unit iii: colonial ways of life
DESCRIPTION
Ch. 3 (NOTEBOOK # 8). Unit III: Colonial Ways of Life. Ch. 3 Sec. 1. The Southern Colonies. The Southern Economy. Southern Economy Economy was based on commercial agriculture i.e. cash crops. tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice, etc. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
UNIT III: COLONIAL WAYS OF LIFE
Ch. 3 (NOTEBOOK # 8)
THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
Ch. 3 Sec. 1
The Southern Economy Southern Economy
Economy was based on commercial agriculture i.e. cash crops.
tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice, etc.○ Led to the rise of plantations=large farms
which required many laborers (live on the farm)
Tobacco and the Chesapeake Between 1620 and 1660, the demand for
tobacco was greater than the supply=high pricesthe larger quantity of tobacco you produced=the
more money you make○ Required intense manual labor=large work force
Chesapeake Bay region was perfect for tobacco farmingthe bay provided an outlet for trade
○ Most farms were located by rivers so they could access the bay
Indentured Servants Enclosure Movement-poor tenant farmers in
England needed jobs Were willing to become indentured servants
○ Colonists pay for.. Transportation, food, clothing, shelter.
○ Servants must... Work for the colonist for a number of years. (usually 4)
○ Significance of “headright system”
Rice and Indigo in South Carolina In 1690, new type of rice was introduced
Planters from Barbados and Jamaica imported African slaves to cultivate it.○ Led to rice becoming South Carolina’s $ crop○ Why Barbados and Jamaica?
Rice and Indigo in South Carolina In the 1740’s, S.C. began to develop
another $ crop17 yr. old Eliza Lucas discovered that indigo
needed high ground and sandy soil○ Good second crop for rice plantations b/c had
different harvesting seasons
Southern Class Structure Top= Wealthy Landowners=>gentry
Huge economic and political influence in South○ Plantations functioned as self-contained
communities
1600’s plantation○ Small○ Planters worked w/ indentured servants under
difficult conditions1700’s plantation
○ Slave labor w/ overseers○ Large brick mansions=England’s upper class○ Didn’t work their land
Southern Class Structure Bottom=>Backcountry Farmers=>Yeomen
Plantation owners most land along the rivers○ Most landowners in the South lived in the “backcountry”
Referred to as yeomen- Grew some tobacco, practice subsistence farming
Bacon’s Rebellion By the 1660’s, wealthy planters lead by Sir William
Berkeley (VA governor) dominated Virginia’s society He controlled legislature
○ Appointed the House of Burgesses Received majority of supporters
- Exempted himself and his supporters from taxes- Also stated you must have property to vote= ½ of VA voted
(wealthy)
Bacon’s Rebellion Most important issue for colonists was acquiring
land By1670, most land not acquired was claimed by N.A.’s
○ Wealthy had no interest in backcountry=opposed expansion○ In 1675, war b/w backcountry settlers and Susquehannock
people Governor Berkeley built more forts in frontier for protection
Bacon’s Rebellion In April 1676, backcountry farmers met to
discuss the situationNathaniel Bacon organized his own militia and
attacked the N.A.’s○ House of Burgesses authorized Bacon to raise a force
of 1,000Allowed free men to voteTook away tax exemptions
Bacon still wasn’t satisfied○ He went to Jamestown and seized power, charged
Gov. Berkeley w/ corruptionBacon vs. Berkeley until Oct. 1676, Bacon died and his army
broke apart
Slavery Increases In VA From 1680, VA colony supported westward
expansion African slaves=replaced indentured servants
○ Didn’t have to be freed○ English government encouraged slavery w/ King Charles
establishing the Royal African Company
Slavery In the Colonies Middle Passage=voyage that brought
captured Africans to the Americas from AfricaEstimated 10 to 12 million Africans
○ 2 million believed to have died on the voyageRead pg. 89 Olaudah Equiano
Slavery In the Colonies 1st Africans arrived in VA in 1619
Were treated like indentured servantsMaryland became the 1st colony to deny
their rights in 1638. By 1660, most southern colonies limited their rights
Slavery In the ColoniesIn 1705, VA created a slave code
○ Became more harsh over time Denied rights to property and couldn’t testify against
white peopleBecame an accepted institution in colonial society,
especially the southern colonies
THE ECONOMIES OF NEW ENGLAND AND THE MIDDLE
COLONIES
Ch. 3 Sec. 2
New England EconomyResources Industries (How did resource
impact economic development?)1. Fishing and Whaling
2. Crops/Agriculture
3. Lumber/Shipbuilding
4. Wheat
New England Economy New England’s economy was very diverse
Agriculture- subsistence farming=grew corn, beans, peas, pumpkins, squash, turnips, barley, oats, and rye○ Apples, cranberries, blackberries, and strawberries○ Livestock= cows, horses, sheep, and pigs
New England Economy Fishing- Grand Banks=region of Atlantic Ocean where
Gulf Stream and North Atlantic meet, produces plankton= food supply for fish and whales○ Fish= cod, mackerel, halibut, and herring○ Whales=used blubber for making candles, lamp oil, ambergris
(perfume), and bones (buttons and combs).
New England Economy Lumbering in NE=dense forests+waterfalls (powered
sawmills)= development of lumber industry○ Lumber was used for furniture, doorframes, spinning wheels,
construction materials, barrels, and shipbuilding English merchants bought ships from New England=30%-50%
cheaper
Life In New England Towns New England’s social life centered
around the townPuritans believed that they should come
together to form church covenants○ Agreements to worship together
Land was given to groups of Puritans to form towns
Town meetings=local gov’t- Passed laws and elected officials
Life In New England Towns Selectmen- men chosen to manage town affairs,
elected annually Appointed other town officials: clerks, constables, and justices
Town meetings helped the people establish the rights to govern themselves
Triangular Trade Triangular Trade
Multi-directional trading between the colonies, the Caribbean, and England that increased trade, and which resulted in the emergence of large cities in the colonies.
Triangular Trade
Triangular Trade
Urban SocietySocial Class What they do % of Pop.
Wealthy Merchants Controlled Trade <5%
Artisans Carpenters, Masons, Glassmakers
+/- 50%
People w/o Skills or Property
Manual Labor 30%
Enslaved Africans 10-20%
New Urban Society Rapid development of cities caused
many problemsOvercrowding, crime, pollution, and
epidemics○ Gov’ts established offices to deal with
problems
Society in the Middle Colonies Middle Colonies=PA, NY, NJ, and DE=
most fertile farmland in North AmericaProduced surplus of crops=$
○ Long growing seasonsGrew rye, oats, barley, potatoes, and wheat($ crop)
Society of the Middle Colonies Growth of Middle Colonies
Sold wheat and flour to Caribbean○ Had 3 rivers that led to Middle Colonies
interiorAllowed for trade
- Cities grew where rivers led to Atlantic Ocean (NYC and Philadelphia)
Social Classes of the Middle Colonies Wheat Boom
B/W the years 1720-1770= wheat prices doubled○ Increase in demand=increase in pop.
Changed society- Farmers hired immigrants to work- Entrepreneurs risked money on land, equipment, and
supplies=sold to immigrants to make profit- Capitalists invested money in new businesses
- Gristmills=produced flour- Glass and Pottery
Social Classes of M.C.= ○ 1st Wealthy Entrepreneurs ○ 2nd farmers ○ 3rd landless workers=rented their land