UNIT 3 AND 4 SLIDES

M S . D I N E E N

SOUTHERNIZATION IN THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

• Monopolized the manufacture of gunpowder, a Chinese invention, which

made possible their control of the Middle East and Northern India

• Conquered enemies with the use of superior military technology

SOUTHERNIZATION IN THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

• After their conquest of

Constantinople,

Ottomans controlled

European access to East

African gold and Indian

sugar and spice

• Modeled Asoka’s policies

on religious toleration

OTTOMANS

OTTOMANS

• Janissaries + Gunpowder = Widespread military success in the

Middle East and Eastern Europe

• Large, Persian-style bureaucracy led by a sultan

• Suleiman led the empire to a golden age

–Istanbul was an important center of trans-regional trade

–Modernized the army

• Millets and the commercial revolution eventually led to the

decline of the Ottoman Empire, which was broken up in 1919

SOUTHERNIZATION IN THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

• Shiite Muslim Empire

practiced religious

toleration to

encourage trade

• Isfahan was established

as the center of the

Asian silk trade

SAFAVIDS

SAFAVIDS

• Shiite Islam enforced throughout the empire

• Shah Abbas redistributed wealth and encouraged industry

• Isfahan became cosmopolitan, where non-Muslims’

economic contributions were valued

SOUTHERNIZATION IN THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

• Islamic elites ruled a

Hindu majority,

requiring a blending of

those belief systems

• Capitalized on

preexisting Indian

Ocean Trade routes

MUGHALS

MUGHALS

• Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) introduced Islamic rule to India

• A Hindu majority was ruled by Islamic Elites, requiring policies of

Tolerance

• Sikhism developed through SYNCRETISM

– Other examples?

• His grandson, Akbar, won the support of the Hindu majority

through religious toleration

ENGLAND

• On Christmas Day, 1066, William

the Conqueror was crowned the

first Norman king of England

• From the collapse of the Roman

Empire to William’s conquest,

England was ruled by Anglo-

Saxon kingdoms

FRANCE

• Joan of Arc, a peasant girl living in

medieval France, believed that

God had chosen her to lead

France to victory in the Hundred

Years’ War with England (1337-

1453)

• She was later captured by the

English and burned at the stake

for heresy

SPAIN

• In 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon

married Isabella of Castile in

Valladolid, thus uniting all the

dominions of Spain.

• Introduced the Spanish

Inquisition, a powerful and brutal

force of homogenization in

Spanish society.

• In 1492, Spain “regained” Granada

from the moors

CORRUPTION IN THE CHURCH

• The Church raised money through selling

indulgences

– Indulgences promised salvation for those who bought

them

• The Spanish Inquisition highlighted the extreme

power of the pope

• It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to those who could not read Latin.

MARTIN LUTHER IN GERMANY

• In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door in Germany. They were written in Latin.

• Luther’s intention was not to break from the Church, but to reform:

– Indulgences

– Power of Pope

– Wealth of Church

• God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE!

4 OF THE 95 THESES

• 42. Christians should be taught that the buying of indulgences does

not compare with being forgiven by Christ.

• 43. A Christian who gives to the poor or lends to those in need is

doing better in God’s eyes than one who buys 'forgiveness'.

• 44. This is because in loving others, love grows & you become a

better person. A person buying a pardon does not become a better

person.

• 45. A person who passes by a beggar but buys an indulgence will gain

the anger and disappointment of God.

KING HENRY VIII ESTABLISHES THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

• As you remember the Roman Catholic Church, and its leader the Pope, was a powerful force in Europe.

• Pope Clement the II denied Henry’s request for divorce.

• Unable to change the Pope’s mind Henry VIII made his Act of Supremacy in 1534 and declared England free from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.

JOHN CALVIN IN SWITZERLAND

• Predestination

– God knows who will be saved, even

before people are born, and therefore

guides the lives of those destined fore

salvation.

CHANGING MAP OF EUROPE

• https://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/900/index.html

THE REFORMATION SPREADS

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648):A series of religious wars between protestants and Catholics in the Catholic-ruled Holy Roman Empire

Peace of Westphalia:Ended the Thirty Years’ war by granting independence to several German states, including Prussia

SPAIN• Charles V, a Hapsburg, and grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella was

elected Holy Roman Emperor, and the resulting Spanish Empire

sought to defend Christianity as a global empire

FRANCE• In 1598, the Bourbons enacted

the Edict of Nantes sought to

resolve disputed between French

Catholics and French Protestants,

or Huguenots.

THE COUNTER-REFORMATION

• The Council of Trent was called by the Pope in 1545

in response to the spread of Protestantism

throughout Europe

• Clergymen and monarch in attendance resolved to:

–spread and enforce Catholicism

–censor new protestant ideas

JESUITS

• Ignatius Loyola founded the Society of Jesuits

–Jesuits believed in strict obedience to the Catholic

Church

–Jesuits = defenders of Catholic Church

• missionaries → travelled to Asia, Africa and the

Americas to spread Catholicism

THE INQUISITION

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8Ry74xfWgY (36:20)

FIND ITALYIn the twelfth century, Roger II, the Christian Norman king of Sicily, showed tolerance of people of all faiths and ethnicities, and he attracted scholars of diverse backgrounds to his court. He invited Abu Abdallah al-Idrisi, an Arab Muslim scholar of wide interests, to produce an atlas of the “inhabited earth” that would be based on observation, not just on other maps and books. Al- Idrisi had traveled widely himself, certainly in Asia Minor, North Africa, and Iberia, perhaps as well as in France and England. Al-Idrisithen used travel information, as well as the works of earlier Muslim and classical scholars, to put together his atlas named The Book of Roger. His map is purely geographical, with no cultural or religious features, and no pictures of humans, animals, or architecture.

All that is known about the maker of this world map of ca. 1300 from Hereford, England, is that he was a priest. To make the main features of the map more legible, the editors of the source omitted the fanciful pictures of humans and animals, both natural and fabulous that are on the original. As was usual on European medieval maps, Jerusalem is placed at the center in accordance with the Bible statement that it was set “in the midst of the nations.” Projecting outside the map’s borders in four small protruding circles are the letters M O R S, the Latin word for “death.” East is at the top of the map.

In 1457, Fra Mauro, a Venetian monk and well-known cartographer, was commissioned by thePortuguese king to draw the world map above. He explicitly discussed his sources: the latestavailable Portuguese sea-charts from the king, the book of Marco Polo, and the Ptolemaic model, which he chose not to follow fully because new information allowed him to correct Ptolemy. He also seems to have drawn on Arab and Indian sources. His map has south on the top—standard on Muslim maps, but unknown on any other western one.

Johannes Schöner (1477-1547) produced the globe above. He was a German astronomer, mathematician, and noted cartographer. He patterned it on a map published in 1507, the first printed map to show any part of the new world and the first to name it “America.” That map gave the Western Hemisphere its name only four years after the publication of an account of the voyage of Amerigo Vespucci, from whom the word “America” derives. The map here shows ocean on the far side of the American continent before Magellan’s voyage of 1519. Also, the size of Japan [Zipagri] and its distance from the Asian mainland are exaggerated.

MERCANTILISM

• theory that a favorable balance of trade was needed to

attain wealth and power.

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES

• Nations were competing for markets and trade goods

• Extremely expensive to establish a colony so…

• Joint-stock companies = investors combined their money to fund new colonies; sold stocks in the venture to enable investors to share in the profits and risks of a voyage

–Funded the colonies in the Americas

–Virginia Company, Dutch East India Co., British East India Co., etc.

ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM

• Cash crops were

produced on

haciendas, or large

plantations

• Basis of the

economy in

central and south

American colonies

REGIONAL LABOR EXPERIENCES

• Sugar was primarily from in the Caribbean and Brazil

– African slavery was the dominant labor system

– Mortality rates were extremely high due to difficult working

conditions and the prevalence of disease on the Middle Passage

• Tobacco was primarily from North American Mid-Atlantic Colonies

– In white majority contexts, slaveholders often had more direct

and regular opportunities to control the daily experiences of

enslaved people.

– Many African Americans were “stripped” of their cultural

identities

PORTUGAL

• In the 1500s, Portugal took control of the Indian trade network from the Muslims.

• They also captured and controlled important trade ports along the Indian coast.

• This resulted in Portugal controlling the spice trade for most of the 16th century.

• Portuguese power in this region declined due in part to their mistreatment of Indian people, and the disrespect shown to Indian religion and culture.

THE DUTCH REPUBLIC

• The Dutch took control from the Portuguese in the

late 1500s.

• A group of wealthy merchants setup the Dutch East

India Company in the early 1600s and became the

dominant force in the Asian spice trade.

• Their power did not begin to decline until the

1700s, when the British East Company moved in

SPAIN

• Spain attempted to gain part of the Asian spice trade

through its claim on the island chain known as the

Philippines.

• The Spanish claimed the Philippines due to their

discovery by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.

• Spanish merchants and missionaries used these

islands as a staging ground into Asia.

GROWING POPULATION AND ECONOMIC CRISIS

• Due to the introduction of American goods, Asian

populations boom

• Silver currency, particularly in China, depreciates, leading to

economic crisis

• China and Japan establish a tradition of isolationism,

resisting western influence and trade

• Silk Road becomes obsolete

NARA JAPAN (710-794)

•The earliest inhabitants of Japan were

nomadic peoples from northeast Asia

•Early states were inspired by the Tang

example of centralized government

•Adopted Confucianism and Buddhism, but

maintained their Shinto rites

HEIAN JAPAN 794-1185

•Japanese emperors as ceremonial figureheads and

symbols of authority

•Emperor did not rule in their organized Confucian

bureaucracy, which explains the longevity of the

imperial house

•Chinese learning dominated Japanese education and

political thought

DECLINE OF HEIAN JAPAN

• Taira and Minamoto, the two most powerful

clans, engaged in wars

–This launched the Bafuku (Shogunate) Period, in

which the Shogun controlled the military and

state in a feudal system

–The Bafuku period lasted from the 12th century to

the 19th century in Japan, with the Kamakura,

Ashikaga, and Tokugawa Shogunates

KAMAKURA JAPAN (1195-1333)

AN INTERESTING PREDICAMENT

KANGXI – MANCHU V. CONFUCIUS

• In order to enlist the Chinese in advancing the Manchu

cause, Kangxi

• reduced taxes for peasants

• Called Chinese scholars to his imperial court to

transform Manchu leadership to a Confucian

establishment modeling the Ming tradition

• To stabilize the empire, Kangxi needed to control the

Manchu hierarchy and the Chinese people they conquered,

making it necessary to focus on adapting Confucianism,

rather than on arts and culture

QIANLONG – MANCHU V. CONFUCIUS

• Expanded empire to largest size by conquering Taiwan, Mongolia,

Tibet, leading to a more multi-ethnic China

• Civil Service Exams became increasingly important in a diverse

empire

• Rather than distancing himself from Manchu tradition, Qianlong

embraced both Manchu and Confucianism

• Agricultural production continued to rise, population boomed due

to introduction of American goods to Asia

• In keeping with his universality, Qianlong welcomed Jesuit

missionaries to the imperial court

THE MANY FACES OF QIANLONGQianlong deliberately represented himself differently to each of the various constituents that formed his extensive, multiethnic empire. To the Tibetans, for example, Qianlong portrayed himself as a reincarnation of one of the most important bodhisattvas of Tibetan Buddhism, Manjusri; for the Mongols he took on the role of a steppe prince who understood their steppe traditions; and to the Han Chinese he portrayed himself as a scholar and great patron of Chinese learning and art.

FOREIGN RELATIONS

• The depreciation of silver caused Ming emperors to

enforce greater trade restrictions, which the Qing upheld.

• When European nations began to push back against China’s

terms for trade, wars were fought and lost, causing damage

to China’s sovereignty.

• Qing emperors’ acceptance of Christianity ultimately

resulted in the Boxer Rebellion of 1899, and ultimately the

establishment of a republic in 1912.

WHAT IS CHINA?

In 1912, when the Qing dynasty was overthrown and the Republic of China established, real questions arose as to what constituted "China." At this time many political thinkers and political actors said that "China"

was for "the Chinese." Indeed, the Manchu Qing were overthrown partly as a movement of "China for the Chinese." Once the overthrow was accomplished, however, the new leaders had to confront the reality of a much smaller Chinese territory. What followed as a result was a political reevaluation of a consolidated national framework

encompassing all the various peoples that had been brought into the Chinese administrative sphere under the Manchu Qing.

WHATEVER HAPPENED TO ZHENG HE?

• While the cause is

widely unknown, many

historians believe that

Zheng He’s voyages lost

funding because they

became too expensive

for the empire to handle

in its decline.

POLITICAL CONTEXT

• The age of Inquiry brought new philosophies on rule. Before the

enlightenment, Machiavelli was the most influential theorist

– Italian Renaissance Era

– “The end justifies the means”

– “it is better to be feared than loved”

• Political Instability after the collapse of feudalism (disastrous 14th

century)

• Multiple Popes!

RELIGIOUS CONTEXT

• Protestant Reformation

–England: Anglicanism

–Holy Roman Empire: Lutheranism

–France: Calvinism

• 30 Years War

• Jesuits and other missionaries

ABSOLUTISM IN SPAIN

• Ferdinand and Isabella (1469-1516):

–Reconquista

–Inquisition

• Phillip II (1556-1598)

–Son of Charles V

–Conquered Portuguese throne

–Married Bloody Mary

–Spanish Armada defeated by the British (foreshadowing)

–Colonial Golden Age

ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE

• Louis XIV

– “Sun King”

– Responsible to God, not

the people

– “I am the state”

– “loved war too much”

HUGUENOTS

• French Protestants

• Huguenots were

usually Calvinists

ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY MASSACRE

• Up to 3,000 Huguenots

were killed outside of

St. Bartholomew’s

Church by Catholic

aggressors

• Marked the beginning

of a civil war in France

EDICT OF NANTES

• signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France

• granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as

Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still

considered essentially Catholic at the time

• Louis XIV Revoked the Edict of Nantes once he came to

power in the late 1600s.

Russia – In review

• Kiev – established by Vikings

• Strong Byzantine influences

• Conquered by Mongols in late 1230s; missed Europe’s Age of Inquiry as a result

• Princes of Muscovy worked with Mongols to gain power over their own

manors (feudal system)

• Ivan III (the Great) stopped tribute to Mongols in 1480

The Cossacks

The Growth

of Russia

from 1300 to

1584

BOYARS AND IVAN THE TERRIBLE

• Competition with nobility

(Boyars) for power

• Czar took on role as head

of church

• Struggle with Boyars

reached climax under rule

of Ivan IV

Ivan cradles his dead son

ROMANOVS• Peter the Great

• Peter developed fascination for Western technology

• Took throne in 1689

• Established a policy of rapid and forced modernization and Westernization

• Copied many aspects of Western military

Peter the Great

ROMANOVS

• Industrialization began under Peter the Great

•Factory owners could buy serfs, prostitutes, beggars, criminals, and orphans

•Despite the emphasis put on industry, Russia’s factories never rivaled those of Europe

ROMANOVS

• Catherine the Great

• Married Peter III

• Peter murdered –

Catherine came to throne

as Catherine II (1762 –

1796)

• Ruled with support of

nobility and military

• Selective Westernization

– interested in the

Enlightenment Catherine II (the Great)

Russian Expansion 1700 to 1741