UNIT 4The French Revolution and the Napoleonic

Empire

1- The beginning of the Modern Age

-From the Ancien Régime to the new regime - > late 18th century -> beginning of the Modern Age.

-Political revolution in France -> reforms -> new regime.

-"Liberty, equality and fraternity"

2- The causes of the French Revolution

-Intellectual causes -> Enlightenment

-Political Causes -> Estates General crisis

-Economic causes -> bankrupt

-Social causes -> 3 estates were discontented for different reasons.

3- Major events of the French Revolution

-The National Assembly. 1789

-The Constituent Assembly. 1789-1791 -> Constitution -> constitutional monarchy, popular sovereignty, separation of powers and limited male suffrage.

-The Legislative Assembly -> Girondins and Jacobins.

-The Convention -> 1793, Louis XVI was executed -> Roberspierre Republic (dictatorship, The Terror, 1793-1795)

-The Directory -> 1795, five members govern

-The Consulate -> 1799 military coup, three consuls,Napoleon First Consul.

-1802 Napoleon First Consul for Life

-December 1804 Emperor

-Policy achievements: Civil Code, military victories to expand his territories.

-The exception of Great Britain -> continental blockade

4- From revolution to empire

- From 1812 decay of the Empire.

-1813 Battle of Leipzig.

- 1814 Wars in Spain and Russia.

-1815 Napoleon's Hundred days.

-June 1815 Battle of Waterloo -> final defeat of Napoleon.

-Louis XVIII king of France.

-Changes in three aspects:

Political

Economic

Social

5- The Consequences of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire

-1788 Charles IV king of Spain.

6- Spain: occupation and liberation

-Weak King -> prime ministers governed

-Floridablanca, Aranda, Godoy

-The importance of Godoy policies

-1793 coalition against France

-1795 Alliance with France

6.1. Napoleon's occupation of Spain

-1805 Battle of Trafalgar

-1807 Treaty of Fontainebleau -> french troops entered Spain

-1808 Aranjuez riots -> Godoy was removed and Charles IV abdicated in his son

-Bayonne -> Charles IV and Ferdinand VII

-Joseph Bonaparte, Joseph I of Spain

-2 May 1808 the war began in Madrid

6.2. The Spanish War of Independence

-July 1808 Battle of Bailén.

-Only Cádiz resisted.

-1813 French troops were defeated. Guerrilla attacks were the key.

-During the war Joseph I was reigning

The War

-Two governments coexisted during the war in Spain:

-Joseph I, French government -> Bayonne Statute

-Central Council (Ferdinand VII) -> elected representatives.

The Political revolution

-1810 Regency Council, a five-person Regency -> Cortes of Cádiz, a permanent government

-19 March 1812 - CONSTITUTION (la Pepa) -> ideas from Enlightenment -> end of the Ancien Régime.

-1814 Ferdinand VII abolished the Constitution.

The importance of Cádiz

-Constitutional monarchy-Popular sovereignty (universal indirect

male suffrage)-Catholicism as the state religion-Separation of powers-Some rights and freedoms are now guaranteed.

Spanish Constitution of 1812

-Family -> Civil Code, changes

-Women -> advances

-Daily life -> calendar change

-Technological advances

Life during the Revolution and the Empire

-Art during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire, late 18th century and early 19th century.

-Enlightenment ideas.

-Neoclassicism.

The Empire Style and Goya

-1800-1820.

-Napoleon's tastes.

-Imperialist propaganda.

-Copy Neoclassicism style.

Neoclassicism: the Empire Style

-Simple forms. A variant of Neoclassicism.

-Imitation of classical forms.

-Propaganda through his themes.

Characteristics

-Based on the Roman Empire.

-Style of the people -> not ostentatious, but sober and evenly balanced.

-Timber frames and box-like constructions.

-Creators: Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine.

Architecture

-Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, Paris (1806-8) -> to commemorate Napoleon's military victories of the previous year.

Examples in France

-Arc de triomphe de l'Etoile, Paris -> honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolution. It was designed by Chalgrin in 1806.

-Vendôme Column, Paris -> it was modelled after Trajan's column to commemorate the victoy of Austerlitz.

-Designed by Bergeret.

-La Madeleine, Paris -> it was designed as a temple to the glory of Napoleon's Army.

-By Vignon.

-Empire Style used sculpture as a part of their overall style, it was part of the interior decoration.

-It imitated the classical art (like neoclassicism).

-The main figure was Canova.

Sculpture

-Paulina Bonaparte, by Canova.

-Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker, by Canova, 1802-1806.

-Historical and mythological themes.

-Portraits.

-Neoclassicism style.

-Main examples: David, Ingres or Gérard.

Painting

-Bonaparte Crossing the Grand Saint-Bernard Pass, 20 May 1800-1802, by David.

-The coronation of Napoleon in Notre Dame, by David, 1806.

- Napoleon on his imperial throne, by Ingres, 1806.

-Bonaparte First Consul, by Gérard, 1803.

Cupid and Psyque, by Gérard

-Early years -> At age 14 Goya studied with painter Luzán. Then he moved to Madrid, where he studied with painter Mengs.

-First important works-> he painted cupolas at Basilica del Pilar (Zaragoza) and other religious theme works.

SPAIN: Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Zaragoza 1746- Bordeaux 1828)

-Cartoons for tapestries.

Court Period (1774-1808)

The family of Carlos IV

Carlos III

Portraits of the Royal Family and nobility

Carlos IIILos duques de Osuna y sus hijos

La familia del Infante Don Luis

The Clothed Maja and the Nude Maja

Religious paintings

Frescoes in San Antonio de la Florida

Prints for etchings: The Caprices

"the innumerable foibles and follies to be found in any civilized society, and from the common prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, ignorance, or self-interest have made usual"

"The sleep of reason produces monsters".

-He was working at the court, so he never did any public declaration about his position or his ideas respect the war.

-He was affected by the war and its consequences.

-He made several works about this theme.

The Spanish War of Independence Period (1808-1820)

Historical themes, 1814

The Disparates, 1815-1823

The tauromaquia

The disasters of war (1810-1820)

-After becoming deaf because of an illness, he retired from social life.

-He made reflections on old age and death.

-His style change again into dark colours, night scenes, etc.

-He used loose brush-strokes and less-defined figures now.

-In 1824 he went on exile to Bordeaux, France.

Retirement and exile (1820-1828)

Black paintings, 1819-1823

Burgundy paintings, 1824-1828

•22, 24, 25, 26 page 91

•4, 5, 6 page 92

•10, 11, 14 page 93

•Page 94 (in your notebooks)

Activities