university grants commission, western regional...
TRANSCRIPT
[1]
Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur
Minor Research Project
Submitted to
University Grants Commission,
Western Regional Office,
Pune.
Title
“FRUIT FARMING IN DROUGHT PRONE AREA:
A CASE STUDY OF SOLAPUR DISTRICT”
Principal Investigator
Dr. Awate Sakharam Janardhan
(M.A., B.Ed, Ph.D)
Head, Dept. of Geography
Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur
Maharashtra
March 2014
[2]
Index
Sr. No.
Title Page No.
I
Introduction
03-07
II
Geographical personality of Study region
08-15
III
General Land use pattern & Cropping Pattern.
16-33
IV
Analysis of survey
34-44
V
Conclusions, Problems and Suggestions
45-51
References
52-53
[3]
Chapter: I
“Fruit Farming in Drought Prone Area: A Case Study of Solapur district”
1.1 Introduction:
India has acquired an important position in fruits, pulses, tea, and
milk production. The agriculture provides sufficient employment to the
increasing working population in India, because agriculture is the base of
industry, trade, transport and exports. 65 percent of the total workers
depended on agriculture and allied activities in Maharashtra state. In
Solapur district 65 percent of population is engaged in agriculture.
Majority of land in Solapur district is coming under rain-fed area.
Because Solapur district is located severe drought (first category
drought). In this drought prone area with the use of suitable agricultural
strategy can put more and more land under cultivation. In this study area
scanty rainfall, long dry spell in monsoon rain, fast deforestation and
depletion of ground water those are important factors affected on fruit
farming in this study area.
In last five year the problem of suicide of farmer has become very
outstanding in Solapur districts. The majority of farmers cultivate as a
single double crop according to tradition and if rainfall as scare it results
into crop failure. This situation results in to poor farmers, which make
them to commit suicide. So there is a dire need to improve economic of
drought prone area farmers to overcome this problem.
This reason of Maharashtra is basically agricultural and rural.
Agriculture of this region deposited limited irrigation facilities. More
over farmers of this region have adopted fruit farming as best possible
alternative cropping system. Farmers of this region who have survived
[4]
and conquered the natural hazards like droughts and uncertainty if
monsoon.
Since the last two decade this region is changing scenario of crops
and diversification for making agriculture more profitable through new
technique, efficient land use, drip irrigation etc. As a result horticulture in
this drought prone region has moved to commercial ventures.
1.2 The Importance of Selected Theme:
In the present time fruits are the most remunerative crops. The
farmers’ attitudes towards fruit production have increased from last two
decade. The physical, cultural, technological and environmental factors
influenced on fruit cultivation. It is generally stated that standard living of
the people depends upon the fruit consumption. Cultivation of fruits
contributes to the health, happiness and prosperity of the people.
1.3 Selection of the Study Region:
The region is located in rain shadow zone where rainfall is scanty
and uneven rainfall is receiving the retreating Monsoon season. Solapur
district has significant position as regards to area, population & economic
production concerned. The selection of the study region under
investigation has been influenced by several considerations. There is
good scope to increase the area under fruit crops. The geographical
setting and ecological factors have given boast to it. The region selected
for the problem inventory is plateau region (80%) in general. They
produce fruits not only for local market but also for the various market
places across the country. The choice of the topic under investigation has
been influenced by many considerations “Fruit farming in drought
prone area: A Case Study of Solapur District” is selected as a study
region. The researcher is motivated by many factors in selecting the fruits
viz. grape, pomegranate, bear, mango, banana, custard apple etc. The
selected study region has following considerations: -
[5]
1.4 Objectives:
The aim and objectives are the essential features of any research.
As a matter of fact, the chief purpose of research is to obtain the result by
fulfilling its objectives. “Fruit farming in drought prone area: A Case
Study of Solapur District” have specific objectives, which are cited
below: -
1. To examine the influence if physical determinants on fruit crops in
study area.
2. To Study the major fruit crops in selected region.
3. To study the transformation of Agriculture in study region.
4. To study the marketing facilities in the study region.
5. To analyze fruit farming and its future prospects in the study region.
1.5 Database & Methodology:
The present study mostly relies on the primary data collected
through sample survey and personal interviews. Limited use of secondary
data is made for the purpose of survey, purposive sampling method is
used. The primary data with fruit growers are collected through the
questionnaires. The schedules are filled in at the spot survey. It includes
published and unpublished data has been collected from reports and
abstracts such as socio-economic review, district statistical abstract and
Shetkari Sangh. Production of various fruit crops such as grape, mango,
ber, pomegranate, guava, apple, banana, papaya, lime, sapota, etc. are
cultivated in the study region.
In the second step major crops were selected for micro level study,
as it is largely influenced by physical, economic, social and
environmental factors also. Village and fruit growers have been chosen
for micro level analysis. 220 fruit farmers from 89 villages of the Solapur
district were interviewed for farm level micro study. For primary data
[6]
collection of area under different fruit farmers had chosen from different
categories i.e. small holding farmers (less than 1 hectare) medium
holdings farmers (1 to 2 hectare) high holding (above 2 hectare) land.
1.6 Review of Literature:
For the present investigation good numbers of literature of different
types has been referred.
Hajare, R.V. (2007): He recorded in his Ph.D. thesis entitled “A
study of Fruit Farming in Maharashtra Plateau” that though the fruit
farming is not native to this region it has emerged as well as estimated
form of land-use with passage of time and has been done successfully.
Mitra and Bose, (1990): Have studied various aspects of fruit
cultivation partially fruit grown in tropical and subtropical areas.
Mukherjee, S.K. (1982): He pointed out in his book
“Improvement of Mango Grape and Guava” that early maturity is the
most desirable character for grapes in North India because the rains start
by the first week of July and flowering takes place in March.
Pujari A.G. (1993): Through his Ph.D. work he studied “The
Progress and Prospects for Development of Pomegranate and Ber Fruits
in Solapur District” which is helpful in cost of production establishment
and recurring cost.
Singh Ranjit (1969): Highlighted the production of mango,
banana, grapes and guava with an objective to bring out the rich and
diverse varieties of fruits in India.
Tawade, M. D. (1980): In his book entitled “Geography of Fruit
Farming” refers to micro climate as the climate of a small area.
Horticulture production, by nature, is location specific because of its
specific climate requirements.
Other review literatures are Bal J.S.(2003), Dr.R.V.Patil and S.D.
Chavan (2002), Dr.S.D. Shinde, Dr.M.G. Jadhav, Dr.C.T. Pawar (1984),
[7]
Dr. Fule B.R (2002), N B K Reddy and Ramanaiah (1992), Noor
Mohammad and Abdul Majeed (1995). The role of the other Geographer
is very vital in synthesizing of other disciplines and in presenting
comprehensive picture of an issue.
****************************************
[8]
Chapter-II
Geographical Personality of Study region
2.1. Location:
The Solapur District is located on the south east edge of the
Maharashtra state and lies entirely in the Bhima and Seen basins. Its
latitudinal extent is between 17º05’ North to 18º 32’ North latitudes and
longitudinal extent is 74º 42’ East to 76º 15’ East longitudes. The total
geographical area of Solapur district is 14,878 Sq.Km. The East-West
extension of Solapur district is 153 kms. and North-South stretch is 96
Kms. The adjoining district are Sangli to its Southwest, Satara to its west,
Pune to its northwest, Ahmadnagar to its north and Osmanabad to its east
and Bijapur district in Karnataka to the south. The population of the
district according to 2011 census is 43,15,527.
2.1 Geographical personality of the study region:
Solapur district is the heart of the drought prone area. The natural and
socio-economic determinant of the region has provided a good potential
for the development of the fruit cultivation. Region as whole is
monotonously underlain by Deccan trap basaltic lava flows. The district
as a whole occupied by the Bhima-Seena river basin, which flows in the
middle in a south easterly direction. The region is characterized by typical
Deccan trap geomorphology. On the basis of physical setup, the region is
divided into three major physiographic divisions, viz plateau, highland &
lowland.
[9]
Fig No 2.1 Location Map of Solapur District
[10]
2.2 Soil:
The soil of the Solapur district is mainly of the Deccan Trap
volcanic origin. Out of the total cultivated area very shallow soil
occupies about 43.05%, medium deep Soil 33.99% and deep and very
deep soil 22.96 of the total district.
The total area of shallow soil are 5,28,488.6 hectares. The
proportion of shallow soil within the study region is over 33%, distributed
unevenly in Sangola [50%], Malshiras [37.27%], Pandharpur [36.73%],
Barshi [35.15%], Akkalkot [22.28%], Madha [26.96%] and remaining
tahsils cover 28-33% area of shallow soil. This soil is recently used under
the ber, pomegranate and grapes Banana, etc. with the help of irrigation.
The area of medium soil occupied by about 33.99 % of the total
soil in the district. It is found in every tahsils ranging from 21.77% to
above 63 %. This soil covers in Akkalkot [63.44%], Karmala tahsils
[48.74%] and Madha tahsils [44.69%].
The total area of deep soil occupied about 2,82,206 hectares, which
constitute about 22.96% of the total soil, cover in the district. This soil is
mainly found in Barshi, Madha, Malshiras, Karmala and Sangola tahsils.
This soil is not favorable for the fruit farming. Relatively low organic
content and good drainage system are the salient feathers of these soils.
[11]
Fig No 2.2
[12]
2.3 Climate
Agro-climatic condition of this region is suitable for the sweet and
sturdy fruit crops. Physical environment (relief, climate, soil, water, etc.)
and socio-economic environment of the region is favorable for tropical,
subtropical fruits like Grapes, Pomegranate, Ber and Mango, Banana,
Citrus, Lime, Papaya, Sapota, etc. Area under these fruit crops is
increasing for the last two decades in the study region.
Rainfall
Drought is the cumulative effect of agriculture and natural
vegetation. Uncertain Rainfall is the main character of the drought in
Solapur district. Primary ecological parameter has created a variety of
farming enterprises, types or systems of agriculture. Climatically entire
region falls in the rain shadow area of Maharashtra. The rainfall of
Solapur district is very low and uneven. The distribution of rainfall in
Solapur district is characterized by three types of rainfall region:
a. High rainfall [more than 600 mm]
b. Moderate rainfall [between 500 -600 mm]
c. Low rainfall [less than 500 mm]
a. High Rainfall [more than 600 mm]:- The highest rainfall in Solapur
district was recorded in 2005 in the Barshi tahsil (757.5 mm rainfall). N.
Solapur, S. Solapur, Mangalwedha and Madha are considered in this
range of rainfall region. This area is located in the North-East part of
Solapur District.
b. Moderate Rainfall [Rainfall between 500-600 mm]:- The medium
rainfall region is bounded between 500 mm and 600 mm rainfall. In this
range of rainfall Akkalkot, Karmala, Pandharpur and Mohol tahsils are
include. This area is located in the North-West part of Solapur District.
But this area is more irrigated by canal.
[13]
Fig No 2.3
[14]
c. Low Rainfall [Rainfall less than 500 mm]:- The rainfall less than 500
mm is in low rainfall region. Relatively low rainfall occurs in Sangola
and Malshiras tahsils. In this tahsil 324.3 mm rainfall is recorded. But in
this tahsil agriculture is more developed by irrigation of canal and well.
In this tahsil that pomegranate cultivation is more developed by drip
irrigation.
2.4 Irrigation: There are two major irrigation projects, eight
medium projects, 71 minor irrigation projects, more than one thousand
percolation tanks and 721 Kolhapur type bandhare in the district are
providing irrigation to this region.
Table No 2.1 Solapur district: Area under irrigation (in hectors)
Sr. No.
Taluka Surface Irrigated Land
Subsurface Irrigated Land
Net irrigated Area
Gross Irrigated Area
1 Karmala 5526 15424 20950 25620
2 Madha 5087 19885 24972 28739
3 Barshi 3961 13972 17933 19712
4 N. Solapur 3508 8255 11763 12000
5 Mohol 3974 19275 23249 25495
6 Pandharpur 16573 33832 50405 54332
7 Malshiras 5455 39337 34792 42793
8 Sangola 5827 12615 18442 23930
9 Mangalwedha 1529 2546 4075 8346
10 S. Solapur 3797 17782 21579 22674
11 Akkalkot 5464 18118 23582 26227
Total 60701 191041 251742 289868
Source: - Agricultural divisional department, Pune (2004-2005)
The main source of surface water in this region is Yevati,
Budhehal, Dhubdhubi, Pimpalgaon, Javlgaon lakes. It is the main source
[15]
of irrigation in the district. Which helps to increase the net production of
various traditional crops as well as fruit cultivation.
Summary:
Economy of the region has an agrarian base. But drought is natural
calamity affects the agriculture in this region. Besides this climate, soils,
irrigation, physical condition those are playing important role in the fruit
cultivation. Out of the total working population nearly 71% working
population is engaged in primary economic activities, especially in
agriculture.
****************************************
[16]
Chapter: III
General Land Use and Cropping Pattern
3.1 Introduction:
In the present chapter study has been concentrated to analyze and
interpret general landuse and cropping pattern of the study area. Fruits are
nature’s gift to mankind and are also source of vitamins, minerals &
proteins. Fruits are grown at all landform where the environments are
responsibly favorable. Fruit crop plays a distinctive role in the Indian
economy by improving the income of the rural people. In study region
large tracts of drought prone land are used for fruit cultivation. Area and
production of fruits are increasing tremendously in last two decade.
3.2 General Land Use Pattern:
Land-use is an important aspect of studies in agricultural
geography, it is classified into different categories. In 2004-05 forest area
has been noticed i.e. 24200(1.63%) hectares. The non-agriculture land
was 84000(5.64%) hectares. The potential land is observed 66100 hect.
(4.44%). The fallow land is noticed 205900 hectare (13.83%). The
cultivated area in the district has been registered 1107600 hectares
(74.46).
Area under Forest:
The Solapur district has a very limited area under forest i.e. it
occupies about 1.63%, mostly out of the total geographical area in the
district being lower than that of the average of Maharashtra state. This
has decreased due to the growing pressure of population some forest
lands were converted in to agricultural land and some were denuded of
vegetation and soil.
[17]
Fig No 3.1
242840
6612059
11076
Solapur District : Ganeral Landuse 2004-05 (Area in 00 Hect.)
ForestNon agriculture landPotential land excluding fallow landFallow landCultivated area
[18]
Highest percentage is recorded in Mangalwedha, Pandharpur
tahsils with 6.4% and 5.8% respectively. Lowest percentage is recorded
in Akkalkot, Sangola and Malshiras tahsils with 0.42%, 0.62% and 0.12%
respectively.
Potential Land:
Solapur district covered 4.44% potential land of the total
geographical area in 2004-05. . The region distribution of change in
potential land is depicted. The potential agriculture land is seen to have
highly in Akkalkot tahsil (+2.15 %) and Mangalwedha (+2.11 %).
Potential agriculture land slightly decreased in the tahsils of Barshi,
Karmala and Malshiras.
Fallow Land:
The fallow land includes current fallow land and older fallow land,
which are largely found due to inadequate water supply or excess of
moisture supply, extensive holding and heavy clayey soils difficult for
tilling at proper time.
Solapur district has a substantial proportion of fallow land with in
the reference year in 2004-05 (13.83%). It clearly shows that Solapur is
located in drought-prone region.
Net Sown Area
The total agriculture area of Solapur district covers, 74.46% of
total geographical area in 2004-05. The net sown area accounts for
77.13% in the reference year 2004-05. It is clearly shown that the net
sown area largely decreased from last one decade. The decrease in the
year from 1990-91 to 2004-05 is probably due to uncertainty of rainfall,
deep water level and main rivers (Bhima, Man and Sina) remain dry for a
long period of the year.
[19]
3.3. Cropping Pattern
In study region variety of food crops and non food crops are grown. It
is observed that there is spatial variation in cropping pattern depends
upon rainfall land & other factors. Cropping pattern means the proportion
of the area under various crops at a point of time. These changes are
brought about by the socio-economic influence. The cropping pattern of
the study area are very typical because both dry land culture and irrigated
culture are directly governed by other geographical factors and modified
by the emergent, social and economic circumstances.
The agriculture land in2004-05 in Solapur district is 74.46
percent of total geographical area. It is decreased 2.67% of the total
geographical area. In the study region over-all agriculture pattern of food
crops occupy the largest area.
1. Cereals
In this category include Jowar, wheat, rice, bajra and maize are
important food grain crops. Study region is dominated by the area
production of cereal crops is due to dry land culture and low development
of irrigation. The cereal crops observed area 64.96%. in 2004-05 .
2. Pulses:
Pulses include tur, gram, udid, mug, matki, hulga, blackgram etc.
Normally pulses are cultivated in Kharip season. Out of the total gross
cropped area pulses accoun of 6.41% in 2004-05. The positive change is
observed due to the demand from market, government has give protection
for growth of pulses. It is observed that these crops are more concentrated
in Barshi, Akkalkot, Karmala and Madha tahsils.
3. Sugarcane:
Due to the development of irrigation facilities in certain pockets of
the region and establishment of sugar factories in the last four decades
cause to consistently rise in sugar area. Area of total gross cropped under
[20]
sugarcane cultivation is 6.41% observed in 2004-05. It is also observed
that area under this cultivation is more in Pandharpur and Malshiras tahsil
and relatively less in remaining tahsils of the region.
4. Cotton:
Cotton is another important cash crop of the study region.It contribute
1.61% in 2004-05. High proportion is observed in Akkalkot, Sangola and
Mohol tahsils and low is remaining tahsils of the Solapur district.
5. Oil Seeds:
It includes ground-nut, Kardi, Sunflower etc. crops. This is also important
cash it is observed 6.33% in 2004-05 in study area. The high proportion
of area under oil seeds is found in Akkalkot, Madha, karmala and
Mangalwedha tahsils.
6. Other crops:
Besides above crops, there are remarkable other cropping pattern of
the district. Area under other crops is slightly decreased in 2004-05.The
volume of change is because of farmer’s literacy, technological
development, irrigation facility. However, farmers are adopted new
cropping system which is more profitable than other crops.
7. Fruits:
In the present investigation fruit crops are treated separately,
primarily because the area is increased tremendously during the
investigation period. Fruits have undoubtedly been man’s oldest food, but
the development of fruit-growing on commercial lines has taken place
relatively from 1980 in Solapur district. This district grows fruits such as
Mango, Banana, Grape, Pomegranate, Ber, Guava and Lime. These are
important local fruit crops of the region. Grape and Pomegranate are the
leading crops and leading commercial fruits of the region.
[21]
3.4. Spatio-temporal Analysis of Fruit Farming in the Study
Region: In the present study for Spatio-temporal analysis tahsil is
considered as a component areal unit and district as entire region. Besides
drought prone climatic conditions, farmers of the region have always
been innovative in their profession. The development of fruit farming on
commercial lines has taken place during the last two decades in the study
area. This district grows fruits such as Mango, Banana, Grape,
Pomegranate, Ber, Guava, Lime etc. Grape, Pomegranate, Ber and
Mango are the leading commercial crops in the region. In the study
region various fruits are grown.
Table No. 3.1 Solapur District - Spatial pattern of leading
fruit crops (2004-05) (Area in Hectares)
Source: 1. Dy. Director, District Horticulture Dept. Solapur. 2. District Agriculture Officer, Solapur.
Tahsils→ Crops ↓
Karmala
Madha
Barshi
North- Solapur
Mohol
Pandhar-pur
Malshi-ras
Sangola
Mangal-wedha
South- Solapur
Akkalkot
Dist. Total
Grape 158 309 1690 1352 507 2610 555 659 559 1651 339 10389
Pome. 148 500 983 980 1640 2233 1156 7712 700 1132 501 17685
Mango 190 301 754 528 613 465 927 616 350 668 1244 6656
Ber 210 900 1384 63 799 1583 880 1534 890 730 900 10773
Lime 422 1410 1040 855 790 1165 878 640 670 891 762 9523
Banana 92 310 160 121 255 310 320 210 66 92 80 2016
Guava 201 254 230 221 150 180 140 80 63 71 62 1652
C. Apple 80 95 225 87 85 115 98 54 42 42 51 974
Total 1501 4079 6466 5107 4839 8661 4954 11505 3340 5277 3939 59668
% 2.51 6.83 10.83 8.55 8.10 14.51 8.36 19.28 5.59 8.84 6.60 100%
[22]
3.5 Principal Fruit Crops in Solapur District:
Fruit farming is a highly specialized form of agriculture. Fruit
farming is always influenced by environmental, biological and socio-
economic factors of the region. Besides these the slope, geographical
location, height from the sea level, temperature, rainfall, forest to have
their own significance. Fruit farming development in the last two decades
has emerged with a mixture of both success and failure, success due to
new technology and Green Revolution & failure due to environmental
damage.
Solapur district is located in the drought-prone region of
Maharashtra. So, the environmental conditions have not favorable for
fruit crops in this region. Besides this in this region Pomegranate, grape,
mango, sapota and guava are cultivated largely. The area of these fruits
increased tremendously in the last two decade. The total area of the fruit
crops of Solapur district is 14500 hectare. It shares only 3.41 % of the
total fruit crops of Maharashtra state and only 1.50 % of the total
cultivated area of Solapur district.
Table No 3.1 shows that the area of major fruit crops in Solapur
district. The area of Ber is 8197 hectares and it shares 31.88 % of the total
fruit crop area of the study region in1990-91. Pomegranate is the second
fruit crop, which constitutes 25.88 % of the total fruit crop area. Then
follow the sour lime (9.45%), the mango (18.42%) and banana (4.13 %)
which are the major fruit crops in Solapur district in 1990-91.
Table no 3.1 indicates that in the present investigation period the
area under the grossed fruit crops area has increased tremendously in
2004-05. Fruits have undoubtedly been man’s oldest food, but the
development of fruit-growing on the commercial basis has taken place
relatively recently in Solapur district. Varieties of fruits and vegetables
[23]
are grown in the study region such as Grape, Pomegranate, Mango, Ber,
Banana, Citrus, Apple, Fig, Coconuts, etc.
Table No: 3.2 Solapur district: Growth of Major Fruit Crops
2004-05
District Year
Area hect.
Name of the fruit Total
Grape Pome. Ber Mango
Kar
mal
a
1990-91 85 140 250 210 685
% 12.40 20.44 36.49 30.66 100
2004-05 590 940 715 640 2885
% 20.45 33.58 24.78 22.18 100
Volume of change 505 800 465 430 2200
% 8.05 13.14 -11.71 8.48
Mad
ha
1990-91 142 520 2902 350 3914
% 3.62 13.28 74.16 8.94 100
2004-05 640 2814 5710 882 10046
% 6.37 28.03 56.83 8.77 100
Volume of change 498 2294 2808 532 6132
% 2.75 14.75 -17.33 -0.17
Mal
shira
s
1990-91 120 332 320 382 1154
% 1o.39 28.76 27.75 33.10 100
2004-05 707 1469 1120 1180 4476
% 15.79 32.87 25.02 26.36 100
Volume of change 640 1137 800 598 3175
% 5.40 4.11 -2.73 -6.74
[24]
Pand
harp
ur
1990-91 1930 715 580 230 3455
% 55.86 20.69 16.80 6.65 100
2004-05 3320 2840 2011 592 8763
% 37.88 32.40 22.97 6.75 100
Volume of change 1390 2125 1431 362 5308
% -17.98 11.71 6.17 0.10
Moh
ol
1990-91 170 230 302 256 958
% 17.74 24.00 31.54 26.72 100
2004-05 645 1830 1017 780 4272
% 15.09 42.86 23.80 18.25 100
Volume of change 375 1601 715 524 3215
% -2.65 18.86 7.74 -8.47
Sang
ola
1990-91 . 290 2961 827 402 4478
% 6.47 66.14 18.44 8.97 100
2004-05 840 9807 1951 782 13380
% 6.27 73.29 14.58 5.86 100
Volume of change 550 6846 1124 380 8900
% 0.20 7.15 -3.86 -3.11
Man
galw
edha
1990-91 207 521 550 252 1530
% 13.52 34.05 35.96 16.47 100
2004-05 970 1393 1439 890 4692
% 20.67 29.68 30.69 18.96 100
Volume of change 263 872 889 638 2662
% 7.15 -4.37 -5.27 2.49
Sout
h So
lapu
r 1990-91 1110 410 350 262 2132
% 52.06 19.25 16.41 12.28 100
2004-05 2099 1440 929 850 5318
% 39.46 27.07 17.46 15.98 100
[25]
Source: 1.Compiled By Researcher 2. District Agriculture Officer, Solapur.
Volume of change 989 1030 579 588 3186
% -12.60 7.82 1.05 3.70
Akk
alko
t 1990-91 70 101 507 1236 1914
% 3.65 5.30 26.48 64.57 100
2004-05 580 990 1850 2854 6274
% 9.24 15.77 29.51 45.48 100
Volume of
change
510 889 1443 1618
4460
% 5.59 10.47 3.03 -19.09
Bar
shi
1990-91 1030 521 899 650 3100
% 33.22 16.82 29.00 20.00 100
2004-05 2150 1250 1760 960 6120
% 35.13 20.42 28.75 15.68 100
Volume of change 1120 729 861 610 3320
% 1.91 3.60 -0.25 -4.32
Nor
th S
olap
ur
1990-91 1004 224 710 320 2258
% 44.46 9.92 31.45 14.17 100
2004-05 1720 991 1225 672 4608
% 37.32 21.52 26.58 14.58 100
Volume of change 716 767 515 352 2350
% -7.14 11.60 -4.87 0.41
District
Total
1990-91 6158 6675 8197 4750 25780
In percent
2004-05 14261 25760 19727 11082 70830
In percent
change % -3.75 +10.47 -3.94 -2.78
[26]
A) Grape: -It is observed that, Grape is very important market-
oriented fruit crop grown in the study regions. It requires assured water
supply, which led to steady growth of its area in the region. In 1990-91
there was 6158 hectare grossed fruit area under this fruit crop which has
increased to 14261 hectares in the year 2004-05.
High grape area (above 30 %) is observed in North Solapur, South
Solapur, Barshi and Pandharpur tahsils and low area is observed in
Madha, Sangola and Akkalkot tahsils. During the investigation period the
grape area is highly increased in Karmala, Madha and Akkalkot tahsils
and decreased in North Solapur, South Solapur, Mohol and Pandharpur
tahsils.
Grape variety
During the period of investigation the district as whole eight
grape varieties are observed in study region, those are 1) Thomson
seedless, 2) Tas-A-Ganesh, 3) Sonaka, 4) Sharad seedless, 5) Manik-
chaman 6) plane seedless,7) Wine special etc other varieties.
1) Thomson seedless:- It is used for table purpose. Total area
under this variety is observed 3711 hectors of total grape of study region
in 1990-91, and it is increased up to 7153 hectors in 2004-05, but the
percentage is decreased from 60.26 % to 50.18% in study region. Tas-A-
Ganesh, Sonaka and Manik-chaman variety are mostly increased with
compare to this Thompson
The positive change of volume under this variety is recorded +
5.02 % in North Solapur. The negative change (-1.75%) is observed in
South Solapur.
2) Tas-A-Ganesh:-.
This variety is largely used for table purpose. Out of the total
districts grape cropped area 1086 hectare (17.63%) area is under this
variety in 1990-91 and 2948 hectors (20.67%), it constitutes 20.67 % of
[27]
total Districts grape cropped area in 1990-91. This variety is largely
planted in Barshi, South Solapur tahsil which cover 645 hectors (21.98
%).
The high concentration under this variety is observe in Pandharpur,
Low concentration is recorded in Karmala, Madha, Mohol, Sangola,
Mangalwedha and Akkalkot which ranging area 0 to 5%. The positive
change was observed in South Solapur tahsil, 17.51 % and negative
change observed in Pandharpur tahsil- 17.18 %.
The volume of change area under this variety is high in Madha
tahsil. Which is recorded + 5.28% and it was very low, negative volume
of change is recorded – 32.30% in Pandharpur tahsil.
4) Sharad seedless:- This is new variety, area under this variety is
1206 hectors and it constitutes 8.45% of the total area under grape in
study region. This variety is largely planted in Pandharpur, South Solapur
which covers 195 hectors.
Volume of change area under this variety is high in Barshi tahsil
which observe + 4%. Because Barshi and adjoined Osmanabad district
create local market for this attractive good variety. Negative volume of
change is observed in South Solapur i.e.0.8% because local market
Solapur city is not sufficient local market for this variety.
5) Other varieties:- In this category Manikchaman and other
varieties are observed in study region. Manik-chaman is very attractive
variety, this variety is similar to Sonaka which is invented by Shri T.R.
Dabhade at Nannaj in the Solapur District. Area under this variety is
observed 222 hectors of the total district Grape area in study region.
B) Pomegranate:- Pomegranate is considered as a highly
nutritious fruit. At the beginning of 1980, there was only 32 hectare area
under this fruit crop in the study region. In 1990-91, there was 6675
hectares of grossed area under Pomegranate fruit crop in India, which
[28]
shot up to 25760 hectares in the 2004-05. This fruit crop doesn’t require
any special kind of soil. Pomegranate is largely cultivated in Sangola,
Pandharpur, Malshiras and Barshi talukas and on small-scale in North
Solapur, South Solapur and Akkalkot tehasils. Pomegranate farming area
has increased in North Solapur, South Solapur, Akkalkot, Sangola and
Madha tehasils. It has decreased only in Mangalwedha (4 %).
Variety of pomegranate
In the study area different pomegranate variety was categorized in
to eight types in study region. The area under pomegranate is observed
6675 hectors in 1990-91 and 25760 hectors in 2004-05. The area under
this fruit is increased by 25.91% within the period of investigation i.e.
1990-91 to 2004-05 in study region.Table No.3.2 exhibits the variety
wise changing area under different pomegranate variety in study region.
During the period of investigation the district as whole eight
pomegranate variety are observe those are Bhagwa, Mrudula, Arakta,
Ganesh, Rubi, G-117, P-26 those are important.
1) Bhagwa:- It is observed that the area under this variety has
increased in study region from 1016 hectors to 5848 hectors within the
fifteen years. The total area under this variety is reported 1016 hectors
(15.24%) of the total pomegranate area of Solapur District in 1990-91 and
it is increased up to 5848 hectors (22.73%) in 2004-05 of the study
region. In Sangola tahsil the area under this variety has observe highest
2200 hectors (37.64%) and lowest area under this variety is observe 210
hectors (3.5) in Karmala tahsil.
2) Mrudula: In study area this variety is observed 515
hectors,(7.73%), of total district of pomegranate in 1990-91 and 5018
hectors (19.49%) in the 2004-05.
Highest area under area under this variety is observed 1726 hectars
(34.40%) in Sangola tahsil, and lowest area 152 hectars (3.02%) is
[29]
observed in North Solapur within the fifteen years. In this period this
variety is increased by 11.76% in study region.
3) Arakta:- It is observed that, out of the total district pomegranate
area 534 hectors (8.0%) observed under this variety in 1990-91 and 4570
hectors (17.74%) observed in 2004-05.. Highest area 1741 hectors
(38.90) is observe in Sangola. The proportion of high concentration is
observe in Sangola, Pandharpur and Madha ranging above 10% where
moderate concentration 5 to 10% is observe in Malashiras and Mohol
tahsil. Low concentration below 5% is observed in Karmala,
Mangalwedha, South Solapur, Akkalkot, Barshi and North Solapur.
4) Ganesh:- This variety is popular in this region, out of the total
district pomegranates area under Ganesh variety 2655 hectors (39.77%) is
observed in 1990-91 and 3904 hectors( 15.15%) recorded in 2004-05.
Volume of change under this variety is observed – 24.62% of the district
level within the fifteen years because with compare to Arakta and
Bhagwa this variety has less demand from national and international
market. The proportion of high concentration is observed in Sangola
tahsil ranging above 10%, moderate concentration is observed in Madha,
Pandharpur, Mohol, Mangalwedha, South Solapur and North Solapur.
Low concentration below 5% is observed in Karmala, Malashiras,
Akklakot and Barshi tahsis.
5) Rubi:- This is market oriented varity, out of the total district
area under pomegranate, 558 hectors (9.85%) is occupies under this
variety in 1990-91 and 1947 hectors (7.55%) area is observed in 2004-05
in study region. Highest area 690 hectors is observed in Sangola tahsil
and lowest area recorded 70 hectors in Akkalkot tahsil at the time of
investigation.
C) Ber: - In drought prone area, this is an important fruit crop in
the study region. It is the most drought-resistant crop which requires less
[30]
amount of rainfall and sustains on inferior land also. The Plantation of
this fruit crop got started in the beginning of 1980 on commercial basis in
Solapur district. At the beginning of 1990-91 only 8197 hectare area was
registered to this fruit crops, this rose up to 19727 hectares in the 2004-
05. Area under the cultivation of Ber is high in Madha, Mohol and South
Solapur. It has increased in Akkalkot, Mohol and South Solapur, but it
has gone down in Karmala, Madha and Pandharpur.
Ber Varieties The districts whole five major Ber varieties are observed 1) Umran
2) Chameli 3) Kadaka 4) Gola and 5) Sonur. The total district area under
this fruit is registered 8197 hectors in 1990-91 and 19727 hectors
occupied in 2004-05. The area under Ber fruit crop is increased by
41.55% within the period of investigation, i.e.1990-91to 2004-05.
1) Umran:- This is sturd variety, out of the total district Ber
cropped area 19727 hectors, area under Umran varieties is observed
4432hectare (54.06) in 1990-91,and13170 hectare(66.76&) observed in
2004-05. Highest area under this variety observed in Madha tahsil 3860
hectors and lowest area register 482 hectares in Karmala tahsil.
2) Chameli:- It is noticed that, out of the total district Ber cropped
area 2669 hectors (32.56%) area is under Chameli variety in 1990-91 and
5072 hectors (25.73%) area is observed under this variety in 2004-05.
highest area 3860 hectors is observed in Madha tahsil and lowest area
under this variety 150 hectares observed in South Solapur tahsil.
3) Kadaka:- Out of the total district Ber fruit area 404 hectors
(4.96%) area is observed in 1990-91 and 463 hectors (2.34%) area is
observed in 2004-05. Highest area observed under this variety is 110
hectors in Madha tahsil and lowest area 15 hectares observed in Mohol
tahsil in the study region.
[31]
4) Gola:- This is new variety observed in small scale in study
region. Out of the total district Ber fruit area 157 hectors (1.91%) is
observed in 1990-91 and 269 hectors (1.36%) is observed in 2004-05 in
study region. Highest area under this variety is observed 130 hectors in
Madha tahsil.
D) Mango: - This is king of fruits, and is a long-living commercial fruit crop. In
spite of being the king of fruits, mango, got cultivated with modern
innovative techniques during last 15 years in the study region. In 1990-91
only 4550 hectares area was under this fruit crops. It increased to 11082
hectares in 2004-05. Mango crop is highly cultivated in Akkalkot,
Karmala, Madha and Malshiras tahsils. Its cultivation seems to have
increased all over the district during the investigation period.
Mango Varieties:
There are number of commercial as well as normal varieties
observed in study region. In the study region mango fruit varieties are
categorized i.e. Kesar, Alfanso, Badam, Shendra, Rawl and other.
1) Kesar:- This is important variety well suited in this climate of
the study region. Out of the total district mango cropped area 2578
hectors (56.61%) area is observed under this variety in 1990-91 and 6463
hectors (58.31%) area occupied in 2004-05 in study region. Highest area
observed under this variety is 1570 hectors in Akkalkot tahsil and low
area 240 hectors in North Solapur in the study region. The maximum
volume of positive change is observed + 4.40% in South Solapur and
highest negative volume of change is recorded – 4.53% in Barshi tahsil.
Farmers of Barshi tahsil are attracted to words the assure grape fruit crops
in last 10 years.
2) Alfanso:- This is commercial variety, out of the total area under
mango fruit of Solapur District is observed 539 hectors (11.84%) under
[32]
Alfanso variety in 1990-91 and 1189 hectors (10.76%) area is observed in
2004-05 in Solapur District.
3) Badam:- This variety is occur from Andhra Pradesh, out of the
total district mango fruit cropped area 611 hectors (13.42%) is under
Badam variety in 1990-91 and 927 hectors (8.36%) is observed in 2004-
05. Highest area observed under this variety is 560 hectors in Akklakot
tahsil and lowest area 10 hectors is observed in Malashiras tahsil in the
study region.
4) Shendra:- Out of the total mango fruit cropped area 230 hectors
(5.05%) was under this Shendra variety in 1990-91 and 634 hectors
(5.72%) area is registered in 2004-05 in Solapur district. Highest area
observed 88 hectors in Akkalkot tahsil and lowest area observed 30
hectors in Pandharpur tahsil in the study region.
6) Other varieties:- Out of the total district mango cropped area
250 hectors (5.49%) is under this several variety 1990-91 and 978 hectors
(8.82%) is observed in 2004-05 in the study region. Other varieties are
scattered all over the district in small proportion.
Summary:- In Solapur district different fruit crops was 0.72 per cent in 1990-91,
which grew up to 1.53 per cent of area in 2004-05.Fruit farming, is a
highly specialized form of agriculture. Fruit farming development in last
two decade has emerged with a mixture of both success and failure
.Success due to new technology and failure due to environmental damage.
Varieties of fruits are grown in the study region .Grape, Pomegranate,
Mango and Ber are leading fruits .In study region new variety of Grape,
pomegranate, mango and Ber are great demand from national and
international markets.
[33]
Pomegranate is the most suited and well survived fruit crop in this
climatic region. In 2004-05 area under this fruit was 17685 hectares.
Sangola tahsil is leading in area under pomegranate with 7712 hectares
and Karmala is at the bottom with 140 hectares. Grape is another
important commercial fruit crop in study area. In 2004-05 area under this
fruit crop is 10389 hectares. Pandharpur tahsil is leading in area under
grape cultivation with 2610 hectares and Karmala is at the bottom with
158 hectares. Ber is also important fruit crop in study area. In 2004-05
area under this fruit crop is 10773 hectares. Pandharpur tahsil is leading
in area under ber with 1583 hectares and South Solapur is at the bottom
with 63 hectares.
For the purpose of Spatio-temporal analysis major important four
fruit crops are considered, these are, pomegranate, grape ber and mango.
****************************************
[34]
Chapter IV:
Analysis of survey
In this Chapter survey work is attempted, to observe personally
the situation in the drought prone region regarding the cultivation of
selected fruits. This Chapter mainly deals with the following aspects: -
1. Socio-economic status of fruit growers in drought prone area.
2. Cropping pattern and fruit farming status of the drought prone region
3. General Characteristics of sample fruit growers
4. Problems of fruit growers in study region
4.1 Data Base and Methodology: a) Selection of sample villages
The total area surveyed is 666 hectares. This ratio is 5 percent to 1
farmer. All the growers are interviewed personally. It also becomes a
climatic hazard to fruit farming when it is characterized with scantiness,
concentration, intensity, variability and unreliability. The quantum of
rainfall and time of rainy days may be quite sufficient to meet the annual
requirement of successful fruit production. On the basis of rainfall
variation, Solapur District is divided in to three board division which are
given below:-
1. High rainfall region(600mm &above)
2. Moderate rainfall region(500-600mm)
3. Low rainfall region (less than 500mm)
After grouping the rainfall regions in three board divisions or
region. According to rainfall variation in Solapur district, in each tahsil
20 fruit growers were selected each zone. For these purpose 79 villages
[35]
are selected on the basis of fruit area from that particular region, 220 fruit
growers are selected for micro level study, with specific criteria.
The first region is High Rainfall region, with assured water supply
both in volume and spread, which covered 48 percent area to total
geographical area, and 116 farmers are (A region-41 villages) selected
out of total 220 growers in study region.
Second region is medium rainfall region where supply of water
from rainfall is subject to large fluctuations, constitute 39 percent area of
district which consist 80 fruit growers (B region-29 villages) of sampling.
Third region is low rainfall region where there is no dependable irrigation
and where the rain fall is scanty and uneven, which capture 13 percent
area of district and 24 fruit growers (C region-9 villages) are selected for
this study. Table No 4.1 shows the selection of villages and growers in
Solapur District.
It may be observed that 48 percent (116) farmers of high rainfall
region capture 52 percent area (350 Hect.), which is covered by fruit
growers in this region. Second medium rainfall region (80) farmers
cached 28 percent area of total observed area and very few 13 percent
growers in low rainfall region farmers observed only 20 percent area to
total surveyed area.
[36]
Table No 4.1: Solapur District: Selected Sample Villages
Source: Compiled By Researcher
S.r. Tahsil Villages S.r. Tahsil Villages 1 North
Solapur Nannaj, Padsali, Madre, Hiraj,Belati,Nandur, Dongawn
7 Pandharpur
Sarkoli, Kasegaon Isbhavi, puluj, Korti Karkamb,Tungat
2 Barshi Barshi, Gormale Dadsinge, Kavathe Vairag, Rawalgawon Chare, Ridhore
8 Sangola Hatid, Junoni Achkdani, Sangola Wadhegaon, Kadlass Gherdi, Sangewadi
3 Akkalkot
Dudhani, Mirajgi Chappalgawon Tadwal, Jewur Hasapur, Akkalkot
9 Madha Wakav,Laul, Kurduwadi, Tulshi Aran, Bavi, Ghoti Kannhapuri
4 South Solapur
Kardehalli, Achegawon, Aherwadi, Mandrup, Bhandarkawate, Boramani
10 Karmala Parewadi, Ketur Korti, Jewur, Salse Kandar,Karmala
5 Mohol Shohale, Kurul Mohol, Ichgawon Kamti(BK), Shirapur Angar
11 Malshiras Malshiras, Natepute Phondshiras, Pilew Akluj, Velapur, Nevare
6 Mangalwedha
Marwde, Huljanti Kacharewadi, Borale Arali,Mundewadi,Mangalwedha,
[37]
4.2 Socio-economic status of fruit farmers The basic purpose of this study is to examine the socio-economic
impact on the fruit cultivation practices, limitation, and expansion of this
area under fruit crops. Following socio-economic factors are influence the
survey area.
a) Age structure
The quality and productivity of fruits are affected by the physical
and environmental factors, as well as the age of the farmer. Farmers
experience in farm is more important for improvement of fruit quality and
productivity. Experienced farmers can use and adopt own technology in
farm which is not used by new farmers.
It is noticed that Proportion of age group 41-60 is high (47%) and
the age group of 21 to 40 have been observed 43% this growers age
group having more family responsibility to get more attention in
agricultural activity. very low age group above 60 is observed 03%.
.Below age 20 this group is observed 7%. It is observed that dependant
age group proportion is very low and working group very large. This is
good for the economic development as concerned.
b) Occupation structure:
Agriculture is the primary occupation of the people nearly 72%of
the total population is engaged in this occupation, directly or indirectly.
The rest 28% depends other than cultivation.
In the study region agricultural livelihood is highly concentration.
Presents the occupation wise distribution of the fruit growers. Study
reveals that 68% of peoples belong to farmers, 9 percent fruit growers
observed as a businessman. In this study region 5 percent peoples are
engaged in various services, in this region 18 percent peoples are
occupied under dairy farming, Raisin making ,transportation.etc.
[38]
c) Land holding size
According to Krishna Bhardwaj, there is a higher intensity of
irrigation on low land holding. There has been a heated debate over what
should be the appropriate size of farm, amount of income is depended on
the size of holding. High holding farmers are more economic in working
than the low land holding farmers. If the farm size is large, these farmers
can use modern machines like 18 hp tractors for inter cultivation. Spray
tractor, spray pipeline, cold house etc. Small farmers cannot buy machine.
Such farmers cannot get machinery when it is essential.
Table No 4.2 Solapur District: Land Holding Size of Fruit Growers
Sr.
No
Land holding Number of
farmers
% Area
(Hect.)
%
1 Small (below -
1hect.)
84 38 68 10
2 Medium (1- 2
Hect.)
106 48 190 29
3 Large (above 2
Hect.)
30 14 408 61
Total 220 100 666 100
Source: Compiled By Researcher.
Table No.4.2 indicates that 84 fruit growers are observed small
size,(below 1 hect), which constitute 38 percent and 106 growers were
moderate (1to2 hect) holding, it constitute 48 percent area. And 14
percent fruit growers obtained large holding (above 2 hect.). It is
interesting picture that under large proportion holding is found 61 percent
area under this category, because fruit farming is more benefited than
other traditional crops, in the study region.
[39]
4.3. Landuse
In the previous research, land use is of vital important pattern in
agricultural activity. Land is the basic source of human society. Every
fruit growers of this region use maximum land under fruit crops
according to landuse capability.
a) Landuse of selected farmers
The utilization of land according to use capability ensures that this
resource is utilized to the best advantage. One of the most significant
features of land use in Solapur District is the large proportion of area is
under in food grain crops i.e. Jawar crop.
Table No 4.3 Solapur District: Landuse pattern of Sample Fruit
growers
Sr. No. Landuse Area (hect.) %
1 Fruit 412 62
2 Jawar 121 18
3 Sugarcane 68 10
4 Pulses 26 4
5 Other crops 27 4
6 Barren land 12 2
I Total 666 100
Source:- Compiled by Researcher.
The table No. 4.3 Presents the general landuse pattern of selected
220 fruit growers of District. Among them, fruits are dominant (62%)
cultivation in District. Jawar is observed second (18%) ranks. District as a
whole Jawar is first rank stepal food, Sugar cane have been observed 18
percent area under this crops. Pulses and other crops are very limited
concentration that is only 10 percent of the survey area.
[40]
b) Area under different fruit crops of selected farmers
The development of horticulture has an impact on socio-economic
life of the people in Solapur district particularly when the per hectare
production and income are high in horticulture that is case with the
traditional crops for example Jowar provides Rs 32900 per hectare net
profit. But in case of grapes the net profit is observed Rs 439450. In
other word it is 13.35 times higher than the Jowar.
Table No. 4.4 Solapur District: Major Fruit Crop Area
Sr. No. Fruit crops Area %
1 Grape 90 22
2 Pomegranate 113 27
3 Mango 101 25
4 Ber 104 26
Total 412 100
Source: Compiled by Researcher
It is noticed from the Table 4.4 that the total sample study area is
observed 666 hectares of 220 fruit growers. Out of this 27 percent (113
hectare) is in pomegranate, 26 percent (104 hect) is under Ber fruit crop,
25 percent (101 hect) is under Mango and 22 percent (90 hect) area is
under grape cultivation. In present field study it is observed that area
under fruit crops influence of several physical, socio-economic and
technological factors on the fruit production.
c) Varieties of Fruit crops cultivation
During survey period the researcher has tried to find out the object
of growers particular variety fruit plantation. It is remarkable that 99%
fruit grower’s object is to marketing purpose only. Fruit varieties
practices depend on the purpose of plantation, the purpose of fruit
plantation in Solapur district is table fruit, Raisin, juce etc. For these
[41]
particular purposes following are the major fruit varieties practiced in
Study region. At time of survey, different fruit varieties have observed.
Table No. 4.6 indicates that area under grape cultivation 22 percent of the
total area of fruit crops is identified. Thomson seedless this variety is
observed 48 percent, and 24 percent area is occupied under the Tas-A-
Ganesh , this variety is market oriented. Sonaka variety is also popular in
this region 19 percent area is observed under this variety.
Pomegranate: Table No 4.5 shows that total area under
pomegranate is observed 113 hectares (27%) in survey area. At the time
of investigation, there are number of commercial varieties observed.
Bhagwa this variety is Observed 25 percent, and Mrudula 27 percent,
Arakta and Ganesh is observed more than 30 percent. The climatic factors
are affected this variety.
Mango: Out of the total survey cropped area 25 percent area is
under this fruit cultivation. In this region numbers of Mango varieties are
Keshar this variety observed 64 percent, next to Badam is important for
the commercial point of view it constitute 14 percent. Alfanso is new
introduction in this region and only 12 percent area is observed under this
varieties.
In survey region Ber is another popular fruit crops out of total fruit
region of investigation 26 percent region is estimated under Ber
cultivation. Umran variety is observed 70 percent this is high proportion.
Chamali observed 22 percent and area under kadaka has been observed 7
percent. Those are local market oriented varieties.
[42]
Table No. 4.5 Solapur District: Major Fruit Varieties Cultivated by
Growers
Sr.
No
Fruit Crops Variety Name
Area % % to
total
1 Grape Thomson Seedless 43 48
Tas-A-Ganesh 22 24
Sonaka 17 19
Other 08 09
Total 90 100 22
2 Pomegranate Bhagwa 28 25
Mrudula 27 27
Arkta 23 20
Ganesh 16 14
Other 19 17
Total 113 100 27
3
Mango Keshar 65 64
Alfanso 12 12
Badam 14 14
sendra 07 07
Other 03 03
Total 101 100 25
4 Ber Umran 76 70
Chemali 24 22
Kadka 07 07
Other 01 01
Total 108 100 26
Total observed 220 growers 412 - 100
Source: Compiled By Researcher
[43]
4.4 Source of water
It is also observed that well and bore-well are the only source of all
fruit crops viz ber, mango and pomegranate cultivation .
Table No 4.6 Solapur District: Irrigation System
Source: Compiled By Researcher
Sr.
No.
Fruit crops Method of
irrigation
Farmers %
1 Grape Surface (flood ) 06 05
Drip 112 95
Sprinkler - -
Other - -
Total 118 100
2 Pomegranate Surface (flood ) 05 11
Drip 41 89
Sprinkler - -
Other - -
Total 46 100
3 Mango Surface (flood ) 20 83
Drip 04 17
Sprinkler - -
Other - -
Total 24 100
4 Ber Surface (flood ) 09 28
Drip 23 72
Sprinkler - -
Other - -
Total 32 100
[44]
Irrigation system
Irrigation is very essential for fruit cultivation in drought prone
area. Water should supply at different stages of fruit growth viz. grape
berry, weight, colour, and test development.
Table No 4.6 indicates that the 80% of the observed farmers in Solapur
District used this system for fruit cultivation. Drip irrigation is more
useful for the Grape, pomegranate, Mango and Ber cultivation. The
performance of the system, which was introduced about 8 to 10 years
back, has been not satisfactory. The uneven supply of water through the
nozzles/drippers does not enable farmers to use suitable fertilizers
through water. Now progressive farmers have been adopted new
technology of fertilization through drip. Mango fruit crop it need more
amount of water. About 83 percent mango growers used surface irrigation
and remaining 27 percent used drip irrigation.
4.5. Fertilizer
Each fruit Crop has its own nutrient requirement. This depends
upon the purpose of crop, duration, soil type as well as response need of
varity.
Although the chemical fertilizers are used largely on the basis of
plant growth, berry set, fruit color, fruit size etc. During the survey it is
noticed that high use of chemical fertilizer is in the Pomegranate and ber
fruit cultivation which has been observed (100%).
Mulching:-Mulching is a soil and water conserving and weed
management practice in which a grass, crop residues, transparent
polythene sheet or other organic materials is spread around the tree. It
reduces evaporation from soil and the soil holds the moisture for a longer
period. This practice is useful Solapur District fruit growers where
irrigation water is scanty. 97% grape growers are used this method,
while pomegranate farmers are adopted 96% this method.
[45]
Chapter: v
Conclusions, Problems and Suggestions
From the preceding analysis, following findings has been emerged
and suitable suggestions have been also recommended in this to change
the existing situation and to achieve the fruit cultivation development in
the study area.
1. The physical and socio-economic of the area have a great bearing on
the growth and spatial distribution of fruit cultivation. The large
proportion of the study region is covered with a plateau (80 percent)
which is relatively large. Central part of the district comes under the
Bhima river basin. This region is favorable for the horticulture. The
agro climatic conditions of the region are favorable for the tropical
fruit crops like grapes, pomegranates, ber and mango.
December is coldest month and average minimum temperature
is about 13.850c. In April and May maximum temperature goes up to
about 430c. Rain fall is the dominant single weather parameter and
climatic hazards which affects plant growth. The region gets 75
percent rain from south-west monsoon. The variability of rainfall is
high in the eastern part than the western part of study region. The
average rain fall is ranging from 500 to 600 mm. The variation in the
annual rainfall from year to year is large. It indicates acute need of
irrigation. Wells, canals and rivers are used for irrigation and drip
irrigation system plays a very vital role as a source of irrigation for
fruit farming. Out of the total gross cropped area 22.72 percent area is
under irrigation. Fog and mist occasionally occur during the winter
season and hails and dust storms occur in summer season causing
pests and diseases on fruit crops. Shallow and medium deep soils of
[46]
the region are suitable for fruit cultivation. The study region has a
fairly good system of road and rail network, hence transport plays an
important role in the economic development of the region. In brief
physical and socio-economic aspects of the study area are favourable
for the fruit orchards. Hence, region has great potential to boost the
fruit cultivation with respect to areal extension, production, and yield.
2. Analysis of the general landuse and cropping pattern reveals that over
a period of fifteen years (1994-95 to 2009-10). Positive changes are
observed in non agricultural land (0.43 percent), potential agricultural
land (0.37 percent), follow land (2.04 percent) and negative changes
are observed in forest area (0.17 percent) and net sown area (2.67
percent).
3. The study of the cropping pattern indicates the positive changes are
observed in pulses (6.75 percent), sugarcane (4.15 percent), cotton
(0.41 percent) and fruits (1.11 percent) where as negative changes are
observed in cereals (9.16 percent) and oil seeds (2.57 percent).
Analysis of the cropping pattern reveals that area under fruits is
increased by 1.11 percent under the period of investigation. This
shows that area under fruit cultivation is increasing in the study area.
5. The area under different fruit crops was 0.72 percent in 1994-95,
which increased to 1.53 percent out of the net sown area in 2009-10.
The area under fruit crops is highly increased in Pandharpur (3.52
percent) followed by Malshiras (1.50 percent) and Mohol (1.41
percent), whereas it is decreased in Akkalkot to a very small
percentage (0.32 percent) in all the remaining tahsils of the study
area. Fruit farming development in last two decade has emerged with
a mixture of both success and failure. The Success due to new
technology and failure due to environmental damage. Varieties of
fruits are grown in the study region. Grape, Pomegranate, Mango and
[47]
Ber, lime are leading fruits. In study region new variety of Grape,
pomegranate, mango and Ber have great demand from national and
international markets.
6. Many fruit crops are cultivated in Solapur District. The Grapes holds
the first place in Pandharpur tahsil. Pomegranate holds the first place
in Sangola. Mangoes hold first place in Akkalkot. And ber holds the
first place in Madha tahsil.
7. Grape is very important market-oriented fruit crop grown in the
Solapur District. In 1990-91 there was 6158 hectares area under this
fruit crop which was increased to 14261 hectares in the year 2004.05
9. At the beginning of 1980, there was only 32 hectares area under this
fruit crop in the study region. In 1990-91, there was 6675 hectares of
area under Pomegranate fruit crop in the study area which increased
up to 25760 hectares in the year 2004-05..
10. Mango is a long-living commercial fruit crop. In 1990-91 only 4750
hectares area was under this fruit crop. It increased to 11082 hectares
in 2004-05.
11. Ber is one of the ancient and sturdy fruit crop in the district. It is the
most drought-resistant crop which requires less amount of rainfall
and sustains on inferior land also. At the beginning i.e. 1990-91 only
8197 hectares area was registered to this fruit crop, this rose up to
19727 hectares in the year 2004-05.
12. The traditional varieties of fruit crops are replaced a by new varieties..
Thomson seedless (50.18 percent) grape variety is largely cultivated
followed by Sonaka (Tas-A-Ganesh) (20.67 percent), Sonaka is
observed 18.65 percent and Sharad seedless variety (8.45 percent).
Bhagawa pomegranate variety is dominantly (22 percent) cultivated
in Solapur District. Mrudula (19 percent), Arkta (17 percent) and
Ganesh (15 percent). Mango fruit crop which is popular in local,
[48]
national and international market. Alfanso (11 percent), Rawal (7
percent) and Badam (8 percent) are the popular mango varieties
cultivated in Solapur district. Umran variety of Ber (26 percent) and
Chameli (25 percent) are dominantly cultivated in the study area.
13. On the basis of field work, it is observed that 90 percent of fruit
growers belong to middle age group (21-60 age), while 03 percent
and 07 percent of fruit growers belonged to old (above 60) and
younger (below 20) age group respectively.
14. Most of the fruit growers (62 percent) educated up to high school
level, 25.00 percent up to college level and 13 percent are illiterate. In
fruit growing activity out of the total workers, male workers account
63 percent, while female workers are 37 percent.
15. It is observed from field survey that among 220 fruit growers, 68 fruit
growers (37.77 percent) are observed small land holders (below 1
hect.), and 87 growers (48.33 percent) are moderate land holders (1
to 2 hect.) and 25 farmers (13.9 percent) are large size land holders
(above 2 hect.).
16. It is noticed from the field study that grape fruit is dominant cash crop
that cover 54 percent area to total observed fruit area followed by
Pomegranate having 21 percent area. Area under Ber and mango is 14
and 11 percent respectively.
20. Shallow soil and medium deep soil are suitable for fruit cultivation.
Grape, ber and pomegranate fruit crops dominantly cultivated in
shallow soils in study area. But the mango crop is highly (66 percent)
cultivated in deep soils.
21. In observed area, 82 percent grape area is irrigated by well and bore-
well, 14 percent area is irrigated by tank. It is also observed that well
and bore-well is the only source of all fruit crops (ber, mango and
[49]
pomegranate) cultivation. Drip irrigation method is compulsory used
for fruit cultivation by fruit growers.
23. During the survey it is noticed that high use of chemical fertilizer has
been observed in grape, pomegranate, banana and ber cultivation.
32.Satisfaction level of fruit growers has been observed with eight
satisfaction indicators, it is observed that, excellent satisfaction level
is observed among 28.18 percent, good satisfaction level observed
among 61.82 percent, moderately good among 8.63 percent and 1.36
percent belong to unsatisfied level among sample fruit growers.
Problems and Suggestions: In view of the findings stated above and problems faced by the
fruit growers some useful suggestions are made here to improve the fruit
farming in the drought prone area of Solapur district.
1. Solapur District is located in drought prone area. Water scarcity is a
serious problem in fruit cultivation. It is suggested that, the growers
should use the mulching techniques for minimize the evaporation.
Drip irrigation system is most useful in getting good yield during the
water scarcity period. Water shade development programs need to be
implemented on a large scale in this region.
2. About 87 percent fruit growers are facing water problem for the fruit
farming during the scarcity period. It reduces grape productivity and
total production. Hence, it is suggested that growers should use water
storage in the farm tanks (Shet Tale) at farm level for the rest of the
year.
4. It is also observed that high wind speed and high evaporation are the
major problems regarding the cultivation of grape, pomegranate, ber
and mango in the drought prone area of the study region. Hence, to
overcome these problems growers should create the wind breakers
[50]
along the orchards to reduce the wind speed and the rate of
evaporation.
5. Fruit growers of the region face the problem of capital. To solve this
problem, it is suggested that credit societies, N.H.B., DCC Banks and
Agriculture Departments can release more capital on subsidy basis
for increasing fruit cultivation area in the study area.
6. To minimize the problem of sun burning (sun starching) growers
should arrange grapevine rows in the east-west direction and use
paper cover on the berry clusters and fruits..
7. The problem of daily shortage of electricity is very serious. Therefore
it is suggested that to overcome this difficulty use of fuel engines,
solar plant etc. may be used as an alternative to the electricity.
8. To maintain the quality of grape and pomegranate bunches, the use of
thinning is suggested. To save the colour from the sun, the use of
Saris and papers are suggested for net shading as an alternative to
polythin paper.
9. To overcome the problem of ‘Mealy Bugs’ in grape orchards the use
of detergent spray before spraying any pesticides is suggested. The
ber fruit is affected by leaf eating caterpillar, and leaf mould and leaf-
spot diseases. It is suggested that spray 3 G Sevin 50 percent in one
liter and spray with Bordeaux mixture 2:2:250.
10. To overcome the problem of bad smell and throat imitation because
of spray of SO2, the natural sun drying and Australian dipping
method is suggested for the grape cultivation.
11. Fruit drop is big problem of mango,Jambul, crustad and Apple fruit
cultivation, studies conducted by various worker showed that in
above fruit , only about 0.1 percent of the perfect flowers developed
fruit to maturity. Attempts have also been made to control fruit drop
through the application of plant regulators. It is also suggested that
[51]
pruning can be helpful in over-coming the problem of irregular
bearing in mango.
12. Besides full reliance on the production of fresh fruits, this is the right
time to think of other fruit products such as jam, jelly, wine,
medicines and,rasins.
13. Wholesalers purchase the fruit from commission agent and finally the
fruit is given to the retailers for selling it to the consumers. It is very
lengthy and time wasting procedure. It is suggested that grower
should bring his product direct to the market and sell it himself and
increase his profit.
14. The co-operative marketing channel is quite safe to escape from the
cheating by middlemen. Hence, growers should come together and
form a federation of co-operative societies.
The above suggestions are to overcome main drawbacks or lacunas
of fruit cultivation in drought prone region of Solapur District. If these
recommendations are adopted by growers, there will be a bright future for
fruit cultivation in the region as well as in the drought prone areas of
Maharashtra.
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[52]
Bibliography:
1. Admand J.B.Sen T.S.(1964): “Fundamental of horticulture” Tata
mahogrihil co, Delhi.pp 28,34,
2. Awate, S.J,& Todkari, G.U.(2012): “Agricultural Productivity in
Solapur District of Maharashtra.’A Geographical Analysis” .
Agricultural Sci.Bioinfo pub.Vol.4 Pp-186-189
3. Bal, J. S. (2003): “Fruit Growing” Published by National
publication company Ltd, New Delhi .pp 10-15
4. Chima G.S. (1954): “Commercial fruits of India”, Mackmilan and
co. Kolkata.pp.22,24.
5. Deshmukh, S.B. and Tawade, M.D.(1983): Agricultural Planning
For Heterogeneous Region, ’The Indian Geographical Journal, Vol.
58,N0. 2, PP. 191-195.
6. Deshpande, C.D. (1971): ‘Geography of Maharashtra,’ National
Book Trust, India, New Delhi.pp.11-13.
7. Deshpande, C.D. (1971): ‘Geography of Maharashtra,’ National
Book Trust, India, New Delhi.pp.11-13.
8. G.U.Todkari, & S.J.Awate .(2012):”A Geographical Analysis of
Landuse Efficiency in Solapur District(MH)”.Latur Geographer.
Int.J.Vol.1 pp 7-12.
9. Gardnar V.R. (1955) “Fundamental of fruit production”p 22.
10. Hej W.B.(1957):’ “Fruit growing in India’Kitabisthan”, Alahabad,
Uttar Pradesh.pp.45,67.
11. Jadhav, M. S. & Patole, S. D. (2002): “Cost and Return Structure of
fruit crops in western Maharashtra.”
12. Kader, A.A, Chordas, and S. Elyatem. (1984): Responses of
Pomegranate to ethylene treatment and storage Temperature, Calif.
[53]
Agri. 38(748):14-15.
13. Kanes,O., M. Boulet and F.Costaigne. (1982): “Effect of chilling-
injury on texture and fungal rot of mangoes (Mangifera India L.).
J.Food Sci. 47:992-995.
14. Kaul, G. L. (1989): “Horticultural Crops in India”Anmol publication
New Delhi, pp.08-23.
15. Kolhe, Committee Report. (1991): Formed by government of
Maharashtra, p.133.
16. Maji, Hssain (2007): “Systematic Agricultural geography” Rawat
publications, New Delhi, p.45.
17. Nagpal R.L.(1963): “Fruit cultivation types and fundaimentals
Agricultur office Pune 1,p 32.
18. Nayik K.C. (1949): ‘South Indian fruits and their culture’ p.
vardachari sons, Chennai.p 89.
19. Phadnees n.a. (1969): “Fruit trees in Maharashtra”, Krishi region
(M.S Pune ) 01.
20. Sing Sham , S. Krashnamurti and Katyal S.L.(1963):’A “fruit
culture in India” I.C. A.R. New Delhi 1.
21. Singh Ranajeet (1969):’”A fruits” ‘National Book trusht Delhi. pp
23 to 34.
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Dr.S.J.Awate Dr.A.H.Manikshete Principal Investigator Principal
[54]
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR
MARG NEW DELHI – 110 002.
Annexure -III
Final Report of the work done on the Minor Research Project.
(Report to be submitted within 6 weeks after completion of each year).
1. Project report No.:
2. UGC Reference No: File No:23-2125/10(WRO)
3. Period of report: Feb. 2010 to Feb. 2012
4. Title of research project: “Fruit Farming in Drought Prone
Area,A
Case of Solapur district”
5. (a) Name of the Principal Investigator: Mr.S.J.Awate.
(b) Deptt. & University/College where work has progressed:
Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur.
6. Effective date of starting of the project: 16 Feb 2009 (Date of
first installment)
7. Grant approved and expenditure incurred during the period of the
report: 1,50,000=00
a. Total amount approved Rs: 1,30,000=00
b. Total expenditure Rs: 1,26,454=00 (One Lakh twenty six
thousand four hundred fifty four only)
[55]
Report of the work done:
(Please attach a separate sheet): Enclosed a copy of progress
report.
ii. Work done so far and results achieved and publications, if any, resulting
from the work
(Give details of the papers and names of the journals in which it has been
published or accepted for publication: Enclosed copy of four
research papers along with final report.
iii. Has the progress been according to original plan of work and towards
achieving the objective. If not, state reasons:
The work progressed smoothly as per the original plan & objectives
defined in the project report. Three objectives of the project have
been achieved upto satisfactory level.
iv) Please indicate the difficulties, if any, experienced in implementing
the project:
No difficulties were observed while implementation & all the work
progressed smoothly.
v) If project has not been completed, please indicate the approximate time
by which it is likely to be completed. A summary of the work done for
the period (Annual basis) may please be sent to the commission on a
separate:
[56]
No, our project has been completed to our satisfaction.
vi) If the project has been completed, please enclose a summary of the
findings of the study. Two bound copies of the final report of the work
done also be sent to the commission.
Enclosed two copies of the report of the work done.
vii) Any other information which would help in evaluation of work done
on the project. At the completion of the project, the first report should
indicate the output, such as …
a) Manpower trained: 03
b) Ph.D.awarded: Nil
c) Publications: 04 research papers are communicated
for
publication and 01 has been accepted for publication
Dr. S.J.Awate Dr.A.H.Manikshete
(Prin. Investigator) (Principal)
**********************************