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Unit 9: Evolution
UNIT XI – EVOLUTION
Test Friday 2-24THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
The theory of evolution is one of the most
fundamental concepts in Biology. Evolution
Is defined as _________ in a
__________________over time. The
scientist considered to be the founder of
modern evolutionary theory is
______________.
changes
population of organisms
Charles Darwin
A. History of Evolutionary
Theory
During the 1700s, several scientists
began challenging the idea of a
world in which changes did not
occur. These scientists and their
hypotheses were very important to
Darwin’s work.
A. History of Evolutionary
Theory
1. Gradualism - __________________ first
suggested that the planet was much ______
than previously thought; began to find
evidence that _______ were slowly, but
constantly taking place.
Geologists (Hutton & Lyell)
older
changes
A. History of Evolutionary
Theory
2. Malthus – Published an essay that had a
huge impact on Darwin. Proposed that
organisms ____ - reproduce; in other words,
reproduce at a _____ rate than resources
can supply
over
greater
A. History of Evolutionary
Theory
3. Lamarck
Lamarck was one of the first scientists to propose
a mechanism for evolution; that is, the _______ in
a _________ of organisms over _____. His major
hypotheses included:
changes
population time
3. Lamarck
Cont.
Tendency Toward Perfection – Stated that
organisms were continually changing in
order to ________________.live more successfully
3. Lamarck
Cont.
Use and Disuse – Changes in ____
and/or ______ of a structure in an
organism was a response to use or disuse.
Structures used extensively ________
and structures used less frequently
__________.
Inheritance of ________ Traits
size
shape
grew bigger
got smaller
Acquired
Acquired Traits
B. Charles Darwin
(1809 – 1882)1. Darwin’s History
Darwin’s data was collected on a 5-year
journey around the world on the HMS
______. He made observations and
collected data throughout the journey.
He used this data to propose a
________ to explain the diversity he saw.
Beagle
hypothesis
1. Darwin’s History
Cont.
The area that had the greatest impact on
Darwin was the _________ Islands due
to the differences he saw in the same
animals living on different islands.
Galapagos
Galapagos
• He began to suspect that populations from
the mainland changed after reaching the
Galapagos.
• Upon his return he talked to animal
breeders & called what they did to direct
breeding to produce offspring with the
desired traits __________________,
which is the same as what we called
selective breeding last unit.
Artificial selection
2. Darwin’s Observations
• Members of a population often vary greatly in
their _____.
• Traits are inherited from __________________.
• All species are capable of producing _____
offspring than _____________________
• Variations that increase reproductive success
will have greater change of being passed on
than those that do not
increase repro. success
traits
parents to offspring
more
environment can support
3. Darwin’s TheoriesBased on his observations and the
hypotheses of other scientists Darwin
proposed evolution occurred by a process
called Natural Selection:
1. Organisms with favorable ____ tend to
survive and _________; thereby leaving
more descendants than other individuals
• Fitness = ability to ______ and ________
traits
reproduce
survive reproduce
3. Darwin’s Theories2. This will result in an accumulation of
these traits in the ________ if they are
heritable, changing the original
_______make-up of the population
• Adaptations = traits enriched in a
population that increase the _____ of an
organisms having them
fitness
population
genetic
III. THE PRINCIPLES OF
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Examples of adaptations are ____________
___________________________________
thorns on a cactus,
camouflage, antibiotic resistance in bacteria
4. Darwin’s Legacy
• Did not publish his findings for years
• Alfred Wallace – formed identical ___________ based on his research. Sent his manuscript to Darwin, and finally Darwin was persuaded to publish his own conclusions
• Released “______________”, still considered one of the greatest scientific works ever written
hypotheses
Origin of Species
• Darwin’s two major contributions:
– Darwin ___________ (but did not originate)
the idea that species evolve over time and
share ________________
• This became widely accepted quickly in the
scientific community
– Darwin proposed how this happened with his
original theory of _______________
• It wasn’t widely accepted until the early 20th
century
4. Darwin’s Legacy
popularized
common ancestry
natural selection
III. EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
A. Fossils – Fossils are
______________________________________
Fossils provide a record of earlier life and evidence
that evolution has occurred.
Types: Imprints, molds (impressions), casts (filled impression), tracks, hard parts, actual remains.
preserved bones and traces of organisms
Evidence of EvolutionA. Evidence from Fossils
1. Dating Fossils
a) Absolute Dating-
1) Radioactive _____________ used to find
the age of rocks. Uranium-Lead,
Potassium-Argon dating
b) Relative Dating
1) Sediments are laid down in strata
2) ___________ layers are oldest
3) A fossil’s __________ in
undisturbed rock gives its _______
relative to other fossils.
isotopes
lowest
positionage
III. EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
• Fossils can be used to deduce the
__________________ that occurred in a
species or group of organisms over time.
• _________________ are remains of
organisms with characteristics that are
____________ between those of an
ancestral and descendent group.
sequence of changes
intermediate
Transitional fossils
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
III. EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
• There are two major classes of traits when
studying transitional fossils:
1. derived traits- ____________ features
such as feathers, that do not appear in
the fossils of common ancestors
2. ancestral traits- more ________ features
such as teeth & tails, that do appear in
ancestral ones
primitive
newly evolved
Tiktaalik
III. EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
B. Biogeography- The geographic
__________ of species can be explained
by ________________ and the limits
geography imposes on migration.
(common descent = shared ancestors)
distribution
common descent
III. EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
• Distantly related species living in different
parts of the world with similar
____________ have similar ___________
• Closer inspection shows these species are
often more closely related to
geographically _______ species with
different adaptations
environments adaptations
closer
III. EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
C. Comparative anatomy– Scientists use
anatomical studies of different organisms for
evidence of evolutionary relationships.
1. Homologous structures-For example, appendages that are very ___________ in
structure, but differ in ____________ are known as
____________ structures. Examples of
homologous structures are _____________________________________.
homologous
arm of human, flipper of dolphin, wing of bat
similar
function
III. EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
2. Vestigial Structures - A structure that is
_________ in function in a living organism, but
may have been used by an ancestor is known as a
_______ structure. A structure may become
vestigial when an organism changes in form or
behavior. Examples are ______________
_______________________________.
vestigial
wings of ostrich
eyes on cave fish,human appendix
reduced
III. EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
3. Analogous structures- Not all similar
features are evidence of common
ancestry. Analogous structures ca be
used for the _____________ & can be
superficially similar in construction but are
______________ from a common
ancestor. They show that functionally
similar features can evolve independently
in similar environments. Ex wings birds
vs. insects
same purpose
not inherited
III. EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
D. Embryology – Similarities in the
structures of developing ________ of
different organisms are considered to
be proof of a close evolutionary
relationship.
embryo
III. EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
E. Comparative biochemistry–
Scientists use DNA studies to
determine the evolutionary relationship
between organisms. The more similar
the DNA (or protein AA sequence) ,
_______________________________the closer the evolutionary relationship
IV. MECHANISMS FOR
EVOLUTION
A. Evolution occurs because of natural
selection - a mechanism for change that
occurs when organisms with _________
characteristics for a particular environment
______ and ________ to pass these
characteristics on to ________.
favorable
survive reproduce
offspring
IV. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION
• Evolution does not occur in an
individual; instead it refers to
________________ that occur in a
__________ over time.
• In other words, evolution is a change in
______________ for any gene in a
population.
heritable changes
population
allele frequency
IV. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION
• Other mechanisms work with natural
selection to produce ________ changes
in populations:
genetic
V. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
A. Mutation – A mutation is a
______________. Although mutations
are often _______, sometimes
the resulting change in _________ may
be beneficial to an organism under
certain conditions.
change in DNA
harmful
phenotype
In jaguars, the mutation is dominant hence
black jaguars can produce both black and
spotted cubs, but spotted jaguars only produce
spotted cubs when bred together.
V. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
• If the change occurs in the ________,
this change will be passed onto the
offspring of that organism.
gametes
V. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
• A mutation is the ultimate source of
__________ in a species.
• Without a variety of alleles for genes
in population, ______________ has
nothing to “choose”
• Low variation = low _______ of
population to adapt
new alleles
natural selection
ability
V. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
• A ___________ is a collection of all the alleles
for every gene in a population. Large gene pool
= high variation. Small gene pool = low variation.
gene pool
V. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
1. ________ mutations alone cannot
cause adaptation. ___________
natural selection is required for
forming adaptations.
2. Organisms do not ___________ in
response to challenge. Variation
must be already present for
_________ to operate.
RandomNon-random
try to mutate
selection
Clarifications about common misconceptions:
V. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
B. Diploidy – Most organisms are diploid, which means _______________________.
This allows for increased genetic variation in a population.
Heterozygote Advantage – Seen in _______________ and _________.
Recombination – Leads to increased genetic variation as a result of _____________ during __________ of _______.
double set of chromosomes
sickle cell allele malaria
crossing over prophase Imeiosis
V. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
C. Gene Flow – Gene flow occurs when
organisms from one community migrate to
another. This introduces new _________
into the gene pool of another _________,
changing its genetic makeup.
alleles
population
V. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
D. Genetic Drift – This describes a
situation in which ________ change in
allele frequency in gene pool is
magnified because the population size
is very ______.
Causes of genetic drift include
random
small
V. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
Bottleneck effect – large portion of
population ______________________
Founder effect – segment of
population moves to new ________
destroyed in disaster
habitatSimple
illustration
of founder
effect. The
original
population
is on the
left with
three
possible
founder
populations
on the right
Add to notes:
• Genetic drift ultimately results in the loss
of alleles from the genepool.
• Only mutations and gene flow can
introduce new alleles and increase
diversity
IX. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
• E. Single Gene Traits-Natural selection
on __________ traits can lead to changes
in ______ frequencies and therefore to
evolution. EX. _____________________
single gene
allele
Color change in a lizard poplution
IX. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
F. Selection of Polygenic Traits-Natural
selection can affect the distributions of
phenotypes in 3 ways:
• Directional Selection-Individuals at ___
end of the bell curve have higher fitness
than those in the middle or other end.
EX:_______________________________
_________________________________
one
Birds with bigger beaks are selected for over
Medium & small beaks.
IX. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.• Stabilizing Selection-Individuals in the ________
have the highest fitness causing the curve to
narrow.
• EX:___________________________________
______________________________________
• Disruptive Selection-when individuals at both ends of the
curve have the higher fitness. If lasts long enough can
cause the curve to split in two and create _____ distinct
phenotypes. EX.
_____________________________
middle
Birth weight, babies in the middle weight range are more
likely to survive than smaller or larger babies
two
Finches beak sizes, large & small beaks are selected for &the medium beaks
Struggle to survive.
IX. MECHANSIMS FOR
EVOLUTION Cont.
III. Macroevolution
D. As organisms ________ and adapt,
_________ may occur. Speciation is
the formation of new species - a group of
similar organisms that _______ with one
another and produce ___________
___________________________.
survive
speciation
breed
fertile offspring….
that is, babies that can make babies
• For speciation to occur population must
diverge & then be reproductively isolated.
Abert & Kaibab squirrels of the Grand Canyon
F. Isolating Mechanisms: allow for the gene
pools to become ____________ so they
can form a new __________. (No gene
flow)
Reproductive isolation- as new ______
evolves, populations become
_________________ isolated from
each other.
separate
species
species
reproductively
• Prezygotic- prevents reproduction by making
______________________ because of
geographic, ecological, behavioral, temporal or
other differences.
• Ex: _________________________ have
overlapping ranges & are similar in appearance
but use different mating songs & do not
interbreed.
• Ex: Fireflies- similar species but mate at different
_____________________
fertilization unlikely
Eastern & Western Meadowlark
times of night
• Postzygotic- when fertilization has
occurred but a ___________ offspring
_________________or reproduce;
prevents offspring survival or reproduction
• Ex. Mule, liger
hybrid
Cannot develop
V. Macroevolution
G. The failure of an
organism to _____
to changes in its
environment will
ultimately lead to its
_________
because of
_______________.
adapt
extinction
natural selection
V. MACROEVOLUTION
• A. Extinction-More than ____% of all
species that have ever lived are now
______, which means the species has
died out. Darwin proposed possible
reasons with competition for
___________________________
99
extinct
resources & environmental change
Fig. 1: Number of assessed taxa in each species group in Volume 1. For
each species group, the pie chart shows the absolute number of taxa and
that number as a percentage of all taxa (n = 478). By agreement, neobiota
are not included in the analysis.
V. MACROEVOLUTION
• ______ extinction has occurred several times,
wiping out entire __________.
• _______ , volcanic action, and ___________
movement has been blamed.
• Mass extinctions clear the way for __________
of other species. EX: _________
Mass
ecosystems
Meteorites Tectonic plate
evolution
Mammals
V. MACROEVOLUTION
B. Adaptive radiation or divergent evolution -
the process where a _____ species has evolved
through ________________ into diverse forms
that live in short period of time that live in different
ways. Often follows mass extinctions EX:
__________________________
C. _____________________ when unrelated
species evolve similar traits even though they live
in different parts of the world because of similar
ecology & climate. EX:__________________
single
natural selection
Finches & tortoises of the Galapagos
Convergent evolution
Mara of South
America & rabbit
of England
X. MACROEVOLUTION
D. ______________ is when a change in one organism
leads to a ____________ change in another organism.
EX: _______________
E. ____________________ Equilibrium is another pattern
of evolution. Unlike __________ punctuated equilibrium is
characterized with long periods of __________ interrupted
by brief periods of ______ change. It is controversial but
known that evolution does occur at different rates.
Co-evolutioncorresponding
Orchid/moth bee with other flowers
Punctuated Equilibriumgradualism
stability
rapid