last three months (Table 3.18).
Among those who ate at a fine restaurant in the last three months, most
have dined one to three times. On the other hand, fast food dining has been
more frequent as 52 percent have eaten in a fast food restaurant up to five
times in the last three months.
Table 3.17. Dining out activities of migrant families
Table 3.18. Fast food dining activities of migrant families
Eating in Fine Dining Restaurants Number Percent
Yes 109 27.3
No 291 72.8
Total 400 100.0
Number of fine dining (last 3 months)
1 29 26.6
2 20 18.4
3 29 26.6
4 or more 31 28.4
Total 109 100.0
Eating in fast food restaurants? Number Percent
Yes 306 76.5
No 94 23.5
Total 400 100.0
Number of fast food dining (last 3 months)
1 to 5 160 52.3
6 to 10 95 31.0
11 or more 51 16.7
Total 306 100.00
52
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Shopping in the local malls is also a common pastime activity among the
migrant families. Majority of the migrant families (62.3%) frequent the local
malls to shop. Majority of them have gone to these malls at least three times in
the last three months (Table 3.19). There are also a small proportion (2.3%) of
migrant families who travelled to Manila to shop in the malls there (Table 3.20).
Table 3.19. Shopping in a local mall
Table 3.20. Shopping in a mall in Metro Manila
Aside from travel, dining out and shopping, migrant families also engage
in a variety of leisure activities (Table 3.21). Four of five families opt to stay at
home to watch television, listen to radio and do other activities in their free time.
Six percent reported to watch movies at the cinema. Other leisure activities
include gambling (4.3%), going to the beach (4.3%), play bingo in the mall
(2.3%), and gardening at home (1.8%).
Shopping in the local mall Number Percent
Yes 249 62.3
No 151 37.8
Total 400 100.0
Number of shopping in the local mall (last 3 months)
1 to 2 times 38 15.26
3 t 4 times 98 39.36
5 to 6 times 61 24.50
more than 6 times 52 20.88
Total 249 100.0
Shopping in Manila Number Percent
Yes 9 2.3
No 391 97.8
Total 400 100.0
Number of shopping Manila (in the past year)
1 7 77.8
2 1 11.1
4 1 11.1
Total 9 100.0
53
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.21. Other Leisure Activities (multiple responses)
III. FUTURE PLANS
Migrant families were also asked of their future plans for the household.
More than half (55.5%) of them plans to acquire properties in the future. Most of
them (86.0%) plan to buy a house.
Table 3.22. Households planning to acquire real properties in the future
Other Leisure Activities (n = 400) Number Percent
Stay at home (Watch TV, listen to the radio, etc.) 346 86.5
Watching movies 23 5.8
Gambling 17 4.3
Going to the beach 17 4.3
Playing bingo in the mall 9 2.3
Gardening 7 1.8
Surfing the internet 3 0.8
Playing arcade 2 0.5
Ballroom dancing 1 0.3
None 16 4.0
Plan to acquire properties Number Percent
Yes 222 55.5
No 178 44.5
Total 400 100
Type of property (n=222)
House 191 86
Other real property 42 18.9
Finish house amortization 1 0.5
Car 8 3.6
Farm 5 2.3
Pumpboat 1 0.5
54
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
When it comes to their financial plans, most (47.8%) plan to invest or
save money in the bank, and a number (15.5%) plans to invest in a business.
Interestingly, many (34.5%) do not have any financial plan at all (Table 3.23).
Similar to not having future financial plans, many (39.8%) of migrant
families do not have plans yet for the family when the migrant chooses to retire.
Most (46.3%) of them plan to set up a business upon the migrant’s retirement.
Table 3.23. Households’ Future Financial Plans
Table 3.24. Households’ Retirement Plans
Future financial plans (n=400) Number Percent
Invest in a bank 191 47.8
Invest in a life insurance 8 2
Invest in stocks 2 0.5
Buy memorial plans 2 0.5
Invest in business 62 15.5
Send children abroad 2 0.5
Pay loans 3 0.8
None 138 34.5
Retirement plans (n=400) Number Percent
Buy farm 18 4.5
Set up business 185 46.3
Travel 31 7.8
Save 15 3.8
House and lot 3 0.8
Get married 1 0.3
Migrate 7 1.8
Teach 1 0.3
No plans 159 39.8
55
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
IV. ISSUES AND CONCERNS REGARDING THE MIGRANT
Only four of ten households with migrants shared that they have worries
and concerns regarding the welfare of their migrant member (Table 3.25). Their
concerns vary from the problems of the migrant in the workplace (61.7%), the
migrant’s health (60.5 %), and the problems with their relationship with the
migrant (29.6%).
Most of the workplace related problems (Table 3.26) communicated by
the migrants to their families in the last three months is about the dangers
associated with the migrants’ workplace (26.0%), followed by the difficult
relationship of migrants with co-workers (25.0%), problems with the employer or
supervisor (23.0%), and difficulty of the migrants in fulfilling work responsibilities
(23.0%).
Table 3.25. Households’ having concerns over welfare of the migrant
Table 3.26. Migrants’ work-related issues and concerns
Have worries and concerns regarding the welfare of migrant Number Percent
Yes 162 40.5
No 238 59.5
Total 400 100.0
Migrant has expressed issues and concerns regarding his/
her work and workplace in the last 3 months Number Percent
Yes 100 61.7
No 62 38.3
Total 162 100.0
Issues (n=100)
Dangerous work environment 26 26.0
Difficult relationship with co-workers 25 25.0
Problem with boss or employer 23 23.0
Difficulty in performing work responsibilities 23 23.0
Tired 9 9.0
Low salary 7 7.0
Loneliness 5 5.0
Problem with visa 1 1.0
56
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
In Table 3.27, the most common health concern the migrants shares with
their families in the last three months are the lack of sleep that they experience,
chronic illnesses, and body pains. On the other hand, the migrant families also
expressed problems arising from the migrants’ being away (Table 3.28). Many
households shared that strains in the migrants’ relationship with certain family
members have arisen due to distance. About a third of them shared that a
strained relationship is experienced by the migrants and their parents.
Table 3.27. Migrants’ health-related issues and concerns
Migrant has expressed issues and concerns regarding
his/her health in the last 3 months Number Percent
Yes 98 60.5
No 64 39.5
Total 162 100.0
Health Issues (n = 98)
Lack of sleep 30 30.6
Suffering from chronic illness (hypertension, diabetes, etc.) 19 19.4
Body pain 17 17.3
Chest or back pain 9 9.2
Colds 9 9.2
Headache 9 9.2
Suffered an injury 6 6.1
Stomachache 5 5.1
Gout 5 5.1
Depression 4 4.1
Allergies 3 3.1
Cyst 1 1.0
57
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.28. Problems encountered by households related to
being away of the migrant
V. USE OF REMITTANCE
Information on the household use of the remittance from family members
abroad was collected. Majority (81.5%) of the households receive remittance
monthly, while a few (1.5%) reported that they do not receive any remittance
from their migrant members at all. Usually the remittance is claimed at the bank
(through fund transfer or deposit), or through other means, such as money
transfer facility (43.4%).
Table 3.29. Frequency of receiving remittance
Family has encountered any problem related to the migrant’s being
away in the last 3 months? Number Percent
Yes 48 29.6
No 114 70.4
Total 162 100.0
Problems (n = 48)
Problem of migrant and spouse 11 22.9
Strained relationship between migrant and child/children 10 20.8
Strained relationship between migrant and parents 16 33.3
Strained relationship between migrant and siblings 8 16.7
Homesickness 10 20.8
Difficulty during a child’s sickness 3 6.3
Delayed salary 1 2.1
Frequency of Remittance Number Percent
Monthly 326 81.5
Quarterly 30 7.5
Every two (2) months 30 7.5
Annually 5 1.3
Every six (6) months 2 0.5
Every four (4) months 1 0.2
Do not receive any remittance 6 1.5
Total 400 100.0
58
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.30. Facility where remittance is claimed
Almost all (90.1%) of the households use the remittance for their
household expenses, as well as school expenses, medical expenses. Only 18
percent of the households save a portion of the remittance. These households
who save a portion of their remittances are those households who receive
monthly remittances. The amount of money saved monthly vary greatly among
households.
Table 3.31. Purpose of remittance
Facility where remittance is claimed Number Percent
Deposited to bank account 205 52.0
Money transfer facility (such as Western Union) 171 43.4
Sent thru friend / relative 20 5.1
Claimed at a bank remittance 1 0.3
Agency / local office 1 0.3
Total 394 100.0
Purpose of Remittance (n = 394) Number Percent
Household expenses 355 90.1
School expenses 200 50.8
Medical expenses 120 30.5
Savings 19 4.8
Investment on stocks, bank, etc. 1 0.3
Set up of business 3 0.8
Luxury items (cars, jewelry) 2 0.5
Shopping 4 1.0
Celebration of family occasions 6 1.5
Pay debts 15 3.8
Pay house mortgage 7 1.8
Total 394 100.0
59
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 3.32. Number of households who save a portion of remittance
Table 3.33. Amount the households save
Households saving a portion of remittance Number Percent
Yes 70 17.8
No 324 82.2
Total 394 100.0
Amount of money set aside for savings Number Percent
less than 2000 16 22.9
2000 12 17.1
3000 7 10.0
3500 1 1.4
5000 15 21.4
10000 8 11.4
15000 2 2.9
20000 5 7.1
25000 and over 4 5.7
Total 70 100.0
Family Income and Expenditure of Households with and without Migrants
61
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE:
A COMPARISON BETWEEN HOUSEHOLDS
WITH AND WITHOUT MIGRANTS
The Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) is the main source of
income and expenditure data in the Philippines. It is a nationwide survey of
households conducted regularly by the National Statistics Office (NSO), an
agency under the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). The most recent FIES
was conducted in 2012. One of the objectives in the conduct of FIES is to
gather data on family income and family living expenditure and related
information affecting income and expenditure levels and patterns in the
Philippines. The determination of the sources of income and income
distribution, levels of living and spending patterns, and the degree of inequality
among families is another objective of the said survey.
Data collected from households in Western Visayas was culled out from
the FIES 2012 database. The representative sample for Western Visayas is
2841 households. Analysis is only at the regional level since the dataset has no
identifier for the province or city.
The Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) 2012 database does
not identify whether there is a migrant or not in the household. In this study, a
“household with migrant” is a household with the annual cash receipts and
support from abroad that is greater than or equal to 12000 PHP. Note that the
minimum monthly remittance sent by migrants from Western Visayas is 1000
PHP or 12000 PHP per annum. The distribution of households with and without
migrants is presented in Figure 4.1. Of the 2841 households covered by the
FIES 2012, 610 are households with migrants.
Figure 4.1. Distribution of Respondents from Western Visayas in the
Family Income and Expenditure Survey, 2012
62
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 4.1 shows the degree of dependence of households on receipts
from abroad. More than eight percent of the households covered in FIES 2012
are highly dependent on remittances because the receipts from abroad account
to more than 75 percent of the total household income. Receipts from abroad is
25 percent or less of the total household income for 43.28 percent of the
households.
Table 4.1. Distribution of Households with Migrants based on percentage
of receipts from abroad as a share of total income, 2012
I. INCOME
In FIES, total family income is defined as the sum of primary income and
receipts from other sources received by all family members during the reference
period as participants in any economic activity or as recipients of transfers,
pensions and grants, among others (Ericta and Fabian, 2009). Data shows that
average annual total family income of households with migrants is more than
double of the average annual family income of households without migrants
(Table 4.2).
Table 4.2. Average Total Family Income of Households in
Western Visayas, by Household Type, 2012
Share of Receipts from abroad to Total Income (%) Number of
Households Percentage
75.00 and above 51 8.36
50.00 to 74.99 123 20.16
25.00 to 49.99 172 28.20
Below 25 264 43.28
Total 610 100.00
Household Type Amount (PHP)
Without Migrant 155,807
With Migrant 367,437
All 201,247
63
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Figure 4.2 shows the average annual family income disaggregated by
income source. Family income may be from salaries and wages, entrepreneurial
activities, or other income sources. Salaries and wages from employment
includes all forms of compensation whether in cash or in kind received by family
members who are regular or occasional or seasonal workers in agricultural and
non-agricultural industries. FIES defines entrepreneurial activity as any
economic activity, business or enterprise whether agricultural or non-agricultural
enterprises, engaged in by any member of the family as an operator or as self-
employed, including single proprietorship or loose partnership without formal
organization.
Salaries and wages account for 25 percent of the total family income of
households without migrants, which is lower compared to 49 percent for
households without migrants. The share of income from entrepreneurial
activities to total family income for households with and without migrants is at 15
percent and 24 percent, respectively.
With almost 60 percentage share, “other income sources” is the biggest
contributor to the income of households with migrants. As presented in Table
4.3, the income is mainly from cash receipts and support received by the
households from abroad.
Figure 4.2. Average Annual Family Income, by Income Source, 2012
64
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 4.3. Percentage Share of income from different sources classified under “Other
Income” to Total Household income
II. EXPENDITURE
Figure 4.3 shows the total expenditure of households divided to food and
non-food expenditures. The average total annual expenditure of households
with migrants is more than double of the average annual expenditure of
households without migrants. The total expenditure of households with migrants
is 277,154 PHP while for households without migrants is at 131 246 PHP. The
share of non-food expenditure to total expenditure of households with migrants
is also higher at 63 percent compared to 50 percent for households without
migrant.
Income Source Without Migrant With Migrant All
Net Share of Crops, Fruits, etc. 0.50 0.70 0.58
Cash Receipts, Support, etc. from Abroad 0.25 37.46 14.84
Cash Receipts, Support, etc. from Domestic Sources 7.59 2.81 5.72
Rentals Received from Non-Agricultural Lands 0.32 0.51 0.39
Interest 0.10 0.09 0.10
Pension and Retirement Funds 5.76 4.72 5.35
Dividends from Investment 0.11 0.09 0.11
Other Sources of Income 0.02 0.01 0.01
Family Sustenance Activities 2.76 0.90 2.03
Total Received as Gifts 2.66 4.14 3.24
Total Other Income 27.43 59.84 40.14
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Figure 4.3. Average Annual Expenditure of Households in Western Visayas in PHP, by
Household Type, 2012
The biggest share of expenditure for households with migrants is on
housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels followed by expenditure on bread
and cereals (see Table 4.4). However, the percentage share of expenditure on
bread and cereals of household with migrants (9.82%) is lower compared to that
of households without migrants (17.72 %). The percentage share of expenditure
on non-food disbursement groups is higher for households with migrants.
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Table 4.4. Average Annual Expenditure of Households with and without Migrants,
by Major Disbursement Groups, 2012
Disbursement Group
Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (%)
Without Migrant
With Migrant
All
Bread and Cereals 17.72 9.82 14.83
Meat 4.64 4.92 4.74
Fish and Seafood 8.24 5.52 7.25
Milk, Cheese, and Eggs 2.90 3.36 3.07
Oils and Fats 0.79 0.62 0.73
Fruits 1.69 1.55 1.64
Vegetable 3.20 2.17 2.82
Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate, and Confectionery 1.15 0.82 1.03
Food Products not elsewhere classified 1.19 0.79 1.04
Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea 1.78 1.16 1.55
Mineral Water, Soft drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices 1.50 1.54 1.52
Alcoholic Beverages 1.30 0.70 1.08
Tobacco 1.10 0.53 0.90
Food Consumed Outside 4.61 4.37 4.52
Accommodation Services 0.15 0.20 0.17
Clothing and Footwear 2.50 3.19 2.75
Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas, and Other Fuels 16.57 19.78 17.75
Household Furnishing, Equipment, and Maintenance 2.51 3.55 2.89
Health 4.16 6.44 5.00
Transport 6.79 8.49 7.41
Communication 2.09 3.13 2.47
Recreation 0.98 1.73 1.25
Education 3.19 5.54 4.05
Miscellaneous Goods and Services 6.20 6.77 6.41
Other Expenditure 3.03 3.29 3.13
Other Disbursements 11.79 16.54 13.53
Total Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
A. Meat Expenditure
The average annual expenditure on meat of households with migrants is
13, 624 PHP. This amount is more than twice of the annual expenditure on meat
of households without migrants, which is only 6,094 PHP. Biggest share of
expenditure on meat is on fresh pork followed by fresh chicken (Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4. Share of Expenditure on Various Meat Products to
Average Annual Expenditure on Meat Products in Western Visayas, 2012
B. Electricity and Fuels
The share of expenditure on electricity to total expenditure is higher for
households with migrants compared to households without migrants (Figure
4.5). Households with migrants spends less on fuelwood and have negligible
expenditure on kerosene.
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
C. Education
Households with migrants also tend to spend a higher share of income
on education, as presented in Figure 4.6. The average expenditure of these
households more than 15000 PHP annually on education. Households without
migrants spend less than 5000 PHP on education. The spending on education
mostly goes to payment of tuition fees.
Figure 4.6. Household’s average annual expenditure on education, 2012
Fgure 4.5. Share of Expenditure on Electricity and Fuels to
Total Household Expenditure, 2012
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
D. Miscellaneous Goods and Services
Table 4.5 shows the expenditure on various items under Miscellaneous
Goods and Services. For all items, the average annual expenditure is higher for
households with migrants. The shares of expenditure on personal effects and
insurance to total expenditure are higher for households with migrants
compared to households without migrants.
Table 4.5. Average Annual Expenditure on Miscellaneous Goods
and Services, 2012
Disbursement Group
Average Annual Expenditure (PHP)
Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (%)
Without
Migrant
With
Migrant All
Without
Migrant
With
Migrant All
Personal Care 4,599.91 8,784.24 5,498.34 3.50 3.17 3.38
Personal Effects 605.74 1,724.32 845.91 0.46 0.62 0.52
Life and Non-life
Insurance 2,794.77 6,685.26 3,630.11 2.13 2.41 2.23
Return and Reintegration of Migrants in Western Visayas
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RETURN AND REINTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS
IN WESTERN VISAYAS
Within the Philippine context, it is known that there were
institutions created for the reintegration of returnees but compared
with other aspects of migration it is less evaluated. In most times,
returning migrants are not even aware that reintegration
mechanisms exist. It is undeniable that working abroad has given
great economic benefits to the country. However, this also entails
personal, social, and financial stresses to those who stopped
working abroad, thus focus must be given to how much return
migrants are losing when they come back home.
I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
A total of 13 respondents, 12 females and 1 male migrant, were
additionally interviewed for the study. The respondents are from the localities of
Capiz, Iloilo, Negros, Guimaras and Bacolod. All of whom are return migrants
and has been in the country in an average of 4.8 years after working in an
average of 3.7 years in places like Kuwait, Palau, China, Saudi Arabia, Qatar,
Hongkong, Dubai, and Singapore. The data was collected through Key
Informant Interviews (KII) which are qualitative in-depth interviews with subjects
who have a knowledge or understanding of the research at hand, in this case
return migrants and their experiences abroad. The researchers identified return
migrants through convenience sampling. Most of the interviews were done in
the migrant’s home although there were some who were interviewed in
restaurants or coffee shops.
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Table 5.1. Profile of the respondents
II. COMMON THEMES ON RETURN AND REINTEGRATION
In countries where migration is a vital economic trend much of the
literature takes into account permanent migration. Though most migrants leave
the country for temporary work, after years of acculturation within the host
country, settling permanently (in that host country) ultimately becomes an end
goal. But temporary migration is not something to be ruled out since it occurs
more frequently than the former. According to Adda, Dustmann, and Mestres
(2006), both theoretical and empirical researches on migration gave little
attention to the fact that many migrants go back to their home country after
several years. Further readings expounded that even with higher wages (see
Table 5.2) in the host country, most migrants will still choose to go back home.
As seen in Table 5.2, interviewed migrants reasoned that family is the
core cause of their plight back home. One migrant explained that she would
rather take care of her children than take care of other people’s kids abroad.
Some pointed out that being away meant not being able to fulfil their
responsibilities as a parent or as a daughter/son to their parents or as a
husband/wife to their spouse. Here, the collective nature of Filipinos are seen,
with all of the interviewees repeatedly emphasizing that they would rather
sacrifice higher wages received abroad than be away from their family for years
on end. Some of those who were interviewed also shared how they were
mistreated at work, which gave all the more reason to leave the host country.
The respondents gave the following statements:
Sex Nature of Work
Average
Age
Average
Years
Abroad
Average Years in
the Philippines
After Return
Computed Average
Salary Abroad
(PHP)
Male Professional or blue-collar
manual type occupations 38.8 3.7 4.5 20,474.70
Female Health professional or domestic
-help occupations
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Further, Dustmann (1995, 1997) also conveys that motives to return may
be due to the high purchasing power the host currency is enabling the migrants
when they return to their country of origin. Djajic and Milbourne (1988) say that
migrants may have a stronger preference for consumption in their origin country
than they do abroad (as cited in Adda, Dustmann, & Mestres, 2006). In one of
the interviews, a return migrant who has been in the country for 15 years after
working in Hong Kong related that before going back, she had three hundred
thousand pesos which she later spent on improving their house. Some also
engaged in business ventures such as multi-level marketing, selling burgers, or
Sari-sari stores that sustained everyday expenses. Others found jobs and
depended on their salaries to cover financial needs.
It is also a very common scenario for return migrants to go home to
renew their contracts and this process takes a lengthy period of time. Migration
in Asia is formed in a way that it is ephemeral, so return is viewed as something
compulsory. Here, it is undeniable that many do choose to re-migrate years
after they left their origin country, and it is vital for economies, to the Philippine
economy in particular, to have these migrants reintegrated back into society
whenever they return. Willoughby and Henderson (2009) presented in the
“When Madam leaves the house, she takes note of the
food in the fridge so she would know how much did I
consume. She makes me work in the house of her mother and
does not give me time to rest. When I reached her house she
will make me work again; too often it is to iron clothes. She is
also very strict. She would smell each and every plate that I
washed.”—Dina, 41
“In Sweden having two bosses is prohibited but my
boss had me working in three houses. I work in his house from
Monday to Thursday. I spent Fridays at his daughter’s house.
Saturday in his in-laws, and I did all of that while I was
pregnant.”—Linda, 44
“I no longer wanted to stay; I did not like my boss’s
behavior. When she’s angry she locks us up in our bedroom
with nothing to eat for lunch and dinner.”—Jane, 37
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whenever they return. Willoughby and Henderson (2009) presented in the
Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) that in order to achieve
sustainable reintegration, a country should fully harness the potential for
development of the returning migrant. If migrants are able to receive the support
they need in terms of cultural, social, and economic aspects, then migrants can
contribute to the development of the homeland (Rashad, 2014). In order to do
this, the migrants’ return, identity, and their years of experience abroad must be
taken into account. However, in most situations, this does not happen easily
since the migrants have their own problems to consider first. Migrant
interviewees related the additional statements,
Here, reintegration is hindered by personal, financial, and physical
reasons. Within the Philippine context, it is known that there are institutions
constructed for the reintegration of returnees but compared with other aspects
of migration it is less evaluated, and most times, returning migrants are not even
aware that a reintegration system exists. Further readings on Davids and van
Houte (2008) suggested that one should also consider the returnees level of
preparedness in terms of economic, psychological and social terms (as cited in
Willoughby & Henderson, 2009) because a migrant with low level of
preparedness might experience difficulties during the process, and the
possibility of having limited resources might hinder the migrant to achieve his/
her goals.
“I was supposed to renew my contract however I
decided to go home to save my relationship with my girlfriend
since I was caught having an affair with a fellow Filipino.”
—Carl, 37
“I wanted to save money then because I want to put up
a bakery. But my son was in college then. So most of my
earnings were spent on his needs.”—Dina, 41
“Our income is not enough to support our family. My
husband and I are now experiencing health problems as a
result of years of farming.”—Lin, 42
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In the study of Anonuevo and Anonuevo (2003) entitled Women,
Migration, and Reintegration, results showed that despite long years of hard
work, majority of female migrants have not gained sufficient savings, much less
concocted immediate plans to stay in the country for good. It was also
emphasize that their husbands were not able to fulfil responsibilities at home,
and the female migrant themselves experienced difficulty in re-establishing
relationships with their children. Furthermore, most of the female returnees were
also not able to find jobs, and develop a social network to become part of their
community. It is within this context that psychological, social, and economic
embeddedness is important in order to develop a sense of identity and
belonging to one’s family and community, such an aspect is not easily achieved
by most (Willoughby & Henderson, 2009). Female migrants who were
interviewed related the following,
The Development Action for Women Network (DAWN) (2012) also
presented a number of reasons why this is so. Not surprisingly, like what is
mentioned above, most Filipino women migrants face countless issues, from
technical glitches in processing documents and papers to abandonment of
household members. Upon return, most migrants experience difficulty in finding
a local occupation that can sustain the family because skills that they learned
overseas are not directly and necessarily useful to their line of work here
(Rashad, 2014). It seemed that the economic hardships that had them migrating
in the first place had welcomed them back again. According to Khoser (2001),
many nations do not view the return of citizens as “migration.” The researcher
emphasized that returning back to one’s origin country is not only a matter of
coming back “home” and a lot more difficult than the notion would suggest. In a
“My husband did not have a regular job. We have to
depend on my father’s kindness all the time. My husband also
gets to be very difficult to deal with. We always fought and he
can get very physical.”—Tony, 38
“The problem I encountered with returning to my
nursing profession is that I would have to be a volunteer. I
needed to renew all my certifications, which would entail
additional expenses. And these expenses are not
commensurate with what I earn as a volunteer.” —Maggie, 30
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number of cases, the returning migrants cannot entirely absorb how much or
how little “home” has transformed (Boccagni, 2011).
Though a couple of migrants were lucky enough to get assistance from
institutions like OWWA and a money grant to start off a sari-sari store from the
local government, most who were interviewed related that they did not receive
any assistance or support from the local government, and a one admitted that
they do not even know where to ask for help in the first place:
It is here that the reintegration of Overseas Filipinos must be a
comprehensive policy not only in paper but also in the establishment of action,
community-based programs that can cater to the social, economic, and
psychological needs of returning migrants (Anonuevo & Anonuevo, 2003). In
addition, savings, investment schemes, and credit and loan programs should
also be accessible to the returnees in order optimize the earnings of migrant
employment for social and economic development.
“No, I don’t know where to go to ask for help.”
—Tony, 38
“I didn’t get any help from government when I came
back to the Philippines.”—Rose, 45
“None. I did not receive any support from the
government.”—Lin, 42
“No I did not receive any help from the government.”
—Iza, 38
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Table 5.2. Common Themes
Common Themes
Reasons for Returning
Work Related Family Related Personal Reasons
Well-being and safety concerns
within the host country and the
workplace
Maltreatment: staying for extended
months because the boss did not
acknowledge end of contract
Heavy work load
The boss is very strict and
criticizing
To retire and spend more time with
children
To get married and start a family
To save a relationship
Due to pregnancy
To provide children with a college
education
Husband is not providing proper care
to the children
To go back to school and take
units in education
To start own business in the
Philippines
Current Sources of Income
Salary Business Agriculture
Teacher
BPO Agent
On-call or irregular jobs (e.g.
barangay secretary)
Multi-level Marketing
Buy and sell
Sari-sari Store
Selling burgers to deliver to outlets
Farming
Return to the country and Reintegration
Preparations Difficulties Experienced Government Assistance
Saving salary received for extra
money
Bought a house in the Philippines
Hunted for jobs in the Philippines in
advance
Getting a job in the same profession
The husband is not fulfilling his
responsibility
Health problems (e.g. gallstones and
old age)
OWWA was able to pay
PhilHealth and SSS
contributions while in abroad
Initial financial outlay to start a
Sari-sari store
Did not receive any aid or
assistance at all
Government and Private Sector Programs for Migrants
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GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS
FOR MIGRANTS
I. GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS FOR MIGRANTS
When placed next to its ASEAN neighbors, it comes as no surprise that
the Philippines has more extensive experience in sending manpower abroad.
Throughout the years, numerous policies and programs have been crafted by
the government in order to realize potential migration for work. These policies
and programs have a main objective in mind, that is to achieve economic and
social benefits for Filipino migrants, their families, communities and the country
as a whole (De Vries, 2011).
It has been thirty years since the country adopted a policy of exporting
skilled and unskilled labor for overseas jobs (Opiniano, 2004). If discussed in
detail, international migration really gained mainstream consciousness in 1995,
during the Flor Contemplacion incident (the Filipina who was executed in
Singapore for murder in 1995). This ultimately led to the passing of a law for
overseas Filipinos, Republic Act 8042, or better known as the Migrant Workers
and Overseas Filipinos Act, where Section 2C states the following:
As presented by Sto. Tomas (2003), the State also has its basic
premises and policies, a few of which are quoted below:
“The State does not promote overseas employment as a means
to sustain economic growth and achieve national development, and
that the existence of the overseas employment program rests solely on
the assurance that the dignity and fundamental human rights of the
Filipino citizen shall not, at any time, be compromised or violated.”
“As a strategy for labor migration management, the government
shall explore and develop more and better markets for overseas
employment;”
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The State also commits to maximizing the benefits and minimizing the
costs of overseas employment by facilitating an orderly and systematic
documentation of workers, adequate protection against abuses and exploitation
before, during, and after employment. With this objective came the
development of a four-pronged strategy of regulation, protection, reintegration,
and support to families of overseas Filipinos by the country’s Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE). During the International Dialogue on Migration
last 2007; Assistant Secretary for Policy, Programs and International Affairs of
the Philippine DOLE, Rebecca J. Calzado presented this four-pronged strategy,
the first two are as follows:
“The government shall ensure that OFWs are qualitatively at par
with, if not superior to, their foreign counterparts through technical
education and training programs for OFWs” and;
“The government will ensure that OFWs are protected from the
perils of overseas employment, stemming from government’s
deepening appreciation of its moral responsibility over them, aside from
its earnest recognition of their monumental importance as partners in
nation building.”
“Regulation involves a number of official interventions to facilitate
not only the orderly outflow, but also the return of the OFW. The
interventions include a licensing system for recruitment agents,
standards for recruitment fees, wages and working conditions,
repatriation of workers and the posting of bonds, and standard
employment contracts that prescribe definite tenure and the employer’s
duty to assist the OFW in facilitating their return to the Philippines once
the contract expires.”
“Protection of OFWs is afforded on-site and off-site. At both ends,
the value of returning home is impressed upon the OFW. Off-site,
workers undergo country-specific pre-employment and pre-deployment
orientation to inform them not only on the risks and possible problems of
overseas employment, but also the gains that they can achieve in terms
of skills acquisition and knowledge. The worker is also enrolled for
health, life insurance, housing and social security.”
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By the end of the 1980’s, the need for a comprehensive reintegration
program was also realized by both government and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). These institutions started programs and activities to
address pressing problems and issues regarding return of Filipino migrants. The
first regional consultation on reintegration was organized by The Asian
Migration Center based in Hongkong. And In December of 1988 in Manila, more
than 50 representatives from Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong,
Thailand, Nepal, and Philippines participated in the meeting to address and
resolve issues on reintegration within the Asian region (Tornea, 2003). Calzado
(2007) defined the last two of the four-pronged strategy as follows:
Additionally, having the aforementioned policy also led to the
establishment of institutions specializing and managing almost every aspect of
migration and worker development, with programs and services ranging from
deployment, maintaining the migrant and his/her family’s welfare, and the
migrant’s return (Orbeta, Abrigo, & Cabalfin, 2009). Some of these institutions
are the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), Overseas
Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), and Commission on Filipino
Overseas (CFO), and the National Reintegration Center for Overseas Filipino
Workers (NRCO).
“Reintegration means preparing the OFW to become a productive
contributor to the domestic economy, either through employment or
entrepreneurship, upon his or her return. Notably, the Philippines has
forged agreements with some host countries where OFWs are contract
bound to return to the Philippines on a regular or occasional basis, and
where these host countries are encouraged to support this effort by
providing mechanisms and channels that enable OFWs to move easily
between the Philippines and the destination countries.”
“Support to families refers to the assistance in ensuring the well-
being of the OFW family, as well as building their entrepreneurial
capacity consistent with the ideal that, eventually, the OFW and his or
her family will no longer prefer overseas work as the only source of
income. Programs in this area comprise a whole range of interventions
that seek to keep family ties stronger despite the distance, and to build
capacities for sustained livelihood.”
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The POEA centers on two primary functions. First is to encourage
maximum employment for Filipino overseas, and second, to protect the workers’
rights to fair and equitable labor practices (Philippine Overseas Employment
Administration, 2010). These mandates however, do not cover Filipinos leaving
as permanent migrants but only those who leave for temporary or contractual
employment. In general, the POEA performs executive, quasi-legislative and
quasi-judicial functions.
Considered as the Philippine’s administrative body for the provision of
welfare services, OWWA takes into account economic and social concerns of
overseas Filipinos. Consistent with this, OWWA’s main programs include (a)
family welfare and assistance programs; (b) insurance and health care program;
(c) and workers’ assistance and on-site services; and (d) education and training
programs (Orbeta, Abrigo, & Cabalfin, 2009). In addition, it may also provide
services for livelihood organizing programs like the Livelihood Development
Program for OFW’s (LDPO), which was formed to render support services like
project financing, technical assistance in project planning, and training for
income-generating projects (Tornea, 2003).
CFO, on the other hand, has four programs in operation. First is The
Migrant Social and Economic Integration, which prepares overseas Filipinos in
the face of migration-related problems before, during, and after migration.
Second is The Filipino and Heritage Program, which seeks to encourage
awareness of the culture and history of the Philippines, and the different
institutions facilitating Philippine schools overseas. The All-Filipino Unity and
National Development Program is the third, which aims at promoting unity
among Filipino organizations abroad through enhancement of leadership skills,
and recognizing overseas Filipinos with contributions, expertise, and resources
that may contribute to the economy. The fourth is The Policy Development and
Data Banking Program, intended to provide guidance for policy-making and
program development (Commission on Filipino Overseas, 2015).
Lastly, the NRCO with programs like the Classroom Galing sa
Mamamayang Pilipino Abroad (CGMA) that built over 300 classrooms since
2006 (Department of Labor and Employment Website, 2013). NRCO also
provides counselling services that present options for returning migrants to
invest, get into employment or business, and/or engage in other community
development opportunities; capability building services that provide knowledge
on managing finances and savings; networking and linkaging, and assistance
desk. Orbeta, Abrigo, and Cabalfin (2009) stated that these programs are under
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MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
the Center’s P+ Program Framework which consists of the following services: (i)
Pagpapayo (Reintegration Advocacy), (ii) Pagsasanay (Basic Skills Training,
Upgrading and Retooling), (iii) Paghahanapbuhay (Job Search Assistance), and
(iv) Pagnenegosyo (Economic, Social Enterprise Development). BY January
2009, the P+ Reintegration Services has benefitted a total of 667,252 OFWs
and their families.
II. PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS FOR MIGRANTS
What came with over 30 years of international labor migration in the
Philippines is the establishment of various non-government agencies that
promotes, offers services, assistance, and protects migrant Filipino workers.
Unlad Kabayan Migrant Services Foundation Inc., Kabalikat ng Migranteng
Pilipino Inc. (KAMPI), Migrant Forum in Asia (MFA), Mindanao Migrants Center
for Empowering Actions Inc. (MMICEA), and St. Mary Euphrasia Foundation -
Center for Overseas Workers (COW) are several of those agencies.
Formed in 1996, Unlad Kabayan Migrant Foundation focuses on directing
migrant’s savings into business and entrepreneurship while concentrating in
some of the poorest areas in the country. The organization arm migrants with
knowledge, skills and support needed in running businesses so that they can
fully integrate into society (Unlad Kabayan Migrant Services Foundation, Inc.,
2015). On one hand, KAMPI is “committed to uplift and educate the Filipino
Migrant Worker in preparation to overseas employment through an integrated
pre-departure curriculum as prescribed by law through the use of modern
technology and innovative approaches” (Kabalikat ng Migranteng Pilipino Inc.,
2015) . Another is MFA which was formed back in 1994 in Taiwan. It is a
network of non-government organizations, trade unions, associations and
independent advocates uplifting the rights and welfare of overseas workers in
Asia (Migrant Forum in Asia, 2015). It acts as a facilitator in unifying members of
every organization in taking action on violence against women migrants, unfair
living conditions, unemployment and other issues faced by overseas Filipinos. A
similar agency called MMCEAI was later on accredited with the Philippine
Securities and Exchange Commission on April 10, 2008. It is a service center
for both present and returning workers, their families and communities. The
center conducted activities such as counselling and referrals in order to address
distress responses from migrants, especially those who are victims of cheap
labor, trafficking and the likes. It also has the goal of operating within the whole
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of Mindanao area, specifically the four exit ports used for illegal recruitment and
trafficking of women and children: Zamboanga, Cagayan de Oro, General
Santos, and Davao (Mindanao Migrants Center for Empowering Actions Inc.,
2015). On one hand, a separate agency called COW caters to the needs of
OFWs, their families, and Filipinos who married foreign nationals as a response
to the ever-increasing number of Filipinos abroad. It was established back in
1982 by the Good Shepherd Sisters, with programs and activities registered
and accredited by the Security Exchange Commission and the Department of
Social Welfare and Development (Center for Overseas Workers, 2015).
Banking institutions also provided services for the remittances of
overseas Filipinos. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) created an
interactive link that can give information on the different banks and non-banks
remittance in operation in the country. This includes the branch locations,
remittance center, products and services and their corresponding charges or
fees when sending remittances in any part of the Philippines (BSP, 2015).
Banco de Oro (BDO), Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Union Bank
(Western Union), and Robinsons Bank are few of the banks that offer such
services.
With offices in Asia, North America, Europe and Middle East, BDO Remit
can provides fast, secured, and reliable transactions from anywhere in the
world. Savings account intended for overseas Filipinos are also available by
opening BDO Kabayan Savings Account. Similar services are offered by BPI
where day-to-day expenses and savings are addressed by BPInoy Savings
through direct credit to account transaction, and also BPI Global Remittance.
Lastly, the Handog Remittance Service of Robinson Bank, and Western Union
offers real time receiving of remittance using short message service or SMS.
85
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
WORKS CITED
Adda, J., Dustmann, C. and Mestres, J. (2006). A dynamic model of return
migration. University of London.
Ang, A., Guntur Sugiyarto, and Shikha Jha. (2009) Remittances and Household
Behavior in the Philippines. ADB Working Paper Series No. 188
Anonuevo, E. D. and Anonuevo A. T. (2003). Women, migration and
reintegration. Transactions Natl. Acad Sci Tech. Philippines, 25 (2), 467- 481.
Boccagni, P. (2011). The framing of return from above and below in Ecuadorian
migration: A project, a myth, or a political device? Global Networks.
Calzado, R. J. (2007) Labour Migration and Development Goals: The Philippine
Experience. A Paper presented in the International Dialogue on Migration, 8
October 2007 in WMO Conference Center, Geneva.
Capistrano, L. and Sta. Maria, M.L. (2007) The Impact of International Labor
Migration and OFW Remittances on Poverty in the Philippines. UP School of
Economics Discussion Paper 2007-06
De Vries, S. (2011). Mobilizing the use of remittances towards poverty reduction
and economic and social development through government initiatives: The
Philippine experience. National Reintegration Center for Overseas Filipino
Workers Department of Labour and Employment.
Djajic, S., and Milbourne R. (1988). A general equilibrium model of guest-
worker migration: A source-country perspective. Journal of International
Economics, 25, 335-351
Dustmann, C. (1995). Savings behaviour of return migrants. Zeitschrift fuer
Wirtschaftsund Socialwissenschaften, 115, 511-535.
Dustmann, C. (1997). Differences in the labour market behaviour between
permanent and temporary migrant women. Labour Economics, 4, 29-46.
Ducanes, G. and Abella, M. (2008) Overseas Filipino Workers and their Impact
on Household Poverty. ILO Asian Regional Programme on Governance of
Labor Migration Working Paper No. 5
86
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Ericta, C. and Fabian, E. (2009). A Documentation of the Philippines’ Family
Income and Expenditure Survey. Philippine Institute for Development Studies
Discussion Paper 2009-18.
International Organization for Migration (2013). Country Migration Report: The
Philippines 2013. Philippines: International Organization for Migration and
Scalabrini Migration Center.
Khoser, K. (2001). The Return and Reintegration of Rejected Asylum Seekers
and Irregular Migrants. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
National Statistics Office (NSO) [Philippines] and ICF Macro (2009). National
Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Calverton, Maryland: National Statistics
Office and ICF Macro.
Opiniano, J. M. (2004). Our future beside the exodus: migration and
development issues in the Philippines. Institute for Migration and Development
Issues.
Orbeta, A., Abrigo, M., and Cabalfin, M. (2009). Institutions serving Philippine
international labor migrants. PIDS Discussion Paper Series, Philippine Institute
for Development Studies, 31.
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), 2015. Retrieved from
http://www.owwa.gov.ph/
Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), 2015. Retrieved from
http://www.poea.gov.ph/
Poston, D.L. and Bouvier L. F. (2010) Population and Society: An Introduction to
Demography. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Pernia, E. (2008) Migration, Remittances, Poverty and Inequality: The
Philippines. UP School of Economics Discussion Paper No. 0801.
Rashad, L. (2014). The assistance of the government services, civil society, and
social network during the reintegration of returned female domestic workers and
entertainers in Manila. International Development Studies. Utrecht University.
87
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Reyes, M. (2008) Migration and Filipino Children Left-Behind: A Literature
Review. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
Sto. Tomas, P. (2003). Overseas Filipino workers in the national development
agenda: the government’s perspective. Paper presented at the Overseas
Filipinos as Part of the National Development Agenda, Ateneo de Manila
University, Quezon City.
Sawada, Y. and Estudillo, J. (2005) Trade Migration and Poverty Reduction in
the Globalizing Economy. UNU-WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/58
Tabuga, A. (2007) International Remittances and Household Expenditures: The
Philippine Case. Philippine Institute for Development Studies Discussion Paper
2007-018.
Tejero, L.M. and Fowler, C. (2012) Migration of Women from the Philippines:
Implications for Healthcare Delivery. Collegian 19. pp. 59-63
Tornea, V. F. (2003). Reintegration program for migrant workers. Review of
Women’s Studies, 205-220.
Willoughby, J. and Henderson, H. (2009). Preparing Contract Workers for
Return and Reintegration – Relevant for Development? American University.
Yang, D. (2006) International Migration, Remittances, and Household
Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrant’s Exchange Rate Shocks.
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper Series 12325.
Zosa, V. and Orbeta, A. (2009) The Social and Economic Impact of Philippine
International Labor Migration and Remittances. Philippine Institute for
Development Studies Discussion Paper 2009-032.
Appendix A: Stock Estimates of Migrants from Western Visayas
89
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Appendix Table 1. Number of Migrants from the Provinces and
Highly Urbanized Cities in Western Visayas, 1988-2012
Appendix Table 2. Number of Migrants from the municipalities
in the Province of Aklan, 1988-2012
Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Aklan 3639 6.99
Antique 2090 4.01
Bacolod City 10460 20.08
Capiz 3741 7.18
Guimaras 612 1.18
Iloilo 9927 19.06
Iloilo City 12655 24.30
Negros Occidental 8956 17.20
Total 52080 100
Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Altavas 120 3.30
Balete 59 1.62
Banga 351 9.65
Batan 75 2.06
Buruanga 44 1.21
Ibajay 127 3.49
Kalibo (Capital) 1286 35.34
Lezo 120 3.30
Libacao 41 1.13
Madalag 38 1.04
Makato 208 5.72
Malay 171 4.70
Malinao 182 5.00
Nabas 108 2.97
New Washington 188 5.17
Numancia 427 11.73
Tangalan 88 2.42
Not Reported 6 0.16
Total 3639 100.00
90
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Appendix Table 3. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities
in the Province of Antique, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Anini-y 70 3.35
Barbaza 65 3.11
Belison 37 1.77
Bugasong 131 6.27
Caluya 8 0.38
Culasi 122 5.84
Hamtic 167 7.99
Laua-An 38 1.82
Libertad 64 3.06
Pandan 166 7.94
Patnongon 182 8.71
San Jose (Capital) 456 21.82
San Remigio 70 3.35
Sebaste 62 2.97
Sibalom 190 9.09
Tibiao 88 4.21
Tobias Fornier (Dao) 139 6.65
Valderrama 33 1.58
Not Reported 2 0.10
Total 2090 100.00
91
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Appendix Table 4. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities and City
in the Province of Capiz, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Cuartero 82 2.19
Dao 93 2.49
Dumalag 172 4.60
Dumarao 119 3.18
Ivisan 96 2.57
Jamindan 40 1.07
Ma-Ayon 54 1.44
Mambusao 204 5.45
Panay 124 3.31
Panitan 115 3.07
Pilar 124 3.31
Pontevedra 156 4.17
President Roxas 102 2.73
Roxas City (Capital) 1995 53.33
Sapi-An 76 2.03
Sigma 98 2.62
Tapaz 88 2.35
Not Reported 3 0.08
Total 3741 100.00
92
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Appendix Table 5. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities and City
in the Province of Iloilo, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Ajuy 166 1.67
Alimodian 255 2.57
Anilao 55 0.55
Badiangan 100 1.01
Balasan 120 1.21
Banate 194 1.95
Barotac Nuevo 427 4.30
Barotac Viejo 102 1.03
Batad 31 0.31
Bingawan 35 0.35
Cabatuan 435 4.38
Calinog 231 2.33
Carles 68 0.69
City Of Passi 350 3.53
Concepcion 54 0.54
Dingle 270 2.72
Dueñas 242 2.44
Dumangas 471 4.74
Estancia 164 1.65
Guimbal 241 2.43
Igbaras 230 2.32
Janiuay 377 3.80
Lambunao 226 2.28
Leganes 251 2.53
Lemery 29 0.29
Leon 283 2.85
Maasin 173 1.74
Miagao 471 4.74
Mina 113 1.14
New Lucena 155 1.56
Oton 761 7.67
Pavia 428 4.31
Pototan 537 5.41
San Dionisio 55 0.55
San Enrique 97 0.98
93
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Appendix Table 5. continued
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
San Joaquin 191 1.92
San Miguel 200 2.01
San RafaSel 44 0.44
Santa Barbara 582 5.86
Sara 174 1.75
Tigbauan 335 3.37
Tubungan 42 0.42
Zarraga 143 1.44
Not Reported 19 0.19
Total 9927 100.00
94
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Appendix Table 6. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities and Cities
in the Province of Negros Occidental, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Bago City 496 5.54
Binalbagan 406 4.53
Cadiz City 495 5.53
Calatrava 168 1.88
Candoni 18 0.20
Cauayan 134 1.50
City Of Kabankalan 425 4.75
City Of Talisay 687 7.67
City Of Victorias 672 7.50
Enrique B. Magalona (Saravia) 161 1.80
Escalante 293 3.27
Himamaylan 259 2.89
Hinigaran 357 3.99
Hinoba-An (Asia) 69 0.77
Ilog 141 1.57
Isabela 84 0.94
La Carlota City 439 4.90
La Castellana 145 1.62
Manapla 191 2.13
Moises Padilla (Magallon) 40 0.45
Murcia 161 1.80
Pontevedra 179 2.00
Pulupandan 146 1.63
Sagay City 529 5.91
Salvador Benedicto 2 0.02
San Carlos City 885 9.88
San Enrique 123 1.37
Silay City 872 9.74
Sipalay 116 1.30
Toboso 105 1.17
Valladolid 124 1.38
Not Reported 34 0.38
Total 8956 100.00
95
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
Appendix Table 7. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities
in the Province of Guimaras, 1988-2012
City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage
Guimaras 612 100.00
Buenavista 298 48.69
Jordan (Capital) 161 26.31
Nueva Valencia 120 19.61
San Lorenzo 22 3.59
Sibunag 10 1.63
Not Reported 1 0.16
Guimaras 612 100.00
Appendix B: Detailed Tables of Family Expenditure
97
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
IAT
IVE
- W
ES
TE
RN
VIS
AY
AS
Dis
bu
rse
me
nt
Gro
up
Av
era
ge
An
nu
al E
xpe
nd
iture
(P
HP
) E
xp
end
itu
re a
s a
Sh
are
of
To
tal
Ex
pen
dit
ure
(%
)
Wit
ho
ut
Mig
ran
t W
ith
Mig
ran
t A
ll W
ith
ou
t M
igra
nt
Wit
h
Mig
ran
t A
ll
Bre
ad
an
d C
ere
als
2
325
2.1
4 2
722
3.7
9 2
410
4.9
1 1
7.7
2 9
.82
14
.83
Ric
e
18
734
.63
19
626
.00
18
926
.02
14
.27
7.0
8 1
1.6
4
Co
rn
45
8.9
5 2
62
.42
41
6.7
5 0
.35
0.0
9 0
.26
Flo
ur
33
.71
57
.89
38
.90
0.0
3 0
.02
0.0
2
Oth
er C
ere
al P
repa
ratio
n
11
63.2
7 1
860
.61
13
13.0
0 0
.89
0.6
7 0
.81
Bre
ad
24
06.1
7 4
621
.77
28
81.8
9 1
.83
1.6
7 1
.77
Pa
sta
4
16
.30
75
3.3
0 4
88
.65
0.3
2 0
.27
0.3
0
Oth
er B
read
3
9.1
2 4
1.7
9 3
9.7
0 0
.03
0.0
2 0
.02
Me
at
60
93.7
8 1
362
3.9
3 7
710
.60
4.6
4 4
.92
4.7
4
Fre
sh M
eat
48
82.0
8 1
038
4.6
3 6
063
.55
3.7
2 3
.75
3.7
3
Bee
f 7
44
.17
19
16.3
9 9
95
.86
0.5
7 0
.69
0.6
1
Por
k 2
157
.76
45
74.3
5 2
676
.63
1.6
4 1
.65
1.6
5
Go
at
11
.19
69
.26
23
.66
0.0
1 0
.02
0.0
1
Ch
icke
n
19
28.1
1 3
772
.67
23
24.1
6 1
.47
1.3
6 1
.43
Oth
er F
resh
Mea
t 4
0.8
5 5
1.9
6 4
3.2
3 0
.03
0.0
2 0
.03
Fro
zen
Me
at
10
2.4
8 2
31
.90
13
0.2
7 0
.08
0.0
8 0
.08
Drie
d M
ea
t 5
.21
14
.60
7.2
2 0
.00
0.0
1 0
.00
Pre
serv
ed M
eat
1
104
.01
29
92.8
0 1
509
.56
0.8
4 1
.08
0.9
3
98
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
IAT
IVE
- W
ES
TE
RN
VIS
AY
AS
Dis
bu
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me
nt
Gro
up
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(P
HP
) E
xp
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s a
Sh
are
of
To
tal E
xpen
dit
ure
(%
)
Wit
ho
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Mig
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ith
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ran
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ll W
ith
ou
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igra
nt
Wit
h M
igra
nt
All
Fis
h a
nd
Sea
foo
d
10
819
.77
15
291
.27
11
779
.86
8.2
4 5
.52
7.2
5
Fre
sh F
ish
7
961
.66
11
526
.70
87
27.1
2 6
.07
4.1
6 5
.37
Drie
d F
ish
1
066
.79
11
06.5
0 1
075
.31
0.8
1 0
.40
0.6
6
Se
afo
od
1
046
.16
19
04.0
6 1
230
.37
0.8
0 0
.69
0.7
6
Pre
serv
ed F
ish
7
14
.08
72
1.1
1 7
15
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0.5
4 0
.26
0.4
4
Se
afo
od
Pre
para
tion
3
1.0
8 3
2.9
0 3
1.4
7 0
.02
0.0
1 0
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Milk
, Ch
ees
e, a
nd
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gs
3
806
.75
93
02.4
0 4
986
.73
2.9
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3.0
7
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w M
ilk
18
.75
10
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8 3
8.2
1 0
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0.0
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Co
nde
nse
d, E
vapo
rate
d, o
r P
owd
ered
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2
447
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67
76.9
0 3
377
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1.8
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2.0
8
Milk
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sert
s 4
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12
.22
57
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0.0
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0.0
4
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d
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20
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.07
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6
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12
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0.6
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er M
ilk,
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.00
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ats
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17
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tter
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rgar
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34
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ible
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8
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99
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
IAT
IVE
- W
ES
TE
RN
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AY
AS
Dis
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nt
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HP
) E
xp
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Sh
are
of
To
tal E
xpen
dit
ure
(%
)
Wit
ho
ut
Mig
ran
t W
ith
Mig
ran
t A
ll W
ith
ou
t M
igra
nt
Wit
h M
igra
nt
All
Fru
its
22
13.1
4 4
305
.00
26
62.2
9 1
.69
1.5
5 1
.64
Fre
sh F
ruits
1
799
.06
34
31.7
1 2
149
.61
1.3
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.24
1.3
2
Drie
d F
ruits
5
.25
27
.57
10
.04
0.0
0 0
.01
0.0
1
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ts
32
4.6
1 5
80
.51
37
9.5
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.25
0.2
1 0
.23
Pre
serv
ed F
ruits
5
5.9
8 1
67
.52
79
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0.0
4 0
.06
0.0
5
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on
g 1
5.4
7 5
3.7
7 2
3.6
9 0
.01
0.0
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.01
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ta d
e C
oco
1
2.7
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9.4
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.01
0.0
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.01
Ve
get
able
4
198
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60
12.6
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3.2
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2.8
2
Le
afy
Ve
geta
ble
s 1
319
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17
24.3
5 1
406
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1.0
1 0
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0.8
6
Friu
t Veg
eta
ble
s 1
411
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20
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539
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1.0
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.72
0.9
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ot V
eg
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ble
s 9
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6
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ber V
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tab
les
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serv
ed V
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tab
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22
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MIG
RA
TIO
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ND
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PM
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NIT
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IVE
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ES
TE
RN
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AY
AS
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To
tal E
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dit
ure
(%
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ith
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ith
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nt
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h M
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All
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ga
r, J
am
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nfe
ctio
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ry
15
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276
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16
75.0
9 1
.15
0.8
2 1
.03
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gar
9
29
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92
1.7
1 9
27
.94
0.7
1 0
.33
0.5
7
Jam
s a
nd M
arm
ala
de
11
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53
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20
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0.0
1 0
.02
0.0
1
Ho
ney
5
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10
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6.4
1 0
.00
0.0
0 0
.00
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oco
late
7
8.2
5 3
43
.41
13
5.1
8 0
.06
0.1
2 0
.08
Ice
cre
am, S
orb
et,
and
Ed
ible
Ice
2
83
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63
4.4
4 3
59
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0.2
2 0
.23
0.2
2
Oth
er S
ugar
2
02
.65
31
2.4
8 2
26
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0.1
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0.1
4
Fo
od
Pro
du
cts
no
t e
lsew
he
re C
las
sifie
d
15
60.1
9 2
190
.01
16
95.4
2 1
.19
0.7
9 1
.04
Sa
lt 2
01
.45
20
3.5
5 2
01
.90
0.1
5 0
.07
0.1
2
Sp
ice
s a
nd
Cu
lina
ry H
erb
s 3
48
.27
44
9.9
5 3
70
.10
0.2
7 0
.16
0.2
3
Sa
uce
s, C
ond
imen
ts, a
nd S
eas
on
ing
s 6
08
.96
10
38.4
0 7
01
.16
0.4
6 0
.37
0.4
3
Vin
eg
ar
26
7.6
2 3
27
.06
28
0.3
8 0
.20
0.1
2 0
.17
De
sser
t Pre
para
tion
an
d S
oup
s, B
roth
, Sto
cks,
an
d C
ulin
ary
Ingr
edie
nts
33
.78
44
.50
36
.08
0.0
3 0
.02
0.0
2
Ba
by
Foo
d a
nd
Die
tary
Pre
pa
ratio
ns
7.9
6 6
.58
7.6
6 0
.01
0.0
0 0
.00
Oth
er F
ood
Pro
duct
s n
ot e
lse
wh
ere
cla
ssifi
ed
9
2.1
6 1
19
.96
98
.13
0.0
7 0
.04
0.0
6
10
1
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
IAT
IVE
- W
ES
TE
RN
VIS
AY
AS
Dis
bu
rse
me
nt
Gro
up
Av
era
ge
An
nu
al E
xpe
nd
iture
(P
HP
) E
xp
end
itu
re a
s a
Sh
are
of
To
tal E
xpen
dit
ure
(%
)
Wit
ho
ut
Mig
ran
t W
ith
Mig
ran
t A
ll W
ith
ou
t M
igra
nt
Wit
h M
igra
nt
All
Co
ffee
, Co
coa
, an
d T
ea
2
340
.18
32
09.0
2 2
526
.73
1.7
8 1
.16
1.5
5
Co
ffee
1
640
.01
20
71.7
9 1
732
.72
1.2
5 0
.75
1.0
7
Te
a
23
.89
50
.86
29
.68
0.0
2 0
.02
0.0
2
Co
coa
6
70
.01
10
72.6
1 7
56
.46
0.5
1 0
.39
0.4
7
Co
coa
-ba
sed
Be
vera
ge
6
.27
13
.75
7.8
8 0
.00
0.0
0 0
.00
Min
era
l Wa
ter,
So
ftd
rin
ks
, Fri
ut a
nd
Ve
ge
tab
le J
uic
es
19
74.6
1 4
280
.47
24
69.7
1 1
.50
1.5
4 1
.52
Min
era
l or
Sp
ring
Wa
ter
58
5.0
1 1
683
.75
82
0.9
2 0
.45
0.6
1 0
.50
So
ftdrin
ks
79
2.5
1 1
414
.71
92
6.1
0 0
.60
0.5
1 0
.57
Po
wd
ere
d F
ruit
and
Veg
eta
ble
Ju
ice
s 4
35
.96
77
5.5
9 5
08
.88
0.3
3 0
.28
0.3
1
Co
nce
ntra
tes
and
Re
ady-
to-D
rink
Juic
es
72
.20
24
9.0
2 1
10
.17
0.0
6 0
.09
0.0
7
Oth
er n
on-
alc
oh
olic
Be
vera
ge
s 8
8.9
4 1
57
.40
10
3.6
4 0
.07
0.0
6 0
.06
Alc
oh
olic
Bev
era
ges
1
704
.46
19
30.4
9 1
752
.99
1.3
0 0
.70
1.0
8
Liq
uor
10
56.3
9 9
85
.62
10
41.2
0 0
.80
0.3
6 0
.64
Win
e
10
9.9
0 5
9.6
9 9
9.1
2 0
.08
0.0
2 0
.06
Be
er
53
8.1
6 8
85
.18
61
2.6
7 0
.41
0.3
2 0
.38
10
2
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
IAT
IVE
- W
ES
TE
RN
VIS
AY
AS
Dis
bu
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me
nt
Gro
up
Av
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ge
An
nu
al E
xpe
nd
iture
(P
HP
) E
xp
end
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re a
s a
Sh
are
of
To
tal E
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dit
ure
(%
)
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ho
ut
Mig
ran
t W
ith
Mig
ran
t A
ll W
ith
ou
t M
igra
nt
Wit
h M
igra
nt
All
To
bac
co
14
48.4
1 1
482
.21
14
55.6
7 1
.10
0.5
3 0
.90
Cig
are
tte
13
48.2
3 1
370
.46
13
53.0
0 1
.03
0.4
9 0
.83
Oth
er V
ege
tab
le-b
ase
d P
rod
ucts
2
0.0
9 1
1.0
2 1
8.1
4 0
.02
0.0
0 0
.01
Fo
od
Co
ns
um
ed
At
Ho
me
5
880
0.5
3 8
943
8.4
6 6
537
8.8
9 4
4.8
0 3
2.2
7 4
0.2
1
Fo
od
Co
ns
um
ed
Ou
tsid
e
60
49.7
5 1
210
4.3
1 7
349
.74
4.6
1 4
.37
4.5
2
Re
stau
ran
t, C
afe
s, a
nd
the
like
6
242
.45
12
671
.61
76
22.8
7 4
.76
4.5
7 4
.69
Re
stau
ran
t and
Caf
es
37
66.0
1 7
768
.01
46
25.2
9 2
.87
2.8
0 2
.85
Ca
nte
en
2
283
.74
43
36.3
1 2
724
.46
1.7
4 1
.56
1.6
8
Ac
com
mo
da
tion
Se
rvic
es
1
92
.70
56
7.3
0 2
73
.13
0.1
5 0
.20
0.1
7
Clo
thin
g a
nd
Fo
otw
ea
r 3
279
.22
88
44.2
5 4
474
.11
2.5
0 3
.19
2.7
5
Clo
thin
g
23
31.4
2 6
075
.78
31
35.3
8 1
.78
2.1
9 1
.93
Fo
otw
ear
94
7.8
0 2
768
.47
13
38.7
2 0
.72
1.0
0 0
.82
10
3
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
IAT
IVE
- W
ES
TE
RN
VIS
AY
AS
Dis
bu
rse
me
nt
Gro
up
Av
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ge
An
nu
al E
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nd
iture
(P
HP
) E
xp
end
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re a
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Sh
are
of
To
tal E
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dit
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(%
)
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ho
ut
Mig
ran
t W
ith
Mig
ran
t A
ll W
ith
ou
t M
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nt
Wit
h M
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nt
All
Ho
us
ing
, Wat
er,
Ele
ctri
city
, Ga
s, a
nd
Oth
er
Fu
els
2
174
8.8
8 5
482
7.2
0 2
885
1.2
3 1
6.5
7 1
9.7
8 1
7.7
5
Re
nta
l 1
186
9.9
9 3
174
2.7
0 1
613
6.9
2 9
.04
11
.45
9.9
3
Impu
ted
Ren
tals
1
146
7.2
1 3
096
3.2
5 1
565
3.2
6 8
.74
11
.17
9.6
3
Ma
inte
nan
ce a
nd
rep
air
8
16
.82
19
26.0
1 1
054
.98
0.6
2 0
.69
0.6
5
Wa
ter
Su
pply
an
d M
isce
llan
eou
s S
erv
ice
s 6
51
.97
20
75.5
4 9
57
.63
0.5
0 0
.75
0.5
9
Ele
ctric
ity,
Ga
s, a
nd
Oth
er F
ue
ls
84
10.1
0 1
908
2.9
6 1
070
1.7
1 6
.41
6.8
9 6
.58
Ele
ctic
ity
46
81.3
6 1
365
1.7
8 6
607
.43
3.5
7 4
.93
4.0
6
LP
G
52
6.4
8 2
408
.72
93
0.6
2 0
.40
0.8
7 0
.57
Ker
ose
ne
24
6.5
6 6
8.1
3 2
08
.25
0.1
9 0
.02
0.1
3
Fu
elw
ood
2
085
.78
12
57.0
9 1
907
.85
1.5
9 0
.45
1.1
7
Ch
arc
oa
l 8
13
.00
16
74.1
5 9
97
.90
0.6
2 0
.60
0.6
1
Oth
er
56
.92
23
.09
49
.66
0.0
4 0
.01
0.0
3
10
4
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
IAT
IVE
- W
ES
TE
RN
VIS
AY
AS
Dis
bu
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me
nt
Gro
up
Av
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An
nu
al E
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nd
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(P
HP
) E
xp
end
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s a
Sh
are
of
To
tal E
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dit
ure
(%
)
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ho
ut
Mig
ran
t W
ith
Mig
ran
t A
ll W
ith
ou
t M
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nt
Wit
h M
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nt
All
Fu
rnis
hin
g, H
ou
seh
old
Eq
uip
me
nt,
an
d H
ou
seh
old
Ma
inte
na
nc
e
32
94.1
9 9
833
.24
46
98.2
1 2
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3.5
5 2
.89
Fu
nitu
re, F
urn
ish
ings
, C
arp
et,
and
Oth
er F
loor
Co
verin
gs
8.2
2 1
7.1
7 1
0.1
4 0
.01
0.0
1 0
.01
Ho
use
ho
ld T
ext
ile
10
9.3
6 4
02
.23
17
2.2
4 0
.08
0.1
5 0
.11
Fur
nis
hin
g F
abri
cs
25
.22
12
8.7
5 4
7.4
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.02
0.0
5 0
.03
Bed
din
gs
15
.95
93
.40
32
.58
0.0
1 0
.03
0.0
2
Bed
she
et,
Pill
ow
Ca
ses,
Bla
nke
ts, M
osq
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ts
52
.86
12
7.0
6 6
8.7
9 0
.04
0.0
5 0
.04
Oth
er H
ou
seh
old
Te
xtile
1
5.3
3 5
3.0
3 2
3.4
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0.0
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.01
Ho
use
ho
ld A
pplia
nce
s 2
75
.93
12
19.4
4 4
78
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0.2
1 0
.44
0.2
9
Ma
jor
App
lianc
es
18
6.1
6 9
76
.32
35
5.8
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0.3
5 0
.22
Sm
all
Ele
ctri
c A
pp
lian
ces
83
.91
23
5.5
3 1
16
.46
0.0
6 0
.08
0.0
7
Re
pa
ir of
Hou
seh
old
Ap
plia
nce
s 5
.87
7.5
9 6
.24
0.0
0 0
.00
0.0
0
Gla
ssw
are
, Ta
ble
war
e, a
nd H
ouse
ho
ld U
ten
sils
3
6.5
6 9
1.9
6 4
8.4
5 0
.03
0.0
3 0
.03
To
ols
an
d E
quip
men
t fo
r H
ou
se
8.5
0 3
.04
7.3
2 0
.01
0.0
0 0
.00
Go
ods
and
Se
rvic
es
for R
out
ine
Ho
use
hold
Ma
inte
nan
ce
26
21.8
5 6
732
.53
35
04.4
7 2
.00
2.4
3 2
.16
No
n-d
ura
ble
Ho
use
ho
ld G
oo
ds
16
54.7
3 2
611
.07
18
60.0
7 1
.26
0.9
4 1
.14
Do
me
stic
an
d H
ouse
ho
ld S
erv
ice
s 9
67
.12
41
21.4
6 1
644
.40
0.7
4 1
.49
1.0
1
He
alth
5
459
.67
17
861
.73
81
22.5
6 4
.16
6.4
4 5
.00
10
5
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
IAT
IVE
- W
ES
TE
RN
VIS
AY
AS
Dis
bu
rse
me
nt
Gro
up
Av
era
ge
An
nu
al E
xpe
nd
iture
(P
HP
) E
xp
end
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re a
s a
Sh
are
of
To
tal E
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dit
ure
(%
)
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ho
ut
Mig
ran
t W
ith
Mig
ran
t A
ll W
ith
ou
t
Mig
ran
t W
ith
Mig
ran
t A
ll
Tra
ns
po
rt
89
13.5
5 2
353
3.8
1 1
205
2.7
1 6
.79
8.4
9 7
.41
Pu
rcha
se o
f Ve
hic
le
12
76.1
1 5
279
.31
21
35.6
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.97
1.9
0 1
.31
Ca
rs
77
6.0
1 4
076
.89
14
84.7
6 0
.59
1.4
7 0
.91
Mo
torc
ycle
4
46
.54
86
2.0
9 5
35
.76
0.3
4 0
.31
0.3
3
Bic
ycle
an
d T
ricyc
le
53
.56
26
6.5
6 9
9.2
9 0
.04
0.1
0 0
.06
An
ima
l-dra
wn
veh
icle
s 0
.00
73
.77
15
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0.0
0 0
.03
0.0
1
Op
era
tion
of P
erso
na
l Tra
nsp
ort E
quip
men
t 2
375
.79
75
04.2
0 3
476
.93
1.8
1 2
.71
2.1
4
Spa
re P
art
s an
d A
cce
sso
ries
21
6.5
9 6
97
.06
31
9.7
5 0
.17
0.2
5 0
.20
Fu
el a
nd L
ubr
ican
ts
18
96.4
0 5
893
.99
27
54.7
4 1
.44
2.1
3 1
.69
Ma
inte
nace
and
Re
pa
ir 2
16
.06
77
3.7
1 3
35
.80
0.1
6 0
.28
0.2
1
Oth
er S
ervi
ces
46
.73
13
9.4
4 6
6.6
4 0
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0.0
5 0
.04
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
2
746
.13
86
78.1
9 4
019
.82
2.0
9 3
.13
2.4
7
Re
cre
atio
n
12
79.9
2 4
795
.46
20
34.7
5 0
.98
1.7
3 1
.25
Ed
uc
atio
n
41
92.6
6 1
535
4.6
8 6
589
.29
3.1
9 5
.54
4.0
5
Tu
itio
n F
ees
26
09.5
5 1
057
9.4
0 4
320
.78
1.9
9 3
.82
2.6
6
Ed
uca
tion
no
t def
inab
le b
y le
vel
31
.01
22
1.4
8 7
1.9
1 0
.02
0.0
8 0
.04
Allo
wa
nce
for F
amily
Mem
bers
1
061
.32
34
88.3
8 1
582
.44
0.8
1 1
.26
0.9
7
Oth
er E
duca
tiona
l Exp
en
ses
49
0.7
7 1
065
.42
61
4.1
6 0
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0.3
8 0
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10
6
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
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TE
RN
VIS
AY
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Gro
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Av
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An
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HP
) E
xp
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Sh
are
of
To
tal E
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dit
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(%
)
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ho
ut
Mig
ran
t W
ith
Mig
ran
t A
ll W
ith
ou
t M
igra
nt
Wit
h M
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nt
All
Mis
ce
llan
eou
s G
oo
ds
an
d S
erv
ice
s
81
36.6
9 1
876
9.0
0 1
041
9.5
8 6
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6.7
7 6
.41
Pe
rson
al C
are
4
599
.91
87
84.2
4 5
498
.34
3.5
0 3
.17
3.3
8
Pe
rson
al E
ffect
s 6
05
.74
17
24.3
2 8
45
.91
0.4
6 0
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0.5
2
So
cia
l Pro
tect
ion
0
.00
0.0
0 0
.00
0.0
0 0
.00
0.0
0
Life
an
d N
on-l
ife In
sura
nce
2
794
.77
66
85.2
6 3
630
.11
2.1
3 2
.41
2.2
3
Oth
er
Exp
end
iture
3
979
.90
91
23.2
8 5
084
.25
3.0
3 3
.29
3.1
3
Ta
xes
22
07.6
3 4
978
.21
28
02.5
1 1
.68
1.8
0 1
.72
Gift
s a
nd
Co
ntrib
utio
n to
Oth
ers
17
02.7
1 4
011
.71
21
98.4
9 1
.30
1.4
5 1
.35
Oth
er E
xpe
nditu
re
69
.56
13
3.3
5 8
3.2
6 0
.05
0.0
5 0
.05
Oth
er
Dis
bu
rse
me
nts
1
547
1.3
7 4
583
6.8
8 2
199
1.2
4 1
1.7
9 1
6.5
4 1
3.5
3
To
tal F
oo
d
64
850
.28
10
154
2.7
7 7
272
8.6
4 4
9.4
1 3
6.6
4 4
4.7
4
To
tal N
on
-Fo
od
6
639
6.4
7 1
756
11.
88
89
846
.45
50
.59
63
.36
55
.26
To
tal E
xpen
ditu
re
13
124
6.7
5 2
771
54.
65
16
257
5.0
9 1
00
.00
10
0.0
0 1
00
.00
Appendix C: Survey Instrument
108
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
National Economic Development Authority
University of the Philippines Visayas Foundation, Inc.
MIGRATION SITUATION IN WESTERN VISAYAS
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
IDENTIFICATION
PROVINCE 01 02 03 04 05 06
AKLAN ANTIQUE CAPIZ GUIMARAS ILOILO NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
CITY/MUNICIPALITY 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
KALIBO SAN JOSE ROXAS CITY JORDAN ILOILO CITY OTON STA. BARBARA BACOLOD CITY SILAY SAN CARLOS
BARANGAY
HOUSEHOLD NUMBER
NAME OF RESPONDENT
Number of Migrants in the Household Note: NUMBER OF MIGRANT INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE SHOULD CORRESPOND TO THE NUMBER OF MIGRANTS IN THE
HOUSEHOLD
CONTACT INFORMATION
Date of Interview
Interviewer’s Name
Encoder
109
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
PART 1. MIGRANT INFORMATION Note: ONE INFORMATION SHEET PER MIGRANT
HOUSEHOLD NUMBER MIGRANT NUMBER IS THE MIGRANT PRESENT DURING THE INTERVIEW YES NO
SECTION 1. SOCIO-DEOMGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OFWS
1 NAME OF MIGRANT ____________________________________________________________________
2 SEX 01 02
MALE lalaki FEMALE babayi
3 CIVIL STATUS Estado
01
02 03 04
NEVER MARRIED/SINGLE wala naka-agi pakasal / solo lawas MARRIED/LIVING-IN kasado / may ginapuyo WIDOWED balo SEPARATED/DIVORCED/ANNULLED separado / separada
4
HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT Pinakata-as nga tinun-an
00
01 02 03
04 05 06 07 08 09 98
NO GRADE COMPLETED wala sang grado nga natapusan PRE-SCHOOL nursery ukon kinder ELEMENTARY LEVEL elementarya ELEMENTARY GRADUATE nakatapos sa elementarya HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL hayskul HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE nakatapos sa hayskul COLLEGE LEVEL college COLLEGE GRADUATE nakatapos sa college POST BACCALAUREATE masters ukon doctorate TECHNICAL/VOCATIONAL DON’T KNOW wala ako kabalo
5 RESIDENCE STATUS Estado sang pagpuyo
01 02 03
PERMANENT permanente TEMPORARY temporaryo IRREGULAR indi dokumentado
6 EMPLOYMENT STATUS Estado sa Trabaho
01
02
03
04
REGULAR regular (kompleto sa binipisyo) CASUAL casual (wala pa sang binipisyo) JOB ORDER/CONTRACTUAL kon may kinahanglanon lang ang opisina / kompaniya OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ________________________
END OF SECTION 1. PROCEED TO SECTION 2.
110
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 2. WORK HISTORY OF OFW
A. BEFORE GOING ABROAD
7
What was your job before going abroad? Ano ang imo ubra antes ikaw maglakat
sa luwas sang pungsod?
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
95
OFFICIAL OF GOVERNEMT AND SPECIAL -INTEREST
ORGANIZATION Nagatrabaho bilang opisyal sa gobyerno ukon organisasyon (NGO) CORPORATE EXECUTIVE/MANAGER May pwesto sa privado nga kumpaniya / manager PROFESSIONAL propesyonal TECHNICIAN AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL Nagatrabaho bilang technician ukon nagabulig sa
technician CLERK nagatrabaho bilang sekretarya sa opisina SERVICE WORKER nagahatag serbisyo pareho sang waiter, janitor, masahista, yaya, kabulig sa sulod balay
kag iban pa FARMER, FORESTRY WORKER, OR FISHER nagapanguma, nagapangisda, naga-obra bilang manugtanum/manugbantay sang mga kakahuyan TRADE AND RELATED WORK Nagapamaligya/nagapamakal PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATOR AND ASSEMBLER
machine operator sa planta LABORER AND UNSKILLED WORKER mamumugon, naga
obra sa construction NO WORK Wala obra OTHERS (specify) Iban pa (palihog ihambal) ____________________________
8
What is the main
reason why you left
for abroad?
Ano ang rason nga-a naglakat ikaw sa
luwas sang pungsod?
01
02
95
BETTER PAYING JOB agud may mata-as nga sweldo
TO BE WITH FAMILY agud maka-upod sa akon pamilya
OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ____________________________________________
111
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
B. PRESENT JOB
9 What year did the migrant leave for abroad? _______________________ Sang ano nga tu-ig ikaw naglakat sa luwas sang pungsod?
10
How many months, in total, has the migrant been working abroad? Pila na tanan bulan ikaw nagatrabaho sa luwas sang pungsod? Please note month and year migrant started working abroad
_____________________________________
11
What is your present job abroad? Ano ang imo trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod?
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 95
OFFICIAL OF GOVERNEMENT AND SPECIAL -INTEREST
ORGANIZATION Nagatrabaho bilang opisyal sa gobyerno ukon organisasyon pareho sa mga NGO CORPORATE EXECUTIVE/MANAGER May pwesto sa privado nga companiya / manager PROFESSIONAL propesyonal TECHNICIAN AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL Nagatrabaho bilang technician ukon nagabulig sa
technician CLERK nagatrabaho bilang sekretarya sa opisina SERVICE WORKER nagahatag serbisyo pareho sang waiter, janitor, masahista, yaya, kabulig sa sulod balay
kag iban pa FARMER, FORESTRY WORKER, OR FISHER nagapanguma, nagapangisda, naga-obra bilang manugtanum/manugbantay sang mga kakahuyan TRADE AND RELATED WORK Nagapamaligya/nagapamakal PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATOR AND ASSEMBLER
machine operator sa planta LABORER AND UNSKILLED WORKER mamumugon, naga
obra sa construction OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ____________________________________________
12
What is the nature of
work?
Ano ang klase sang
imo trabaho
01
02
LAND-BASED Nagatinir lang sa duta
SEA-BASED Nagasakay sa barko
112
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
13 Where is the current place of work? Sa di-in ikaw subong nga pungsod naga-trabaho? ____________________________________________________________
14 How many years have you been in your current job?
Pila na ikaw katu-ig sa trabaho mo subong?
15
How much is your salary per month? _______________________
Don’t know
Pila ang sweldo mo kada bulan?
16 How much is your average monthly cash remittance? ______________________ Mga pila ang imo ginapadala kada bulan sa imo pamilya?
17
How often do you
send remittance in a year? Mga pila ka
beses ikaw nagapadala sang kwarta sa imo
pamilya sa isa katu-ig?
01 02 03 95
MONTHLY kada bulan QUARTERLY (EVERY THREE MONTHS) kada tatlo ka bulan ANNUALLY (ONCE A YEAR) kis-a sa isa katu-ig OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _________________________
18
How do you send your remittance? Paano mo ginapadala ang kwarta para sa
imo pamilya? (Multiple Response)
01 02 03 04 05 06 95
THROUGH BANK DEPOSIT gina deposito sa bangko DOOR-TO-DOOR DELIVERY Gindul-ong sa balay sang mga
pareho sa LBC THROUGH BANK REMITTANCE FACILITY ginapa-agi sa
remittance sang bangko THROUGH MONEY TRANSFER SERVICE (Western Union,
Money Gram, etc) Gina money transfer pareho sang Western Union, Money Gram kag iban pa THROUGH FRIEND/RELATIVE Ginapa-agi sa kilala/ paryente THROUGH AGENCY/LOCAL OFFICE Ginapa-agi sa opisina / agency nga gina-obrahan OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)
__________________________
113
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
19
What is the purpose of the cash
remittance? Ano ang ginagastuhan sang kwarta nga imo
ginapadala?
01
02
03
04
05
06
95
HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES galastuhan sa sulod sang balay SCHOOL EXPENSES galastuhan sa eskwelahan MEDICAL EXPENSES galastuhan sa bulong/check-up/ospital CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE galastuhan para magpatindog/ pakay-o / padugang sang balay PURCHASE A LOT galastuhon para magbakal sang duta FOR BUSINESS galastuhon para sa negosyo OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) __________________________
20
Does a portion of your
cash remittance go to savings? May ara man
sang parti sang imo ginapadala nga ginatago sa bangko?
01 02
YES Hu-o NO à PROCEED TO 22 Wala kadto sa 22
21 How much of your cash remittance goes to savings? (state actual amount)
______________________ Pila sa ginapadala mo nga kwarta ang ginatago sa bangko?
22
Are you engaged in
business abroad? May ara man ikaw
negosyo sa luwas sang pungsod?
01 02
YES Hu-o NO à PROCEED TO 24 Wala kadto sa 24
23 What is your business? Ano ang imo negosyo didto sa luwas sang pungsod? ______________________________________________________________________
24
Is your current job
also your first job abroad? Ang imo bala
trabaho subong amo ini ang una mo nga trabaho sa luwas sang
pungsod?
01 02
YES Hu-o à PROCEED TO SECTION 3 NO Indi
C. FIRST JOB ABROAD
25
What is the nature of work? Ano ang klase sang imo trabaho
01 02
LAND-BASED Nagatinir lang sa duta SEA-BASED Nagasakay sa barko
26
Where is the place of work when the migrant first left abroad? Sa di-in ikaw nga pungsod una nagtrabaho? _______________________________________
114
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
27 How many years were you in your first job abroad?
Pila katu-ig ikaw nagtinir sa una mo nga trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod?
END OF SECTION 2. PROCEED TO SECTION 3.
SECTION 3. TRIPS TO THE PHILIPPINES
28
How often does the migrant come home to the Philippines? Kada san-o ikaw naga-puli sa
Pilipinas?
01 02 03 04 95
EVERY SIX MONTHS kada anum ka bula EVERY YEAR ka isa sa isa ka tu-ig EVERY TWO YEARS kada duha ka tuig EVERY FIVE YEARS kada lima ka tuig OTHERS (specify) __________________
29 How many days does the migrant spend in the Philippines?
Kon magpuli ikaw diri sa Pilipina, pila ka adlaw ikaw nagatinir?
30 What is the purpose of the trips? ______________________________________ Ano ang katuyu-an sang imo mga pagpa-uli?
END OF SECTION 3. PROCEED TO SECTION 4.
END OF INTERVIEW IF THE MIGRANT IS NOT AVAILABLE. PROCEED TO PART 2 (HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE)
115
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 4. ISSUES AND CONCERNS
A. MIGRANT’S WELFARE ISSUES
31
Do/Did you experience
welfare issues? Naka-agi ikaw nga nagkaproblema
sa imo trabaho?
01 02
YES Hu-o NO Wala
32
What welfare issues have you experienced? Ano ang imo nangin
problema?
01
02
03
04
05 09
MALTREATMENT/MISTREATMENT ginasakit /
ginapagutoman / ginabuyayaw sa trabaho DELAYED/NONPAYMENT OF WAGES Atrasado nga
paghatag sang sweldo / wala ginbayaran sang sweldo POOR WORKING CONDITIONS Mabudlay ang hamintangan sa trabaho OVERSTAYING nag-sobra na ako sa ginatugot nga inadlaw sang pagtinir CIVIL WAR Gyera sa lugar nga akon ginatrabahu-an OTHERS (specify) _________________________
B. FAMILY-RELATED ISSUES AND CONCERNS
Are the following causing you (the migrant) apprehension and worries? Nagadala bala sang
pagkabalaka / palaligban sa migrant ang mga masunod?
HEALTH
Ikaayong lawas
Y N
RELATIONSHI
P PROBLEMS
Palaligban sa pag-updanay/
pagtamdanay
Y N
FINANCIAL
PROBLEMS
Palaligban sa kwarta
Y N
OTHERS
(specify)
Iban pa palihog ihambal
33 SPOUSE asawa/
bana 1 2 1 2 1 2
34 CHILDREN
Kabataan 1 2 1 2 1 2
35 PARENTS
Ginikanan 1 2 1 2 1 2
36 SIBLINGS
Mga utod 1 2 1 2 1 2
END OF SECTION 4. PROCEED TO SECTION 5.
116
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 5. PLANS AS RETURN MIGRANT
37
When are you planning to stay the Philippines permanently? (year) _______________ Sa ano ikaw nga tu-ig naga plano nga ma-untat na sa pagtrabaho sa luwas kag
magpauli na lang sa Pilipinas?
38
What are your expected sources of income? Ano ang imo nga saligan
nga kuha-an sang income (kita) sa imo pagtinir sa Pilipinas
01 02 03 95
BUSINESS VENTURE negosyo PENSION pensyon SAVINGS tinago (sa bangko) OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _________________________
END OF SECTION 5. PROCEED TO SECTION 6.
117
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 6. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE
39 Are you aware of
the following programs
provided by the government? May nabal-an ikaw parti sa mga masunod nga
programa sang gobyerno?
Type Y N
01 Health Care Benefits
Mga benepisyo agud ma-amligan
1 2
02 Disability and Death Benefits
Mga benepisyo nga makuha kon
1 2
03 Upgrading Programs
Programa nga nagabulig nga madugangan ang nahibal-an sa
trabaho
1 2
04 Repatriation Support
Bulig para makabalik sa Pilipinas kon mabudlay ang paghalin sa
lugar nga gina-obrahan
1 2
05 Reintegration Assistance
Bulig nga ginahatag agud makapangabuhi liwat sa Pilipinas
pagkatapos sang trabaho sa luwas
sang pungsod
1 2
06 Scholarship Program for
Dependents
Scholarship para sa mga kabata-
an ukon ginasagod sang naga
trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod
1 2
07 Educational Loan Program
Programa nga nagapahulam sang kwarta agud may ibayad sa
galastuhan sa eskwelahan
1 2
08 Livelihood Program
Programa nga nagabulig sa ka
1 2
40
What other support services will you request from the government?
___________________________________ Ano nga iban pa gid nga bulig / serbisyo ang imo ginapangayo sa gobyerno?
41
Are you willing to contribute to a fund to be
managed by the government to support disaster risk reduction initiatives? Mapasugot ka bala mag-amot para sa pundo nga makahatag sang proteksyon sa imo pamilya kon sila mangin biktima sang
kalamidad?
01 02
YES à PROCEED TO 43 Hu-o kadto sa 43 NO à PROCEED TO 42 Indi kadto sa 42
118
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
42
Why? Nga-a?
____________________________________________________________________
43
How much are you willing to contribute every year? Kon mapasugot ikaw nga mag-amot, pila ayhan ang pwede mo maghatag kasa tu-ig?
________________________________
44 What is your preferred mode of payment?
Ano ang gusto mo nga paagi sa pagbayad?
01
02
03
04
BANK DEPOSIT i-deposito
ang bayad sa bangko
THROUGH THE AGENCY/
LOCAL OFFICE i-paagi ang bayad sa isa ka ahensya /
lokal nga opisina
PERSONAL DELIVERY TO THE
OFFICE ihatag ko lang sa opisina nga responsabli sa
pagpanukot
OTHERS (specify) iban pa
(palihog ihambal) _______________________
__
END OF INTERVIEW. IF THERE IS MORE THAN ONE MIGRANT IN THE HOUSEHOLD, INTERVIEW
THE NEXT MIGRANT. AFTER ALL THE MIGRANTS ARE INTERVIEWED PROCEED TO PART 2 (HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE).
119
MIG
RA
TIO
N A
ND
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T I
NIT
IAT
IVE
- W
ES
TE
RN
VIS
AY
AS
PA
RT
2. H
OU
SEH
OLD
QU
ESTI
ON
NA
IRE
SE
CTI
ON
1. H
OU
SEH
OLD
MEM
BER
SHIP
Li
ne
No
. U
SU
AL
RES
IDE
NTS
(U
se a
dd
itio
nal
sh
eets
if n
eces
sary
)
Mg
a m
yem
bro
sa
ng
pa
nim
ala
y
Rel
ati
on
ship
to
th
e M
igra
nt
Ka-
an
gta
nan
sa
n
ag
atr
ab
ah
o s
a lu
wa
s
Sex
Ag
e Ed
ad
C
ivil
Sta
tus
Esta
do
Edu
cati
on
al
Att
ain
me
nt
Pin
aka
ta-
as
ng
a
tin
un-
an
Em
plo
ymen
t St
atu
s H
ealt
h
Cu
rren
tly
Wo
rkin
g
Ma
y tr
ab
ah
o
sub
on
g
Sect
or
Sekt
or
Na
ture
of
Wo
rk
Kla
se
san
g
tra
ba
ho
Diff
eren
tly
able
d?
Ma
y ka
sab
lag
an
sa la
wa
s?
Wit
h
Ch
ron
ic
Illn
ess?
M
asa
kito
n?
Hav
e P
hilh
ealt
h o
r o
ther
h
ealt
h in
sura
nce
?
Ma
y a
ra ik
aw
sn
ag
P
hilh
ealt
h u
kon
pa
reh
o n
ga
insu
ran
ce?
(1
01
) (1
02)
(103
) (1
04)
M
F
(105
)
(106
)
(107
) (1
08)
Y
N
(109
) (1
10)
(111
) Y
N
(112
) Y
N
(113
) Y
N
0
1 (R
esp
ond
ent)
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
5
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
6
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
7
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
(u
se a
dd
itio
na
l sh
eets
if n
eces
sary
)
EN
D O
F SE
CTI
ON
1. P
RO
CEE
D T
O S
ECTI
ON
2.
COD
ES F
OR
Q1
01
(Rel
ation
ship
to
th
e M
igra
nt)
CO
DES
FO
R Q
106
(Civ
il St
atus
) CO
DES
FO
R Q
107
(Edu
cati
onal
Att
ainm
ent)
COD
ES F
OR
Q1
09 (E
mp
loym
ent
Sect
or)
COD
ES F
OR
Q1
10
(Nat
ure
of W
ork
) 0
1 =
Mig
rant
0
2 =
Spou
se
03
= So
n o
r D
augh
ter
04
= So
n/D
augh
ter-
in-l
aw
05
= G
ran
dchi
ld
06
= Pa
ren
t
07 =
Par
ent-
in-l
aw
08 =
Bro
ther
or S
iste
r 09
= O
ther
Rel
ative
10
= A
dop
ted
/Fos
ter/
Step
child
11
= N
ot
Rela
ted
98 =
Do
n’t K
now
01 =
Nev
er M
arrie
d/Si
ngle
02 =
Mar
ried
/Liv
ing-
in
03 =
Wid
owed
04
= S
epar
ated
/Div
orce
d/
Ann
ulle
d
00 =
No
Gra
de C
ompl
eted
01
= P
re-S
choo
l 02
= E
lem
enta
ry L
evel
03 =
Ele
men
tary
Gra
duat
e 04
= H
igh
Scho
ol L
evel
05 =
Hig
h Sc
hool
Gra
du
ate
06 =
Col
lege
Lev
el
07 =
Col
lege
Gra
duat
e 08
= P
ost
Bacc
alau
reat
e 09
= T
echn
ical
/Voc
ation
al
98 =
Don
’t Kn
ow
01 =
Agr
icu
ltu
re (
fish
erie
s,
farm
ing,
fore
stry
) 02
= In
dus
try/
Man
ufac
turin
g 03
= S
ervi
ce
01 =
Wo
rk f
or P
riva
te H
ou
seh
old
o
r Fa
rm
02 =
Wo
rk f
or P
riva
te
Esta
blis
hm
ents
03 =
Wo
rk f
or G
ove
rnm
ent
04 =
Sel
f-em
plo
yed
with
emp
loye
es
05 =
Sel
f-Em
plo
yed
with
ou
t em
plo
yees
120
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 2. PSYCHO-GRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS’ HOUSEHOLDS
A. HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
201
What is the main source of
drinking water of the household? Sa di-in nagakuha sang
tubig ilimnan?
01 02 03 04 05 06 95
PIPED WATER tubig halin sa tubo PROTECTED WELL bubon nga may tabon WATER FROM SPRING tubig halin sa tuburan RAINWATER tubig ulan TANKER TRUCK tubig nga ginabaligya sa trak BOTTLED WATER/REFILLING STATION mineral water OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ___________________
202
What kind of toilet facility do members of the
household use? Ano nga klase sang
kasilyas?
01
02
03 04
05
95
FLUSH OR POUR FLUSH TOILET kasilyas nga may flush / debuhos PIT LATRINE buho COMPOSTING TOILET NO FACILITY/BUSH/FIELD/ETC Wala sang kasilyas PUBLIC TOILET kasilyas nga kumon OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ____________________
203
What type of fuel does
your household mainly use for cooking? Ano ang gina-usar nga
gatong para magluto?
01 02 03 04 05 06
95
ELECTRICITY kuryente LPG Gasul KEROSENE Gas CHARCOAL Uling WOOD kahoy STRAW/SHRUBS/GRASS/AGRICULTURAL CROP
dagami / OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _____________________
204
MAIN MATERIAL OF THE FLOOR (Record observation) Ano ang salug sang balay?
01 02
03
04 05 06 07 08 95
NATURAL FLOOR (earth/sand) duta RUDIMENTARY FLOOR (wood planks/ wood/
bamboo) kahoy / kawayan FINISHED CEMENTED FLOOR semento nga mahining POLISHED WOOD kahoy nga mahining VINYL LINOLEUM CERAMIC TILES CARPET MARBLE OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _____________________
121
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
205
MAIN MATERIAL OF THE ROOF (Record observation) Ano ang atup sang balay?
01
02 03
04
05
06
95
NO ROOF wala atup NATURAL ROOFING (Nipa/cogon) nipa/kogon RUDIMENTARY ROOFING sari-sari ang materyales
(Palm/bamboo/wood planks/makeshift/
cardboard/tarpaulin) GALVANIZED IRON/ALUMINUM WOOD sin CALAMIN/CEMENT FIBER Hardiflex ROOFING SHINGLES OTHERS (specify) Iban pa (palihog ihambal) _____________________
206
MAIN MATERIAL OF THE
EXTERIOR WALLS (Record observation) Ano ang dingding sang
balay?
01 02 03 95
NATURAL WALLS amakan / nipa / tadtad (dirt/
cane/palm/trunks) RUDIMENTARY WALLS sari-sari nga materyales
(bamboo/stone with mud/uncovered adobe/ plywood/ makeshift/ cardboard/ reused
material) FINISHED WALLS semento (cement/ stone with
lime/bricks/ cement/ hollow blocks/wood plank/ galvanized iron/aluminum)
OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _____________________
207
What is the tenure status
of your lot? Ano estado sang pagpanag-iya mo sang
duta?
01
02 03
04
OWNED/BEING AMORTIZED/OWNER -LIKE POSSESSION ginapanag-iyahan / ginahulugan
RENTED gina-arkilahan RENT-FREE WITH OWNER CONSENT wala naga arkila pero may pagpahanugot sang tag-iya RENT-FREE WITHOUT OWNER CONSENT Wala naga arkila pero wala sang pahanugot sang
tag-iya
208
How many rooms in this
household are used for sleeping? Pila ka kwarto
ang ginatulugan?
ROOMS
122
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
B. MATERIAL POSSESSIONS
Does your
household have the
following:
(should be
working or
functioning)
Ano
panimalay bala may
ara sang mga
masunod?
Type Y N
(209)
Number of units
01 Electricity kuryente 1 2 (na)
02 Radio/radio cassettes radyo 1 2
03 Television 1 2
04 Cable Television 1 2
05 Landline/wireless landline
telephone Telepono
1 2
06 Washing machine 1 2
07 CD/VCD/DVD Player 1 2
08 Component or Karaoke 1 2
09 Aircon 1 2
10 Electric Fan 1 2
11 Microwave Oven 1 2
12 Refrigerator 1 2
Does your household or
any member of your
household own:
(should be working or
functioning)
Ang inyo bala panimalay
ukon myembro sang panimalay may ara
sang:
Type
(211)
Y N
Number of
units
(212)
01 Bicycle/Trisikad/
Pedicab
1 2
02 Motorcycle/Tricycle 1 2
03 Car/Jeep/Van 1 2
04 Tractor kuliglig 1 2
213 Does your household or any member of your household own
a cellphone? Ang inyo bala panimalay ukon myembro sang
panimalay may ara sang cellphone?
Yes = 1
No = 2 à PROCEED TO
216
How many cellphones by
type? Pila kabilog ang inyo cell phone kag mga
ano nga klase ini?
(multiple response)
Type
(214)
How many?
Pila kabilog?
(215)
01 Basic Phones
Ordinaryo nga cell phone
02 Smart Phones
09 Others ________________
123
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
216 Does your household or any member of your
household own a personal or laptop computer? Ang inyo bala panimalay ukon myembro sang panimalay
may ara sang personal computer ukon laptop?
Yes = 1
No = 2 à PROCEED TO 219
How many units
of laptop and personal
computers?
(multiple
response)
Pila kabilog ang computer kag
laptop?
Type
Check if
‘yes’
(217)
How many?
Pila kabilog?
(218)
01 Laptop (Basic/netbook)
02 Laptop (Touch Screen)
03 Laptop (Ultrabook/
MacBook)
04 Desktop Computer
09 Others
___________________
219 Does your household or any member of your
household own other types of gadgets? (such as
cameras, PSP, Wii, Tablets, IPAD, Xbox)
Ang inyo bala panimalay ukon myembro sang
panimalay may ara sang mga gadgets?
Yes = 1
No = 2 à PROCEED TO
222
How many units
of gadgets?
Pila kabilog ang
gadgets?
(multiple
response)
Type
Check if
‘yes’ How many?
(221)
01 Camera (Basic point and
shoot)
02 Camera (DSLR)
03 Gaming Consoles (Wii,
Xbox, PSP, playstation)
04 Android Tablets
05 Ipad
06 MP3 player, Ipod
09 Others
222 Do you have an Internet Connection at home?
May ara kamo Internet sa inyo balay?
Yes = 1
No = 2
124
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
C. REAL PROPERTIES AND BUSINESSES
223
Do you or any member of your household
own any real property? Ang imo bala panimalay ukon myembro
sang panimalay bala may ginapanag-iyahan nga iban pa nga propiedad (duta, condominium ukon town house)?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 226
What are the
types of real properties? Ano nga mga
klase propyedad? (multiple response)
Type Y N
(224)
Lot area/number of units
(225)
kadaku-on sang propyedad / pila
kabilog ang units?
01 Agricultural land
Duta nga ulumhan
1 2
02 Fishponds Punong
03 Residential lot
Duta nga balalayan
1 2
04 Commercial lot
Duta sa commercial area
1 2
05 Townhouse 1 2
06 Condominium 1 2
09 Others ___________
Iban pa
1 2
226
Do you or any member of your household
own or manage a business? Ikaw ukon ang myembro bala sang imo panimalay may ara
sang negosyo?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 228
227 What kind of business? Ano nga klase sang negosyo?
____________________________________________________________
228
Does your family have any outstanding loan
at present? May ara bala sang loan ang imo pamilya
subong?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 230
229 Where have you availed of the loan? Sa di-in ikaw nag loan?
01 02
03
09
BANKS Bangko OTHER FORMAL LENDING INSTITUIONS (Cooperatives/ SSS/GSIS, etc) Mga ahensya nga nagapahulam INFORMAL LENDING (Private individuals, 5-6) Mga pribado nga tawo nga
nagapahulam OTHERS (specify) Iban pa (palihog ihambal) _________________
125
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
D. LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES
230
Do you and your family travel regularly for
vacation? Naga byahe bala ikaw ukon ang imo
pamilya para magbakasyon?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 234
231 How many times do you travel for vacation every year? Mga pila ka beses sa isa katu-ig ikaw ukon ang imo pamilya naga byahe?
232 How many days do you usually spend on travel vacation? Mga pila ka adlaw kamo nagabakasyon?
233
Where do you usually go when you travel for vacation?
Sa di-in kamo masami naga byahe
para magbakasyon?
01 02 03 04
05
WITHIN THE MUNICIPALITY Diri lang sa amon banwa WITHIN THE PROVINCE, OUTSIDE MUNICIPALITY Diri lang
sa probinsya pero sa luwas sang banwa WITHIN THE REGION, OUTSIDE PROVINCE Diri lang sa
rehiyon pero sa luwas sang probinsya WITHIN THE COUNTRY, OUTSIDE THE REGION Diri lang sang pungsod pero sa luwas sang reyon. ABROAD/OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY Sa luwas sang pungsod
234
Do you and your family eat in fine dining
restaurants? Ikaw bala kag ang imo pamilya naga gwa
para magka-on sa mga malahalon nga kala-an?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 236
235
In the last three (3) months, how many times did your family eat in fine dining restaurants?
Sa nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, kapila kamo sang imo pamilya mag-gwa para magka-on sa mga malahalon nga kalan-an?
236
Do you and your family eat in fast food
restaurants? Nagaka-on ikaw kag ang imo pamilya sa
mga fastfood restaurants pareho sang Jollibee kag McDo?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 238
126
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
237
In the last three (3) months, how many times did your family eat in fast food
restaurants? Sang nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, kapila kamo sang imo pamilya nag-gwa para magka-on sa mga fastfood restaurants?
238
Do you and your family go shopping in a
local mall? Naga pamakal ikaw kag ang imo pamilya sa mga mall malapit sa inyo
balay?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 240
239
In the last three (3) months, how many times did your family go shopping in a local
mall? Sang nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, kapila ang imo pamilya magpamalaklon sa malapit nga mall ?
240
Do you and your family go shopping in
Manila? Nagalakat ikaw kag ang imo pamilya
agud magpamalaklon sa Manila?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 242
241 How many times in a year does your family go shopping in Manila? Kapila sa isa katuig ang imo pamilya maglakat agud magpamalaklon sa Manila?
242 Aside from the ones mentioned above, what are the other leisure activities engaged in
by your family? Wala labot sa nahambal na nga mga hilikuton, ano pa gid ang iban nga hilikuton sang
imo pamilya kon wala sing obra ukon klase? (Check all mentioned)
Stay at Home (Watch TV, Listen to the radio, etc) Sa balay
lang, naga lantaw TV, pamati radio, etc.
Playing Bingo in the Mall Naga bingo sa mall
Watching Movies Nagatan-aw sang sine sa sinehan
Watching concerts/plays
Nagakadto sang mga concerts ukon plays
Watching concerts/plays in Manila or outside the country
Nagalakat sa Manila ukon sa luwas sang pungsod agud
magkadto sa concerts kag plays
Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)
____________________
END OF SECTION 2. PROCEED TO SECTION 3.
127
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 3. FUTURE PLANS
301 What are your plans for your
children’s education? Ano ang plano mo para sa
pag-eskwela sang imo kabataan? (multiple response)
01
02
03
04
Send children to private school Pa-eskwelahon ang kabataan sa private school Send children to college Pa-eskwelahon ang kabataan sa college Enroll children in certain courses (such as Nursing, Medicine or Law) Ipa-enroll ang kabataan sa kurso pareho sang Nursing, Medicine ukon Law Send children to training schools (such as culinary
art school, TESDA) Ipa-enroll ang kabataan sa mga eskwelahan nga
nahatag sang espesyal nga training pareho sang culinary art school
302
Do you plan to acquire properties in the future? Naga plano ikaw nga maka-angkon sang propyedad sa pila ka adlaw?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 304
303 What are these? Ano nga klase sang propyedad? (multiple response)
01
02
03
09
Buy/own a house and lot Mabakal /panag-iya sang balay kag duta Buy/own other real property Mabakal / panag-iya sang mga duta, condominium ukon iban pa nga pareho sini Finish amortizing for a house Tapuson bayad ang ginahulugan nga balay Others (specify) iban (palihog ihambal) ____________________________________
304 What are your financial plans
for the future? Ano ang plano mo agud
mapadamu ang imo kwarta sa pila ka adlaw? (multiple response)
01
02 03
04
09
Invest in a bank Magbutang sang puhunan sa bangko Life insurance Magbakal sang life insurance Invest in stocks Magbutang sang puhunan sa stocks Buy a memorial lot/life plan/ columbary Bakal sang
duta sa patyo/ life plan / kolumbaryo Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)
______________
305 What are your retirement
plans? Ano ang plano mo kon mag
retire ka na? (multiple response)
01 02 03 09
Buy a farm mabakal sang uma Set-up a business matukod sang negosyo Travel ma byahe Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)
_______________
END OF SECTION 3. PROCEED TO SECTION 4.
128
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 4. ISSUES AND CONCERNS REGARDING THE MIGRANT
401
Do you have worries and concerns regarding the
welfare of your migrant family member? May mga ginakabalak-an / ginapaligban bala ikaw
nahanungod sa kaayuhan sang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa luwas sang pungsod?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO SECTION 5
402
In the last three (3) months, has the migrant
expressed issues and concerns regarding his/her work and workplace? Sa nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, nakapabutyag bala sang pagkabalaka / pagpalibog ang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa luwas parti
sa iya trabaho ukon gina-trabahu-an?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 404
403 What are these issues? Ano nga mga isyu ang iya ginakabalak-an / ginapaligban (Check all mentioned)
Problem with boss/employer Problema sa boss/ amo
Difficulty in performing work responsibilities
Nabudlayan maghikot sang responsibilidad sa trabaho
Difficult relationship with co-workers
Indi maayo nga relasyon sa mga upod sa trabaho
Dangerous work environment
Makatalagam ang lugar nga ginatrabahu-an
Peace and order
Others (specify)
___________________________________
404
In the last three (3) months, has the migrant
expressed issues and concerns regarding his/her health? Sa nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan nakapabutyag bala ang sang kabalaka/ pagpalibog ang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa luwas sang
pungsod parti sa iya ikaayong lawas?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 406
405 What are these? Ano ang mga ginakabalak-an ukon ginaproblemahan? (Check all mentioned)
Suffering from a chronic illness (hypertension, diabetes, etc)
pagta-as sang presyon/ sugar sa dugo kag iban pa
Lack of sleep indi makatulog
Suffered an injury nabali-an/ napilasan
Chest or back pain pagsakit sang dughan ukon likod
Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)
___________________________________
129
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
SECTION 5. USE OF REMITTANCE
501 How many members of your family/household is currently abroad?
Pila ka myembro sang pamilya/ panimalay ang ara sa luwas sang pungsod subong?
502 How many are living there permanently?
Pila ang didto na gid permanente nga naga-istar?
503 How many are working there temporarily?
Pila ang didto lang naga trabaho?
504
How often in a year does
your family receive remittance? Ka pila sa isa
katu-ig ang imo pamilya nagabaton sang kwarta halin sa myembro nga didto
sa luwas sang pungsod?
01
02
03
09
MONTHLY kada bulan
QUARTERLY kada tatlo ka bulan
ANNUALLY kada tu-ig
Others_____
406
In the last three (3) months, has your family encountered any problem related to the migrant’s being away? Sang nagligad nga tatlo ka
bulan, naka-agi bala ang pamilya nga ginbudlayan tungod malayo ang myembro nga
didto sa luwas sang pungsod?
Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO SECTION 5
407 What are these? Ano ini nga mga kabudlayan? (Check all mentioned)
Problem of migrant and spouse
Problema sa pagtamdanay sang mag-asawa
Strained relationship between migrant and child/children
Problema sa pagtamdanay sang ginikanan kag kabataan
Strained relationship between migrant and siblings
Problema sa pagtamdanay sang mag-ulutod
Strained relationship between migrant and parents
Problem sa pagtamdanay sang bata kag ginikanan
Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)
___________________________________
END OF SECTION 4. PROCEED TO SECTION 5.
130
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS
505
Where is the remittance
usually claimed? Sa di-in ninyo masami
ginakuha ang kwarta nga ginapadala sang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa
luwas sang pungsod? (Multiple Response)
01 02 03 04 05 06 09
Deposited to bank account Gina deposito sa bangko Door-to-door delivery Gindul-ong sa balay sang mga pareho sa LBC Claimed at a bank remittance Facility Ginakuha sa remittance sang bangko Money transfer facility (such as Western Union) Ginakuha paagi sa money transfer Sent thru Friend/relative Ginapadala paagi sa kilala / paryente Agency/local office Ginakuha sa ahensya / opisina nga gina-obrahan Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) __________________________________
506 What is the remittance for? (Check all mentioned) Para sa ano ang kwarta nga ginapadala
Household expenses Galastuhan sa sulod sang balay
School expenses Galastuhan sa eskwelahan
Medical expenses Galastuhan sa bulong/check-up/ospital
Savings Para tagu-on sa bangko
Investment on stocks, bank, etc Puhunan sa stocks, bangko, iban pa
Set up of business Para ipatukod sang negosyo
Luxury items (cars, jewelry) Ibakal / ihulog sa awto ukon alahas
Electronic devices, computer, cellphones Ibakal sang computer,
cellphone
Shopping Para ipamalaklon
Others ___________
507
Do you set aside a portion
of the remittance as savings? Nagabilin ka gid
sang parti sang ginapadala nga kwarta para tagu-on sa bangko?
1 2
Yes No à END.
508 How much do you set aside for savings? Pila ang imo ginabilin para tagu-on sa bangko? _____________________________
END OF INTERVIEW. THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL
Western Visayas Region (Region VI) NEDA VI Building, Fort San Pedro, Iloilo City 5000
Tel. No.: (033) 337-6840 / 336-2392 / 336-2075 / 336-9787 / 335-1070 Web Address: http://www.neda-rdc6.ph
Email address: [email protected]