Ringwood School11.The diagram below shows a spirometer, which can be used to measure lung volumes in humans. (a)State the purpose of the soda lime in the spirometer.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (b)Describe how you would use a spirometer to measure a persons vital capacity.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(4)(c)In an investigation, the tidal volumes and breathing rates of two students, Kim and Jo, were measured. The results are shown in the table below.StudentTidal volume / cm3Breathing rate/ breaths per minuteKim50018Jo47516 (i)Explain what is meant by the term tidal volume.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (ii)The minute volume is the volume of air breathed in, or the volume of air breathed out, per minute. Use the data in the table to calculate Kims minute volume. Show your working.Answer ....................................................(2)(iii)After Jos tidal volume and breathing rate were measured and recorded, she held her breath for thirty seconds, then resumed breathing. Suggest what effect this would have had on her tidal volume and breathing rate, giving reasons for your answer.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)(Total 12 marks) 2.Diagram A and diagram B below show recordings of the breathing patterns of a person.In diagram A the person is at rest. In diagram B the person has just finished a period of strenuousexercise. (a)Calculate the mean tidal volume between 10 and 30 seconds when the person is at rest. Show your working.Answer .................................(2)(b)The ventilation rate of a person can be calculated by multiplying the rate of breathing by the depth of breathing. Use diagram B to calculate the ventilation rate of the person during the first 10 seconds after exercise. Show your working.Answer .................................(2) (c)Using the data in the recordings, compare the breathing patterns of this person before and after exercise.......(3) (d)This person then undertook a physical training programme.(i)Describe and explain two differences that you would expect to see in the breathing patterns of this person following exercise as a result of the training programme.........................(4) (ii)Suggest how the training programme might affect the cardiac output of the person.............(2)(Total 13 marks) 3.(a)Explain what is meant by the term vital capacity.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(b)The graph below shows a recording of lung volumes (a spirogram) from a healthy student.From the recording, determine the tidal volume. Show your working.Answer ........................................(2)(c)Describe the effect of a small increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in inspired air on the breathing of a person.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 6 marks) 4.The diagram below shows part of a metabolic pathway which occurs in mitochondria. (a)Explain what is meant by the term metabolic pathway.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (b)Suggest what happens to the NADH + H+ formed during the conversion of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (c)The conversion of cis-aconitate to isocitrate is catalysed by the enzyme aconitase. The leaves of some plants contain a substance called fluoroacetate. If this is eaten by animals, it is absorbed into their cells where it is converted to fluorocitrate. Fluorocitrate is an inhibitor of the enzyme aconitase.Suggest what effect fluorocitrate would have on the production of ATP by mitochondria. Give an explanation for your answer.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(4)(Total 8 marks)5.(a)The diagram below shows a spirometer. This apparatus is used to measure the volume of air breathed in and out and the frequency of breathing under different conditions.A spirometer was used to compare a persons breathing at rest and during exercise. The results are shown in the graphs below.At restDuring exerciseThe minute volume is the volume of oxygen taken into the lungs in one minute, and is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the breathing rate.(i)Using the information in the graphs, calculate the minute volume at rest. Show your working.Answer ........................................(2) (ii)Calculate the increase in the minute volume that occurred in this person as a result of the exercise. Show your working.Answer ........................................(2) (b)Cardiac output also increases during exercise.(i)State what is meant by cardiac output.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(ii)Explain how increases in minute volume and cardiac output during exercise enable rapid delivery of oxygen to muscles during exercise.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 7 marks) 6.(a)Explain how nerve impulses are conducted along a myelinated axon after an action potential has been initiated. You should write your answer in continuous prose.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(6)(b)Habituation is a type of learning that allows animals to ignore repeated unimportant stimuli. For example, snails withdraw their tentacles when the tentacles are gently touched, but if the tentacles are repeatedly stimulated in this way they are no longer withdrawn.