university of surrey 28 march 20 12

Jørgen Christensen, Marts 2012 1

The Kalundborg Symbiosis:

What, who, when, how and why?

by

Jørgen Christensen

University of Surrey 28 March 2012

Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 2

The Kalundborg Symbiosis

What?

Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 3

Denmark


Denmark

Kalundborg

Copenhagen

Jørgen Christensen, August 2010 5

The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg is a resource and environmental network, consisting of more than thirty bilateral, commercial agreements between a number of industries and the municipality’s utilities company.

THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS


IND. SYMBIOSIS, DEFINITION

What is Industrial Symbiosis?

Our definition:

Collaboration between differentindustries for mutual economic and environmental benefit


INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS

The Industrial Symbiosis evolvedthrough more than 35 years

• not according to a joint plan

• spontaneously, and initially as quite independent projects

• a ”non-project” made by a ”non-organisation”


PRINCIPLES

Principles for a Symbiosis project:

•”Someone’s waste is another one’s raw material”

• Economic and environmental profitability

• Agreements between independent partmers (”across the fence”)


Three types of synergies (“projects”):

Recycling of water: 14 projectsExchange of energy: 7 projectsRecycling of waste products: 12 projects

Total (as per 2010): 30 projects

TYPES OF PROJECTS



What has been achieved?

• Environmental results

• Economic results

• Social aspects

Jørgen Christensen, Marts 2012 11

ENVIRONMENTAL RESULTS

Resource savings. Examples:

• Ground water …………….... 1,9 mill. m3/year• Surface water ……………… 1,0 mill. m3/year• Natural gypsum ……………. 200,000 tonnes/year• Oil ………………………………20,000 tonnes/year• CO2 …………………………. 275,000 tonnes/year

Reduction of emissions to water and air.


ECONOMIC RESULTS

Economic results:(Evaluated in 1998)

Total investments in 18 projects: ~ 75 mio. US$ Annual savings: > 15 mio. US$ Total savings until 1998: ~ 160 mio. US$


SOCIAL ASPECTS

Examples of spin-off effects:

• Establishing of the Industrial Development Board of the Kalundborg Region

• Increased collaboration between neighbour municipalities in the region

• Collaboration in other issues, (safety, training, human resources)

• The principle has inspired to projects elsewherein the world



Who?


A number of industries in and around Kalundborg work together in more than30 different projects.

9 of these partners (incl. the municipality) are also partners in the Kalundborg Symbiosis.

THE SYMBIOSIS PARTNERS


Gyproc A/S

Production ofplaster boards.

165 employees


The Asnæs Power Station

Production ofelectricity andheat

120 employees

Denmark’slargestpower station


The Statoil Refinery

Production ofpetrol and otheroil-basedproducts

350 employees

Denmark’slargest oilrefinery.


Kalundborg Municipality

50,000 inhabitants.ThroughKalundborg Utilities:Supply of waterand heat, treatmentof waste water

The Church of Our Lady


Kalundborg Waste Water Treatment Plant

Kalundborg Utilities


NOVO NORDISK A/SProduction of insulin a. o. pharmaceutical products

NOVOZYMES A/SProduction of industrial enzymes

Altogether 3,300

employees


RGS 90

Cleaning of oil polluted soil

65 employees


KARA/NOVEREN

Waste handling company, owned

by 9 municipalities.

Kara/Noveren handles

350.000 tonnesof waste per year,

recycling 82%


Kalundborg Symbiosis



When?


CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I | | |

´1970 1980 1990 20001960

Tissø

water

Gas

The Symbiosís Institute is establishedThe name ”Industrial Symbiosis” is introduced

2010

28

TOTAL SYMBIOSIS SYSTEM 2010

The Symbiosis Institute1996

RGS 90 A/S

LakeTissø

Novozymes Novo Nordisk

Farms

Fish farm

AsnæsPower Station

(DONG Energy)

The Municipalityof Kalundborg

Gyproc

Fertilizer industry

Re-usebasin

Cementindustry

StatoilRefinery

10 Surface water 1987

12Yeastslurry

1989

4Biomass/NovoGro1976

13 Sulphur 1990 Fertilizer 2001

5 Fly ash1979

16 Gypsum 1993

9 Steam 1982

15 Gas 1992

11 Coolingwater 1987

7Heat1981

6 Heat1980/89

8 Steam 1982

2Gas

1972

19 Sludge

17 Waste water 1995

1 Surface water 1961

3 Surface

water1973

14 Tech.water 1991

18 Drain water 1995

1998Waste water

treatment

20Fly

Ash1999

Kara/Noveren

21 Deionized water 2002

Purifica-tion

of water22Water200425 Sea water 2007

Recovery of nickeland vanadium

Pig farms

24Alko-holicResidue2006

26

NordiskAluminate

AluScan

Al- w/w2008

27 Steam 2009

28 Bioethanol

Inbicon

Farms

29Straw

23 Waste gypsum

30 Condensate 2009



How?


• Spontaneously• A “non-project” made by a “non-organization”• Not invented, but evolved through 3 decades• Not by one person, but by many• Projects were initiated independently• The name “Industrial Symbiosis” was not introduced until 1989• After that, the “symbiotic consciousness” spread

How did the symbiosis develop?



Why?


Why did it evolve at Kalundborg?

WHY KALUNDBORG?

• The industrial potential existed:Several large industries (diversity)Limited physical distances”A good fit”

• The economic incentive existed• There were no legal barriers• The communication was good


• The size of the community• Managers already acquainted - many in the same Rotary club • No competitors involved• Open management style (not secretive)• One project (steam) involved 4 partners

WHY GOOD COMMUNICATION?


IMPORTANT FACTORS

• Participants must fit, but be different.• Projects voluntary plus environmentally and commercially attractive• Short physical distance between the participants• Short mental distance between the participants• Communication is more important than technology.


KALUNDBORG AS A MODEL

Kalundborg has been used as a model forother IS projects

• You may consider two different situations:

•An existing industrial area• A new area (“Eco-industrial park”)

Different approaches are needed in thesetwo situations.


SYMBIOSES IN OTHER COUNTRIES

After a very slow start with many failuresIndustrial symbiosis now develops in manycountries. Here are some examples:

• Europoort in Rotterdam, initiated 1994 • Puerto Rico, ~2002 • China, numerous “Eco-industrial parks”, 2001 onw.• Korea, numerous “Eco-industrial parks”• Devens, Massachusetts, USA• NISP, United Kingdom, 2005 onw.



What is needed to implement, successfully,symbiosis among private industries?

• Awareness

• Willingness

• Feasibility


REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Industrial Symbiosis may be used as

a tool in regional development



… and then?


The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg

Society (municipality and region) now shows increasing interest:

• Cluster Biofuels Denmark• Kalundborg Symbiosis (secretariat)• Regional Symbiosis Center


THE FUTURE

A number of synergy projects are presently underway in the Kalundborg and the Regional Symbiosis: • 2 projects re.biogas• 3 ” re. bio-oil• 4 ” waste water• 1 project re. food production


THE BARRIERS

A number of potential barriers to IS: • Technological• Legal• Lack of communication• Mental distance• Secrecy• Interdependance• Generation change


Lessons to be learned from Kalundborg

• A spontaneously developed network

• A bottom-up, not a top-down phenomenon

• Economy was the initial incentive, - environmental idealism came later

• Communication is more important than technology.


THE MAIN MESSAGE:

Communication is more important than technology!


REMEMBER:

Systems make it possible,- but people make it happen!



THE END

- not of the Industrial Symbiosis,but of this presentation!

university of surrey 28 march 20 12

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