unit 16 (ch. 22) gas exchange & excretion
DESCRIPTION
Unit 16 (Ch. 22) Gas Exchange & Excretion. How do organisms: Obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide? (or vice versa…in plants?) Maintain osmotic balance? Excrete nitrogenous waste products?. 300. Part 2. Excretion of metabolic waste & Maintenance of Osmotic Balance ch . 22.2. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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UNIT 16 (CH. 22)GAS EXCHANGE & EXCRETION
How do organisms:
Obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide?(or vice versa…in plants?)
Maintain osmotic balance?
Excrete nitrogenous waste products? 300
Part 2
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EXCRETION OF METABOLIC WASTE
&MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC BALANCE
CH. 22.2
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EXCRETION OF METABOLIC WASTE…
IS DIFFERENT FROM THE ELIMINATION OF DIGESTIVE
WASTES!
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EXCRETION♦What is excretion?
♦removal of wastes produced from metabolism of nutrients (& other non-useful materials)♦CO2♦excess water♦nitrogenous waste
♦All metabolic wastes removed through excretory organs (nephridia, Malpighian tubules, kidneys)♦exception = CO2, excreted with water vapor through lungs
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EXCRETION♦Why must cellular wastes be removed?♦can be toxic
♦Which life characteristic does excretion relate to?♦homeostasis
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♦mostly from protein metabolism♦& some from nucleic acids
♦amino groups quickly pick up H♦to become ammonia
♦highly toxic♦may be excreted directly or converted to less toxic forms♦urea♦uric acid
NITROGENOUS WASTE
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♦ammonia♦excreted by
aquatic organisms♦urea
♦excreted in small amount of water♦ urine
♦uric acid♦insoluble♦excreted as
crystals♦in arid environments
NITROGENOUS WASTES
How is the production of urea/uric acid an adaptation to life on land/dry environments?
H2O conservation
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OSMOTIC BALANCE♦concentration of dissolved particles in
liquid inside & outside cell is the same (isotonic)♦What if the concentrations are different?
♦hypotonic♦ cytolysis
♦hypertonic♦ plasmolysis
♦Adaptations for waste removal may also be responsible for maintaining osmotic balance
Importance of H2O: reactions, part of blood, disperse heat
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SALT WATER ORGANISMS♦excretion
♦ammonia is soluble♦diffuses from (cells) into water
♦osmotic balance♦naturally in
balance♦no special adaptations needed
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FRESH WATER ORGANISMS♦excretion
♦waste diffuses from (cells) into water
♦osmotic balance♦not naturally in
balance (hypotonic environment)♦Adaptations to help maintain?♦contractile vacuole
♦ex. ParameciumVideo of Paramecium--Contractile Vacuole
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♦Planaria♦excretion of wastes & osmotic balance♦system of excretory canals & flame cells♦canals branch into excretory ducts♦open as pores on the surface
FRESH WATER ORGANISMS
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LAND ANIMALS♦cannot diffuse ammonia
♦must convert to urea or uric acid♦can safely build up in body fluids until excreted
♦wastes transported by blood or tissue fluid
♦system excretes N-wastes & is a factor in osmotic balance♦H2O conservation
emphasizedUric acidUric acid
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♦ammonia♦diffuses
through skin♦into soil moisture
♦urea♦eliminated
through nephridia♦filtering organs
LAND ANIMALS: EARTHWORM
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♦Malpighian tubules♦filter blood♦reabsorb water ♦uric acid enters
intestine♦excreted thru anus
♦Why is ammonia converted uric acid (crystals)?♦H2O
conservation
LAND ANIMALS: GRASSHOPPER
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♦Habitat?♦desert
♦Can survive without drinking H2O.♦How is this
possible?♦gets water from food♦extremely efficient kidneys♦reabsorbs almost all water that passes through them♦excretes very
concentrated urine
LAND ANIMALS: Kangaroo Rat
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HUMAN EXCRETION♦Which parts of the human body carryout excretion?♦lungs
♦CO2 & H2O (vapor)♦skin
♦H2O & salts♦= sweat
♦urinary system♦urea, H2O, salts
♦= urine
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HUMAN EXCRETION♦What are the parts of the urinary system?♦ kidneys (& associated
blood vessels)♦ main excretory organ
♦ ureters♦ (urinary) bladder♦ urethra
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HUMAN EXCRETION: THE KIDNEY
♦main excretory organ
♦3 parts♦outer part
♦cortex♦inner layer
♦medulla♦inner collecting
area♦pelvis
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5 STEPS TO HOW KIDNEYS WORK1. blood w/ waste brought
to kidneys from renal artery
2. blood is filtered by nephrons (by diffusion)
3. wastes pass thru ureters to bladder as urine
4. clean blood sent back to body thru renal vein
5. bladder stores urine (until passes out of body thru urethra)
1 million nephrons per kidney!!!
How Kidneys Work Video
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♦What is a nephron?♦functional unit
of the kidney♦responsible for filtration of waste from blood
♦~1 million nephrons per kidney!!!
NEPHRON
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NEPHRON: STRUCTURE♦nephron consists of:♦Bowman’s capsule
♦cup-shaped♦surrounds glomerulus♦narrows into coiled tubule
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NEPHRON: STRUCTURE♦glomerulus
♦mass of capillaries in center of Bowman’s capsule that forms from branch of renal artery♦carries unfiltered “waste-filled” blood to nephron
♦another arteriole loops away from glomerulus & divides into capillaries that surround tubule
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NEPHRON: STRUCTURE♦capillaries surround tubule♦merge to form venules & veins♦which merge to form renal vein which returns filtered blood back to body
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PROCESSES IN THE NEPHRON♦filtration of blood/
urine production ♦requires three
distinct processes: 1. glomerular
filtration2. tubular
reabsorption3. tubular secretion
♦excretion of urine
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♦1. filtration♦“waste-filled” blood
brought to kidney by renal artery♦blood pressure forces plasma from blood in glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule of nephron♦this liquid = filtrate (water, urea, salts, glucose, amino acids & other dissolved materials)
♦large proteins & blood cells do not enter
PROCESSES IN THE NEPHRON
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♦2. tubular reabsorption♦filtrate travels
through nephron in tubule♦needed materials are reabsorbed into surrounding capillaries♦ex. most of water, salts, glucose, vitamins, etc.♦by active or passive
transport♦excess materials remain in the collecting duct♦water , urea, salts
♦concentrated fluid = urine
tubule.
PROCESSES IN THE NEPHRON
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♦3. tubular secretion♦molecules present in blood
in great excess (or natural poisons) may be removed from capillaries & transferred to tubules for excretion♦often by active transport
♦ex. drugs such as antibiotics♦“clean” blood sent back to body through renal vein
PROCESSES IN THE NEPHRON
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♦excretion♦urine (urea,
excess salt, small amount of water) leaves nephron & passes from collecting duct to renal pelvis♦leaves kidney via ureters♦to bladder where stored until once filled & urine is excreted through urethra (urination)
How Kidneys Work VideoPROCESSES IN THE NEPHRON
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PROCESSES IN THE NEPHRON
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PROCESSES IN THE NEPHRON
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PROCESSES IN THE NEPHRON