unit 9 acid-base chemistry chapters 14 & 15. acids & bases chapter 14
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 9Acid-Base Chemistry
Chapters 14 & 15
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ACIDS & BASESChapter 14
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Properties of Acids
• Taste sour.• React with metals to
release H2 gas.
• React with bases to produce salts and water.
• Change the color of acid-base indicators.
• Conduct electric current.
Chapter 14 – Section 1: Properties of Acids and Bases
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Properties of Bases
• Taste bitter.• Feel slippery.• React with acids to
produce salts and water.• Change the color of
acid-base indicators.• Conduct electric current.
Chapter 14 – Section 1: Properties of Acids and Bases
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Arrhenius Acids and Bases
• An Arrhenius acid produces hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous solution.• An Arrhenius base produces hydroxide ions, OH−, in aqueous solution.• A strong acid (or base) ionizes completely.• A weak acid (or base) releases only a few ions.
Chapter 14 – Section 1: Properties of Acids and Bases
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Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
• A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a molecule or ion that is a proton donor.• A Brønsted-Lowry base is a molecule or ion that is a proton acceptor.
Example:–Hydrogen chloride acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid when it reacts with ammonia.
–Ammonia accepts a proton from the hydrochloric acid. It acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base.
Chapter 14 – Section 2: Acid-Base Theories
+ –3 4HCl NH NH Cl
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Lewis Acids and Bases
• A Lewis acid is an atom, ion, or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond.
• A Lewis base is an atom, ion, or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond.
• The Lewis definition is the broadest of the three definitions.
Chapter 14 – Section 2: Acid-Base Theories
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Comparing the Three Definitions
• Comparison Chart (from Page 482)
Visual Concept
Chapter 14 – Section 2: Acid-Base Theories
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Amphoteric Compounds
• An amphoteric substance is one that can react as either an acid or a base.
Example: water•water can act as an acid.
•Water can act as a base.
Chapter 14 – Section 3: Acid-Base Reactions
g + l aq aq–3 2 4NH ( ) H O( ) NH ( ) OH ( )
base acid
aq + l aq + aq–2 4 2 3 4H SO ( ) H O( ) H O ( ) HSO ( )
acid base
Visual Concept
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pHChapter 15
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The pH Scale• pH is defined as the negative of the
common logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration.
pH = −log [H3O+]
Example: a neutral solution has a [H3O+] = 1×10−7
The logarithm of 1×10−7 is −7.0. pH = −log [H3O+] = −log(1 × 10−7) = −
(−7.0) = 7.0
Chapter 15 – Section 1: Aqueous Solutions and the Concept of pH
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The pH Scale (continued)
Chapter 15 – Section 1: Aqueous Solutions and the Concept of pH
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The pH ScaleSample Problem
Identify each of the following solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral:a.) [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-7
b.) pH = 13.0
c.) [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-5
d.) pH = 1.0
Chapter 15 – Section 1: Aqueous Solutions and the Concept of pH
pH = 7 neutral
basic
pH = 5 acidic
acidic
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The pOH Scale• pOH is defined as the negative of the
common logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration.
pH = −log [OH-]
Example: a basic solution has a [OH-] = 1×10−3
The logarithm of 1×10−3 is −3.0. pOH = −log [OH-] = −log(1 × 10−3) = −(−3.0)
= 3.0
Chapter 15 – Section 1: Aqueous Solutions and the Concept of pH
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Comparing pH and pOH
• The sum of the pH and pOH of a solution is 14.
pH + pOH = 14.0
Chapter 15 – Section 1: Aqueous Solutions and the Concept of pH
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pH and pOHSample Problem
An aqueous solution has a pH of 4.0. Determine:a.) The hydronium ion concentration.
b.) The hydroxide ion concentration.
Chapter 15 – Section 1: Aqueous Solutions and the Concept of pH
[H3O+] =
1.0 x 10-
4
pOH = 14.0 - pH
= 14.0 – 4.0 pOH =
10.0[OH-] =1.0 x 10-
10