A P W O R L D H I S T O RY – BY: K I M B E R LY Z E R BS T

UNIT 6: CHAPTER 36NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL IDENTITIES IN ASIA,

AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA

WHAT ARE WE LEARNING?•Totalitarianism• Indian Independence Movement•Power struggle in China• Imperialist Japan•New African Elites•Back to Africa Movement•Rise of Military Dictatorships

RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM

LEAGUE OF NATIONS PROVES IMPOTENT IN THE FACE OF AGGRESSION

• Treaty of Locarno• Kellogg-Briand

Pact• Great depression• 1920- 23 democratically

elected governments • 1939 - 12

COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA

March 1917 – Nicholas II loses power

March – October

1917 Provisional

government

1921 – Lenin

institutes NEP

1924 – Lenin dies,

6 year power

struggle

1928 – Stalin

begins 5 year plans

1930’s – Great

famine and Purges occur

FASCISM IN ITALY

October 1922 –

Mussolini placed in charge by the King

1922- 1943 Mussolini in

power

1920’s – infrastructure projects, anti Mafia, medicine & education

1930’s – depression, aggressive

foreign policy

1940’s- closely

aligned w/ Hitler

NAZISM IN GERMANY

1919-1933 Weimar Republic

1923 – Beer-hall Putsch

1924 Mein Kampf

1930 – Great

Depression hits

1932 – Nazi Party gets

most electors

1933 – Hitler

appointed chancellor

1935 – Nuremberg

Laws

FASCIST DIFFERENCES

Italy• Flexible policies• Left & right –

revolutionary & conservative – catholic & anti-clerical

• “New” Italian • Little art control• 1929 Lateran

agreement

Germany• Volksgemeinschaft• Anti-semitism

(German Volk)• ALL art controllled• Forced church

compromise

FASCIST SIMILARITIES

Italy• Youth Movement

(1926)• Compulsory by 1932

• Teacher loyalty oath 1932• Fascist history textbook

1936• “Angels of the hearth”• Il duce propaganda

Germany• Hitler Youth• Compulsory 1936

• Non-nazi teachers purged 1933• 1935 all textbooks Nazi

approved• “Kinder, Kuche,

Kirche”• Der Fuhrer

propaganda

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

• Describe similarities and differences between the rise of communism in Russia and the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany?• Education• Government• Freedoms• Labor• Social • Religion

NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

MODERN TURKEY

Young Turks – 1908

1918 - Loss of territory

Mustafa Kemal - Ataturk

1923 – Turkish

Republic

PERSIA - IRAN

1794-1925 Russian (N) British (S) Spheres of Influence

1918 – British in Persia for oil

1921 – Reza Khan expelled

the British

1925 – Reza changed to Reza Shah Pahlavi –

westernized Iran

EGYPT, N. AFRICA, ARABIA

• French & British mandates• Syria, Lebanon (France)• Iraq, Jordan, Palestine

(Britain)• Balfour declaration-

1917• Ibn Saud- drove out

the Ottomans in 1920’s• Oil discovered in 1938

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

•How was the middle east’s nationalism different from that in Europe or Asia?•How was the middle east’s nationalism similar to that of Europe or Asia?•What happened in Turkey to the Armenian minority?•Why did that event happen?

CHINA’S QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCENO EUROPEAN SUPPORT

THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA• Revolution in 1911 forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate• Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) proclaims Republic of China in 1912• Political anarchy

follows• Independent warlords exercise local control

SUN YAT-SEN

• Revolutionary leader• Founder of Kuamintang (KMT)• Uniting figure in post-imperial China• Formed fragile alliance with communists

SOURCES OF CHINESE NATIONALISM

• Anti-imperialist sentiments from the 19th century•May Fourth Movement• Anti-Japanese feelings• Guomindang – Nationalist People’s Party• Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai (1921)• Leader: Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

CHINESE CIVIL WAR

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) Mao Zedong

1927-1936

IMPERIALIST JAPAN• Japan signs treaties under League of Nations to limit

imperialist activity, 1922-1928• Political chaos in interwar Japan, assassinations• Militarist, imperialist circles advocate greater

assertion of Japanese power in the region• China a soft target• Mukden Incident (1931)• “Asia for the Asians”

1931 – Japanese invade

Manchuria/Manchukuo

1937– Invasion of China, Rape

of Nanjing

1938/39 – clash w/Soviets on

Siberian border

1939 – take-over of French & British colonies (Greater E.Asian

Co-Prosperity Sphere)

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

•How did China’s political upheaval contribute to Japanese imperialism?•How did the acquisition of Manchuria and other Chinese territory contribute to the Co-Prosperity Sphere?

INDIA’S QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCE

NOMINAL BRITISH SUPPORT

INDIA’S QUEST FOR A HOMELAND

SOURCE OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA• Indian National Congress

(1885)• Jawaharlal Nehru • Muslim League (1905)• Initial support from both

Hindus and Muslims• How did Woodrow

Wilson’s ideas impact Indian nationalism?• How did Lenin’s ideas

impact Indian nationalism?

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GHANDI’S PASSIVE RESISTANCE

• Ahimsa: non-violence• Satyagraha: passive

resistance (“truth and firmness”)• Non-cooperation

Movement (1920-1922)• Civil Disobedience

Movement (1930)• Boycott of British

Institutions• Armritsar Massacre

(1919)27

THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1935, 1937)

• Creation of autonomous legislature• 600 nominally sovereign

princes refuse to cooperate• Muslim fears of Hindu

dominance• Traditional economic divide• Especially severe with

Great Depression• Muhammad Ali Jinnah

(1876-1948) proposes partition, creation of the State of Pakistan

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COMPARING INDIA AND CHINAIndia

• Nonviolent movement for home rule

• Anti-imperialist (British)• Independence leads to

internal conflict between Muslims and Hindus

• India Act • Partition of India and

Pakistan after independence

China• Armed conflicts• Anti-imperial (Manchu,

Japanese, Europeans)• Internal conflicts due

to warlords, communists and nationalists• Civil War – communist

win

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

•Who were the leaders of Indian Independence?•What were the main issues of contention among the leaders of the Indian National Congress?•How did British involvement change the dynamics of the struggle for Indian independence?

AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE GREAT WAR

32

AFRICA AND THE GREAT WAR

• African colonies participate in World War I• Allies invade

German-controlled colonies• Africans encouraged

to fight white soldiers

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AFRICA’S NEW ELITE• Post-war class of elite• Often influenced by

education, other experiences abroad• Jomu Kenyatta (1895-

1978), Kenyan nationalist• Moved to create modern

nation-states in Africa

MARCUS GARVEY• Pan-Africanism promoted by

Marcus Garvey (Jamaica, 1887-1940)• “Back to Africa”

DICTATORSHIPS IN LATIN AMERICA

OUTSIDE INFLUENCES

• European investors• Copper – Peru• Steel- Chile, Brazil• Beef/wheat – Argentina

• United Fruit Company• United States• Panama canal• Sponsored dictators• Good neighbor policy

• Great Depression

MEXICO, & BRAZIL

• Mexico –• 1910-1929 upheaval • National

Revolutionary Party 1946-1980’s• Oligarchy• Oil for “good

neighbor”

• Brazil –• 1930-1945

Governed by dictator Getulio Vargas (far right)• Forced industrialism

• 1946 Juan Peron became dictator

RISE OF MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS• Only making things

worse!• Chile• Spain• Uganda

TO REVIEW…•Totalitarianism• Indian Independence Movement•Power struggle in China• Imperialist Japan•New African Elites•Back to Africa Movement•Rise of Military Dictatorships