unit 2 marrakech by george orwell lecturer: meng fanyan

Unit 2 Marrakech by George Orwell Lecturer: Meng Fanyan

Teaching Aims To know the writing techniques of exposition To learn the methods in developing an expository writing, esp. the use of examples To appreciate the language features

Teaching Teaching Contents I. Background knowledge II. Introduction to the passage III. Text Analysis IV. Rhetorical devices V. Questions

1. Background Knowledge George Orwell Morocco Marrakech

George Orwell

George Orwell (Information?) George Orwell ( pseudonym or pen name) Eric Arthur Blair (1903 1950) British novelist and essayist Best known for his journalism Born in India, serving the British government abroad

George Orwell He travelled widely. Marrakech is one of the places he travelled to. His travel made him take a hostile attitude toward imperialism. He showed deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm supporter of socialism.

George Orwell Orwell was famous for his political satires. He was an uncompromising ( ) individualist and political idealist. Orwell argued that writers have an obligation of fighting social injustice, oppression, and the power of totalitarian ( ) regimes.

George Orwell His works: Homage to Catalonia,Homage to Catalonia Down and Out in Paris and London,Down and Out in Paris and London Burmese Days,Burmese Days A Clergyman's daughter,A Clergyman's daughter Coming Up for Air

George Orwell (additional information) Orwell is best remembered today for two of his novels or masterpieces Animal Farm (1945) Nineteen Eighty-four (1949)

Animal Farm ---- a political fable in which each animal represents a certain human character. Animal Farm

Animal Farm

Nineteen Eighty-Four

A brief history of Morocco The present king, Mohammed VI, succeeded king Hassan II on his death in 1999, has continued his fathers progressive reforms of health, education, and economics.

The people Most of the people of Morocco are Muslims. Islam is the state religion.

At one time there are about 200,000 Jews in Morocco. Most of them were descendants of those who had fled from Spain and other European countries and settled in the coastal cities. The people

Moroccans are mainly farmers (70%) who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still wander from place to place in the desert. The people

Marrakech Location It is situated in southwest Morocco at the foot of the Atlas Mountains, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport.

Marrakech Marrakech is the second largest city in Morocco. The city is known as the Red city after the magnificent red fortifications that surround it.

Marrakech It is the principal commercial centers of Morocco. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Marrakech has an exotic traditional atmosphere.

Marrakech Marrakech is not only a fantastic city, it is also a symbol of the Morocco. The streets of the old and pink city have been too narrow to allow the introduction of cars.

markets

Shopping Old city gate

Typical street scene Traditional town house

II. Introduction to the Passage A political essay Orwell leaves no doubt about his feelings concerning colonialism and its results. He has shown the readers how millions of people can be ignored and treated as less than human.

The suffering and misery of the colonial people in Marrakech. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. Theme (Discussion)

How does the author develop this thesis? (Discussion) --- It is supported by various independent examples or illustrations of the peoples poverty and suffering. Introduction to the Passage

Orwell shows poverty from five perspectives: 1. the burial of the poor inhabitants 2. An Arab Navvy begging for bread 3. The miserable lives of the Jews 4. Cultivation of the poor soil 5. The old women carrying firewood

1. Type of literature --- a piece of exposition. 2. The purpose of a piece of exposition: --- to inform or explain. 3.The requirements: --- objectiveness, honesty and completeness. Genre analysis

An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.

Genre analysis The writer appeals to a reader's understanding with verifiable (that can be verified) facts and valid information, explaining and interpreting materials so that the reader will accept his point of view or explanation.

Genre analysis Thus he must organize and develop his thought objectively and present it with honesty and completeness so that the reader will have confidence in what he is saying.

Genre analysis Generally the writer makes a statement of the central thought or of his purpose quite early. This statement is sometimes called the "thesis", and may even be the title of the piece.

Genre analysis Sometimes the writer may first present and develop his facts and make his general statement as a conclusion at the end.

--- comparison --- contrast --- classification --- analogy --- illustration --- analysis --- definition --- exemplification Ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition:

Genre analysis specific method examples The objective presentation of examples show that the people in colonial countries are poverty- stricken.

Structural analysis How many parts does the essay fall into? And whats the main idea of each part? (Group discussion)

I suppose that from her point of view, violating a law of nature. --- The author gave the old woman a little money. The response was a shrill wail for she was greatly surprised. The old woman was fully accustomed to her miserable existence and to not being taken notice of by any one, so she almost considered the author to be doing sth. unnatural by giving her the money.

Part 6: ( Paras.22-26) Conclusion----description of the black troops in general and one black soldier individually. It won't be long for the white people to keep these black people in ignorance.

As the storks flew northward a clatter of iron wheels. ----Contrast. The passive plodding, earthbound blacks are contrasted with the glittering white birds so great, pure and lofty who sail above them in the sky. While the former are weighed down by heavy packs, are sweating and uncomfortably hot, the latter are free to soar unfettered in the cool sky above. Paras.22

screw-gun: perhaps a kind of small cannon winding up: moving slowly following the twisting and turning road clumping, clatter: two onomatopoeic words describing the sound of boots and iron wheels as they moved over the road

Paras.23 They were Senegalese. ---- These black soldiers were from Senegal. Senegal: Republic of Senegal, a country in western Africa, formerly part of French West Africa. It became independent in 1960.

their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms ---- The Senegalese soldiers were wearing ready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well-built bodies. reach-me-down/hand-me-down: (British colloq.) second-hand or ready- made clothing

khaki 1) a khaki-colored cloth made usually of cotton or wool and used especially for military uniforms 2) a light yellowish brown

their feet squashed into boots a couple of sizes too small. ---- Their feet were squeezed into boots that were too small and were flat and square like blocks of wood and their heads were also squeezed into tin hats which seemed to be a couple of sizes too small for them.

tin hat

Description of the black soldiers dusty; boot-clumping; reach-me- down uniform, uncomfortable boots, small size tin hat, slumping with the weight of packs

But the look might expect. ----The look the young Negro soldier gave Orwell was not what Orwell was expecting. What does he expect?

in this connection it doesn't matter twopence if he calls himself a socialist ---- Every white man, even those who call themselves socialists cant help thinking this thought when he sees a black army marching past. Para.25

in this connection: in this case while speaking of such things ( while speaking of the one thought which every white man thinks) it doesn't matter twopence: it doesn't matter a bit. /It doesnt matter at all.

How much longer can we go on kidding these people? ---- How much longer can we go on fooling or deceiving these people?

How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? ---- Euphemism. How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?

It was curious really. ---- It was strange and interesting that every white man ( onlookers, officers and the white N.C.Os) had this thought in his mind.

Every white man stowed somewhere or other in his mind. ---- Every white man, the onlookers, the officers on their horses and the white N.C.Os. Marching with the black soldiers, had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind.

so had the other onlookers N. C. Os marching in the ranks. ( Inversion) Charger: a horse ridden in battle N. C. O: noncommissioned officer; an enlisted person of any various grades in the armed forces, from corporal ( ) to sergeant ( ) inclusive Ranks: the body of soldiers of an army, as distinguished from the officers

And really it was like watching a flock of cattle up the road. ----Comparison. Watching the one-or- two miles long column of soldier marching peacefully up the road was just like watching a flock of cattle. Why? Cattle dont think, dont ask questions, but follow their masters blindly. These black soldiers were just like cattle.

Symbol white bird/ scraps of paper --- symbolic of freedom

Discussion Why were the people in Marrakech so poor? Try to list out the causes.

The causes of their poverty 1. Colonization---- --- "All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people in the colonies are oppressed by the colonialists. They have to work hard but get very little money.

2. Racial discrimination---- "The people have brown faces --- besides, there are so many of them." (para.3 ) "He is the same colour as the earth, " (para.16)

3. Native people's ignorance He showed his profound respect to his enemy. " He... has feelings of reverence before a white skin "Only the Negroes didn't know it

4. Poor natural conditions soil: desolate, barren or poor like broken-up brick ( no wild animals bigger than a hare can live on it.) climate: dry (Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is never enough water.)

IV. Text Analysis Why does the author succeed in arousing the furious feelings in the readers? What techniques does he employ to succeed in this piece of writing? (discussion)

1. Through the clever choice of words, esp. making effective use of specific verbs. IV. Text Analysis

effective use of verbs 1. Thread in The little crowd of mournersthreaded their way across the market (P.2) 2. Rise, sweat, starve, sink in They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years (P. 3) 3. Sidle in An Arab navvy sidled slowly towards us (P.6)

effective use of verbs 4. Grope in Even a blind mangroping in the air with his hand (P.10) 5. Mummify in all of them are mummified with age and the sun (P.19) 6. Hobble in the file of old women had hobbled past (P.20)

7. Stowed in He stowed it gratefully (P.7) 8. Tip in its master tips it into the ditch (P.20) 9. His left leg is warped out of shape (P.9)

choice of words 1. Wailing a short chant over and over again (p.2) 2. As the Jews live in a self-contained community (P.11)

3. The plough is a wretched wooden thing (P.18) 4. All of them are mummified with age and the sun (P. 19) 5. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (P.23)

2. Through using the methods of exposition such as contrast, illustration, comparison, etc. ( by contrasting the indignation at the cruel treating of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings) IV. Text Analysis

3. Through the clever choice of scenes he describes. IV. Text Analysis

4. Through the tone in which he describes these scenes. (Through the objective description the readers can sense out the tone in writing. He shows deep sympathy to the poor people and is hostile to the colonialists.)

IV. Text Analysis 5. Through employing the figures of speech

V. Rhetorical Devices Rhetorical questions Euphemism Simile Synecdoche Transferred epithet Onomatopoeia

Rhetorical questions: What does Morocco mean to a Frenchman? Or to an Englishman? Camels, castles, palm trees(P.17)

Rhetorical questions: Are they really the same flesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects?(P.3)

Euphemism : No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.( P17) How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? ( P25)

Simile Long limes of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, work their way slowly across the field (P.18) And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column, a mile or two miles of armed men(P.26)

Simile sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies (P. 8)

Synecdoche a white skin is always fairly conspicuous ( a person with white skin) (para. 16)

Transferred epithet there was a frenzied rush of Jews (the Jews were in a frenzied state) (para.10)

Onomatopoeia The Negroes were marching southward with a clumping of boots and clatter of iron wheels.

Language features 1. simple words, simple statements (to convey deeper meaning) 2. the use of rhetorical questions (very effective in conveying his anger) 3. terse, lucid prose style (concise, easy) 4. good diction

Comprehension questions 1. How did the author show the reader the poverty? 1) the burial of the poor body 2) an Arab Navvy begging for a piece of bread 3) sad lives of Jews in the ghettoes 4) toil cultivation of the poor soil 5) the old women carrying firewood

Comprehension questions 2. Why did the author say, A good job Hitler wasnt here? --- If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred.

Comprehension questions 3. What kind of people are partly invisible, according to the author? Why does he stress this point? --- Those who work with their hands are partly invisible.

Comprehension questions ---- Its only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are really founded.

Appreciation of the text 1. The things of value, Orwell says in "Why I Write," are always political. Is this essay political? Has the writer said anything of value? --- Yes, this essay is political. Yes, in this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism.

Appreciation of the text 2. Why does the writer reveal his feelings about the donkeys but conceal his feelings about the people? What effect does this contrast have on the reader?

--- He intends to give the readers a contrast between the donkeys and the local people to show the ill-treatment human beings receive. This contrast evokes a greater feeling of sympathy for the native people.

Appreciation of the text 3. Comment on Orwell's lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details. --- He properly uses the simple but forceful words and skillfully chooses the scenes he describes. He efficiently expresses the main idea of the essay with lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details.

Appreciation of the text --- In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism. He mercilessly exposes the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. These people are not considered as human beings, nor are they treated as human beings.

Appreciation of the text The cruel treatment the donkey receives evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the brown human beings. This central thought or thesis is stated in the sentence all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact in Para. 3.

4. Could paragraphs 4-7 just as well come after 8-15 as before? Why or why not?

Appreciation of the text The thesis is supported by various independent examples or illustrations of the peoples poverty and suffering. They are each separate or independent. P4-7 can just as well come after P8-15. The central theme, however, gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay for the separate examples that all illustrate the poverty and misery of the colonial people.

P31 Passage 1 "Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has completely forgotten about what he had started out to say.

Instead of being an "eternal battle", life in this paragraph becomes a pleasant and exciting experience --- which it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove.

P31 Passage 2 "There are three reasons why I like Japanese food" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity because the writer introduces facts and ideas irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening sentence.

e.g. "However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal." And "Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason --- the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food."

Supplementary exercise (general knowledge 1) 1. The longest river in Britain is ____. A. Severn B. Tees C. Thames D. Clyde A. Severn ( 338 Thames, )

2. The British Isles is made up of ____. A. Three large islands and hundreds of small ones B. Two large islands and hundreds of small ones C. Three large islands and dozens of small ones D. Two large islands and dozens of small ones B.

3. In ____ the Romans conquered Greece. A. 146 B. C B. 1200 B. C C. 700 B. C D. the 5th century A. 146

4. Which work described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy? A. Antigone B. Odyssey C. Iliad D. Oedipus the king C. Iliad Agamemnon Troy( )

5. There are three political divisions ____ on the island of Great Britain. A. England, Scotland, and Ireland B. England, Scotland, and Wales C. England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland D. Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland B England Scotland Wales England( )

6. The Tower of London, located in the centre of London, was built by ____. A. King Harold B. William the Conqueror C. Robin Hood D. Oliver Cromwell B The Tower of London William the Conqueror( ) 11 18

7. St. Paul's Cathedral is in ____. A. Liverpool B. London C. Glasgow D. Birmingham B St Paul s Cathedral( ) 1666 1675 35 17l0

8. The largest lake in Britain is ____. A. Ullswater B. Loch Lomond C. Windermere D. The Lough Neagh D (The Lough Neagh) 3l 389 Lough .

9. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C? A. Roman Culture B. Greek Culture C. Chinese Culture D. Egyptian Culture B 5

10. The founder of scientific mathematics is ____. A. Aristotle B. Heracleitus C. Socrates D. Pythagoras D (Pythagoras)

11. ____is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes, it is a long poem of over 3000 lines and the national epic of the English people. A. Beowulf C. The Canterbury Tales B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight D. King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table

A (Beowulf) (Beowulf) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table The Canterbury Tales

12 The father of English poetry, the author of Troilus and Criseyde is also the one of. A. Romeo and Juliet B. The Faerie Queen C. Tamburlaine D. The Canterbury Tales

D Geoffrey Chaucer Troilus and Criseyde( ) Troilus and Criseyde( ) Geoffrey Chaucer

13. The group of Shakespeare plays known as "romance" or "reconciliation plays" is. A. Merchant of Venice, As You Like It B. The Tempest, Pericles, The Winter's Tale C. Romeo and Juliet, Antony and Cleopatra D. The Merry Wives of Winsor, Twelfth Night

B 1608 1612 4 The Tempest Pericles The Winter s Tale Cymbeline) 1 (Henry VIII) Merchant of Venice As You Like It, Twelfth Night The Merry Wives of Winsor Romeo and Juliet Antony and Cleopatra

14. Which of the following are regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies? A. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear B. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth C. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth D. Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth, Timon of Athens

C Hamlet( ) Othello( ) King Lear( ) Macbeth ( )

15. Which of the following is not the work of Francis Bacon? A. Advancement of Learning B. New Instrument C. Songs of Innocence D. Essays

C Francis Bacon Advancement of Learning( ) New Instrument( ) Essays( ) Bacon Songs of Innocence( ) 18 19 William Blake

16. At the beginning of 17 th century appeared a school of poets called metaphysics Samuel Johnson, ____ is the founder of metaphysical poetry. A. Ben Johnson B. John Milton C. John Bunyan D. John Donne

D John Donne( ) 17 Ben Johnson John Milton( ) John Bunyan( ) 17

17. Daniel Defoe is a famous ____. A. poet B. novelist C. playwright D. essayist B Daniel Defoe . ) The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe)

19. Gulliver's Travels was written by ____. A. Daniel Defoe B. Charles Dickens C. Jonathan Swift D. Joseph Addison C Jonathan Swift( ) (Gulliver s Travels)

20. William Wordsworth is generally known as a ____ poet. A.romantic B. Realistic B.C. naturalistic D. neo-classic A William Wordsworth( ) Southey( ) Coleridge( ) (Lyrical Ballads)

21. It's generally known that the "First book of American" is ____ by John Smith. A. A True Relation of Virginia B. The True Travels of Captain John Smith C. Map of the Bay and the Rivers D. A Description of New England

A John Smith (A True Relation of Virginia)

22. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America was written by ____. A.John Smith C. Anne Bradstreet B. John Ellis D. Nathaniel Morton C Anne Bradstreet The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America

26. All the following but ____ are the works of John Woolman. A. Journal of John Woolman B. Some considerations upon the keeping of Negroes C. A plea for the Poor D. Poor Richard's Almanac

A Phonology( ) Lexicography( ) Lexicology( ) Morphology( ) speech sounds

32. ____ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying languages in general. A. Psycholinguistics B. Neurolinguistics C. Linguistics D. Phonetics

C Linguistics( ) Psycholinguistics( ) Neuro-linguistics( ) Phonetics( ) languages in general

33. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaning? A. The word B. The morpheme C. The phoneme D. The clause

B The morpheme( ) The word( ) The phoneme( ) The clause( )

34. A prefix is an affix which appears ____. A. after the stem B. before the stem C. in the middle of the stem D. below the stem B Prefix

35. Honeymoon consists of. A. Three morphemes B. Two morphemes C. One morphemes D. Four morphems B honey+moon

36. What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called, (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43 5) To what characteristic of language does Shakespeare refer? A. Creativity B. Productivity C. Duality D. Arbitrariness

D Arbitrariness) Creativity( ) Productivity( ) Duality( )

37. Which of the following is true? A. Phonetics is the study of pronunciation. B. Phonetics is the scientific study of the movement of sound waves. C. Phonetics is the scientific study of the sounds of language. D. Phonetics is the scientific study of the organs of speech. C Phonetics( )

38. What is phonology? A. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received. B. The study of the function, behaviour and organisation of speech sounds as linguistic items. C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet. D. The study of all possible speech sounds.

B Phonology( )

39. A phoneme is ____. A. a set of different realisations of a phone. B. a set of contrastive allophones in free variation. C. a set of phones in complementary distribution. D. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phones.

D Phoneme( ) (phone)

40. What is complementary distribution? A. Different places of occurrence of allophones within a word. B. When a phone can only occur at the end of a word. C. When an allophone occurs at the beginning of a word. D. Contrastive distribution of allophones A complementary distribution

unit 2 marrakech by george orwell lecturer: meng fanyan

Documents

george orwell slide

air slide

animal farm slide

george orwell orwell

marrakech marrakech

meng fanyan slide

george orwell information

george orwell lecturer