UNIT 4: MATTER

WHAT DO I KNOW?

WHAT DO I WANT TO KNOW?

MATTERLESSON 1

● We know what matter is.● We know how and why matter changes.● We know what molecules are.

Matter is everything that is around us.

It can be solid, liquid or gas.

Matter can change:

● Physical changes● Chemical changes

These changes can be caused by:

● Natural events● Human activity

WHAT IS MATTER MADE OF?

ALL matter is made up of PARTICLES. PROTONS, NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS.

ATOMS= PROTONS + NEUTRONS +ELECTRONS.

The protons and neutrons make up the NUCLEUS, and the electrons rotate around in ORBITS.

MOLECULES: ATOMS GROUPED TOGETHER

MIXTURESLESSON 2

● We know what is a mixture.● We know there are two

types of mixtures.● We know what a solution is.

MIXTURES

A mixture is a substance made up of one or more substances.

It can be separated into its original components.

They can be:

● HOMOGENEOUS● HETEROGENEOUS

MIXTURES

HOMOGENEOUS● They have a

consistent color and texture.

● Every part of the mixture has the same properties.

HETEROGENEOUS● The mixture has a varied color or

texture.● Each substance in the mixture

retains its specific properties.

SOLUTIONS are mixtures of liquids with other substances.

These other substances are DISSOLVED in the liquid.

The LIQUID is the SOLVENT, and the OTHER COMPONENT is the SOLUTE.

For example, SEAWATER= WATER (solvent) + SALT (solute)

SOLUTIONS

WHAT TYPE OF MIXTURE IS A SOLUTION??

?

MIXTURES 2.0LESSON 3

● We know 4 techniques for separating a mixture, depending on the components.

SEPARATING MIXTURES...Mixtures can be separated into their original components, but only when they haven’t been chemically combined.

We are going to study 4 techniques to do this: (Depending on the components)

FILTRATION

EVAPORATION

DISTILLATION

DISSOLUTION

FILTRATION● It is used to separate an insoluble solid from a mixture. ie: SOIL + WATER

EVAPORATION● It is used to separate a soluble solid from a solution. ie: SALT and WATER

DISTILLATION● It is used:

○ To separate a liquid from a solution. ○ To separate two liquids. ie: ALCOHOL and WATER

DISSOLUTION● It is used to separate a soluble solid from an insoluble one.

■ INSOLUBLE SOLID: SAND■ SOLUBLE SOLID: WATER

CHEMICAL CHANGESLESSON 4

● We know what a chemical reaction is.

● We know what two types of chemical reactions are there.

What is a chemical reaction?● A chemical reaction is a chemical change.

● It happens when two or more substances combine chemically.

● They are non-reversible. (it can’t be changed back)

● The atoms that make up the components are rearranged to form

new atoms.

● The properties of the new substance are different from its origin.

● For example….

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONSDepending on thermal energy:

● Exothermic: They produce thermal energy.

BURNING - FIREWORKS - GAS COMBUSTION

● Endothermic: They absorb thermal energy.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CHEMICAL CHANGES 2.0LESSON 5

● We know three types of chemical reactions.

● We know what these chemical reactions produce.

Three types….

1. COMBUSTION

2. OXIDATION (RUSTING and OXIDATION IN FRUIT)

3. FERMENTATION

COMBUSTION● Combustion is the name of a chemical reaction.● During combustion OXYGEN combines with a FUEL (wood, gas, coal,

petrol)● Themal energy is produced, so it is an EXOTHERMIC REACTION.● Combustion produces → FLAMES and SMOKE.

Examples: Power stations, vehicles, heating, cooking...

OXIDATION

● Oxidation is the name of a chemical reaction.● There are two types: RUSTING and OXIDATION IN FRUIT.

RUSTING1. During rusting, IRON is exposed to OXYGEN.2. OXYGEN ATOMS in the air combine with OXYGEN ELECTRONS.3. The IRON loses electrons and produces RUST.

OXIDATION IN FRUIT1. During oxidation in fruit, FRUIT is exposed to OXYGEN.2. OXYGEN ATOMS in the air combine with OXYGEN ELECTRONS.3. The FRUIT loses electrons and it is no longer good to eat.

FERMENTATIONDuring fermentation, AN ORGANISM changes a CARBOHYDRATE into ALCOHOL or an ACID.

1. BREAD: YEAST turns carbohydrates into CARBON DIOXIDE to cause the dough to rise.

2. MILK: BACTERIA turns carbohydrates into LACTIC ACID to produce YOGHURT or CHEESE.