CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

A special organs or structure, such as the eye, ear, tongue, nose, or skin.

Where sensory nervous are concentration and that functions as a receptor also

called sensor. The series are the tools the body uses to know the outside

cirmumstones. Human sense in often called the five sences, because of small

/factory ( rasol). The sense of taste ( tongue) and the sense of touch ( skin). Well

with all the imperfections and all capabilities despair. Trying to descipties the

functions of parts of the sense.

The senses are organs that function to receive certain types of stimulation.

All organisms have the receptor as a receiver of information. Receptors are named

based on the type of stimulation it receives, such as chemoreceptors (receiver

ransang chemicals), photoreceptor (light ransang receiver), audioreseptor (receiver

ransang sound) and mechanoreceptors (physical ransang receiver, such as

pressure, touch, and vibration).

Additionally known are also several receptor that identifies changes in the

external environment that are classified as eksoreseptor. While groups of receptors

that serve to recognize the environment in the body called interoreseptor.

Interoreseptor found throughout the human body.Eksoreseptor we know there are

five kinds, namely the sense of sight (eyes), auditory (ear), the sense of smell

(nose), the sense of taste (tongue) and the sense of touch (skin).

IndraVision(Eye)

Human visual perception is eye. We can know and see objects that we see

due to the collaboration between the eye and the brain. Stimulation happens eye

section will be transmitted to the brain. Here brains process and interpret

information received so as to produce an embodiment of the vision.

Sense of Hearing (Ear)

The human sense of hearing and balance are the ears. Ear contains

receptors that are sensitive to sound vibrations in the air. Ear also contains

receptors that are sensitive to vibration and the position of head movement. The

receptor cells found in the inner ear and each consists of hair cells with sterosilia.

Sense of smell (nose)

The senses of smell and taste senses kemoreseptor merupaka a very

sensitive system. Sense of smell is built by a network of olfactory epithelium and

the olfactory receptor cells. Olfactory cells are nerve cells contained in the mucus

layer of epithelial tissue or mucus in the nasal cavity top. Olfactory receptors have

olfactory hairs embedded in the mucous layer. Olfactory hairs is the protrusion of

dendrites, while the other end is the axons form synapses with other nerve cells in

the olfactory bulb (the brain).

Sense of Taste (Tongue)

The sense of taste in humans mainly found on the tongue. Besides the

sense of taste is also present in the soft palate and epiglottis. Our sense of taste is

chemoreceptors that detect chemicals that enter through food and drink.

Sense of Touch (Skin)

The human sense of touch is the skin. The skin has several types of

sensory receptors. For example, in the form of mechanoreceptors, nociceptors and

termoreseptor. Therefore, the skin is very sensitive to touch, heat, cold, pressure

and pain (pain). If the skin ransang, then a variety of different stimulation may

arise. What kind of difference stimulation appears determined by special receptors

(sensory) contained in nerve endings

B. Purpose

Activities 1

1. Determine the accuracy tasting practican on the use of several materials

2. Determine the distribution area of the four sensations primary taste, based on

material injections the higest sensitivity.

3. Determine the rangers of soy receptors othe than the primary sensation.

Activities 2

1. To determine the pupillary reflex in humans organs the amount of light

entering

2. To see the changes in pupil diameters with respech to changes in a person is

visibility.

Activities 3

1. To know how the sensitivity of someone’s hearing

Activities 4

1. To know how the sensitivity of smell sense.

Activities 5

1. acTo know how the sensitivity of taste in human

2. To know the influence of environmental temperature changes that made by

simulation other temperature.

C. Benefit

To measure the level of sensitivity of the senses of the body

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Tools is an important part of human senses because with inderalah tool we

can find exceptional circumstances that occur in our bodies. Without munkin

human sensory organs will not be a lot of activity. Humans have 5 senses the wide

sense of vision (eye), the sense of taste (tongue), the sense of smell (nose),

auditory (ear), and touch (skin). These five sensory organs of course can be

impaired and also diseases, Now that more details about what the hell disorders

and diseases of the tools our senses directly below

Integument sense organs were firstly described for reptiles by Leydig

(1868) in the lizards genera Lacerta and Angus and in the snake genus Coronella

and the small depressions he found in the surface of their scales were considered

as “organs of the 6th sense” Leydig and compared them with the taste buds of

fishes and amphibian. Scortecci (1941) examined in details the receptors of

Agamids and Iguanids species. Crotaline and Boid snakes possessed infrared

imaging receptors

called pit organs, which work along with their visual and other sensory system to

enable them to detect, locate and apprehend prey (Bullock and Diecke, 1956;

Barrett et al., 1970).

Little is known about the presence and structural pattern of these

thermoregulatory organs in lizards. The receptors possessing hair-like structure

were described by many authors under different names (hairlike structures, setae-

bearing organs, receptors with bristles and so on). Landmann (1975) described 6

different types of skin receptors; one with bristles and others without. de Haan

(2003) reported the presence of small sense-organ-like pits on the top of the head

of several psammophine snake species including Dromophis lineatus, Malpolon

monspessulanus, several Psammophis species and Rhamphiophis rubropunctatus.

The perciform notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus, representing the

monotypic family Eleginopidae, has a non-Antarctic distribution in the Falkland

Islands and southern South America. It is the sister group of the five families and

103 species of Antarctic notothenioids that dominate the cold shelf waters of

Antarctica. Eleginops is the ideal subject for documenting the ancestral

morphology of nervous and sensory systems that have not had historical exposure

to the unusual Antarctic thermal and light regimes, and for comparing these

systems with those of the phyletically.

Derived Antarctic species. We present a detailed description of the brain

and cranial nerves of Eleginops and ask how does the neural and sensory

morphology of this non-Antarctic notothenioid differ from that seen in the

phyletically derived Antarctic notothenioids? The brain of Eleginops is similar to

those of visually oriented temperate and tropical perciforms. The tectum is smaller

but it has well-developed olfactory and mechanoreceptive lateral line areas and a

large, caudally projecting corpus cerebellum. Eye diameter is about twofold

smaller in Eleginops than in many Antarctic species.

Eleginops has a duplex (rod and cone) retina with single and occasional

twin cones conspicuous centrally. Ocular vascular structures include a large

choroid rete mirabile and a small lentiform body; a falciform process and hyaloid

arteries are absent. The olfactory rosette is oval with 50–55 lamellae, a large

number for notothenioids. The inconspicuous bony canals of the cephalic lateral

line system are simple with membranous secondary branches that lack

neuromasts. In Antarctic species, the corpus cerebellum is the most variable brain

region, ranging in size from large and caudally projecting to small and round.

‘‘Stalked’’ brains showing reduction in the size of the telencephalon, tectum, and

corpus cerebellum are present in the deep-living artedidraconid

Dolloidraco longedorsalis and in most of the deep-living members of the

Bathydraconini. Eye diameter is generally larger in Antarctic species but there is a

phylogenetic loss of cellularity in the retina, including cone photoreceptors. Some

deep-living Antarctic species have lost most of their cones. Mechanosensation is

expanded in some species, most notably the nototheniid Pleuragramma

antarcticum, the artedidraconid genera Dolloidraco and Pogonophryne, and the

deep living members of the bathydraconid tribe Bathydraconini. Reduction in

retinal cellularity, expansion of mechanoreception, and stalking are the most

noteworthy departures from the morphology seen in Eleginops.

These features reflect a modest depth or deep-sea effect, and they are not

uniquely ‘‘Antarctic’’ attributes. Thus, at the level of organ system morphology,

perciform brain and sensory systems are suitable for conditions on the Antarctic

shelf, with only minor alterations in structure in directions exhibited by other fish

groups inhabiting deep water. Notothenioids retain a relative balance among their

array of senses that reflects their heritage as inshore perciforms. Abnormalities or

Disease In Eyes

  In children, a point near the eyes can be very short, about 9cm for children

aged 11 years. The older, more long-distance point close. Around the age of 40-50

years are striking changes occur, ie the point near the eye to 50cm, therefore, need

the help of glasses for reading glasses in the form of convex (positive). Eye defect

is called presbiopi or older eyes because of the aging process.

  Disorders of the ear Inflammation of the ear (authorities, media) is a

disease caused by a virus or bacteria that commonly affects children. Labirintitis

is a disruption in the labyrinth of the inner ear, the disease is caused by infection,

brain gagar and allergies. Namely conduction deafness deafness resulting sound

conduction disorders, caused by a blockage of the ear canal, thickening or rupture

of the eardrum membrane, stapes in the fenestra stiffness relationship ovali,

calcification of the ossicles. Nerve deafness is hearing loss due to damage to the

auditory nerve and the auditory nerve.

Abnormalities in the senses of smell anosmia is the loss or reduced ability

to smell a rat. Hypersomnia is the smell of redundant but these abnormalities are

rare. Disosmia is the change of smell that causes the patient to feel an unpleasant

smell smell a rat.

Abnormalities in the senses of taste ageusia is the reduction or loss of taste

causes are various conditions that affect the tongue, such as dry mouth condition.

Dysgeusia is a change in taste, the cause could be a burn on the tongue.

Acne is a skin disorder, occurs due to clogged skin pores, causing pockets

of pus (dead neutrophils) are inflamed. Lung / Ringworm (Pitriyasis versicolor) is

a skin disease caused by a fungus. Water fleas are infected dermatoses small

crustaceans (zooplankton) water dwellers. Ulcer (abscess) which is swelling of the

skin tissue containing pus (dead neutrophils) caused by infection.

CHAPTER III

OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Saturday, june 29th 2016

Time : 16.00 pm – 17.45 pm

Place : Biology Laboratory 3rd floor of the west, faculty of

mathematic and science university of Makassar.

B. Tools and Materials

Activities 1

Tools :

a. Cotton bud

b. Petri dish

c. Beaker glass

d. Tongue picture

e. Tissue

Materials :

a. Salt

b. Sous

c. Sugar

d. Coffe

e. Chili

f. Water

Activities 2

Tools:

1. Ruler

Activities 3

Tools :

a. watch

b. Tissue

c. Ruler

d. glass bottle

Activities 4

Tools :

a. Petri dish

b. water

Materials :

a. Apple

b. Potato

c. Bengkoang

Activities 5

Tools :

a. Stopwatch

b. Beaker glass

c. Period

d. ruler

Materials :

a. Ice

b. Water

D. Work procedure

Activities 1

1. Before the trial started, first clean the guns and the tongue of the remain

food by nising. Then clean the tongue with tissue.

2. Pour the liquid in the petri dish and snake cotton bud on each solutions.

3. Staden blind fold, sodo not know what the solution is be used

4. Touch the cotton bud to taste bud central place where most felt kind.

5. Repeat the experiment with another cotton bud approside solution. Ask is

steane being touched feltc sense solution certain

6. If the answer student teste in accour dance with the solution then the tongue

image marked and when it is note approcite qilen the sign.

7. Repeat the experiment on some the alse with c different cotton such.

Activities 2

1. measure and record the diameter of the pupil of your friends by putting a

ruler under one eye

2. ask your friends to pay attention to something that is far away. and measure

the diameter of the pupil

3. afterwards ask to pay attention to things that are near and measuring the

diameter of the pupils

Activities 3

1. Stupped on of his ear and put the hours tuto the ear that are not in stupped

2. Keep slowly haours fost until your friends can hear the ticking of the clock

note the destonce with your friends ear.

Activities 4

1. Beaker filled with different temperature of 4ºc - 25 ºc and 45ºc.

2. The left hand is nserted into the also with a temperature of 4ºc and the night

hand put in a glass with a temperature 45ºc.

3. Then insert both hand into the glass with a temperature of 25ºc.

4. How about the impression the temperature on each of your hands.

Activities 5

1. Prepare a beaker containing cold water.

2. Pinch probandus hand as strong - strong until probandus feel pain and then

insert his hand into a beaker containing ice water

3. Observe how long the pain in the hands probandus lost with stopwatch

CHAPTER IV

OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Results

Activities 1

No Group Apple Potato Bengkoang

CE-CN CE-

ON

CE-CN CE-

ON

CE-CN CE-

ON

1.

2.

3.

4.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Activities 2

No Group Solution

Sugar Coffe Salt Virenger Chili

1.

2.

3.

4.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Activities 3

No Group Limited head

1.

2.

Group 1

Group 2

3 meters

3 meters

3.

4.

Group 3

Group 4

3 meters

3 meters

Activities 4

No Group Go juput

oil

Fresh

care

Balsem Cap tawon Yak cop

N-

F

F-

N

N-

F

F-

N

N-

F

F-N N-F F-

N

N-F F-N

1.

2.

3.

4.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

10

3,5

20

9

13

10

11

10

10

10

11

10

8

10

9

17

10

9,5

11

22

8

26,5

10

18

7

8

9,5

3,8

5

13

8

9

12

5

30

10

16

30

25

9

Activuity 5

No Group Amp up Palm

Bassal Ventral Basal Ventral

1.

2.

3.

4.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

16,09 s

20 s

17,51 s

15,01 s

16,78 s

17,52 s

16,62 s

17,00 s

15,62 s

12, 05 s

11,00 s

14, 63 s

40,03 s

40,50 s

39, 00 s

41, 02 s

B. Discussion

Based the observation in which the senses are five activities performed as

for the first activity carried out measurements of the sense of taste is llidah after

the lab was found that all of the senses of taste of probandus functioning properly

for their intended use. in the second activity conducted testing of the hearing in

which one of probandus covered ear and auditory testing be done starting from the

farthest distance is rarely close to where probandus is not listening to the sound of

objects being hit. so it is known that the human auditory (probandus) has a certain

maximum distance. the third activity carried out tests on the senses of smell or

smell which is done by testing out some smell like liniment, fresh care, eucalyptus

oil, balsam, and oil ax. is found that the sense of smell is functioning properly but

have the specified maximum distance to determine the extent or type smell what

kissed.

The fourth experiment carried out experiments in which the sensitivity of

blunt sharp-term use to measure the sensitivity of probandus to touch. but it also

carried out experiments testing pain where probandus be pinched as strong as

possible and thereafter on of hands of probandus will be incorporated into a

beaker containing ice water to measure how long the pain probandus missing. The

fifth and last experiment carried out the experiment sensitivity to the extent of

probandus familiar flavor to a food and turns probandus was fooled with a sense

of yam and potatoes are generally probandus difficult to distinguish the taste of

potato and yam.

CHAPTER V

CLOSING

A. Conclussion

after the observations of the senses turns every senses has its own sensitivity

to certain maximum distance so that it can be said that all tests on probandus

successfully in other words the senses probandus sensitivity levels in normal

and good.

B. Suggestion

I hope the next practical suggestion tools and materials used can be more

complete as well as the provision of guidance can be more specific to avoid

errors in the process lab.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

l. El-Sayya Hassan d*, Yonis W.F. Mohamed, Bayomy F. F. Mohamed and Shalaby Somia., 2009. Epidermal sense organs of the Gekkonid Tropicolotes tripolitanus Peters 1880. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology. Vol. 3 (6), ISSN 1996-0867

Manulu W dan Mu’nisa,a. 2015. Fisiologi Hewan. Makassar : Universitas Negeri

Makassar.

Joseph T. Eastman1* and Michael J. Lannoo2. 2008. Brain and Sense Organ Anatomy and Histology of the Falkland Islands Mullet, Eleginops maclovinus (Eleginopidae), the Sister Group of the Antarctic Notothenioid Fishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei). Journal of morphology 269 : 84-103.

Yuliana.2013. Alat Indra.http://duniabiologisma..co.id/p/materi_6689.html

diakses minggu, 19 juni 2016