unit 13 guided study notes, use this one...

& 44 wwwwwww

Unit 13 Guided Study Notes (found on Weebly)

Lesson 51 & Activity #1, 'Triads - 1st Inversion' (page 83)- Let's start with important 'Terms' for Lesson 51/Activity #1 , found on page 120 (please memorize):

• Triad: A 3-note chord consisting of a root, 3rd, & 5th (p. 74)

• Root Position: When the Root of the Chord is on the bottom (p. 74) [also called 'Beach-ball' position]

• Major Triad/Chord: A 3-note chord consisting of a root, Major 3rd, & Perfect 5th (p. 74)

• Inversion: The notes of a Triad or Chord are rearranged and a tone other than the root is the bottom (bass)

note of the Chord (p. 83)

• 1st Inversion: The notes of a Triad or Chord are rearranged so the 3rd is the bottom note of the Chord (p. 83)

• Open Position: Notes of a Chord are spaced greater than an octave (p. 83)

• Close Position: Notes of a Chord are spaced within an octave (p. 83)

Review Question: let's review 'Beach-Ball Position' (Unit 12) by asking if you can recognize when a Triad or Chord is in

'Root Position', as in Example 13-1, below?

C G7 Eb Bb7 D A7 G D7

Checkpoint #1:

All the chords, above, are in 'Root Position' because:

1. The Root is the bass or bottom note

2. All 3 (or 4) chord notes look like neatly stacked 'Beach-Balls'

3. All chord notes are on a LINE, or All chord notes are on a SPACE

Example #13-1: Explore 'Root Position'

5th

3rd

Root

7th

5th

3rd

Root

wwwbbwwwwAb

5th

3rd

Root

7th

5th

3rd

Root www#wwww#

Stacked Beach Balls

5th

3rd

Root

7th

5th

3rd

Root

www wwww#5th

3rd

Root

7th

5th

3rd

Root

& b # #5 www

Example #13-2: Key of C Major: Key of F Major: Key of D Major:

C C/E F F/A D D/F#

I I6 I I6 I I6

NEW Learning Target: Any root position triad (or V7 chord) may be changed by moving the root (bass or

bottom note) of the chord to another position. This is called an INVERSION--it means the notes are rearranged

and a tone other than the root is the bottom note of the chord. ound on Weebly). Study Example #13-2, below. • To get an idea of WHY we use 1st Inversion chords, study PAGE 12

5th

3rd

Root

www Root

5th

3rd

& www 5th

3rd

Root

www Root

5th

3rd & www 5th

3rd

Root

www Root

5th

3rd

& # #13 www www www www www www www www

Chord

Symbols: D Em F#m G A Bm C#o D

I ii iii IV V vi viio I

An uppercase Roman Numeral indicates the chord is Major, a lowercase RN indicates the chord is minor & the o = diminished

Example #13-3: Root Position chords in the Key of D Major

NEW Learning Target: ALL chords are identified with 'Chord Symbols' above (the Root-Note NAME) AND

with Roman Numerals below. Both use SPECIAL symbols to indicate INVERSIONS. Can you figure that out?• STUDY both Examples, below, to compare Root Position to 1st Inversion chords in D Major. Can you find the Chord Names?

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

& # #14

www www www www www www www wwwChord

Symbols: D/F# Em/G F#m/A G/B A/C# Bm/D C#o/E D/F#

I6 ii6 iii6 IV6 V6 vi6 viio6 I6

The 'figured bass' symbol 6 written to the right of the Roman Numeral means the chord is in 1st inversion. When there is NO

'figured bass' symbol 6 to the right of the Roman Numeral, as in Example #3, the chord is in ROOT position.

Example #13-4: 1st Inversion chords in the Key of D Major

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

&15 www ] no gap

in Root

Position

Example #13-5, below, shows Root, 1st & 2nd Inversions of the TONIC chord in C Major and how

to identify them with 'Chord Symbols' (above) and 'Roman Numerals':

ROOT 1st Inversion 2nd Inversion

chord symbol: C C/E C/G

I

Unit 13 Lesson 51, 'Triads - 1st Inversion', page 83

Activity: Let's hand out the 'paper' Note-Letter-Names C, E & G + the Treble Clef measure.

IMPORTANT! Click on this link from MusicTheory.net to learn more about Chord Inversions:

https://www.musictheory.net/lessons/42

Checkpoint #2 (answer these questions about the Tonic chords in Example #13-5, above):

1. Are all 3 chords C Major chords? Circle your answer: YES NO

2. What note is the Root of the C chord, above? Write your answer: __________

3. What note is the Root of the C/E chord, above? Write your answer: __________

4. What note is the Root of the C/G chord, above? Write your answer: __________

5. Has the Root name changed from one chord to another, above? Circle your answer: YES NO

6. What is the bass (bottom) note of the 1st inversion C/E chord, above? Write your answer: __________

7. What is the bass (bottom) note of the 2nd inversion C/G chord, above? Write your answer: __________

C (R)

E (3)

G (5)

5th

3rd

Root

www } gap is on the top

in 1st Inversion

I6

&C (R)

G (5)

E (3)

Root

5th

3rd

www } gap is on the bottom

in 2nd InversionI64

&E (3)

C (R)

G (5)

3rd

Root

5th

&20 www 5th

3rd

ROOT

Example #13-6 shows the 3 positions of the C Major Triad. Can you locate the Root in each position?

Chord Symbols: C C/E C/G

Roman Numerals: I I6 I64

Checkpoint #3 (answer these questions about the Tonic chords in Example #6, above):

1. Are all 3 chords C Major chords? Circle your answer: YES NO

2. Is the Root of the Chord the bass (bottom) note in 1st Inversion? Circle your answer: YES NO

3. Is the Root of the Chord the bass (bottom) note in 2nd Inversion? Circle your answer: YES NO

4. Is the Root of the Chord the bass (bottom) note in ANY 1st or 2nd Inversioin Chord?

Circle your answer: YES NO

MEMORIZE: the ROOT is NEVER the bass (bottom) note of ANY 1st or 2nd Inversion Chord!

www ROOT

5th

3rd

www 3rd

ROOT

5th

Unit 13 Guided Study Notes

2

&23 www#


Learning Target: understand and memorize the 3-steps on how to write 'Chord Symbols':

1. Find the Root of the Chord and write it with an uppercase letter.

2. If the Chord is 'inverted' draw a forward slash (/) AFTER the uppercase letter name of the ROOT and write the uppercase

name of the Note in the bass (bottom) of the Chord.

3. Remember: in 1st or 2nd Inversion the ROOT of the chord will NEVER be the bass (bottom) note

OKAY, let's review how to write a Chord Symbol (Chord Letter-Name) IF the chord is Inverted:

• First, write the uppercase letter of the chordal ROOT, then draw a forward slash (/) then write the uppercase letter

of the bass (bottom) note.

• Remember, if the Chord is NOT in 'Beach-Ball' position, the ROOT will not be the bass (bottom) note of the Chord! ! !

• Next, TEST your knowledge by completing Exercises 1 & 2, below. Read and follow directions!

EXERCISE #13-1: write the Chord Symbol above each chord on the blank. If the Chord is inverted, put a / after the uppercase

name of the ROOT, then write the uppercase name of the bass (bottom) note. Check your answers below.

1a:_______ 1b:_______ 1c:_______ 1d:________ 1e:________ 1f:________ 1g:_________ 1h:_________ 1i:________

REMINDER: If a Chord has a 'gap' the Chord will NOT be in ROOT Position. If the 'gap' is at the TOP, the ROOT will be on TOP,

and if the 'gap' is on the BOTTOM, the ROOT will be in the middle. Let's check that out in EXAMPLE #7, below.

www# www#wwwb wwwb wwwb wwwbb wwwbb wwwbb

& # # # # #32 www www wwwExample #13-7: the 'ROOT' is always the top note of the 4th ("gap") ! !

B B/D# B/F#

] Root is the TOP

note of the 4th

] Root is the TOP

note of the 4th] "NO" gap

in Root PositionB Major: I I6 I64

&33www#

EXERCISE #13-2: write the Chord Symbol above each chord on the blank. If the Chord is inverted, put a / after the uppercase

name of the ROOT, then write the uppercase name of the bass (bottom) note. Check your answers below.

2a:_______ 2b:_______ 2c:_______ 2d:________ 2e:________ 2f:________ 2g:_________ 2h:_________ 2i:________

REMINDER: If a Chord has a 'gap' the Chord will NOT be in ROOT Position. If the 'gap' is at the TOP, the ROOT will be on TOP,

and if the 'gap' is on the BOTTOM, the ROOT will be in the middle. Review EXAMPLE #7, above.

REMINDER: the 'ROOT' names the chord. You MUST find the 'ROOT' to name the chord.

EXERCISE #13-1 ANSWERS:

1a:_______ 1b:_______ 1c:_______ 1d:________ 1e:________ 1f:________ 1g:_________ 1h:_________ 1i:________


2a:_______ 2b:_______ 2c:_______ 2d:________ 2e:________ 2f:________ 2g:_________ 2h:_________ 2i:________

E E/G# E/B Bb Bb/D Bb/F Db Db/F Db/Ab

E/G# Bb/F C/G Bb/D E/G# A/E Db/F B/D# Ab/C

wwwb www wwwb www# www# wwwbb www##wwwbb


3

&42 www


Learning Target: understand 'OPEN' & 'CLOSE' Positions!

OPEN and CLOSE POSITIONS:

• When the notes of a chord are spaced within an octave, it is in CLOSE POSITION

• When the notes of a chord are spaced larger than an octave, it is in OPEN POSITION

• How do you measure an octave? Look at the bass (bottom) note of a chord and count up 8. If the

interval is 8 or less the chord is in 'CLOSE' position. If the interval is more than 8 the chord is in

'OPEN' position. Can you count up from the bottom note?

• See EXAMPLE #13-8, below:

Example #13-8: 8c. Close (C) to Open (O)

8a. Close (C) to Open (O) 8b. Close (C) to Open (O)

Root Position Root Position 1st Inversion 1st Inversion 2nd Inversion 2nd Inversion

Activity 1 & 2 'completion' suggestions:

• Never change the inversion of a chord when going from close to open (keep the same note on the bottom!)

• For instance, if the Close Position is 1st Inversion, then just 'open up' the 1st Inversion chord, don't change

the Inversion

• The easiest way to go from Close to Open position is to simply flip the middle note of the chord UP

an octave, and VOILA, you've created OPEN position. Study Example #8, above, and follow the arrows! ! !

5th

3rd

Root

www3rd

5th

Root

www& Root

5th

3rd

www5th

Root

3rd

www& 3rd

Root

5th

wwwRoot

3rd

5th

&53

www

Exercise #13-3: Identify whether each chord is in Close (C) or Open (O) Position by writing C or O on the blank above.

On the blank below identify whether each chord is in Root (R), 1st Inversion (1st) or 2nd Inversion (2nd) by writing

R, 1st or 2nd on the blank below. = = check your answers, below = =

3a:_______ 3b:_______ 3c:_______ 3d:________ 3e:________ 3f:________3g:_________ 3h:_________ 3i:________

3j:_______ 3k:_______ 3l:_______ 3m:________ 3n:________ 3o:________3p:_________ 3q:_________ 3r:________

HINT: to change an 'OPEN' Position to 'CLOSE" Position, simply flip the top note down an octave. Remember, if the 'CLOSE"

Position chord has a 'gap' it will NOT be in ROOT Position. REMINDER: the 'ROOT' names the chord.

• You MUST find the 'ROOT' to name the chord.


3a:______ 3b:_______ 3c:_______ 3d:________ 3e:________ 3f:________3g:_________ 3h:_________ 3i:________

3j:_______ 3k:_______ 3l:_______ 3m:________ 3n:________ 3o:________3p:_________ 3q:_________ 3r:________

O C O O O C O O O

1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st 1st R 1st R

wwwbbwww

wwwwww# www www

# www## www

###


4

&62 www

Unit 13 Lesson 52, 'Triads - 2nd Inversion', page 84

Learning Target: understand '2nd Inversion' AND how to identify (label) a 2nd Inversion Triad

with 'Chord Symbols' AND 'Roman Numerals'.

• ANY 1st Inversion Triad may be inverted again by moving the bass (bottom) note (3rd) to the top.

• The 2nd Inversion can be made from a 1st inversioin C Triad by moving 3rd (E) to the top of the chord,

see EXAMPLE 13-8a, below:

C C/E C/G

I I6 I64

5th

3rd

Root

www Root

5th

3rd

www ] Root is the TOP

note of the 4th

3rd

Root

5th

& bbbb65 www www www www www www www www

Chord

Symbols: Ab Bbm Cm Db Eb Fm Go Ab

I ii iii IV V vi viio I

• An uppercase Roman Numeral indicates the chord is Major, a lowercase RN indicates the chord is minor & the o = diminished

Example #13-9: Root Position chords in the Key of Ab Major:

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

& bbbb66 www www www www www www www www

Chord

Symbols: Ab/C Bbm/Db Cm/Eb Db/F Eb/G Fm/Ab Go/Bb Ab/C


• The 'figured bass' symbol 6 written to the right of the Roman Numeral means the chord is in 1st inversion. When there is NO

'figured bass' symbol 6 to the right of the Roman Numeral, as in Example #9, the chord is in ROOT position.

Example #13-10: 1st Inversion chords in the Key of Ab Major:

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

& bbbb67 www www

www www www www www wwwChord

Symbols: Ab/Eb Bbm/F Cm/G Db/Ab Eb/Bb Fm/C Go/D Ab/Eb


• The 'figured bass' symbol 64 written to the right of the Roman Numeral means the chord is in 2nd inversion. When there is NO

'figured bass' symbol 64 to the right of the Roman Numeral, as in Example #13-9, the chord is in ROOT position.

Example #13-11: 2nd Inversion chords in the Key of Ab Major:

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

3rd

Root

5th

Memorize the 'Figured Bass' Symbols for Triad inversions:

= Root Position [root is on the bottom (bass note)]

Note: NO symbol is needed to indicate Root Position!

6 = 1st Inversion [3rd is on the bottom (bass note)]

64 = 2nd Inversion [5th is on the bottom (bass note)]

Inversion Hot-Line Number: (664) 765-4342

&68

• Read, study, and complete Unit 13 Lesson 52, page 84. Remember, use Lesson 52 as a reference for homework, and

study Lesson 52 for the Unit 13 Test.


5

Example 13-8a, examine Root, 1st & 2nd Inversions of the Tonic (I) Chord:

& b bbbb72 wwww

Unit 13 Lesson 53, 'V7 Chord---1st, 2nd and 3rd Inversions', page 85Learning Target: understand that a V7 (Dominant 7th) chord has FOUR notes and can be written in FOUR different positions:

Roott, 1st Inversion, 2nd Inversion and 3rd Inversion. A V7 chord is identified with both 'Chord Symbols' AND 'Roman Numerals'.

Study Example #13-12, below, and memorize:

• In Root Position the Root is in the bass (bottom note)

• In 1st Inversion the 3rd is in the bass (bottom note)

• In 2nd Inversion the 5th is in the bass (bottom note)

• In 3rd Inversion the 7th is in the bass (bottom note)

Example 13-12 --- the FOUR positions of the V7 chord in the Key of Db Major:

Ab7 Ab7/C Ab7/Eb Ab7/Gb

V7 V65 V43 V42

Root Position 1st Inversion 2nd Inversion 3rd Inversion

(root in bass) (3rd in bass) (5th in bass) (7th in bass)

• In 1st, 2nd and 3rd Inversions in CLOSE position, the ROOT is always the upper note of the interval of a 2nd.

7th

5th

3rd

Root

wwww ] Root is top

note of 2nd

Checkpoint #3, answer this question:

1. Is the bass (bottom) note of a chord ALWAYS the Root?

Circle the correct response: YES NO

Root7th

5th

3rd

wwww ] Root is top

note of 2nd

3rd

Root7th

5th

wwww ] Root is top

note of 2nd

5th

3rd

Root7th

& ## ##76 wwww

Example 13-13 --- the FOUR positions of the V7 chord in the Key of E Major:

B7 B7/D# B7/F# B/A

V7 V65 V43 V42

Root Position 1st Inversion 2nd Inversion 3rd Inversion

(root in bass) (3rd in bass) (5th in bass) (7th in bass)

• In 1st, 2nd and 3rd Inversions in CLOSE position, the ROOT is always the upper note of the interval of a 2nd.

• Read, study, and complete Unit 13 Lesson 52, page 85

• Remember, use Lesson 52 as a reference for homework, and study Lesson 53 for the Unit 13 Test.

7th

5th

3rd

Root

wwww ] Root is top

note of 2nd

Root7th

5th

3rd

wwww ] Root is top

note of 2nd

3rd

Root7th

5th

Checkpoint #3, answer this question:

1. Is the bass (bottom) note of a chord ALWAYS the Root?

Circle the correct response: YES NO

wwww ] Root is top

note of 2nd

5th

3rd

Root7th

&80 ∑

Memorize the 'Figured Bass' Symbols for V7 inversions:

7 = Root Position [root is on the bottom (bass note)]

65 = 1st Inversion [3rd is on the bottom (bass note)]

43 = 2nd Inversion [5th is on the bottom (bass note)]

42 = 3rd Inversion [7th is on the bottom (bass note)]

Inversion Hot-Line Number: (664) 765-4342

∑ ∑ ∑

&84 ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑


6

&88www

Unit 13 Lesson 54, 'Figured Bass & Chord Symbols', page 86Learning Target: understand that numbers are added to the Roman Numeral to indicate Inversions. Memorize the

'Inversion Hot-Line Number' (664) 765-4342 to help you know what number(s) to use for the particular Inversion.

• The 'Figured Bass' symbols originated during the BAROQUE PERIOD (1600-1750) as a shorthand abbreviation of chords for

keyboard players.

• Study Example #13-14, below, and memorize:

• A 'Root Position' Triad uses NO number next to the Roman Numeral to indicate 'Root Position'

• A '1st Inversion' Triad uses the 'Figured Bass' number 6 next to the Roman Numeral to indicate 1st Inversion (3rd on bottom).

• A '2nd Inversion' Triad uses the 'Figured Bass' number 64 next to the Roman Numeral to indicate 2nd Inversion (5th on bottom)

∑ www

&91 ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

? bbb 4495œ Œ œ Œ

EbM: 6 7 7 4 3 4-3 6 6

5 5 3

Example 13-15 is an example of a 'figured bass' line modulte to BbM: F7 Bb Cm7/Eb F Bb

Chord Symbols: Eb Bb/D Cm7 Bb7 Bb4-3 Eb Bb Cm Gm4-3 Ab Eb Fm Gm

œ Œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œn œ œ œ œ Œ

&

?

bbb

bbb

44

44100

œœœ Œ œœœ Œ

œ Œ œ ŒEbM: I V6 ii7 V7 V4-3 I V vi iii4-3 IV I ii iii Bb: V65 ii65 V I

Example 13-15a is an example of a 'realized' figured bass line modulte to BbM: F7 Bb Cm7/Eb F Bb

Chord Symbols: Eb Bb/D Cm7 Bb7 Bb4-3 Eb Bb Cm Gm4-3 Ab Eb Fm Gm

œ œ œ œ œœœ œ œœ œ œ œ

œ Œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œJœ

œ œ œ Jœ

œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œJœ œ œ œ Jœœ œ œ œ œ

œœ œœ œœ œœn œœœ œ œ œ Œœn œ œ œ œ Œ

&105

∑ ∑ ∑


7

&108 www wwwFun Fact: Did you know that chords are named by the chord's Root note-letter-name? Can you name the chords above in #13-4?

Write your answers on the blanks below:

ROOT: 1._____ 2._____ 3. _____ 4.______ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7._____ 8.______

Exercise #13-4 correlates with Unit 13 Activity #1, Exercise #4For Exercise #13-4, re-arrange each of the following 'Root' position chords into 1st Inversion, as shown in EX 1. Can you name

the Root, 3rd & 5th of each chord? R = Root & 1st = 1st Inversion

R 1st R 1st R 1st R 1st R 1st R 1st R 1st R 1st

Name:________________________Date:_______PERIOD #:________

Completion Steps for Unit 13 Activities 1-4

EX 1

F

5

3

R

R

5

313-4www#2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

www# www www wwwbb www### www#

?116 wwwwww

ROOT: 1._____ 2._____ 3. _____ 4.______ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7._____ 8.______

Exercise #13-5 correlates with Unit 13 Activity #1, Exercise #1

For Exercise #13-5, change each 'Close' (C) position chord to 'Open' (O) position by taking the MIDDLE note & flipping it

up an octave! Write the 'Root' of each chord on the blanks above. Hint: If the chord is inverted the 'Root' will NOT be on the

bottom! Can you 'Find the Root'?

C O C O C O C O C O C O C O C O

EX 1

C

13-5

13-7

www www www wwwwww www www

&124 wwwROOT: 1._____ 2._____ 3. _____ 4.______ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7._____ 8.______

For Exercise #13-6, find the 'Root' of the 1st Inversion chords in 'Close' position. Write your answers on the blanks below.

EX 1

F

13-6www www www

www wwwwww www

&132

w# www#a


For Exercise #13-7, using the given notes as the 3rd, add the 5th and 'Root' above each note to make 1st inversion Major

triads in 'Close' position, as shown in EX 1. Remember that all chords are MAJOR, so use accidentals as needed!.

ROOT: EX 1._____ 2._____ 3. _____ 4.______ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7._____ 8.______

Since all chords are MAJOR, the 'Root' will be a Major 3rd BELOW the 3rd (in 'Root' position). Use your Keyboard Handout to

'Find the Root' but then write the 'Root' and the 5th ABOVE the 3rd. Why? Because in 1st Inversion the 3rd is on the BOTTOM!

EX 1

B

wb wb w w w# wb w

&140 www

ROOT: 1._____ ROOT: 2._____ ROOT: 3. _____ ROOT: 4.______

BM: RN: 1._____ AbM: RN: 2._____ F#M: RN: 3. _____ GbM: RN: 4.______

For Exercise #13-8, write the given Key Signatures, then rewrite the given triads into 1st inversion in 'Open' position. Write the

Roman Numeral of the chord on the blank below. (Hint: 'Find the Root' of the chord and place the 'Root' in the Key to find the

correct Roman Numeral of the chord). This time, write the 'Root' on the blanks above, and the Roman Numeral below. See the steps

for Exercise #13-8 in 'Unit 13 Study Notes' posted on the 'Beginning Music Theory' Assignements page on Weebly!.

Fun Facts:

1. The 5th of the IV chord is the name of its KEY! (Remember: the root of a IV chord is the 4th scale degree in its KEY)

2. Go up one half-step from the 3rd of the V chord to find the name of its KEY! (Remember the root of a V chord is the 5th scale

degree of its KEY)

13-8? www www & ? www


8

?148 w www# wwwa


For Exercise #13-9, using the given notes as the root, add the 5th below and the 3rd above each note to make 2nd inversion Major

triads in 'Close' position, as shown in EX 1. Remember that all chords are MAJOR, so use accidentals as needed!. Write the Chord

Symbol on the blank above:

Chord Symbol: EX 1._____ 2._____ 3. _____ 4.______ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7._____ 8.______

Completion suggestions for Exercise #13-9, above:

Since all chords are MAJOR, and the root is the given note, look at the KEY of the he 'Root' and write the notes that correspond to

'mi' and 'sol' above (in other words, scale degrees 1--3--5 from any Major Key will ALWAYS spell a Major Chord). After writing

a Major 3rd and Perfect 5th above the root, simply flip the 5th down an octave, as shown in EX 1, above.

EX 1

13-9

E/B

w w wb wb w w wb

?156

w# www#a#


For Exercise #13-9, using the given notes as the 5th, add the 'Root' and 5th above each note to make 2nd inversion Major

triads in 'Close' position, as shown in EX 1. Remember that all chords are MAJOR, so use accidentals as needed!.

ROOT: EX 1._____ 2._____ 3. _____ 4.______ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7._____ 8.______

Completion suggestions for Exercise #13-10, above:

Since all chords are MAJOR, in '2nd Inversion' the 'Root' will be a Perfect 4th ABOVE the 5th. Use your Keyboard Handout to

'Find the Root'. Next, build (write) a Major 3rd above the 'Root'. The result will be a Major Triad in '2nd Inversion'.

}Root

is the top note of 4th

EX 1

C#

13-10 w wb w# wb w# w wb

&164 www

ROOT: 1._____ ROOT: 2._____ ROOT: 3. _____ ROOT: 4.______

EM: RN: 1._____ AM: RN: 2._____ DbM: RN: 3. _____ BbM: RN: 4.______

For Exercise #13-11, write the given Key Signatures, then rewrite the given triads into 2nd inversion in 'Open' position. Write the Roman

Numeral of the chord on the blank below. (Hint: 'Find the Root' of the chord and place the 'Root' in the Key to find the correct

Roman Numeral of the chord). In addition, write the 'Root' of each chord on the blanks above. See the completion steps below.

Do completion steps on the blank manuscript below.

Completion Steps for Exercise #13-10, above.1. First write the given Key Signature in the staff, above, right after the clef sign!

2. On the blank manuscript below re-write the given Root Position chord into 2nd Inversion in 'Close' position.

3. Then flip the MIDDLE note up an octave to change from 'CLOSE' position to 'OPEN' position.

4. Consider putting the 'OPEN' position version DOWN AN OCTAVE to avoid excess leger lines!

13-11? www & www ? www

&172

Blank for 'scratch' work:


9

&180 wwww#

KEY: 1._____ 2._____ 3. _____ 4.______ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7._____ 8.______

ROOT: 1._____ 2._____ 3. _____ 4.______ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7._____ 8.______

The 'Root' of the V7 (in 1st inversion) for EX 1 is E, and the KEY is AM. The 'root' of the E7 is the 5th scale degree in the KEY

of A Major (AM:). Study the A Major scale, below, to review where E7 is located in the KEY. The A Major scale, below, shows

the E7 in 'Root' position.

AM:

E

13-12

wwww# wwwwbbb wwwwbbbb

'Find the Root'!

For Exercise #13-12, write the name of the 'Root' for each of the V7 (Dominant 7th) chords on the blanks below each

chord, and the Key on the blank above each chord.

wwwwb wwwwbb wwww# wwww

& # # #188 w w w w wwwwa w wa w

Example 13-16, below, shows where the E7 (V7) belongs in its KEY of A Major (AM:)

E7 G# is 'ti' and 'leads' to 'do' (A)!

AM: V7

do re mi fa sol la ti do

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Notice that the 3rd of the V7 chord is 'ti' or the 'Leading Tone' in the KEY!HINT: find the 3rd of each V7 ('ti') and let that note ('ti') 'lead' you to 'do'

Example #13-16:

13-13 & 44189 www#

'Find the Root'!

For Exercise #13-13, below, write the major key of each primary triad above the staff (Find the 'Root'!)

KEY: 1._____ 2._____ 3. _____ 4.______ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7._____ 8.______

IV6 IV64 I6 IV6 V64 IV6 IV6 I6

Fun Facts:

1. The 'Root' of any IV chord is the 4th scale degree or 'fa'. To find what Key a IV chord is in , find 'do'!

2. Another method to find the KEY of any IV chord is to remember that the 5th of the IV chord names its KEY. Can you find

root, 3rd & 5th of the IV chords, above? (Consider this: the 'Root' of a IV chord is 'fa' and the 5th of the IV chord is 'do'

3. The 'Root' of any V chord is the 5th scale degree or 'so'. To find the KEY any V chord is in, find 'do'.

4. Another method for finding the KEY of the V chord is to remember that the 3rd of the V chord is 'ti' or the 'Leading Tone',

and to find the KEY go up a half-step and letter name!

NOTE: after completing this, check your answers on the last page of UNIT 13 Study Notes' found on TeacherWeb.

www# wwwbb wwwbbb www wwwb www# www


10

&197

∑Example #13-17: ∑ ∑ ∑

&201

∑Example #13-18: ∑ ∑ ∑

&205

∑Example #13-19:

∑ ∑ ∑

&209

w ∑ ∑ ∑

&213

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑


11

&217 www

Unit 13, Lesson 55 (page 87) [1 of 4]

Major (Primary) Chord Progressions• Chords that move (or progress) from one to another are called a CHORD PROGRESSION

• The chord progression, below, which uses the PRIMARY CHORDS (I, IV, V & V7) can be used to

ACCOMPANY (play along with) most melodies. (watch EMT CD-ROM, Lesson 55)• In most progressions, the V7 is used in place of the V chord.

Example 13-20:Chord Symbols: C F C G G7 C

(above)

Roman Numerals: I IV I V V7 I

(below)

• The chord progression above sounds CHOPPY because all the chords are in ROOT POSITION.

• Let's take another look at the same CHOPPY ROOT POSITION chord progression below, in

Example #13-21, look carefully at the bottom notes of each chord, and then answer Exercise 13-13

questions 1-4.

www wwwwww wwww www

&222 www

Example 13-21:Chord Symbols: C F C G G7 C (above)


(below)

Exercise 13-13:

QUESTION #1:

1. What is the bottom note of chord #1 & chord #2? What is the distance and direction from the bottom note

of chord #1 to chord #2? ANSWER:

1. The bottom note of chord #1 is C which goes UP a Perfect 4th to the bottom note of chord #2 which is F.

QUESTION #2:

2. Is a P4 a SKIP or a STEP? Which is smoother?

ANSWER:

2. A P4 is a SKIP, and a STEP is smoother. SKIPS are 'CHOPPY' and STEPS are 'SMOOTH'

QUESTION #3:

3. What is the bottom note of chord 3 & chord 4? What is the distance and direction from the bottom note

of chord 3 to chord 4? ANSWER:

3. The bottom note of chord 3 is C which goes UP a Perfect 5th to the bottom note of chord 4 which is G.

QUESTION #4:

4. Is a P5 a SKIP or a STEP? Which is smoother?

ANSWER:

4. A P5 is a SKIP, and a STEP is smoother. SKIPS are 'CHOPPY' and STEPS are 'SMOOTH'

chord #: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

www wwwwww wwww www


12

&227 www

Unit 13, Lesson 55 (page 87), continued... [2 of 4]

Major (Primary) Chord Progressions• How could we change the 'choppy' BOTTOM NOTES to make them 'smoother' BOTTOM NOTES?

• Take a careful look at the first 2 chords. Do the first 2 chords share any 'COMMON TONES'?

NOTE: a 'COMMON TONE' is a note that is in BOTH chords.

Example 13-22:Chord Symbols: C F C G G7 C (above)

Roman Numerals: I IV I V V7 I (below)

• Why don't we write the notes (or 'tones') of each Chord to see if any of the Chords share any

'COMMON TONES'?

• Let's write the Chord Tones below each Chord. Writing the Tones of each Chord is called 'Spelling the

Chord.

• Let's see how to do that, below, in Example 13-23.

• After studying Example 13-23, below, answer Exercise #13-14 questions 1-4.

www wwwwww wwww www

&232

www

Example 13-23:Chord Symbols: C F C G G7 C

(above)


(below) F

Fifth: G C G D D G Fifth

Third: E A E B B E Third

Root: C F C G G C Root

Chord number: 1 2 3 4 5 6

NOTE: Write the 'Tones' of each Chord in 'ROOT' position, see above!:

Now take a careful look at the Chord Tones & answer these QUESTIONS:

Exercise #13-14

1. Do you see any 'COMMON TONES' between Chord #1 (the C Chord), Chord #2 (the F Chord), and

Chord #3 (the C Chord)?

2. If so, circle the 'common tones' that those three chords share and draw a RED line between them.

3. Do you see any 'COMMON TONES' between Chord 3 (the C Chord), Chord 4 (the V Chord), Chord 5

(the G7 Chord), and Chord 6 (the C Chord)? of chord 1 to chord 2?

4. If so, circle the 'common tones' that those three chords share and draw a BLUE line between them.

Next, check your circled 'common-tones' in Example #13-24

chord #: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.www wwwwww wwww www


13

&237 www

Example #13-24Chord Symbols: C F C G G7 C

(above)


(below) F






Major (Primary) Chord ProgressionsOK, let's look at the 'COMMON TONES' between Chords 1, 2 & 3!

1. The COMMON TONE between Chords 1, 2 & 3 is the note 'C'

2. Why don't we use an Inversion for Chord 2, so that the BOTTOM NOTE of Chord 1 can be the same

BOTTOM NOTE of Chord 2 and Chord 3?

3. What INVERSION of Chord 2 would put the 'C' of the IV Chord on the BOTTOM? Is the note 'C' of the IV Chord

the 'Root', 'Third' or 'Fifth'?

4. OK, the note 'C' of the IV Chord is the 'Fifth'. What Inversion of the IV Triad has the 'Fifth' on the BOTTOM, and what

Inversion Number is used next to the Roman Numeral?

5. OK, the 2nd Inversion has the 'Fifth' on the BOTTOM, so let's RE-ARRANGE the IV into a IV64 Chord!


&242 www

Example #13-25Chord Symbols: C F/C C G G7 C

(above)

Roman Numerals: I IV64 I V V7 I

(below) F





OK, let's REARRANGE the IV Chord into a IV64 Chord, and see if the BOTTOM NOTES between

Chords 1, 2 & 3 look SMOOTHER!

Look carefully at the BOTTOM NOTE of Chord 2. Is it the same BOTTOM NOTE as Chords 1 & 3?

1. Considering that the I Chord should STAY in 'Root' Position, does the IV Chord in 2nd Inversion look

like a good Inversion to make this Chord Progression 'SMOOTHER'?

2. Look carefully at the IV64 Chord; what is the 'Root' of the IV64? Is it the same 'Root' as the IV Chord?

chord #: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

www wwwwww wwww www


14

&247 www

Example #13-26Chord Symbols: C F/C C G G7 C

(above)

Roman Numerals: I IV64 I V V7 I

(below) F :Seventh

Fifth: G C G D D G :Fifth

Third: E A E B B E :Third

Root: C F C G G C :Root


OK, are there 'COMMON TONES' between Chords 3, 4, 5 & 6? Remember they are circled

and marked with BLUE lines!

1. The 'Common Tone' between Chords 3, 4, 5 & 6 is the note 'G'!

2. Remember that the I Chord should remain in 'Root' Position (because that's the STRONGEST position!)

3. Could we put the 'Common Tone' on the BOTTOM of each Chord or the TOP of each Chord?

4. Can 'Common Tones' be on the TOP of a Chord?

5. If we KEEP the I Chord in 'Root' Position, what Inversion of the V & V7 Chord should we use

for the note 'G' to be on the TOP of each Chord?


Major (Primary) Chord Progressions


&252 www

Example #13-27Chord Symbols: C F/C C G/B G7/B C

(above)

Roman Numerals: I IV64 I V6 V65 I

(below) F :Seventh

Fifth: G C G D D G :Fifth

Third: E A E B B E :Third

Root: C F C G G C :Root


OK, let's see how it looks if the 'COMMON TONE 'G' is on the TOP! (see below)

1. We'll use the 1st Inversion of the V & V7 Chords.

2. Look carefully at the Chord Progression, below.

3. Now that the 'Common Tone' is the on the TOP, does the Chord Progression look SMOOTHER?

4. Memorize this 'SMOOTH' Chord Progression: I -- IV64 -- I -- V6 or V65 -- I

(Remember to keep the I Chord in 'Root' position!)

5. Do you remember what V65 means?

6. Finally, look carefully to see how keeping the 'Common Tone' on TOP SMOOTHS the 'Bass Line'!

chord #: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.www www www wwww www

&257


15

&

&

##

##

43

43262

.œ œExample A-1 disk 1: track 14

Unit 13 Appendix 'A'Why are '1st Inversion' chords used?

D - - - - - - - - - A A7 D Em A7 D

ŒDM: I I I V V7 I ii V7 I

q=100 œ œ œ

œ œ œ

.œ œ .œ œ .œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œœ

˙̇ œœ

œœ Œ Œ

œ œ Œ?

&

&

# #

# #

43

43268

.œ œ

Example A-2 Haydn, Piano Sonata no. 33, III Disk 1: Track 14 Listen for Soprano/Bass Counterpoint in EX A-2

• In music, counterpoint is the relationship between voices that are harmonically interdependent (polyphony) yet independent in

rhythm and contour.

• Counterpoint is "the combining of relatively independent musical lines"

D D/F# D A A7/E D Em/G# A7 D

ŒDM: I I6 I V V65 I ii6 V7 I

œ œ œ

œ œ œ

.œ œ .œ œ .œ œ

œ œ œ

œ œ œœ

˙̇ œœ

œœ Œ Œ

œ œ Œ?

&

?

bbbb

bbbb

44

44274

rœ œ rœ œ rœ œ rœn œExample A-3 Haydn Piano Sonata no. 43, Mvt I Disk 1: Track 15

Bass Arpeggiation: one way that 1st inversion chords originate is through bass arpeggiation.

Look at D to F# in m1 of EX 8-2 above, and Ab to G movement in the bass line of EX A-3 below (its also easier to play!)

Ab Ab Ab Eb/G Ab Ab Ab Ab

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ3 3 3 3

AbM: I I I V6 I I I I

q=100

œn ˙ ˙

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ3 3 3 3

&

?

bbbb

bbbb277

.˙ œwTextural Reduction

AbM: I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - V6 I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Ab - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eb/G Ab - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

..˙̇ œœ

Inversions can arise from a more conjunct arpeggiated bass line, which is naturally easier to play....

˙ ˙www


16

&

&

bbb

bbb

44

44279

Unit 13 Appendix 'A'Why are '1st Inversion' chords used?

œ œExample 8-4 Haydn Piano Sonata no. 45, Mvt I Disk 1: Track 15

Bb F7/A Bb

∑BbM: I V65 I

q=80 .œ œ œ .œ œ œn

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œn œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

.œ œ œ ˙

œn œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

&

?

bbb

bbb

44

44284

Example 8-4: Textural Reduction

BbM: I V65 I

Look at the next page to explore the three main reasons why triads are used in first inversion.

˙ ˙wBb F7/A Bb

˙ ˙˙ ˙n

˙ ˙w˙ ˙˙ ˙

&

?

b

b

44

44

288

œ œ œ œœ œ œ œ

Example 8-5 Bach, Schmucke dich, o liebe Seele disk 1: track 16

Use of First Inversion Triads: We use first inversions for three main reasons:

1. To improve the contour of the bass line

2. To provide a greater variety of pitches in the bass line.

3.. To lessen the weight of V and I chords that do not serve as the goals of harmonic motion.

F C Dm C/E F F/A C7 F

œ œ œ œ œœ œ œ œFM: I V vi V6 I I6 V7 I

I ------------------------------------------------------- V7 ------------- I

q»§•

1.

3.

œ œ œ ˙œ œ œ œœ œ œ œ œ œœ œ œ ˙

2.

ww

ww


17

&293

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&300

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&309

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&318

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&327

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑


18

&336

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&345

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&354

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&363

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&372

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑


19

&381

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&390

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&399

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&408

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑


20

&417

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&426

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&435

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&444

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑


21

&453

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

&462

∑ ∑ ∑

&465

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑


22

unit 13 guided study notes, use this one...

Documents